ALBERT

Description: Three sections with a total number of four species of the genus Phyllanthus have been examined. The pollen grains show a strong resemblance to each other and also the taxonomic arguments to differentiate between the three sections proved to be rather weak. Because of both palynological and taxonomic reasons the sections Ceramanthus Baillon, Cluytiopsis Mueller Arg. and Anisolobium Mueller Arg. have been united into one section; viz. section Ceramanthus Baillon s.l.

Description: This paper is an addendum to the author’s (1971) paper. At the time that the latter paper was finished, there were difficulties in taking photographs of the newly described male fructifications. Subsequently those difficulties have been solved, and the present paper contains the photographs of the male fructifications of the type specimens of Hastystrobus muirii v. Kon., Masculostrobus harrisii v. Kon., and Pityanthus scalbiensis v. Kon., and the photographs of the male fructifications, as described in the above-mentioned paper, of Ginkgo huttoni (Heer) Sternberg and Brachyphyllum crucis Kendall. All specimens are preserved in the Division of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Botanical Museum and Herbarium, State University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Most of the photographs were taken with the specimens illuminated obliquely in air, but some were taken with the specimens flooded with oil. This procedure is generally applied when the specimen requires enhancement of contrast, so that details are more evident than if the specimen was photographed dry.

Description: Since the completion of Radlkofer’s monumental work on the Sapindaceae in Engler’s series “Das Pflanzenreich” 50 years have now elapsed, almost 40 since its publication. It is still the basis of virtually all taxonomic studies in the family. Some of the gerontogean genera have since been the subject of revisional work (Leenhouts 1969, 1971), but for the neogean representatives there are only some regional treatments (e.g. Rambo 1952; Barkley 1957; Reitz 1962; Soukup 1969), apart from descriptions of new taxa scattered through the literature. When studying the taxa native to Suriname in connection with the preparation of a supplement to the family treatment published previously in the “Flora of Suriname” (Uittien 1937) it soon became apparent to me that the genus Talisia was particularly incompletely known when Uittien published his account of the family, actually not much more than an extract from Radlkofer’s work. The number of species known or to be expected from Suriname proved to have doubled; this is not due to inadequateness of Uittien’s work but to much more extensive collecting. Two of the species met with since could not be identified with any species dealt with by Radlkofer or described after his time: these are described as new below. In order to establish that they were truly undescribed the descriptions and, where possible, types and/or other authentic specimens of all species described after Radlkofer were checked. A list of these follows; it may serve as a kind of bibliographic supplement to Radlkofer’s monograph. The two species marked with an asterisk have been posthumously listed in the supplement to his work.

Description: Dicranella staphylina Whitehouse, a species recently described from Great Britain, is now recorded from Belgium, Denmark and The Netherlands. A new combination, Anisothecium staphylinum (Whitehouse) Sipman, Rubers & Riemann, is proposed. A study of the costal anatomy revealed that A. staphylinum in this respect most resembles A. rufescens.

Description: The author studied the morphology of Blackstonia perfoliata s.l. and compared its variability with that of the other representatives of the genus. She also carried out ecological studies of “Blackstonia perfoliata ssp. serotina” on the Dutch island Voorne and compared her results with those in the literature relating to B. perfoliata in some adjacent regions, notably the Upper Rhine area. On morphological and ecological grounds B. perfoliata ssp. perfoliata and ssp. serotina are to be regarded as two distinct species, B. perfoliata and B. acuminata.

Description: The pollen analyse of a raised-bog on the High Vosges crest shows the vegetation regional development since 3200 years. A prehistoric civilization, the Gallo-roman period, the great migrations and the Carolingian period are reflected in the pollen diagram by N.A.P. minima and maxima. A discussion on curves fluctuations of the main A.P. follows.

Description: Peculiar slit-like apertures in the walls of the fibre tracheids of Dicranostyles mildbraediana described in a previous paper, were recognized by the co-author as the result of a ‘soft-rot’ fungal attack. Consequently these structures are not a characteristic feature of this species.

Description: A small set of bryophytes collected on the islands of Malta and Gozo in April-May, 1968, and April, 1969, by K. U. Kramer and L. Y. Th. Westra (Utrecht) was handed to the author for identification. The results are presented here as a supplement to a paper on the vascular plants of the Maltese islands (Kramer et al. 1972). The collections are deposited in the herbarium of the State University of Utrecht. In the past few years many new data have been published on the bryophytes of the Mediterranean islands, cf. Sunding (1967,1971), Koppe (1965), Lübenau & Lübenau (1970), Düll (1967), Gradstein (1971), and Townsend (1965). The liverwort flora of the Mediterranean coasts is being studied thoroughly by Jovet-Ast & Bischler (cf. 1968). Yet the bryophyte flora of the Maltese islands received very little attention in the literature. A brief survey of the main data follows here.

Description: Harold St. John has (in Le Naturaliste Canadien 98, 1971, 571-580) given an evaluation of J.R. & G. Forster plants described in their Characteres generum which is newly dated to have been issued March 1, 1776. We feel induced to correct some inaccuracies. Gingidium montanum (l.c. 574, no. 21) — later transferred to Ligusticum as L. gingidium by Forster f., Prod. (1736) 22; DC., Prod. 4 (1830) 159, as an illegitimate homotypic synonym — is unnecessarily named as a new (superfluous) combination Angelica forsteriana St. John. Hooker f., Handb. New Zeal.Fl. (1867) 97, had this (according to the present Code, art. 72) correctly named Angelica gingidium, as because of the earlier Angelica montana Brot. (1804) he could not use the epithet montanum. For the rest Dawson (New Zeal.J.Bot. 5, 1967, 90) has reinstated the generic name Gingidium. He has still more recently changed the name Gingidium Forst., non Hill (1756), into Gingidia as Hill’s herbal has been said to be declared nomenclaturally valid.

Description: In mid-1971 Dr. K. Iwatsuki made a four-weeks’ collecting trip in Thailand, 10 Sept.- 10 Oct. From Oct. 1971 till mid-January 1972 a joint Leyden exploring expedition was made by Mr. C.P. van Beusekom and Mr. R. Geesink to various parts of Thailand.

