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  • General Chemistry  (1,842)
  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (668)
  • ASTROPHYSICS  (566)
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  • 1980-1984  (2,496)
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  • 1980-1984  (2,496)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1925-1929
  • 1920-1924  (988)
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  • 101
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    Cometary collisions on the moon and Mercury (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Unusual swirl patterns of bright and dark material on the moon and Mercury are proposed to be remnants of collisions with gas/dust-rich regions within a cometary coma. This interpretation provides important new clues for understanding cometary fine structure, impact effects of low-density material, and the origin of certain pronounced magnetic anomalies.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 284; Mar. 6
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  • 102
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    Cosmological considerations on the diffuse gamma-ray isotropic background (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Bignami et al (1979) have recently studied the problem of the origin of the diffuse gamma-ray isotropic radiation. They have concluded that within standard cosmology with Lambda = 0 and p = 0, BL Lacertae objects and Seyfert galaxies can account for most of the diffuse radiation if they have not evolved in time. For QSOs, an evolutionary factor is allowed by the data. From the study of radio data, however, it is known that strong evolutionary effects are expected. The discrepancy cannot be explained by changing the geometry of the universe. Contrary to the case of standard cosmology, it is found that in order to fit the diffuse gamma-ray background, the evolutionary function required is almost identical to the one previously determined from the study of the log N-log S relation.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 235
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  • 103
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    Atomic nitrogen in the upper atmosphere of Venus (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Atomic nitrogen has been detected in the upper atmosphere of Venus by the Pioneer-Venus Orbiter Neutral Mass Spectrometer (ONMS). Surface recombination of atomic nitrogen with atomic oxygen to form nitric oxide in the ion source allows it to be detected at mass 30. The scale height temperature of the mass 30 peak agrees with the scale height temperatures of the other species if it is assumed to be derived from atomic nitrogen. The diurnal variation of atomic nitrogen is approximately proportional to that of atomic oxygen with an estimated N/O ratio of 1.5% at 150 km.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Jan. 198
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  • 104
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    Measurements of wind vectors, eddy momentum transports, and energy conversions in Jupiter's atmosphere from Voyager 1 images (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Voyager 1 narrow-angle images were used to obtain displacements of features down to 100 to 200 km in size over intervals of 10 hours. A global map of velocity vectors and longitudinally averaged zonal wind vectors as functions of the latitude, is presented and discussed
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Jan. 198
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  • 105
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    Semi-empirical estimates of gravitational wave generation by stellar collapse (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The problems of the generation and detection of gravitational waves and the difficulty of detecting the burst of gravitational radiation produced by a stellar collapse in our Galaxy, or in neighbouring clusters of galaxies where such collapses are expected to occur frequently, have been reviewed elsewhere. As stellar collapses, explosions, or supernovae are poorly understood, the values of the strength of these sources depend on uncertain assumptions. However, it is possible to make some independent estimates on semi-empirical grounds, using observed facts concerning the remnants of stellar evolution. These estimates, reported here, have serious weaknesses. They must involve oversimplified models and very crude standard calculations of the collapse and radiation processes. Also, because they are based on observed properties of stellar remnants, they say nothing about collapses which do not produce observable remnants. Although this selection may introduce a strong bias, these estimates deserve consideration because they are tied to real data.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 283; Feb. 7
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  • 106
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    Primordial refractory metal particles in the Allende meteorite (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Refractory metal particles containing Os, Re, W, Mo, Ir, and Ru were observed in a Ca-Al-rich inclusion in the Allende meteorite. These particles are the closest to unaltered primordial metal condensates from a nebula yet reported, and appear to have been isolated from the nebula before the condensation of refractories was complete. Computer calculations of condensation indicate that the temperature of isolation appears to be close to the calculated temperature of first formation of oxides (about 1620 K at 0.0001 atm) indicating that isolation may have been effected by coating of the particles by oxides.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 44; Feb. 198
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  • 107
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    Comments on 'A three-dimensional model of dynamical processes in the Venus atmosphere' (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 37; Jan. 198
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  • 108
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    Preliminary results on the plasma environment of Saturn from the Pioneer 11 plasma analyzer experiment (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Ames Research Center Pioneer 11 plasma analyzer experiment provided measurements of the solar wind interaction with Saturn and the character of the plasma environment within Saturn's magnetosphere. It is shown that Saturn has a detached bow shock wave and magnetopause quite similar to those at earth and Jupiter. The scale size of the interaction region for Saturn is roughly one-third that at Jupiter, but Saturn's magnetosphere is equally responsive to changes in the solar wind dynamic pressure. Saturn's outer magnetosphere is inflated, as evidenced by the observation of large fluxes of corotating plasma. It is postulated that Saturn's magnetosphere may undergo a large expansion when the solar wind pressure is greatly diminished by the presence of Jupiter's extended magnetospheric tail when the two planets are approximately aligned along the same solar radial vector.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 207; Jan. 25
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  • 109
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    Galaxies and far-infrared emission (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The far-infrared luminosities of the central few hundred parsecs of many galaxies may exceed by more than an order of magnitude the amount expected from late-type stars. However, for the M82, NGC 253, NGC 1068 and several other galaxies studied in the present paper, the inferred mass-to-luminosity ratios are within the limits expected for stellar distributions containing early-type stars.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 235
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  • 110
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    Relativistic jets and the continuum emission in QSOs (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The radio through optical, and possibly X-ray, emission of QSOs and active galactic nuclei is analytically interpreted in terms of a relativistic jet containing high-energy particles and a magnetic field. Parallel to the jet axis, a strong, compact radio source and strongly polarized radiation are detected, while larger viewing angles relative to the jet axis result in spectral dominance by the central region containing the 'energy machine' which drives the energy flux in the jet. It is shown that the relativistic jet model can explain the association of OVVs with strong, variable radio sources, strong optical polarization, and continuity of the radio to optical spectra.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 235
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  • 111
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    HEAO 1 spectra of X-ray emitting Seyfert 1 galaxies (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper presents the 2-50-keV X-ray spectra and time variability information on seven Seyfert 1 galaxies NGC 3783, NGC 4151, NGC 5548, NGC 6814, MK 509, MCG 8-11-11, and ESO 141-G55, obtained with the A2(2) experiment on HEAO 1. It is concluded that the spectra of Seyfert 1 galaxies can be well represented by flat power laws of high-temperature thermal breamsstrahlung models with relatively low column densities.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 235
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  • 112
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    Noble-gas-rich separates from ordinary chondrites (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Acid-resistant residues were prepared by HCl-HF demineralization of three H-type ordinary chondrites: Brownfield 1937 (H3), Dimmitt (H3, 4), and Estacado (H6). These residues were found to contain a large proportion of the planetary-type trapped Ar, Kr, and Xe in the meteorites. The similarity of these acid residues to those from carbonaceous chondrites and LL-type ordinary chondrites suggests that the same phase carries the trapped noble gases in all these diverse meteorite types. Because the H group represents a large fraction of all meteorites, this result indicates that the gas-rich carrier phase is as universal as the trapped noble-gas component itself. When treated with an oxidizing etchant, the acid residues lost almost all their complement of noble gases.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 44; Feb. 198
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  • 113
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    X-ray line emission from the Tycho supernova remnant (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The A-2 experiment onboard HEAO 1 has observed the X-ray spectrum of the Tycho supernova remnant in the energy range 0.5-20 keV. The spectrum reveals four significant line features: the K(alpha) lines of silicon, sulfur, and iron; and the L lines of iron. Comparisons between the silicon and sulfur equivalent widths and K(alpha) iron line energies of Tycho and Cas A suggest that the X-ray emitting plasma in Tycho is further from collisional ionization equilibrium than that in Cas A.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 235
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  • 114
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    Asymptotic freedom in the early big bang and the isotropy of the cosmic microwave background (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It is suggested that a superunified field theory incorporating gravity and possessing asymptotic freedom could provide a solution to the problem of the isotropy of the universal 3 K background radiation. Thermal equilibrium could be established in this context through interactions occurring in a temporally indefinite pre-Planckian era.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 235
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  • 115