Description: I must apologize that this Bulletin appears late. Material had been assembled for it and I had anticipated to compose this number about Christmas 1971. But on my birthday, 31 Oct. 1971, it was announced as a complete surprise that the firm of Brill was authorised to publish a book on the Javanese Mountain Flora of which the core is 57 hand-coloured plates on which 456 different species are depicted. The fieldwork was done, and drawings were composed in 1939-1941. After the war no publisher could be found; a precursor with 4 plates appeared in Endeavour (21, 1962, 183-193). The condition attached to this allowance was that I should promise stante pede to deliver the text by end December 1971 or at least as soon as possible, because the promotors of the plan intended to present me with the printed book on the occasion of my retiring from office, 1 Sept. 1972. So the rather peculiar situation arose that I had to make my own present. With my already tight time schedule for my last year of office I hesitatingly agreed. The available text was, however, very incomplete, having been written in the war prison camp, thirty years ago. Moreover it was at that time intended to be very popular for a pocket size atlas, as Schröter’s ’Pflanzenführer fur Alpenwanderer’ which had stood model for the purpose. With the generous life-size plates and folio format book now envisaged to edit, this text had to be completely rewritten in much enlarged scope and all captions carefully checked with the present literature and with the herbarium. Though the plates are explained by the captions, the general text also needed illustration and so figures had to be made or selected and photographs sorted. I had to give this project absolute priority. Notwithstanding the most liberal assistance rendered to me by my senior staff members, to whom I could entrust several time-consuming official duties, the composition of the text was real slave labour for seven days a week until late for five months. The captions were delivered end January, the general text May 22nd. The colour plates are printed and come out magnificently, practically as good as the original water-colour drawings, and the captions are by now in page proof, so that I hope the work will indeed be printed early September and available in October. Publication of Flora Malesiana proceeds well. In April 1971 the third instalment of the Fern volume appeared (Lindsaea-group by Dr. Kramer) and the text for a fourth instalment by Prof. Holttum & Drs. Hennipman is almost finished in MS. The final instalment of vol. 6 is in press and will appear presumably in September. Of vol. 7 the first instalment containing revisions of 12 families appeared in Jan. 1972. The second instalment of vol. 7 is in print (Fagaceae, Passifloraceae) and will appear in autumn. There is the prospect of publishing in the rather near future three very large families: Moraceae, Cyperaceae and Dipterocarpaceae. From the third chapter of this Bulletin it can be observed that progress with revisional work is satisfactory, though speed of publication still falls short of my expectation.

Description: Families and higher taxa have been entered under their name. Names of families which have been revised in volumes 4, 5, 6, and 7 have been entered and are printed in bold type, so that as far as this is concerned this index is complete for all preceding volumes as well.

Description: Monoecious trees or rarely shrubs, in Mai. evergreen, sometimes buttressed or with stilt-roots; growth mode flushwise, with perular buds. Hairs simple or stellate or fasciculate, rarely with resiniferous colleters, or scales on pits on the underside of the leaf. Leaves simple, spirally arranged, rarely in whorls of 3 or distichous, sometimes crowded near the top of each flush, penninerved, in Mal. entire or rarely crenate or sinuate. Stipules present, caducous or rarely rather long persistent, rarely interpetiolar or peltately attached. Inflorescence a cyme or a simple or branched spike, bracteate, ♂, ♀, androgynous (with the ♀ flowers borne on the lower part) or mixed. Flowers unisexual or functionally so. — ♂ Flowers: solitary or in dichasial clusters of 2-30 along the rachis, sessile or pedicelled; perianth campanulate or tubular, 6(-9)-lobed, or irregularly incised; stamens (4-)6-12(-90), filaments filiform, long exserted, free or rarely connate at the base; anthers linear to reniform, dorsi- or basifixed, lengthwise dehiscent; pistillode absent or present, densely hairy. — ♀ Flowers: sessile, solitary or in dichasial clusters of 2-15, surrounded by a cupule; ovary inferior, 2-6(-9)-celled, usually hairy; ovules anatropous, 2 per cell, apical and collateral; perianth usually regularly 6-lobed, sometimes poorly developed; staminodes 6-12, or absent; styles as many as ovary cells, terete, rather short, conical or tongue-shaped; stigmas capitate, punctiform, or covering the inner surface of the styles. Cupules solitary or in dichasial clusters, often woody, rarely reduced or absent, from saucer- or cup-shaped to enclosing the fruit, indehiscent or splitting into 2-8 or more ± equal segments, rarely consisting of 2 free segments, variously muricate, spiny, squamose, or with concentric or spiral lamellae, very rarely almost smooth. Fruit an indehiscent nut (achene), 1-3-celled, sometimes falsely multiseptate, rounded or sharply 2-3-angular. Seed one, exalbuminous; embryo-large; cotyledons large, flat-convex, plicate or ruminate; germination epigeal or hypogeal. Recent distribution. Seven genera with possibly c. 700 spp., the majority on the northern hemisphere. In the Old World the distribution extends southwards from 62°N in Scandinavia southheastwards to Kashmir and then northeastwards to the Sea of Okhotsk at c. 55°N. In Africa, Fagaceae are confined to the northern rim in the western Mediterranean region. In Asia Fagaceae are absent from the dry parts of the Middle East, from the Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon, from the desert and colder parts of China, from Manchuria, and from the extreme northern parts of Japan. In America, the distribution extends from Canada and the United States southwards to Central America, as far south as a few scattered localities in Columbia, in South America. On the southern hemisphere, Fageceae are present in Malesia, in the scarce wet parts of East Australia, in Tasmania, New Caledonia, and in New Zealand (otherwise absent from Pacific islands); in South America they occur from Fuegia and Staten I. northwards to Argentina and on the western slopes of the Andes in Chile up to 33°S. Fig. 1.

Description: Dr. J.A.R. Anderson, Kuching, was on leave in spring 1971; he would return in the middle of the year for a final short tour. Dr. Anderson’s merits for the development of Botany in Sarawak are extremely large; it is a great pity to see such most experienced personalities leave the scene. We are thankful for his important endeavours and wish him a happy retirement. Prof. Dr. C.D.K. Cook, Zürich, is preparing a manual for the identification of aquatic plants.

Description: Mostly climbing herbs or lianas with axillary tendrils, rarely erect herbs, shrubs or small trees, glabrous or hairy, in Mal. not spiny. Branching usually by a supraaxillary serial bud. Leaves (mostly) spirally arranged, simple or compound, pinninerved or palminerved, entire or lobed; petiole or blade-base often with 1-many glands, and often glands on margin and lower surface of the blade. Stipules present. Inflorescences essentially axillary, cymose, sessile or peduncled, 1-many-flowered, ending in (a) tendril (s) or not. Bracts and bracteoles mostly small. Flowers often stiped, articulate to the pedicel, actinomorphic, bisexual or functionally unisexual (either with staminodes or a vestigial ovary, and then plants mostly dioecious) or polygamous. Perianth mostly 2-seriate, mostly persistent, the segments free or partially connate (Adenia p.p.), inserted on the rim of the saucer- or cup-shaped or tubiform hypanthium. Sepals (4—)5( 6), imbricate. Petals (4-)5(-6), mostly imbricate. Corona inserted on the hypanthium, mostly a complicated structure, composed either of filaments, hairs, or appendages, or membranous, annular, or composed of scales (disk), or in addition with ‘septa’ (Adenia p.p.), rarely corona absent (Adenia p.p.). Stamens 4-10, inserted mostly at the base of the hypanthium, or on an androgynophore (mostly hypogynous), (mostly) opposite the sepals; filaments free or partially connate into a tube; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent, sometimes apiculate. Ovary superior, subsessile or on a gynophore or androgynophore, 1-celled, 3(-5)-carpellate; placentas 3(-5), parietal; ovules many, anatropous; integuments 2; styles 1 or 3 (-5), very short to distinct, sometimes partially connate; stigmas ± globose, or capitate, or papillate, or much divided. Fruit a loculicidally 3(-5)-valved capsule, or berry-like. Seeds mostly numerous, mostly compressed, often beaked, enveloped by a (membranous or juicy) aril; funicles often distinct; testa crustaceous (coriaceous), mostly striate, reticulate or pitted; endosperm (copious) horny; embryo straight; cotyledons foliaceous. Cf. HARMS in E. & P. Nat. Pfl. Fam. ed. 2, 21 (1925) 470-507. Distribution. About 10 genera and 500 spp., almost entirely confined to the tropics: in America c. 350 spp. (mainly Passiflora, a few species in Dilkea, Mitostemma, Tetrastylis), in Africa (incl. Madagascar) c. 110 spp. (mainly Adenia c. 80 spp., Tryphostemma c. 20 spp., Deidamia, incl. Efulensia, Crossostemma, c. 6 spp., incl. Schlechterina, 2 spp.), in Asia and Australia c. 40 spp. (Passiflora c. 20 spp., Adenia 14 spp., Hollrungia 1 sp., Tetrapathaea 1 sp. in New Zealand).

Description: Herbs, sometimes with scaly rhizomes, bulbs, bulbils or stolons, or woody perennials, shrubs, lianas or trees. Leaves penninerved, digitately or pinnately trifoliolate, imparipinnate or paripinnate, basal, alternate, subopposite or apically tufted. Stipules sometimes present. Petioles with basal joint, petiolules articulated. Inflorescences basal, axillary or pseudoterminal, cymose to pseudumbellate, rarely racemose, 1-many-flowered, bracteate and bracteolate. Flowers ♂♀, very rarely also ♂ specimens (Dapania), actinomorphic, 5-merous, hetero-tri-, -di-, or homostylous, sometimes cleistogamous. Pedicels articulate. Sepals imbricate, free or connate at base, sometimes with apical calli (Oxalis), persistent. Petals contort, quincuncial or cochlear, free but usually cohesive above the base (‘pseudosympetal’), clawed (sometimes minutely so), glabrous or inside sometimes with minute papillae or pilose. Filaments 10, obdiplostemonous, connate at base into an annulus, persistent, the epipetalous (shorter) sometimes with a basal gland near the insertion of the petals, or sometimes with 2 scales or dark lines on the annulus (Dapania), rarely without anthers; the episepalous (longer) with a dorsal tooth (Oxalis) ) or hunchbacked; anthers dorsifixed, versatile, 2-celled, dehiscing extrorsely by longitudinal slits. No disk. Ovary 5-celled, superior; styles 5, terminal, persistent, free, in LF¹ and MF erect, in SF patent to recurved, rarely reduced (♂ flowers); ovules 1-2-several per cell in 1-2 rows, epi- and anatropous, pendulous, superposed, bitegmic. Fruit capsular, loculicid, 5-celled, dry, rarely fleshy and indehiscent. Seeds usually with an aril; endosperm copious, fleshy, rarely absent; embryo straight. Distribution. 6(7?) genera with c. 850 spp. Of the Malesian representatives Oxalis, the largest genus, is most numerous in S. America and S. Africa and Biophytum in S. America and Madagascar; Dapania has 2 spp. in Malesia and 1 in Madagascar; Sarcotheca (11 spp.) is endemic in Malesia, while Averrhoa (2 spp.) assumedly also originated here; it is now cultivated pantropically.

Description: Trees or shrubs, evergreen (Mal. spp.); leaf-scars large. Leaves crowded towards the end of the shoots, spiral, simple, exstipulate, serrate with glandular teeth, often with an apical gland, more rarely entire; nerves a little decurrent along the midrib, both midrib and nerves ± impressed above, ± prominent beneath. Indumentum of branchlets, leaves and inflorescences consisting of simple, and/or long, fascicled and ± patent, and/or minor, ± depressed stellate hairs. Flowers bisexual, regular, 5(-6)-merous. Inflorescences sometimes simple solitary terminal racemes, but mostly consisting of a terminal raceme and several lower approximate racemes, each of the latter from the axil of a ± reduced or caducous leaf, thus forming together a panicle-, fascicle- or umbel-like inflorescence; bracts mostly caducous during anthesis, rarely subpersistent. Calyx lobes 5 (-6), persistent, quincuncially imbricate, united at the base only. Petals 5 (-6), generally free, sometimes cohering to some degree, alternate with the calyx lobes, rather early caducous, generally sweet-scented. Stamens 10(—12) in 2 whorls of 5(-6), the outer whorl opposite the petals, the inner one opposite the calyx lobes; filaments adnate to the corolla at the extreme base; anthers dorsifixed, overturned outwards in bud, erect in anthesis, introrse, upper part of cells ± divergent, opening with apical, slitlike pores; pollen grains single, tricolporate, psilate. Ovary superior, 3-celled, with axile placentation; ovules ∞, small, anatropous; style simple, mostly shortly, very rarely hardly divided into three apical lobes, sometimes more deeply so and trifid, each lobe stigmatic at the top. Fruit a 3-valved, loculicidal capsule, the septae of which become loose from the persistent central axis, subtended or ± enclosed at maturity by the persistent calyx. Seeds ∞, small, subovoid to irregularly angular or subtrigonous, with a foveolate-reticulate testa (all Mal. spp.). Endosperm fleshy. Embryo cylindrical. Distribution. A small, monogeneric family in the Ericales, of (sub)tropical Asiatic-Malesian, and temperate and tropical American distribution, and with 1 sp. in Macaronesia (Madeira, and formerly in Teneriffe).