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    Elemental abundances in a Type I supernova remnant (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The solid-state spectrometer (SSS) on the HEAO 2 (Einstein) X-ray observatory observed the X-ray spectrum of Tycho's SNR. The observations show a relative excess of line emission from Si, S, and Ar by not less than 6 compared to that expected from a plasma of solar composition in collisional equilibrium and by a factor of not less than 3 compared to Cas A. Similar excesses are not found for line emission from Mg and Fe. The data suggest that the SN observed by Tycho in 1572 produced significant amounts of Si group elements but did not eject large amounts of Fe as predicted by some models of Type I SN events.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 235
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  • 116
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    Comparison of predicted and observed spectral energy distribution of K and M stars. I - Alpha Bootis (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The K2 IIIp star Alpha Bootis has been observed from the ground at 0.536 to 1.070 microns, and from an airplane at 1.21 to 3.90 microns. In the present paper, an absolute flux curve, constructed from these observations with an overall precision greater than + or - 2% in F-lambda, is compared with previous photometry and spectrometry.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 235
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  • 117
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    Origin of large interstellar grains toward Rho Ophiuchi (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper considers why the interstellar grains toward Rho Oph are unusually large. Because the visual opacity per gram is lower than average toward Rho Oph, it is concluded that the simplest interpretation of the observations is that grain coagulation has occurred. This result may be important for understanding the evolution of interstellar clouds and may provide insight into the initial stages of the formation of large solid bodies such as planets.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 235
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  • 118
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    150 GHz observations of three radio galaxies (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Radio galaxies were observed for the first time at 150 GHz. The central sources in Cyg A and 3C 111 were detected, as were the two radio lobes of Cyg A. No emission was found from the central source in 3C 236. The millimeter-wavelength emission from the central sources in Cyg A and 3C 111 is probably due in each case to a compact component that is optically thin to synchrotron radiation above about 35 GHz. These components are similar, although the compact component in 3C 111 is more luminous at both radio and X-ray wavelengths than the one in Cyg A. The 3C 111 central source was much weaker than anticipated on the basis of prior observations at 90 GHz, perhaps due to variability. Even at 150 GHz, there is no evidence of a high-frequency cutoff in the spectrum of the central source in Cyg A, and variability of this source also is expected. The flux densities of the Cyg A lobes are consistent with the power laws derived at lower frequencies, indicating that no steepening occurs in their spectra out to at least 150 GHz. There is no evidence for a compact, optically thick component in 3C 236.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 235
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  • 119
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    Titan aerosols - Optical properties and vertical distribution (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An analysis of Titan's solar phase variation as a function of wavelength together with the continuum geometric albedo makes it possible to set limits on the real part of the refractive index and on the average particle size of the aerosol component of Titan's atmosphere of between about 1.5 and 2.0 and between 0.20 microns and about 0.35 microns, respectively. If the real part of the refractive index is known the average particle size can be determined to within a few percent, and varies inversely with the real part of the refractive index. Using this information in a two-layer model of a methane-aerosol atmosphere and comparing the result with Titan's visible and near-infrared methane spectrum leads to the conclusion that the top layer of Titan's atmosphere contains 0.01 km atm of methane and 2.5 extinction optical depths of aerosol, while the data are consistent with a bottom layer containing 2.2 km atm of methane and about 7.5 aerosol optical depths for a real part of the refractive index equal to 1.7 and an average particle size of 0.25 microns.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 41; Jan. 198
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  • 120
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    Imaging photopolarimeter on Pioneer Saturn (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results of Pioneer 11 imaging photopolarimeter observations of Saturn, its rings, and Titan are presented. The imaging photopolarimeter is a pointable telescope with an aperture of 2.5 cm and passbands of 390 to 500 to 720 nm which uses the spin of the spacecraft to scan across an object. Images of the Saturn system and of the rings are presented, and the absence of a D ring, structures in the C, B and A rings and the Cassini division and the discoveries of the F ring and the provisionally named Pioneer division separating it from the A ring are reported. A mean particle size less than 15 meters is estimated from estimates of total ring mass and the optical depth of the B ring. The discovery of the satellite 1979 S 1 at 2.53 Saturn radii is also noted. Models of the vertical aerosol structure of Saturn's atmosphere are compared with the polarization data, and it is indicated that the density of cloud particles decreases with altitude with a scale height about one fourth that of the gas, and that an optical depth of one is to be found at 750 mbar.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 207; Jan. 25
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  • 121
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    Accretion of nitrogen during the growth of planets (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The N-15/N-14 ratio measured in nitrogen of the earth's atmosphere is or was, apparently widespread in the inner solar system. Such an observation might suggest that this value (0.00361) represents that of protosolar material. The present paper argues, however, that the original ratio was at least 20% lower, the presently observed value having resulted from significant isotopic fractionation, presumably caused by nebular condensation processes.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 283; Jan. 10
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  • 122
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    New results from optical polarimetry of Saturn's rings (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Linear polarimetry of Saturn's rings, obtained through the period of the 1979 opposition, is presented. The polarisation clearly correlates in direction with the plane containing the Sun, planet and Earth, but not the ring plane. The results are consistent with local scattering on the surface of individual ring bodies, covered with frost
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 283; Jan. 10
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  • 123
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    Spectral evidence for a carbonaceous chondrite surface composition on Deimos (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The surface compositions of Phobos and Deimos as determined by their UV-visible reflectance are compared in order to evaluate the hypothesis that the different surface morphologies of the two satellites are due to different mechanical properties. The UV-visible reflectance spectrum of Deimos is compiled from Mariner 9 UV spectrometry and Canopus star tracker photometry and ground-based colorimetry and polarimetry; the geometric albedo of Deimos is determined from Mariner 9 Canopus star tracker data. The reflectance spectra of Deimos and Phobos are found to be similar in a first approximation, exhibiting low, flat reflectivities in the visible and dropping off sharply in the UV, compatible with a probable carbonaceous chondrite nature for Deimos as well as Phobos and suggesting that their different surface morphologies are most likely due to different orbital histories.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 283; Jan. 17
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  • 124
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    The magnetic field of Saturn - Pioneer 11 observations (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Pioneer 11 high-field fluxgate magnetometer experiment consists of two biaxial fluxgate sensors assemblies and an associated electronics system that is designed to measure fields up to 10 gauss along three orthogonal axes. It was used to provide a higher upper range than that provided by the helium vector magnetometer whose maximum measureable field is only 1.4 gauss. Observations of the intrinsic magnetic field of Saturn measured by the high-field fluxgate magnetometer were found to be much weaker than expected. An analysis of preliminary data combined with the preliminary trajectory yield a model for the main planetary field which is a simple centered dipole. It was determined that the polarity of Saturn is opposite that of Earth, and that the tilt is small, within 2 deg plus or minus 1 deg.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 207; Jan. 25
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  • 125
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    Impact of Saturn ring particles on Pioneer 11 (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The detection of particles near the rings of Saturn by the meteoroid detection instrument on board Pioneer 11 is discussed. The instrument consists of 234 penetration detectors, distributed between two independent data channels each of which is designed to become inhibited for a period of 77 min after the registration of a penetration event in that channel. At least four particles penetrated the detectors in the 4.5 h period around Saturn periapsis at radial distances between 1.36 and 3.1 Saturn radii, a radial distribution inconsistent with the gravitational focusing of meteoroids. The detection of particles which may have been part of the E ring before the crossing of the ring plane suggests that this ring may be 1800 km thick, with an optical thickness greater than 10 to the -8th.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 207; Jan. 25
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  • 126
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    Pioneer Saturn infrared radiometer - Preliminary results (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Preliminary results of the infrared radiometer experiment on Pioneer Saturn are reported. The instrument made use of two broadband channels centered at 20 and 45 microns which scan at a fixed 75-deg angle with respect to the spacecraft spin axis to acquire 10,000 image pairs of Saturn and its rings in the 2.5 h before closest approach, as well as several observations of Titan. The intensities of radiation observed in both bands indicate an effective temperature of 94.4 + or - 3 K for the planet, implying a total emission greater than twice the absorbed sunlight. Infrared data also indicates a molecular abundance of 0.85 for H2 relative to H2 + He, which can be improved by comparing the derived temperature profiles and radio occultation data. Planetary temperatures are found to range from a minimum of 83 to 140 K at the 1 bar level, with differences of 2.5 K between belts and zones up to the 0.06-bar level, while ring temperatures range from 60 to 70 K on the illuminated side and from less than 60 to 67 K in the planet's shadow and average 55 K on the unilluminated side. Preliminary estimates indicate a 45-micron brightness temperature of 80 + or - 10 K for Titan.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 207; Jan. 25
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  • 127
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    Observations of energetic ions and electrons in Saturn's magnetosphere (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Observations of the magnetosphere of Saturn made by the cosmic-ray experiment on board Pioneer 11 are summarized. Detailed energy spectra and angular distributions of protons from 0.2 to 22 MeV and electrons from 0.1 to 2 MeV were obtained, together with measurements of helium nuclei between 0.65 and 22 MeV/n. The time histories of proton and electron data suggest a division of the Saturn magnetosphere into three regions: (1) an outer magnetosphere between 17 and 7.5 Saturn radii, which is characterized by monotonically increasing fluxes and spectral hardening inward from the magnetosphere, with large changes in low-energy electron angular distributions; (2) a slot region between 7.5 and 4 Saturn radii where marked decreases in proton and low-energy electron fluxes are observed, apparently due to the presence of Dione, Tethys and Enceladus; and (3) an inner region between 4 Saturn radii and the ring edge, which exhibits sharp increases in proton fluxes with energies up to 20 MeV, which are broken near the orbits of Mimas, Janus and possibly S 11. A sharp cutoff of proton and electron fluxes is observed just beyond the nominal edge of the A ring.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 207; Jan. 25
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  • 128
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    Voyager-Jupiter radio science data papers (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The reduction and interpretation of the radio science data from the Voyager 1 and 2 encounters of the planet Jupiter and its satellites resulted in the preparation of several papers for publication in the special Voyager-Jupiter issue of the Journal of Geophysical Research. The radio science and tracking systems of the Deep Space Network provide the data which makes this research possible. This article lists submitted papers by title, with their authors and with abstracts of their contents.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 114-115
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  • 129
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    A model of the origin of the Jovian ring (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Assuming that the micron-sized particles making up the bright Jovian ring are fragments of erosive collisions between micrometeoroid projectiles and large parent bodies, a physical model of the ring is calculated. This leads to a well-defined size distribution for the ejecta, whose optical properties can be compared with observation. The (most likely silicate) ejecta material maximum diameter is estimated to be 0.1 micron, and most likely the result of Io volcanic activity. The impact model's determination of ejecta size distribution in turn determines the structure of the ring, with the largest ejecta forming the bright ring, medium-sized ejecta forming a disk that extends to the Jovian atmosphere, and small ejecta forming a faint halo whose structure is dominated by electromagnetic forces.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 130
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    Magnetohydrodynamic perturbations of Robertson-Walker universes and of anisotropic Bianchi type-I universes (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) perturbations in flat Robertson-Walker universes were analyzed, emphasizing their effects on galaxy formation. The Newtonian approximation is used. There is no increase in the growth rates beyond those of the usual perturbed Robertson-Walker models; the MHD modes extract as much energy as they contribute. Some global properties of fully MHD Bianchi I relativistic models are analyzed including vorticity, fluid accelerations, and dissipative effects. The time dependence of perturbations of a fully MHD diagonal Bianchi I cosmology is studied, with an enhanced growth rate of the density contrast of t found which is still not exponential Jeans-type growth. This indicates that a more detailed analysis is needed if a solution to the galaxy formation problem in MHD cosmologies is to be found.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nuovo Cimento B; vol. 60B
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  • 131
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    Comments on 'Chemical relationships among irghizites, zhamanshinites, Australasian tektites and Henbury impact glass' (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 44; Dec. 198
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  • 132
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    Dynamics of the universe and spontaneous symmetry breaking (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is shown that the presence of a phase transition early in the history of the universe, associated with spontaneous symmetry breaking (believed to take place at very high temperatures at which the various fundamental interactions unify), significantly modifies its dynamics and evolution. This is due to the energy 'pumping' during the phase transition from the vacuum to the substance, rather than the gravitating effects of the vacuum. The expansion law of the universe then differs substantially from the relation considered so far for the very early time expansion. In particular it is shown that under certain conditions this expansion law is exponential. It is further argued that under reasonable assumptions for the mass of the associated Higgs boson this expansion stage could last long enough to potentially account for the observed isotropy of the universe.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 241
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  • 133
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    Interplanetary gas. XXV - A solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field interpretation of cometary light outbursts (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Possible relationships of cometary brightness outbursts with the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field are examined. Two types of outburst are distinguished: those which involve a significant brightening of both the head and the tail in a comet with a conspicuous plasma tail (Class I), and those involving the brightening of the central condensation of a previously faint comet with no detectable plasma tail (Class II). Class I bursts, as exemplified by Comet Morehouse 1908c, are attributed to the generation in the head of enhanced amounts of ions and their injection into the tail shortly before it disconnects, with ionization provided by sector boundary crossings. Class II events, as exhibited by Comet P/Tuttle-Giacobini-Kresak 1973b, are interpreted as the result of the bombardment of the nucleus by disturbed solar wind near corotated high-speed streams and sector boundaries, leading to highly exothermic chemical reactions.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 241
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  • 134
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    Electron densities for six planetary nebulae and HM Sagittae derived from the semiforbidden C III lambda 1907/1909 ratio (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 241
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  • 135
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    IUE observations of a luminous M supergiant that exhibits emission continuum in the far ultraviolet (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: IUE observations of the late-type M supergiant star TV Gem which reveal an intense continuum in the far ultraviolet are discussed. TV Gem was observed in low dispersion in November 1979 and in high and low dispersion in January 1980 by the short and long wavelength cameras of the IUE spectrometer. An essentially featureless UV continuum was obtained, with the exception of a number of broad absorption features in the short wavelength region. A comparison with ground-based observations indicates that at wavelengths greater than 3200 A the continuum emission is essentially due to the M1 supergiant, while at shorter wavelengths the continuum is dominated by a hot companion. The UV continuum can be explained by a B9 or A1 III-IV early companion approximately 2 to 3 magnitudes fainter than the M1 supergiant, or by an accretion disk formed by mass transfer from the extended envelope of the M1 primary onto the surface of a highly condensed secondary. Soft X-ray observations from HEAO 2 are suggested as a means to investigate these interpretations.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 241
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  • 136
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    Possible fluid dynamical interpretation of some reported features in the Jovian atmosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A fluid dynamical interpretation is presented of the two major types of disturbance found in the southern hemisphere of Jupiter by the Voyager 1 imaging data. The observed features always occur together, and consist of a compact elliptically shaped formation having an anticyclonic flow which is poleward of a pair of more elongated cyclonic structures, as in the Great Red Spot and the white ovals. It is noted that the anticyclonic features at 41 deg S may be described by the cnoidal wave solutions to the appropriate nonlinear evolution equation, and that flow patterns derived in the vicinity of the Great Red Spot and white ovals are strikingly similar to those obtained for the flow around a solitary wave of the type than can exist in a zonal flow such as that found in the Jupiter atmosphere. Results of computations in terms of solitary wave theory of flow fields in the atmospheric structure and zonal velocity profiles determined from Voyager infrared spectroscopy and radiometry data are then presented which show that the pattern must be a singular solitary wave mode, the east-west structure of which is best described by the Korteweg-de-Vries equation
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 210; Dec. 19
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  • 137
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    B2 1141 + 37 - A giant radio galaxy with remarkable radio and optical properties (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Observations of the giant radio galaxy B2 1141+37, which has a widely separated two-component radio structure and is optically identified with a tight chain of galaxies, are reported. The source was observed at 4900 MHz with the VLA at an effective integration time of 17 min. The map obtained shows two radio lobes with maxima coinciding with those in a previous 1415 MHz map and intensities about 1.5 times smaller than those obtained by extrapolating the spectrum defined by the flux density at 408 and 1415 MHz. Measurements of the redshifts of the two brightest galaxies identified with the radio source with an image intensified dissector scanner result in values of 0.1145 and 0.1155, which imply, with a Hubble constant of 50 km/sec per Mpc, a distance of 687 Mpc to the radio source and a separation of 1.0 Mpc between the lobes making it one of the largest radio sources known.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 288; Dec. 4
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  • 138
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    Preliminary results of polarimetry and photometry of Titan at large phase angles from Pioneer 11 (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The imaging photopolarimeter (IPP) aboard the Pioneer 11 spacecraft measured the linear polarization of the integrated disk of Titan in red and blue light at a variety of phase angles from 15 to 97 deg. The large polarization (54%) measured in blue light at 90 deg phase constrains the size of the aerosols near the top of Titan's atmosphere to have radii smaller than about 0.09 microns if they have a refractive index of 2.0. The polarization at 90 deg phase in red light is smaller (41%) and implies that the optical thickness of the layer of small aerosols is about 0.6 above an effectively depolarizing surface. The shape of the polarization versus phase curve in blue light suggests increasing particle size with increasing depth into the atmosphere. The limb darkening of Titan was measured at 28 deg phase by using the imaging mode of the IPP. The limb darkening observed in both colors is reasonably consistent with that given by the scattering models derived from the polarization observations.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Nov. 1