Description: Shrubs, small trees, or lianas, in Malesia evergreen, or herbs. Stipules present. Leaves in Malesia spirally arranged, sometimes distichous, simple, the margin often shallowly incised; generally stalked. Inflorescences axillary variously modified bundles, or racemes, or panicles, sometimes terminal, or flowers solitary in the leaf axils; bracts small; pedicels often articulated, whether in the lower or in the upper part; bracteoles, if present, small and in the lower part of the pedicel. Flowers bisexual or rarely dioecious, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, particularly in the corolla; the parts often persistent in fruit. Sepals 5, the median one adaxial (posterior), free or occasionally for a small portion connate, often ciliate. Petals 5, free, generally sessile, the median one abaxial (anterior), often longer and differently shaped, the base then mostly with a sac or spur. Androecium often cylindrical, stamens 5, episepalous; filaments often more or less connate into a tube, in the Malesian genera with zygomorphic flowers, those near the odd petal with a recurved fleshy appendage; anthers introrse, in Malesia nearly always the connective at the top produced into an approximately triangular membranous appendage converging with the others, cells sometimes with a small appendage at the top. Gynoecium superior, sessile, ovary small, subglobose, one-locular, with generally 3 carpels, the median one adaxial, each carpel with a parietal placenta in the middle bearing 1-many anatropous ovules; style straight or, in the zygomorphic flowers S-shaped with the stigma curved towards the odd petal and club-shaped with variations. Fruit in Malesia capsular, the carpels thickened to boat-shaped leathery or woody valves (in the latter eventually the endocarp separated from the pericarp) which spread and often compress upon dehiscence. Seeds 1-many, sessile, one to a few mm in size, often with distinct raphe, sometimes with funicular outgrowths; rich in endosperm; embryo straight. Distribution. A pantropical family; only Viola is cold-loving. Hybanthus extends into the subtropics‘ so does Melicytus (Pacific Plant Areas n. 103, Blumea Suppl. 5, 1966) in Polynesia and New Zealand. Hymenanthera (congeneric with the former? l.c. n. 104) is temperate in SE. Australia and New Zealand. Number of genera 16, 8 of them American; the largest are Viola, currently credited with c. 400 spp., Rinorea with c. 200, Hybanthus with perhaps 70, and there are about 50 more in the other genera altogether. Total number of species c. 720, in Malesia 31, two of these introduced.

Description: Trees, or whether or not climbing shrubs, or lianas. Leaves spirally arranged, rarely opposite, simple, entire or lobed (in Mal. never crenate or serrate), pennior palmatinerved, exstipulate. Inflorescences mostly axillary, sometimes terminal, rarely extra-axillary, or from old wood, in spikes or spike-like racemes, or often in cymes, both spikes and cymes not rarely collected to panicles or heads, very rarely reduced to few-flowered fascicles or to a solitary flower. Flowers bi- or unisexual, in the latter case at least functionally so, i.e. the plants dioecious, actinomorphic, (4-)5(-6)-, by reduction rarely in part 3-merous, cyclic (with sepals or calyx lobes and petals) or rarely spiral (with petals only in Pyrenacantha, or without petals in the ♀ flowers of Platea and some spp. of Iodes and Gomphandra). Pedicels, if any, articulated with the calyx. Sepals 4-6, free or mostly connate below to various degree to a 4-6-lobed calyx, the lobes imbricate or valvate, generally persistent. Petals 4-6, free or connate below to various degree, sometimes to a tube, the lobes valvate, very rarely subimbricate, tip inflexed, mostly caducous, sometimes persistent. Stamens as many as sepals or petals, episepalous, inserted basally or sometimes in the upper part of the tube; filaments subulate, fleshy, often flattened, or filiform, not rarely with clavate subglandular elongate hairs distally; anthers 2-celled, cells often diverging below, basifixed, latrorse or introrse, in Polyporandra dismissing the pollen from numerous operculate pores. Disk whether or not present, either annular or cup-like, free or adnate to the ovary, or a unilateral fleshy scale. Ovary free, 1-celled (in Pseudobotrys, Gonocaryum and Citronella 2-celled with an empty tube-like unilateral cell) (in Mai.); ovules 2 (rarely 1 abortive), apical, pendent, anatropous, apotropous, unitegmic; style 1 or none; stigma punctiform, subcapitate or peltate, entire or slightly 2-5-lobed or -crenate, often depressed to one side. Drupe ellipsoid to globose, often laterally compressed and almond-like; exocarp generally thin-fleshy; endocarp thin-crustaceous to thick-woody, sometimes spongious or fibrous, often veined or ribbed lengthwise or reticulate-lacunose outside, smooth or with tubercles or blunt aculei inside, the seed pitted then. Seed 1, exarillate, generally with abundant endosperm, which rarely is ruminate; embryo straight; cotyledons whether or not foliaceous. Distribution. About 56 genera with c. 300 spp., all woody, predominantly in the tropics, rapidly decreasing in number towards the subtropics; 5 genera with part of their species in the temperate zones of Africa, Asia, Australia and S. America.

Description: Perennial waterplants with a tuberous, elongate or cylindrical and often branched rootstock or rhizome which produces a tuft of leaves and the inflorescences. Leaves submerged and/or floating (very seldom emerged), with a mostly distinct midrib and one or more pairs of parallel main nerves, connected by numerous cross-veins. Inflorescence long-peduncled, emerging above the water surface, in bud enveloped by a caducous or rarely persistent spathe, composed of 1 (in Mal.) or 2-11 spikes. Flowers (in Mal.) bisexual, spirally arranged, turned towards all directions. Tepals 2, mostly persistent, rarely caducous. Stamens 6, in 2 whorls. Ovaries 3(-4-5), free, sessile, narrowed into the style with a stigmatic ridge on the inner side; ovules 2-8 per carpel. Fruits with a mostly distinct, lateral or terminal, often curved beak. Seeds without endosperm; testa mostly a single envelope, sometimes, however, split into two envelopes, the inner one, brown and closely fitting the embryo, the outer loose, transparent and reticulately veined; embryo with the plumule fitting in a groove or not, or without plumule (the embryos of all species with a double testa seem to have no plumule). Distr. About 40 spp. described, from Africa (Ethiopia to the Cape), Madagascar, India & Ceylon, through SE. Asia (to c. 30° NL) and Malesia to SW., N. and E. Australia (to 34° SL), centering in Africa and Madagascar.

Description: Annual or perennial, often grass-like herbs, only the monotypic African genus Microdracoides tree-like; the perennial spp. with short- or long-creeping, mostly sympodial rhizome not rarely emitting stolons. Stems solid, exceptionally hollow, sometimes septate, often trigonous, more rarely 2-sided or terete, or 4-, 5-, or multangular, usually nodeless below the inflorescence. Leaves often 3- ranked, more rarely distichous or polystichous, basal and/or cauline, usually sheathing at the base, the sheaths closed (in Mal.), very rarely open, the blades as a rule sessile, linear (grass-like) or setaceous, rarely lanceolate and petioled, rarely much reduced or even absent; sheath and blade whether or not separated by a rim of short hairs or by a membranous ligule almost completely fused to the upper surface of the blade. Flowers simple, inconspicuous, each subtended by a bract (glume), arranged in small spiciform units (spikelets), in subfam. Caricoideae strictly unisexual, in subfam. Cyperoideae tribe Hypolytreae composed of monandrous lateral ‘flowers’ and a terminal ovary, in tribe Cypereae reduced to bisexual synanthia, a few of which may be functionally male or female by abortion of the other sex. Spikelets often (always?) cymose (‘pseudo-spikelets’), (1-) few- to many-flowered. Inflorescence paniculate, anthelate, capitate, or spicate, with few to many spikelets, rarely reduced to a single spikelet, often subtended by 1-several leafy involucral bracts, Perianth consisting of bristles, hairs, or scales, but often absent. Stamens often 3, not rarely reduced to 2 or 1, very rarely more than 3 to numerous; filaments ligulate, free, only in a few Carex spp. connate, sometimes strongly elongating after anthesis; anthers basifixed, introrse, opening lengthwise by a slit. Ovary solitary, superior, usually 2- or 3-carpellate, unilocular; style not rarely thickened at the base, the thickened part whether or not articulated with the ovary; stigmas 2 or 3 (rarely more), only in a few spp. style unbranched; ovule solitary, erect from the base of the ovary, anatropous. Fruit indehiscent, a nut (often termed achene), sessile, or seated on a disk, free, or surrounded by a modified prophyll (perigynium, utricle). Seed erect, with thin testa not adhering to the pericarp; embryo small, at least partly surrounded by abundant mealy or fleshy endosperm. Dist ribution. About 70-80 genera with probably some 4000 spp., throughout the world.

Description: In the former century Byblis was mostly included in the Droseraceae, for example by BENTHAM & HOOKER. f. (Gen. P1. 1, 1859, 220); even ENGLER had it in that position in 1912 (Syllabus ed. 7, 329). PLANCHON had in 1848 (Ann. Sc. Nat. III, 9, 1848, 80, 90) already pointed to affinity with Cheiranthera of the Pittosporaceae; HALLIER f. merged Byblis and Roridula with Tremandraceae, curiously referring this to an Ochnaceous assemblage (Abh. Gebiete Naturw. Hamburg 18, 1903, 53). About the same time LANG argued (Flora 88, 1901, 179) that on morphological and anatomical grounds Byblis cannot belong to Droseraceae, but should be referred to Lentibulariaceae. DIELS (Pfl. R. Heft 26, 1907, 51) and DOMIN (Act. Bot. Bohem. 1, 1922, 1) definitely concluded to the alliance with Pittosporaceae, and so did HUTCHINSON (1926, 1959) and SCHULTZE-MENZ (Syllabus 1964): resemblance with Drosera is superficial, sympetaly unimportant. HALLIER f. and HUTCHINSON include the S. African genus Roridula also in the family Byblidaceae, but others regard this as an allied family.

Description: A general consideration is given on various aspects of the taxonomy of Operculate Discomycetes. The thesis is advanced that the genus, rather than the species, may represent the basic evolutionary unit. More detailed considerations are devoted to a few topics, for instance to the systematic position of the genera Cyttaria and Medeolaria.

Description: Since Hornemann (Fl. Dan. 9, 1816, p. 3, pl. 1501) published the name Zostera marina var. angustifolia together with a very poor drawing and the extremely short diagnosis ‘foliis subenerviis’ several interpretations of the identity of this taxon have been given. Some authors regarded it as a separate species closely related to Z. marina L., e.g. Reichenbach (1c. Fl. Germ. 7,1845, p. 3, as Z. angustifolia), and Tutin (J. Bot. 74, 1936, p. 227—230, as Z. hornemanniana). Others thought that it was a hybrid between Z. marina and Z. noltii Hornem., e.g. Ascherson (in Boissier, Fl. Orient. 5, 1882, p. 25), Prahl (Krit. Fl. Schlesw.- Holst. 2, 1890, p. 211), and Rouy (Fl. Fr. 13, 1912, p. 290, as Z. hornemanni). Recently I myself expressed the opinion that Hornemann’s variety was merely a brackish-water form of Z. noltit (Den Hartog, Sea-grasses of the world, 1970, p. 68). Thanks to the kindness of Mr. A. Hansen I was able to study two sheets of original material of Hornemann’s taxon and as a result all the above-mentioned interpretations can be ruled out. One of the two sheets is marked ‘cotypus’ and is labelled ‘Zostera marina angustifolia, e sinu Othiniensi, Hornemann’, the labelling in the characteristic handwriting of Prof. J. W. Hornemann himself. The specimens mounted on this sheet are all extremely narrow-leaved Z. marina. The specimens on the other sheet are very similar, and were collected from the same place; the labelling, however, is in the handwriting of N. Hofmann Bang, who was a close friend of Hornemann and owned the manor Hofmannsgave near the type locality.

Description: This work is the first of its kind in so far that it gives an account of the chemotaxonomy of a large family of plants and its implications on the taxonomy of that family. The ideas for this book were derived from a symposium, to which all the 19 authors contributed, ‘The Comparative Biochemistry of the Leguminosae’, which was held at the John Innes Institute, Hertfordshire. The first chapter, by V. H. Heywood, gives a ‘Systematic Purview’ of the family. Chapter 2—14 provide a description of the known distribution of both low molecular weight and macromolecular constituents. In several chapters the methods used are also extensively discussed. Often the information of the various chapters has been obtained by workers belonging to other disciplines than taxonomy, and little attention has been given to taxonomic methods. Several of the chapters lack a summary and a discussion of the taxonomic implications.

Description: A subdivision of the pollen types encountered in Lecythidaceae is proposed. The presence of a demarcation line between an original colpate and a derived syncolpate pollen type is confirmed. The significance of pollen characters for taxonomic subdivision is evaluated and it is concluded that the subdivision proposed by Niedenzu in 1892 agrees best with the pollen evidence. Pollen morphology does not yet provide any clear indications of wider affinities of the family, except in a negative sense.

Description: In the herbarium in Kiel the holotype of Sphacelaria paniculata was located. Australian material, known under the names Halopteris hordeacea (Harvey) Sauv., H. spicigera (Aresch.) Moore or H. gracilescens (J. Ag.) Womersl. has as correct name Halopteris paniculata (Suhr) P. v. R. comb. nov.