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  • 139
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    An extraordinary view of Saturn's rings (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A unique set of photometric and polarimetric observations made by the imaging photopolarimeter aboard the Pioneer spacecraft shortly after it penetrated the ring plane from above on its way to closest approach is reported. The bright planet limb is observed through the rings, which themselves weakly reflect direct sunlight. Polarizations range from 41% (16%) at the extreme planet limb to 2% (1.5%) at the darkest part of the B ring in the blue (red) channel. Detailed structure of the A ring is evident, most notably the Encke gap.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Nov. 1
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  • 140
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    Cloud forms on Saturn (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The imaging photopolarimeter on Pioneer Saturn provided spin-scan images of Saturn's cloudtops. Only subtle departures from a uniform brightness distribution were apparent, except in the polar regions. At other latitudes the images show only a few features; they primarily support the conclusion that the visible atmosphere is a deep haze. Belts and zones are seen, and some detail in a zone near + or - 60 deg latitude. The North Equatorial Belt consists of two dark belts separated by a brighter zone exhibiting longitudinal structure.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Nov. 1
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  • 141
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    Photometry of Saturn at large phase angles (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In the present paper, the single-scattering phase function of Saturn's aerosols is determined from the vertical structure of Saturn's atmosphere, derived in a previous analysis, and Pioneer's imaging photometry of bright and dark zones on Saturn in red and blue light. The single-scattering phase function is well represented by a combination of two Henyey-Greenstein functions. Moderately forward scattering functions fit well both in red and blue light, although a definite difference between the two colors is found.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Nov. 1
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  • 142
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    Saturn's atmospheric temperature structure and heat budget (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The effective temperature of Saturn from 30 deg S to 10 deg N is 96.5 + or - 2.5 K. This value is 1.9 K higher than a preliminary estimate (Ingersoll et al., 1980). The atmospheric mole fraction of H2 + He is 90 + or - 3%. This value is derived by comparing infrared and radio occultation data (Kliore et al., 1980) for the same latitude. The high value of the effective temperature suggests that Saturn has an additional energy source besides cooling and contraction. The high mole fraction of H2 suggests that separation of heavier He toward the core may be supplying the additional energy. Atmospheric temperatures in the 60- to 600-mbar range are 2.5 K lower within 7 deg of the equator than at higher latitudes. An almost isothermal layer exists between 60 and 160 mbar at all latitudes.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Nov. 1
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  • 143
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    Results of Pioneer 10 and 11 meteoroid experiments - Interplanetary and near-Saturn (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The meteoroid penetration detectors on Pioneer 10 (channel 0) recorded 95 penetrations through the 25-micron stainless steel test material while the spacecraft was between 1 and 18 AU. The spatial density of 10 to the -9 g meteoroids is found to be essentially constant between 1 and 18 AU. The meteoroid penetration detectors on Pioneer 11 recorded 87 penetrations (55 on channel 0 and 32 on channel 1) through the 50-micron stainless steel test material while the spacecraft was between 1 and 9 AU. It is found that the meteoroids between 4 and 5 AU are not in direct circular or near-circular orbits near the ecliptic plane. The Pioneer 11 data obtained between 4 and 5 AU are best explained by the meteoroids being in randomly inclined orbits of high eccentricity. If meteoroids are in these cometlike orbits, the great increase in penetration flux previously measured near Jupiter with the Pioneer 10 experiment cannot be attributed to gravitational focusing unless the size distribution of meteoroids changes substantially between 1 and 5 AU. At Saturn encounter, the penetration flux increased by about three orders of magnitude, probably as the result of impacts from ring particles. Saturn's ring E is estimated to be 1800 km thick with an optical thickness greater than 10 to the -8.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Nov. 1
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  • 144
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    If you've seen one magnetosphere, you haven't seen them all - Energetic particle observations in the Saturn magnetosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The present paper deals with a study of Saturn's magnetosphere, using data of the Pioneer 11 Cosmic ray experiment. At the orbit of Saturn, the nominal energy density of the interplanetary magnetic field and of the solar wind has decreased by 2 orders of magnitude over their value at 1 AU. The Pioneer inbound trajectory near the noon meridian and the outbound trajectory toward the dawn meridian reveal a magnetosphere which is in many aspects similar to that of the earth, but has important differences due to the imprint of Saturn's moons and rings. The magnetotail and polar regions were not observed. However, the presence of solar cosmic rays offers strong evidence for an open magnetotail configuration. The detection of energetic particles at Saturn means that 4 of the 6 planets inside 10 AU possess stable magnetospheres.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Nov. 1
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  • 145
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    The magnetic field of Saturn - Further studies of the Pioneer 11 observations (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Analysis of magnetic field observations by the Goddard Space Flight Center high-field flux gate magnetometer on the Pioneer 11 spacecraft during Saturn encounter yields estimates of the planetary field. The field is mainly dipolar but rather weaker than expected, with a moment equal to 0.20 G cubic Saturn radii or 4.3 x 10 to the 28th G cu cm, opposite in polarity to earth's. Surprisingly, the field appears to be axially symmetric but with a small (0.04 Saturn radii) offset to the north so that N (S) polar field intensities are 0.6 (0.4) G, respectively. The deduced polar offset appears not to be an artifact of the limited spatial extent of the observations or the presence of fields of external origin. The average stand-off distance of the magnetopause is expected to be 20 Saturn radii, i.e., at the orbit of Titan, so that this largest of solar system satellites is immersed not only in the Saturnian magnetosphere but also at times in its magnetosheath and sometimes even in the interplanetary medium.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Nov. 1
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  • 146
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    Venus nighttime hydrogen bulge (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The concentration of atomic hydrogen in the Venus thermosphere near 165 km altitude and approximately 18 deg north latitude has been derived from Pioneer Venus in situ measurements of H(+), O(+), O and CO2 concentrations, under the assumption of chemical equilibrium. Altitude profiles of derived H concentration suggest that chemical equilibrium prevails to an altitude of at least 200 km on the dayside and to 165 km on the nightside. Measurements below these limits were made by the ion and neutral mass spectrometers on the orbiter spacecraft between December 1978 and July 1979, while periapsis traversed a complete diurnal cycle. The hydrogen concentration is found to rise sharply at both terminators from a dayside value of approximately 50,000/cu cm, and to exhibit an asymmetric nightside distribution with a peak density in the predawn sector approximately 400 times greater than the dayside value. Analysis suggests that wind-induced diffusion, combined with exospheric return flow, can account for the observed hydrogen behavior. The large day-night temperature contrast enhances advective transport, which produces the large H concentration diurnal variation; the shift of the H concentration nighttime maximum toward dawn is caused by atmospheric superrotation.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Nov. 198
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  • 147
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    A very rapid turning of the plasma-tail axis of comet Bradfield 19791 on 1980 February 6 (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Schmidt camera photographs of comet Bradfield 19791 obtained at the Joint Observatory for Cometary Research (JOCR) indicate that a rapid change took place in the comet's plasma tail on 1980 February 6. On that date, a sequence of photographs spanning 27.5 minutes shows a 10 deg shift occurring in the plasma-tail axis between the first and last exposures. The speed of this tail-turning event greatly exceeds that of any other known event and even exceeds turning rates for individual tail streamers. An interpretation based on the windsock theory of plasma tails is that the comet entered a region of rapidly changing solar-wind flow direction. While the search for an associated solar-wind event from near-earth spacecraft observations is a future activity, the present analysis shows that a 50 km/s change in the polar component of the solar-wind velocity, from about 30 km/s northward to about 20 km/s southward, would have produced the 10 deg shift in the tail axis.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 241
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  • 148
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    X-ray spectral constraints on the broad-line cloud geometry of NGC 4151 (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: X-ray spectral data from NGC 4151 taken with the Einstein Solid-State Spectrometer (SSS) and the HEAO 1 A-2 experiment cannot be simply reconciled with absorption from a uniform column of cold gas. The SSS data can, however, be explained in terms of a clumped absorber with approximately 10% uncovered fraction and factor-of-two overabundances in Z equal to or greater than 14 elements relative to solar oxygen. It is shown that these and previously reported spectral and variability data can be quantitatively reconciled with absorption arising in the cold clouds responsible for the broad optical line emission if the cloud dimensions are small compared to the central source size. It is suggested that the lack of significant X-ray absorption observed from much higher luminosity Seyferts and quasars is a natural consequence of the proposed picture for NGC 4151.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 241
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  • 149
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    A search for interstellar pyrrole - Evidence that rings are less abundant than chains (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Searches for three transitions of pyrrole (C4H5N) give maximum column density = 3-10 x 10 to the 13th per sq cm in Sgr B2. This limit is more than 10 times lower than previous ring molecule limits, and is slightly lower than column densities of known interstellar molecules with from four to six heavy atoms.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 241
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  • 150
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    Circular polarization from scattering by circumstellar grains (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is suggested that observations of circular polarization can be a valuable tool for the study of circumstellar nebulae. A simple model is presented to predict the percentage of circular polarization produced by scattering from the dust contained within such nebulae; it was found that a significant component of circular polarization can be produced in nebulae which have a net linear polarization. Possible observations of the red supergiants mu Cep and alpha Ori are given as examples.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 85; Nov. 198
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  • 151
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    Ar-40/Ar-39 dating, Ar diffusion properties, and cooling rate determinations of severely shocked chondrites (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The ages of Ar-40/Ar-39 chondrites were computed to be 4.29 to 1.0 Gyr, with degassing times of 0.5 to 1.0 Gyr. The values of the diffusion parameter for Ar in Arrhenius plots show linear relationships which correspond to the degassing of different mineral phases with distinct K/Ca ratios and different average temperatures for Ar release. The experimental values of the diffusion parameter for the high-temperature phase of severely shocked chondrites are 10 to the -7th to 10 to the -5th/s for the shock-heating temperatures in the 950-1200 C range; the inferred reheating temperatures and the fraction of the Ar-40 loss during the reheating event suggest post-shock cooling rates and burial depths of 0.01-0.0001 C/s and 0.5-2m, respectively.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 44; Nov. 198
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  • 152
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    A suggestion concerning the generation of the physical state of stellar mantles (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The physical state of the winds of B supergiants varies from one of a high level of ionization and rapid outflow to one of relatively low ionization and a moderate rate of outflow as one goes from type B0 to type A0. It is proposed here that this is the result of magnetodynamic energy being released in the mantles of these stars, much as occurs in the sun. Data are presented to show that this idea is plausible. It is noted that the release of magnetodynamic energy as the result of interaction between magnetic fields and differential motion in an inhomogeneous structure is probably the cause of the heating in all outer stellar atmospheres (mantles). In the late-type stars, the material in the mantle must first be ionized by the deposition of energy from acoustic waves; in the early-type stars, the material is already ionized at least once in the photosphere, as a result of the normal transfer of radiative energy, so no priming process is necessary for these stars.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 240
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  • 153
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    Influence of a stellar wind on the evolution of a star of 30 solar masses (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A coarse grid of theoretical evolutionary tracks was calculated for a 30 solar mass star to determine the role of mass loss in the evolution of the star during core He burning. The Cox-Stewart opacities were applied, and the rate of mass loss, criterion for convection, and initial chemical composition were taken into consideration. Using the Schwarzschild criterion, the star undergoes little mass loss during core He burning and remains a blue supergiant separated from main sequence stars on the H-R diagram. The stellar remnant consists of the original He core and may appear bluer than equally luminous main sequence stars; a variety of possible evolutionary tracks can be obtained for an initial solar mass of 30 with proper choices of free parameters.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 240
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  • 154
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    Late Eocene rings around the earth (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The suggestion of O'Keefe (1980) that the terminal Eocene event was caused by rings of tektite material encircling the earth is discussed. It is argued that the assumption that the tektites are of lunar volcanic origin is unwarranted and contrary to existing data, including the lack of lunar rocks of suitable composition, the lack of lunar rocks of the correct age, the lack of evidence that the North American tektites fell throughout a sedimentary rock column of a few million years, and the nondetection of a tektite with a measurable cosmic ray exposure age. Alternatively, it is suggested that the terminal Eocene event may be associated with volcanic ash, air-fall tuff and bentonite in the late Eocene. O'Keefe replies that the hypothesis of the terrestrial origin of the tektites conflicts with the laws of physics, for example in the glass structure and shaping of the tektites. Furthermore, evidence is cited for lunar rocks of the proper major-element composition and ages, and it is noted that the proposed solar Poynting-Robertson effect would account for the particle fall distributions and cosmic ray ages.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 288; Nov. 6
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  • 155
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    Theoretical profiles for the 1-0 S/1/ H2 line in carbon stars (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The spectra of carbon stars have been synthesized from the models of Querci, Querci, and Tsuji and Querci and Querci in the region of the 1-0 S(1) vibration-rotation quadrupole line of H2. The line is shown to be sufficiently strong to be seen against the numerous lines of the CN red system for models with effective temperatures less than about 2700 K. The usefulness of the line as a diagnostic of the atmosphere is discussed, and a comparison with the measured spectra of UU Aur and S Cep is made. It is concluded that the outer atmospheric layers of carbon stars are significantly warmer than the models predict. An additional opacity source in the outer layers is required.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 240
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  • 156
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    The X-ray spectrum of QSO 0241 + 622 (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The X-ray spectrum of QSO 0241 + 622 in the range 2-50 keV measured with the Goddard Space Flight Center proportional counters on OSO 8 is presented. The quasar is similar to 3C 273 in the proportion of energy emitted in various bands, excluding the radio, if reported radiation above 50 keV from its direction is indeed associated with QSO 0241 + 622. Comparisons are made between the two quasars in a discussion of possible energy generation scenarios. Implications concerning quasar contributions to the diffuse background are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 240
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  • 157
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    Maximum frequency of the decametric radiation from Jupiter (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The upper frequency limits of Jupiter's decametric radio emission are found to be essentially the same when observed from the earth or, with considerably higher sensitivity, from the Voyager spacecraft close to Jupiter. This suggests that the maximum frequency is a real cut-off corresponding to a maximum gyrofrequency of about 38-40 MHz at Jupiter. It no longer appears to be necessary to specify different cut-off frequencies for the Io and non-Io emission as the maximum frequencies are roughly the same in each case.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 90; 1-2,; Oct. 198
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  • 158
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    The vagaries of variable viscosity convection (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The wavelength dependence of convection with a temperature-dependent viscosity is studied using two-dimensional finite difference models. A steady-state solution with a horizontal wavelength of eight times the depth is found to transport heat more efficiently than a solution with exactly the same parameters but with a wavelength of twice the depth. Only at the longer wavelengths is it possible for the top high viscosity boundary layer to participate more fully in the flow. Using models with a constant heat flux resulted in a decrease in the interior temperature of approximately 30% for the longer wavelength. It is also demonstrated that a parameterization using only a constant viscosity thermal structure and an interior viscosity is inadequate to parameterize the variable viscosity calculations described. This suggests that parameterized convection schemes may not accurately resolve the thermal evolution of planetary interior unless they can correctly include the effects of vertical viscosity structure.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Oct. 198
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  • 159
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    The Penrose Photoproduction Scenario for NGC 4151 /PCS-SSC/ - A black hole gamma-ray emission mechanism for active galactic nuclei and Seyfert galaxies (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: On the basis of general arguments, it has been suggested (Bignami et al., 1979) that a steepening of the spectrum between X-ray and gamma-ray energies may be a general, gamma-ray characteristic of Seyfert galaxies, if the diffuse gamma-ray spectrum is considered to be a superposition of unresolved contributions, from one or more classes of extragalactic objects. It is shown that the above suggestion can be given a consistent theoretical interpretation in the context of the Penrose Photoproduction Scenario (PCS-SSC). Specifically in the case of NGC 4151, the dominant process will be shown to be Penrose Compton Scattering PCS in the ergosphere of a massive, central, rapidly spinning Kerr black hole, assumed in its nucleus. It is assumed that PCS gamma-ray induced electron-position, Synchrotron-Self-Compton processes 'evolve' as the dominant source of nonthermal X-rays.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 89; 3, Se; Sept
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  • 160
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    Formation of complex impact craters - Evidence from Mars and other planets (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An analysis of the depth vs diameter data of Arthur (1980), is given along with geomorphic data for 73 Martian craters. The implications for the formation of complex impact craters on solid planets is discussed. The analysis integrates detailed morphological observations on planetary craters with geologic data from terrestrial meteorite and explosion craters. The simple to complex transition for impact craters on Mars appears at diameters in the range of 3 to 8 km. Five features appear sequentially with increasing crater size, flat floors, central peaks and shallower depths, scalloped rims, and terraced walls. This order suggests that a shallow depth of excavation and a rebound mechanism have produced the central peaks, not centripetal collapse and deep sliding. Simple craters are relatively uniform in shape from planet to planet, but complex craters vary considerably. Both the average onset diameter for complex impact craters on Mars and the average depth of complex craters vary inversely with gravitational acceleration on four planets.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 43; July 198
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  • 161
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    Hydromagnetics and period changes in RR Lyrae stars (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Balazs-Detre and Detre have drawn an interesting parallel between the observed time scales of variability in the sun and in RR Lyrae stars. Additional information is presented here to support their conjecture that an analog of the solar magnetic cycle is operating in RR Lyrae stars. Rough considerations of the expected changes of photospheric radius and of magnetic energy content during a magnetic cycle suggest that the pulsation periods of these stars should also change in time. Within the large observational and theoretical uncertainties, the predicted period changes are compatible with those observed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 92