Description: This book is an exploration into the field of Plant Morphology. It deals with the placentation of the ovules in ten families of Centrospermae — including the Cactaceae — and in the Primulaceae. The core is formed by a very close observation and a complete documentation of the histogenesis of the ovary wall, the septs, and the placentae in four Caryophyllaceous species. Furthermore, the result is compared with similar known and newly discovered features in other species and in the other families. It appears that the ovary is composed of a cup of sterile phyllomes which surrounds a central body. This central part is built up by two alternating sets of five axial placentae bearing the ovules. The septs grow from the cup inwards and fuse with the placentae and their ovules. The pattern of the vascular bundles is in full accordance with the histogenetic results. Variations on this theme occur in the other species and families, the ultimate stage in reduction being an ovary with a solitary terminal ovule. However, the Primulaceae do not fit in this scheme; they cannot be considered as Centrospermae.

Description: Though the embryo provides one of the main generic characters of Haplolobus, up till now nothing was known about its germination or seedling (blastogeny). That is why the first author, when revising the genus Haplolobus (Leenhouts, 1972) contacted Mr. J. S. Womersley, Chief Division of Botany, Department of Forests, at Lae, Papua and New Guinea, and asked him for either viable seeds, or seedlings. We are very obliged to him and to the Department of Forests for providing us with both, including herbarium and spirit material of seedlings and a herbarium specimen of the parent tree. The latter was collected under nr. NGF 49210 (Henty) at Markham Point near Lae, and could be identified as Haplolobus floribundus H. J. Lam ssp. floribundus group A. The seedlings were collected 8 weeks after being sown in the Lae Botanic Garden; they were preserved under nr. NGF 49275. It is a pity that the seeds sown in the Botanic Garden at Leiden did not germinate.

Description: A historical survey of the family is followed by a discussion of the systematic position, the affinities within the family, the morphology, anatomy, phytochemical characters, flower biology, geographical distribution, dispersal, and growth. A key to the species is given. Each taxon has been described and provided with its full synonymy. All specimens have been cited except in those cases where more than 5 collections were made in one partial area (country, province, district, or small island). A complete identification list will be issued separately. In this revision of Taccaceae 1 genus and 10 species are accepted; 8 species are restricted to Indo-Malesia (SE. Asia to the Solomons), 1 to tropical South America, and 1 species occurs from the tropical west coast of Africa eastwards to Easter Island in the eastern Pacific. Two new species have been described, one from Borneo and one from the Solomons and New Guinea, and one new combination has been proposed. The genus Schizocapsa and a large number of specific names have been reduced. The species synonymy is considerable and comprises not less than 49 specific epithets. This situation is due to the fact that some widely distributed species have proved to be very variable. The material which I had at my disposal was considerably larger than previous workers, especially Limpricht, had in hand. As a result of this rich material numerous locally described species could no longer be maintained.

Description: The species at present known as Metrosideros elegans was the basis for Ballardia Montr., Mem. Acad. Lyon 10 (1860) 204. The later described species of the M. elegans group were placed in Metrosideros Banks ex Gaertn., Fruct. I (1788) 170, t. 34, and Beauvisage (1901) finally sank Ballardia in Metrosideros when he combined B. elegans Montr., Mem. Acad. Lyon 10 (1860) 205, with M. laurifolia var. minor Br. et Gris, Bull. Bot. Soc. Fr. 12 (1865) 300 under the binomial Metrosideros elegans. The group has remained in Metrosideros since that time. So far as is known the group is restricted to New Caledonia. The species may occur at quite low elevations, but are most common between about 300 and 1,500 metres altitude in forest or shrubland.

Description: It has been suspected for some time that Tetrameles nudiflora occurs in the Cape York Peninsula region of Queensland. The late Mr. L. S. Smith (Queensland Herbarium) referred some sterile specimens to this species, but, as far as is known, he never saw fertile material from Queensland. Mr. G. C. Stocker (Forestry and Timber Bureau, Atherton) collected good fruiting material of this species in the McIlwraith Ra. (13°50' S, 143°20' E) in November 1971 (Stocker 820). This appeared to be the first collection of fertile material. However, subsequent discussion with Mr. J. G. Tracey and Dr. L. J. Webb (Rain Forest Ecology Section, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) revealed that they had collected flowering material from large leafless trees in October 1968 at Claudie River (12°43' S, 143°17' E) and in October 1969 at McIlwraith Range and Rocky River ( Webb & Tracey 8230A, 9293A, and 9746A). Inspection of the Webb and Tracey specimens revealed that they were in fact Tetrameles nudiflora. Field evidence suggests that two of the suites of specimens, i.e. Webb & Tracey 9293A and Stocker 820, were from the same tree on the western slopes of McIlwraith Range. The specimens all agree with the description of Tetrameles nudiflora by van Steenis (Fl. Mal. I, 4, 1953, 385).

Description: The mites listed in the present paper have been collected by the junior author and Drs. N. J. J. KOK during a stay in Surinam from 6.VII—1.XI.1971 with financial aid of the Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research (WOTRO). The collection enlarges our knowledge on parasites of nasal cavities of hosts from Surinam (FAIN & LUKOSCHUS, 1971).

Description: Se trata de las espécies del grupo nebulosus del género Gelastocoris. Según el autór este grupo contiene una espécie con dos subespécies. Gelastocoris nebulosus nebulosus (Guérin) con sinónimas G. flavus (Guérin), G. apureensis Melin, G. monrosi De Cario, G. paraguayensis De Carlo y G. vianai De Carlo, tiene una distribución de la Venezuela y las Guayanas hasta el Paraguay y el NE de la Argentina. Gelastocoris nebulosus quadrimaculatus (Guérin), con sinónimas G. bergi De Carlo y G. bolivianus De Carlo, tiene una distribución andina, de Perú hasta el Chile (Santiago) y el NO de la Argentina.