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  • 162
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    Exploring the veiled planet (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An overview of data obtained from various experiments which characterize geological features and atmospheric properties of Venus is presented. Data from the two Pioneer sounder probes (one located at Venus's equator and the other near the north pole) exhibit a reversal in the equator-to-pole temperature patterns at 60 km altitude which suggests that two circulation cells exist within the atmospheric region. However, the atmospheric temperature and pressure beneath the clouds are found to be nearly identical everywhere on Venus and both temperature and pressure conditions at the surface are lower than first expected. The identification of sulphur dioxide clouds which appear to coincide with Venus's characteristic global patterns of C- and Y-shaped dark markings support the hypothesis of a regular pattern of planet spanning breaks in the upper cloud layer. Explanations of a Venus sulphur cycle and of observed magnetic field structures are suggested
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Spaceflight; 22; Mar. 198
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  • 163
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    Far-infrared survey of the galactic plane (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The galactic plane has been mapped from L = 352 deg to 45 deg in the band 100-300 microns with beam size of 30 arcmin. Latitudinal and longitudinal distribution of diffuse far-infrared (FIR) emission are given in addition to identifications of the prominent discrete sources with H II and CO emission. FIR luminosities are calculated for the nucleus and the surrounding disk.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 239
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  • 164
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    Primordial nucleosynthesis and Dirac's large numbers hypothesis (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Consideration is given to the analysis of Falik (1979) which attempted to show that the cosmological model proposed by Canuto and Hsieh (1978) in which the gravitational constant varies with time contradicts observations of primordial helium. It is shown that the analysis was based on the assumptions that (1) the energy density of radiation in local thermodynamic equilibrium is approximately equal to the fourth power of the equilibrium temperature, where the product of the equilibrium temperature with the scale factor of the Robertson-Walker metric is constant, and (2) the gravitational constant is approximately equal to the inverse of the time even at early cosmological epochs. These assumptions are demonstrated to be invalid in the scale covariant theory of gravitation used to develop the model, thus negating the conclusion that the Canuto and Hsieh model excludes the primordial synthesis of helium.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 239
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  • 165
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    Molecular clouds and galactic spiral structure (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Two large-scale 2.6 mm CO surveys of the galactic plane, one in the first quadrant (l = 12 to 60 deg, b = -1 to +1 deg), the other in the second (l = 105 to 139 deg, b = -3 to +3 deg), have provided evidence that, contrary to previous findings, molecular clouds constitute a highly specific tracer of spiral structure. Molecular counterparts of five of the classical 21-cm spiral arms have been identified: the Perseus arm, the local arm (including Lindblad's local expanding ring), the Sagittarius arm, the Scutum arm, and the 4-kpc arm. The region between the local arm and the Perseus arm is apparently devoid of molecular clouds, and the interarm regions of the inner Galaxy appear largely so. CO spiral structure implies that the mean lifetime of molecular clouds cannot be greater than 100 million years, the time required for interstellar matter to cross a spiral arm. Conservation of mass then sets a limit on the fraction of the interstellar medium in the form of molecular clouds: it cannot exceed one-half at any distance from the galactic center in the range 4-12 kpc.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 239
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  • 166
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    Surface reflections of Pioneer Venus probe signals (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: As the four Pioneer Venus probes fell within the atmosphere toward the surface of Venus, each of them transmitted a radio signal directly to earth. Because of the relatively broad antenna beamwidth of these small probes, some of the transmitted power went down to the surface of Venus. This paper reports the discovery that the radio signals scattered off the surface are not only detectable but that their characteristics can be determined with a surprising degree of certainty. From these characteristics one can determine parameters of the Venusian atmospheric winds and of the surface that promise to be useful. Most of the scattered energy is that which originally radiated from the probes in a near-horizontal direction; the downward-directed radiation is detectable but much weaker. Refraction in the atmosphere of Venus clearly plays a significant role in establishing both the strength of scatter and its Doppler shift.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; July 198
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  • 167
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    A search for FeH in M and S giants (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The strongest lines of FeH in the visible spectrum fall in the domain of TiO and ZrO bands. Analysis exists for TiO, but nothing is yet available for the weak but important ZrO lines. Using plate measurements and microphotometer tracings, high dispersion spectra of the following cool stars have been searched for FeH lines: Beta Peg, Mu UMa, Alpha Her, Omicron Cet, Chi Cyg, HR 105, HR 8714, R And, R Cyg, R Cam, T Sgr, R CMi, Cy Cyg, and RU Cam. The strongest FeH lines are unimpressive in R Cyg, where the strong infrared bands of FeH have already been identified. Identification of the blue-green FeH lines in other spectra must be considered inconclusive until a rotational analysis of the FeH spectrum is available.
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  • 168
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    A galactic component of the diffuse X-ray flux in the range 2-7 keV (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An analysis of the spatial distribution of the 2-7 keV X-ray background measured by Uhuru and reported by Schwartz (1979) is presented. The latitude distribution above 10 deg is consistent with a uniform isotropic component comprising the bulk of the radiation plus a galactic part varying from 3% at /b/ = 20 deg to 1% at /b/ = 90 deg. An analysis was made of the residual background based on the work of Warwick, Pye, and Fabian, in terms of a directional anisotropy as indicated by the Compton-Getting effect; the symmetrical galactic contribution was subtracted in the computations. It was shown that the results are consistent with the solar system moving through the 2-7 keV X-ray sea in the same manner as it appears to move with respect to the 2.7 K radiation.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society; vol. 192
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  • 169
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    Saturn's E ring revisited (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Images of the E ring of Saturn obtained by the image processing of photographs of the 1966 edge-on presentation of the planet's ring plane are presented. Two methods of image enhancement were used: scanning with an image quantizer operated in the derivative mode to enhance contrast and computerized subtraction of a circularly symmetric image of the overexposed Saturn disk. Further photographic and CCD observation confirming the existence of the ring extending to twice the diameter of the A ring, which was not detected by the Pioneer 11 imaging photopolarimeter, is indicated.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 209; July 11
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  • 170
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    Non-Io decametric radiation from Jupiter at frequencies above 30 MHz (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Jovian Non-Io decametric radio events extending to frequencies of 30 MHz and above have been found in the Meudon-Nancay observations during 1978 and 1979, in the Voyager 1 PRA observations during February and March, 1979 and in the University of Colorado Radio Astronomy Observatory catalogue for 1960 to 1975. These events, which appear to be mostly associated with the Jovian A-source, query the existence of a cut-off, a little below 30 MHz, for the Non-Io emission and suggest the possibility of a single mechanism for both the Io and the Non-Io radiation.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 86; 3, Ju; June 198
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  • 171
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    Radiatively driven winds for different power law spectra (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The analytic solutions for radiatively driven winds are given for the case in which the winds are driven by absorption of line and continuum radiation. The wind solutions are analytically estimated for different parameters of the central source and for different power law spectra. For flat spectra, three sonic points can exist; it is shown, however, that only one of these sonic points is physically realistic. Parameters of the central source are given which generate winds of further interest for explaining the narrow and broad absorption lines in quasars. For the quasar model presented here, winds which could give rise to the narrow absorption lines are generated by central sources with parameters which are not realistic for quasars.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 86; 1-2,; June 198
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  • 172
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    X-ray spectrum of Kepler's supernova remnant (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Observations made with the Solid State Spectrometer (SSS) aboard the Einstein Observatory confirm Kepler's SNR as an X-ray source with an intensity between 1 and 3 keV of 7.2 x 10 to the -11th ergs/sq cm s. The X-ray spectrum is similar to those of Cas A and Tycho, with strong line emission from the helium-like species of Si, S, and Ar. Direct comparisons to Tycho's SNR suggest a distance to Kepler's SNR of not less than 5 kpc.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 237
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  • 173
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    X-ray and ultraviolet spectroscopy of Cygnus X-1 = HDE 226868 (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Observations of Cygnus X-1 with the solid-state spectrometer on the Einstein Observatory are presented. The X-ray spectra of two intensity dips viewed near superior conjunction did not exhibit increased photoelectric absorption. Rather, the data support a model in which an increase in the electron-scattering optical depth modifies both the observed spectrum and the intensity. The characteristic temperature of the intervening material is greater than about 50 million K. These measurements were in part simultaneous with observations by IUE. The ultraviolet spectrum and intensity remained relatively constant during an X-ray intensity dip.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 237
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  • 174
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    Collisions between grains in a turbulent gas (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Turbulent gas motions will induce random velocities of small dust grains that are imbedded in the gas. Within large eddies the friction forces from the gas lead to strongly correlated velocities for neighboring grains, whereas small eddies cause uncorrelated grain motions. The nonlinear response of a grain to eddy motion is calculated. This leads to a turbulent pressure within the dust component as well as to collisions between pairs of grains. The results are evaluated numerically for a Kolmogoroff spectrum and turbulent collision rates are calculated for molecular clouds and protostellar environments. Whereas grain-grain collisions should not modify the initial size distribution in molecular clouds to a significant extent, they will lead to an entirely different grain population in protostars.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 85; 3, Ma; May 1980
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  • 175
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    Origin and evolution of planetary atmospheres (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The current understanding of the origin and evolution of the atmospheres of solar system objects is reviewed. Physical processes that control this evolution are described in an attempt to develop a set of general principles that can help guide studies of specific objects. Particular emphasis is placed on the planetary and satellite atmospheres of the inner solar system objects; current hypotheses on the origin and evolution of these objects are critically considered.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 176
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    Periodicity of the gamma-ray transient event of 5 March 1979 (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An unusual gamma-ray burst event was observed on 5 March 1979 by nine different spacecraft. The position of the event has been accurately determined as r.a. = 5 h 25.95 min, dec = -66 deg 07.1 arcmin (epoch 1950.0), coincident with the location of the supernova remnant N49 in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The burst was of very high intensity, and if isotropic and located at the distance (approximately 55 kpc) of N49 had a peak luminosity of greater than 10 to the 44th erg/sec. Even more interesting is the obvious 8-s periodicity of the event, following the initial very intense outburst. The time history and power spectrum of this event as determined from Pioneer Venus Orbiter data is here reported.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 285; June 5
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  • 177
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    Cosmological variation of G and the solar luminosity (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Teller's analysis of the effects of a varying gravitational constant G on the past solar luminosity is reexamined. It is shown that if Newtonian gravitation is viewed as a nonrelativistic limit of Einstein's theory, there exists (1) a constraint between G and the total mass M of the sun and (2) a change in the radiative energy density-temperature relation, which were not included in Teller's analysis and which change his result from L is about G to the 7th power (found to be unacceptable) to L is about constant, independently of how G might vary with time.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 237
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  • 178
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    Narrow-band Jovian kilometric radiation - A new radio component (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper describes a new component of Jupiter's radio spectrum. This component emits in a very narrow bandwidth (less than 40 kHz) near 100 kHz. Its waveform is a very smooth and gradual rise and subsequent fall in intensity over typically two hours. The emission is polarized with left-hand polarization associated with the Jovian northern magnetic hemisphere and righthand with the south. The most interesting feature of the emission is its deviation from a strict System III rotation period repetition rate. The emission source of this narrow-band component clearly rotates slower by 3-5% than all other forms of Jovian radio emission. Propagation considerations coupled with this observed lack of corotation point to a source region near the magnetic equatorial plane at the outer 'edge' of the Io plasma torus.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; May 1980
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  • 179
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    Cosmic matter-antimatter asymmetry and gravitational force (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Cosmic matter-antimatter asymmetry due to the gravitational interaction alone is discussed, considering the gravitational coupling of fermion matter related to the Yang-Mills (1954) gauge symmetry with the unique generalization of the four-dimensional Poincare group. Attention is given to the case of weak static fields which determines the space-time metric where only large source terms are retained. In addition, considering lowest-order Feynman diagrams, there are presented gravitational potential energies between fermions, between antifermions, and between a fermion and an antifermion. It is concluded that the gravitational force between matter is different from that between antimatter; implications from this concerning the evolution of the universe are discussed.
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  • 180
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    Interplanetary sector boundaries 1971-1973 (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The large-scale morphology and internal structure of sector boundaries (SB) are investigated, using observations at 1 AU of interplanetary SB crossings. It was found that the durations of the SBs were either relatively short (less than about 10 min) or relatively long (longer than about 3 hours). Using the minimum variance technique, it was found that the SB surfaces were inclined appreciably with respect to the ecliptic at this epoch of the solar cycle (1971-1973). Magnetic holes were found in thick SBs at a rate about three times that elsewhere. In addition, an analysis of tangential discontinuities showed that their orientations were generally not related to the orientations of the SB surface, but their characteristics were very similar to those for discontinuities outside the SBs.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; May 1
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  • 181
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    Velocity dispersion of M87 using a population model (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The velocity dispersion of M 87 (NGC 4486) is determined using (1) a single star of class K0 III and (2) two different population models to represent the spectral region of the G-band. Although the models fit the overall spectrum better than the single-star, there is only a small difference in the derived velocity dispersion. This work revises the earlier velocity dispersion result of Brandt and Roosen (1969) down to 350 km/sec, in agreement with Faber and Jackson (1976) and Sargent et al. (1978).
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 92
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  • 182
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    Age of the Vela pulsar PSR 0833-45 (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It is shown that previous astrophysical methods of dating the young pulsar in Vela, PSR 0833-45, have effectively given upper limits to the true age. A value of 5000-8000 yr is found here to be not inconsistent with all available observational data. The historical significance of such a young age is briefly discussed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 92
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  • 183
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    Superluminal motion in compact radio sources (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The observations of radio sources whose components appear to move superluminally are now sufficient to eliminate certain theoretical models. However, a number of models might be still relevant. The models which involve relativistic bulk motions of the radio components seem to provide the most likely explanation of apparent superluminal motion. A summary of observational predictions of various models for superluminal motions is included.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 92
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  • 184
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    The settling of helium and the ages of globular clusters (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Model low-mass globular-cluster stars were evolved with their helium allowed to diffuse under the influence of gravity, thermal diffusion, and concentration gradient. The evolution tended to speed up. Also, the turnoff point moved toward lower luminosity and slightly lower surface temperature. If the luminosity at turnoff is used as the sole criterion for determining the age of a globular cluster, the inferred ages of such clusters are reduced by about 22% from starting values in the vicinity of 15 billion years.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 237
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  • 185
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    Cold dense photoionized universes (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This investigation employs a computer code, initially constructed for modeling the evolution of a hot dense intergalactic medium (IGM), to study some properties of a cold dense IGM photoionized by QSOs. Within the observational constraints set by flux measurements in the far-ultraviolet, night sky brightness, and hard X-ray region, and the optical depth limits on various QSO spectra, it determines some allowable scenarios for a range of QSO spectral indices (alpha) and cutoff energies. With H(0) = 50 km/s-Mpc, closure density of an IGM (composed of H and He in their cosmic ratio) is possible only if alpha is greater than or equal to 0.1, a circumstance not likely to prevail; the most probable value, alpha = -0.7, implies an upper limit density about 0.35 of closure, which is somewhat larger than previous estimates. These estimates are substantially independent of whether or not QSOs produce the observed diffuse extragalactic X-ray background; such QSO spectral details are critical, however, in determining the ionization of heavy elements that are expected to contaminate a pure primeval plasma.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 237
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  • 186
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    The observations of the X-ray source HZ Herculis/Hercules X-1 (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The results of a campaign of monitoring HZ Her with the IUE satellite are presented. The spectrum and light variation outside of eclipse are consistent with the Milgrom and Salpeter model for emission from the X-ray heated photosphere of the primary. Near eclipse there is UV flux in excess of the prediction of the heated photosphere model, which shows significant 35 day variations and is consistent with an origin in a precessing disk, as described by Gerend and Boynton. The spectrum shows the strong emission lines of N V and C IV, which generally vary in the sense of the continuum. The N V/C IV ratio is greater than 2 near orbital phase 0.5 and approaches unity near eclipse. It is suggested that these emission lines are optically thick and arise from both the heated photosphere and the accretion disk.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 237
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  • 187