Description: Anolis equestris Merrem, the Cuban giant anole, was described in 1820. The formal description is based upon an account of the lizard by CUVIER (“le grand Anolis a crête”) in 1817. MERREM’S description is very brief but sufficiently detailed to assign the name to the Cuban species rather than to any other Antillean giant anole. The lizard was redescribed by BELL (1827) as Anolius [sic] rhodolaemus, based upon material collected by W. S. MACLEAY. NOBLE & HASSLER (1935) named Anolis luteogularis from a long series from western Cuba. This species was relegated to subspecific status under A. equestris by BARBOUR & SHREVE (1935), who also named A. e. hassleri from the Isla de Pinos (based upon two specimens) and A. e. noblei from eastern Cuba (based upon three specimens). SCHWARTZ (1958) named A. e. thomasi from Camagüey Province and later (1964) reviewed the status of the species in Oriente Province, naming A. e. smallwoodi, A. e. palardis, A. e. baracoae, A. e. galeifer, and A. e. saxuliceps. As presently understood, there are ten subspecies of A. equestris throughout Cuba and the Isla de Pinos. Comments by SCHWARTZ (1964) indicated that there were several Oriente specimens which did not agree with the concepts of the subspecies defined by him and suggested that there was still a great deal to be learned about the distribution and variation in A. equestris at least in Oriente, the physiographically and ecologically most diverse of the Cuban provinces. The junior author became interested in A. equestris when he encountered lizards from various Cuban localities which did not agree in detail with taxa already named. In addition, the discovery of two “subspecies” equestris and luteogularis) occurring syntopically in the same wooded area suggested that perhaps the entire complex needed serious restudy and revision. Accordingly, GARRIDO made extensive collections of A. equestris from much of Cuba and the Isla de Pinos (whence previously only very few specimens have been available) as well as on Cayo Cantiles in the Archipiélago de los Canarreos. In addition, GARRIDO succeeded in securing large series of some populations which had previously been known from single individuals or very small samples.

Description: For about two years (1967—1968) investigations were conducted on the ecology of mosquitoes in relation to the transmission of arboviruses in Surinam (DE KRUIJF 1970). Part of this study dealing with the daily activity of biting mosquitoes is presented here. Daily activity of biting anopheline females has been widely studied because of their ability to transmit malaria (MATTINGLY 1949, SENIOR-WHITE 1953, GILLIES 1957, SLOOFF 1964, and many others). Intensive studies on culicine mosquitoes transmitting arboviruses and other pathogen agents have been carried out in Africa and elsewhere (among many others HADDOW 1945, 1954, 1956, 1961a and b, 1961, MCCLELLAND 1960, BOORMAN 1961, SAMARAWICKRAMA 1967, TAYLOR & JONES 1969). Data on the diel activity of culicine mosquitoes in South America are relatively scarce; species transmitting jungle yellow fever, Haemagogus species and Sabethes chloropherus,' having been studied most completely (KUMM & NOVIS 1938, BATES 1944, 1949, CAUSEY & SANTOS 1949, GALINDO et al. 1951, TRAPIDO & GALINDO 1957, GALINDO 1957, FORATTINI 1966b). AITKEN et al. (1968) have published some data on other species whereas FORATTINI (1962, 1966a and b) reviewed the scattered data on the daily activity of biting mosquitoes belonging to as many species as possible. It appeared that in the northern region of South America knowledge on the subject is very scarce.

Description: Three members are informally distinguished in this formation (A, B, and C from base to top). They are present at the western part of the outcrop (thickness ca. 246 m). On the eastern and southeastern part, only member A and basal part of member B are present and the thickness is reduced to ca. 20 m. A sharp surface of discontinuity separates member A from member B. The Portilla Formation abounds in reef-building elements associated with other groups. Five major carbonate facies types are established that belong to a complex biostromal ‘reef’ facies. Vertical and lateral facies changes are demonstrated. The carbonate facies was deposited in a shallow-marine environment. Towards end of deposition of member A, sharp changes in depositional conditions occurred, soon followed by a notable influx of siliciclastics. A distinctive barrier ‘reef’ pattern was established during deposition of member B. It protected a back-reef area from the open shallow sea. This back-reef environment was separated from an area of dominantly siliciclastic deposition in the southeast by an extremely shallow marine or shoal area which might have been emergent. During deposition of member B there occurred a rhythmic alternation of the back-reef carbonates and the carbonates continuous with the ‘reef’ barrier, probably reflecting minor changes in sea level likely due to epeirogenetic movements of the bottom. Eventually organic growth and associated carbonate sedimentation exceeded the rate of subsidence and as a result the ‘reefs’ laterally shifted seawards, followed by the back-reef facies. The facies pattern suggests an increasingly emergent tendency of the marginal part of the carbonate basin due to bottom movements. The barrier ‘reef’ pattern of member B probably terminated due to changes in relative subsidence during deposition of member C. A strong supply of siliciclastics during the deposition of the Nocedo Formation brought an end to the carbonate sedimentation of the Portilla Formation. The variation in thickness in the Portilla Formation has been mainly due to a slow and prolonged differential subsidence of the carbonate depositional basin. The absence of a large part of member B and member C in the easterly and southeasterly directions is probably largely due to non-deposition of sediments. Seventeen species are described of rhynchonellid brachiopods, out of which four species are new. Three new genera are established. Wherever available some critical German rhynchonellid species have been sectioned for comparison. The rhynchonellid and atrypid brachiopod fauna from the Portilla Formation show a great affinity with the Middle Devonian fauna of Eifel region, Germany. The Spanish fauna could be assigned to the mixed or Eifel facies, or close to this type. Striking similarity exists also between the Spanish fauna and the Middle Devonian fauna from the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. The rhynchonellids and atrypids strongly suggest that the Eifelian — Givetian boundary lies in the basal part of member B. It is suggested that member A is of Eifelian age and that members B and C, apart from the basal part of member B are of Givetian age.

Description: 106 populations of Symphytum officinale were cytologically investigated. The distribution of white-flowered diploids and white- and purple-flowered tetraploids in Europa is discussed. The authors present a hypothesis which aims to give an explanation for the observed differences in distribution pattern.

Description: A description of the wood structure of 15 species of Talisia from the Guianas and adjacent areas is given. Among the neogean genera of the Sapindaceae Talisia is readily recognized by the combination of moderately few vessels, uniseriate or bi-seriate homocellular rays, aliformconfluent to banded parenchyma, the cells often containing rhombic crystals, and thick-walled fibres with a narrow lumen. The wood structure of the species is much alike, and it is not possible to identify a wood specimen to species on wood structure alone. It is pointed out that nearly identical wood occurs in the genera Guarea and Trichilia of the Meliaceae; the resemblance to some genera of tropical South American Leguminosae is more superficial.

Description: The hybrid (2n = 33) between Campanula isophylla (2n = 32) and C. pyramidalis (2n = 34) is described. Some notes are given on the relationship between both species.

Description: First record of Bryum gemmiparum de Not. from The Netherlands. The taxonomy and distribution of the species are discussed. Bryum gemmiparum was collected in a clay-pit along the river Maas in the north of the province of Limburg. This locality seems to be the northernmost one known of the species. Bryum gemmiparum was found growing on steep, rather humid, loamy soils in a luxuriant cover of bryophytes characterized by Anisothecium varium, Riccardia sinuata, Riccardia pinguis, Bryum bicolor, Didymodon tophaceus, and Mniobryum wahlenbergii. A floristical and ecological investigation of this highly interesting bryophyte vegetation in The Netherlands is needed.