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    High energy X-ray and radio studies of Scorpius X-1 (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The results from extended high energy X-ray observations of Scorpius X-1 from the OSO 8 satellite are reported. The source was observed for a total of 15 days in 1975, 1977, and 1978. Simultaneous 10.7 GHz and 4.75 GHz radio data were obtained during the 1978 observation, and low energy X-ray data during the 1975 and 1978 observations. Detailed studies of the data reveal a lack of any correlation between the high energy X-rays and the other energy ranges. A 3 sigma upper limit of 22% was obtained for any modulation of the high energy flux with the binary period. No high energy tail was observed at any time.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 237
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  • 188
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    Helium synthesis, neutrino flavors, and cosmological implications (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The problem of the production of helium in the big bang is reexamined in the light of several recent astrophysical observations. These data, and theoretical particle-physics considerations, lead to some important inconsistencies in the standard big-bang model and suggest that a more complicated picture is needed. Thus, recent constraints on the number of neutrino flavors, as well as constraints on the mean density (openness) of the universe, need not be valid.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 44; May 5
    Format: text
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  • 189
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    New results from old data - Lunar photometric anomalies in Wildey and Pohn's 1962 observations (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The anomalies in V magnitude in photometric data on lunar features obtained by Wildey and Pohn (1964) are analyzed in the three colors of their UBV observations. The data have been averaged with respect to phase and graphed, and deviations from the average have been tabulated for each color. Sigma equal to or exceeding 3 for V, B-V, and U-B measures are shown on table. These variations are found to be similar to the much larger body of observations of lunar transient phenomena (LTP). The data for 25 features with 25 observations each show that in terms of individual measures the frequency of anomalies is approximately 3%, similar to frequencies obtained in other analyses of LTP data.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 85; Mar. 198
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  • 190
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    An investigation of previously derived Hyades, Coma, and M67 reddenings (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: New Hyades polarimetry and field star photometry were obtained to check the Hyades reddening, which was found to be nonzero in a previous study (Taylor, 1978). The new Hyades polarimetry implies essentially zero reddening. Four photometric techniques which are assumed to be insensitive to blanketing are used to compare the Hyades to nearby field stars and are found to yield essentially zero reddening. A simultaneous solution for the Hyades, Coma, and M67 reddenings is made, and the results are E(B-V) = 3 plus or minus 2(sigma) mmag, -1 plus or minus 3(sigma) mmag, and 46 plus or minus 6(sigma) mmag, respectively.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 85; Mar. 198
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  • 191
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    Galaxy spectral synthesis. II - M32 and the ages of galaxies (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper presents a population synthesis performed on absolute spectrophotometry for the central 31 in. of M32. The metallicity of M32 is solar with 0.1 dex, implying that major star formation continued in M32 until 5 Gyr ago, or 10 Gyr after the oldest globular clusters formed. The synthesis models predict that the rate of mass return to the interstellar medium in M32 from evolving stars is about 0.0008 solar mass/yr; however, the upper limit for star formation during the past 1 Gyr is about 0.003/yr, showing that the available optical observations do not exclude complete recycling of gas lost during stellar evolution into new generations of stars.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 236
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  • 192
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    Threshold windspeeds for sand on Mars - Wind tunnel simulations (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Wind friction threshold speeds for particle movement were determined in a wind tunnel operating at martian surface pressure with a 95 percent CO2 and 5 percent air atmosphere. The relationship between friction speed and free-stream velocity is extended to the critical case for Mars of momentum thickness Reynolds numbers between 425 and 2000. It is determined that the dynamic pressure required to initiate saltation is nearly constant for pressures between 1 bar and 4 mb for atmospheres of both air and CO2.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Feb. 198
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  • 193
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    Voyager mission support (2) (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The Deep Space Network report on tracking and data acquisition for Voyager Project is continued. The period of August through October 1980 is covered. The use of beacons for interplanetary navigation, specifically for target related navigation, was shown to be of significant value.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 44-59
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  • 194
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    Viking Orbiter completion mission and Viking Lander monitor mission (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A brief history of the Viking Missions is presented. The status of the present Viking Orbiter and Landers for the period from February 1, 1980 through March 31, 1980 is discussed, with emphasis on data transmission abilities.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 58-61
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  • 195
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    Theoretical mean colors for RR Lyrae variables (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A hydrodynamically pulsating 0.6 solar mass model of a typical RR Lyrae variable was studied with a radiation transport-hydrodynamic computer program to predict theoretical T sub 3 and colors at many phases and to find the proper methods for getting mean colors and the consequent mean effective temperatures. The variable Eddington radiation approximation method was used with gray and with multifrequency absorption coefficients to represent the radiation flow in the outer optically thin layers. Comparison between observed and computed B-V colors indicate that these low Z population 2 models are reasonably accurate using King 1A composition opacities. The well known Oke, Giver, and Searle relation between B-V and T sub e reproduced. Mean colors were found by four different averaging methods. The method that gives a mean color and the mean T sub e closest to the nonpulsating model was the separate intensity means of B and V.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Current Probl. in Stellar Pulsation Instabilities; p 293-310
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  • 196
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    Observations of classical cepheids (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The observations of classical Cepheids are reviewed. The main progress that has been made is summarized and some of the problems yet to be solved are discussed. The problems include color excesses, calibration of color, duplicity, ultraviolet colors, temperature-color relations, mass discrepancies, and radius determination.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Current Probl. in Stellar Pulsation Instabilities; p 1-23
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  • 197
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    Evidence for the existence of nonradial solar oscillations: Solar rotation (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The coherent properties of six oscillations over a two week period in which seven days of equatorial diameter measurements were analyzed, are confirmed by the addition of an extra day of data. The two large 1 (the principal order number in the spherical harmonic expansion of the eigenfunction) g-mode oscillations may be candidates for the slowly rotating mode locked structures. For the four low frequency p-modes, periodic nature is observed in the daily power levels, varying with periods of several days. This is attributed to beating between rotationally split m states for a given 1 value. Nonradial modes are a major contribution to the observed solar oscillations. The nonradial character of the observed modes allows the depth dependence of the internal solar rotation to be investigated.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Current Probl. in Stellar Pulsation Instabilities; p 665-675
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  • 198
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    Velocity structure in long period variable star atmospheres (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A regression analysis of the dependence of absorption line velocities on wavelength, line strength, excitation potential, and ionization potential is presented. The method determines the region of formation of the absorption lines for a given data and wavelength region. It is concluded that the scatter which is frequently found in velocity measurements of absorption lines in long period variables is probably the result of a shock of moderate amplitude located in or near the reversing layer and that the frequently observed correlation of velocity with excitation and ionization are a result of the velocity gradients produced by this shock in the atmosphere. A simple interpretation of the signs of the coefficients of the regression analysis is presented in terms of preshock, post shock, or across the shock, together with criteria for evaluating the validity of the fit. The amplitude of the reversing layer shock is estimated from an analysis of a series of plates for four long period variable stars along with the most probable stellar velocity for these stars.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Current Probl. in Stellar Pulsation Instabilities; p 577-609
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  • 199
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    Light curves for bump Cepheids computed with a dynamically zoned pulsation code (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The dynamically zoned pulsation code developed by Castor, Davis, and Davison was used to recalculate the Goddard model and to calculate three other Cepheid models with the same period (9.8 days). This family of models shows how the bumps and other features of the light and velocity curves change as the mass is varied at constant period. The use of a code that is capable of producing reliable light curves demonstrates that the light and velocity curves for 9.8 day Cepheid models with standard homogeneous compositions do not show bumps like those that are observed unless the mass is significantly lower than the 'evolutionary mass.' The light and velocity curves for the Goddard model presented here are similar to those computed independently by Fischel, Sparks, and Karp. They should be useful as standards for future investigators.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Current Probl. in Stellar Pulsation Instabilities; p 175-186
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  • 200
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    Optical observables in stars with non-stationary atmospheres (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Experience gained by use of Cepheid modeling codes to predict the dimensional and photometric behavior of nuclear fireballs is used as a means of validating various computational techniques used in the Cepheid codes. Predicted results from Cepheid models are compared with observations of the continuum and lines in an effort to demonstrate that the atmospheric phenomena in Cepheids are quite complex but that they can be quantitatively modeled.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Current Probl. in Stellar Pulsation Instabilities; p 199-236
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