Description: Anatomical study of developmental stages of the sporophyte of living Odontoschisma prostratum (Sw.) Trev. revealed that the conspicuous swelling of the female branch during sporophyte development is correlated with a remarkably strong growth of the sporophyte foot. Thus, the enlargement of the female branch must not be looked upon as a “perigynium precursor.” The anatomy of the seta supplies new evidence for a close taxonomic relationship between Odontoschisma Dum. and Cladopodiella Buch.

Description: In the series Rupestria Berger the following chromosome numbers were found: Sedum forsterianum Sm., 2n = 48 and 96; Sedum montanum Song. & Perr., 2n = 34 and 51; Sedum ochroleucum Chaix in Vill., 2n = 34 and 68; Sedum reflexum L., 2n = 85, 102, and 153; Sedum sediforme (Jacq.) Pau, 2n = 32, 64, and 96; Sedum tenuifolium (Sibth. & Sm.) Strobl, 2n = 24 and 72. The author is of the opinion that for the present all these taxa should be treated as separate species.

Description: Biotrop Bulletin. This new Bulletin started with No. 1 in 1970, printed by Archipel, Bogor, a paper by Mr. M. Soerjani, ’Alang alang, Imperata cylindrica (L.) P.B. pattern of growth as related to its problem of control’. 88 pp., 18 fig., 18 tab. This served also as a Ph.D. thesis for the author (promotor Prof. Ir. O. Soemarwoto, at Gadjah Mada University, 29 Aug. 1970). It comprises a detailed autecological study, partly experimental, on the morphology, phytochemistry, etc., effects of the environment and behaviour under various treatments. A combination of mechanical and chemical treatment is advised for eradicating this noxious weed.

Description: Boomsma, C.D.: Native trees of South Australia. Woods & Forest Department, Adelaide. 1972, Bull. 19, 224 pp., 26 fig., 107 pl. A description in detail of 107 major indigenous trees; the first survey published since the Forest Flora of South Australia (1883-1890). With this companion bulletin one can by means of many keys (3 keys for Eucalyptus) identify these trees which are mentioned in Forest Vegetation of South Australia, issued in 1969. In the introduction the technique of plant description is explained. Also honey and pollen yield is listed. Each species is depicted on a plate with a map of distribution in the State. And the caption to each plate provides detail information of field data. A well-executed, useful work.

Description: Dr. D.M.W. Anderson, of the Department of Chemistry, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH 9 3JJ, Great Britain, started work on plant gums some 12 years ago. Of course he has to rely on samples sent to him as most gums come from tropical forests, hence this request. Though my experience learns me to be pessimistic about results of requests, I will go on with the good work of stimulating collaboration. It cannot be sufficiently emphasized that there is for progress of science a desperate need for this cooperation between laboratories situated in the temperate zone and workers in the tropics and subtropics.

Description: Payen was a professional artist from the south of the then Netherlands (now Belgium) who toured for more than a decade in the Netherlands Indies (1817—1829)- His oil paintings and gouaches were made for a great deal in and around Bogor and also in Manado (Northeast Celebes). His main subjects were vegetation and landscapes, silhouettes of solitary, or groups of, trees, and a few more detailed paintings of individual plant species. His work is particularly beautiful and artistic. The State Museum of Ethnography at Leyden possesses several hundreds of paintings in three portfolios. A scanning learned that these paintings are not of any particular value for Malesian botany. Most of the plants depicted are common and mostly cultivated species: Gardenia (katjapiring), Opuntia, Pandanus, Cocos, Musa (pisang), Carica, Antiaris toxicaria, Parkia speciosa (petéh), Plumeria, Bauhinia, Zingiber, Alocasia, etc. The paintings are catalogued and provided by Payen with some notes in French, and often vernacular names.

Description: As was done in the preceding volumes, it seemed useful to correct some errors which have crept into the text of volumes 4-7 as well as to add additional data, new records and references to new species which came to my knowledge and are worth recording. Also there are alternative opinions about generic and specific delimitation on most of which comments are given. Printing errors have only been corrected if they might give rise to confusion.

Description: Perennial (rarely annual) herbs, or undershrubs, terrestrial or aquatic, sometimes stoloniferous ( Gunnera). Leaves opposite, spiral, or verticillate, in the terrestrial species nearly always simple, in the aquatic ones always partly pinnately divided, pinnately nerved or (in Gunnera) palmately nerved. Stipules 0, but the leaves often flanked by small, subulate and caducous enations. Flowers mostly in spike-like inflorescences, sometimes in a compound panicle, mostly solitary or (sometimes) in clusters of up to a dozen flowers in the axil of a bract or reduced leaf, ♀ monoecious, dioecious or polygamous, perigynous, actinomorphous, mostly 4-merous, or 2-, or (not in Mal.) 3-merous. Sepals 4 or 2, rarely (not in Mal.) 3, in ♀ flowers sometimes much reduced to 0, free or little connate, mostly persistent. Petals alternisepalous, 4, 2 or 0, rarely 3 (not in Mal.), free, in ♀ flowers absent or strongly reduced, often soon caducous, mostly more or less unguiculate and cochleariform, longer than the sepals. Stamens as many as sepals and then epi- or alternisepalous, or twice as many, 8, 4 or 2, rarely (not in Mal.) 3 fertile and 3 sterile, or 1, in ♀ flowers completely reduced; filaments mostly filiform, long and very thin, rarely (not in Mal.) short and thick; anthers 2-celled, basifixed, latrorse, mostly oblong to linear, rarely ± elliptic. Disk 0. Ovary 1- or 4-, rarely 2- or (not in Mal.) 3-celled, in the ♂ flowers 0 or reduced; style alternisepalous, free, mostly short, grading into the globose or subulate stigmas which spread in fruit, the stigmatic, more-celled papillae hair-like elongating towards the end of the anthesis (except in Gunnera). Ovules as many as styles, or (in Gunnera) single, apical, pendulous, anatropous and apotropous. Fruit nut-like or (in Gunnera) a drupe, variously sculptured, indehiscent 1-seeded or breaking up into 4(-2) 1- seeded mericarps. Seed with a thin testa; embryo cylindrical, surrounded by a thick, white, oily albumen, or (in Gunnera) obcordate and in top of a very copious and oily albumen. Distribution. Genera 7, with c. 150 spp., nearly all over the world, but rather rare in the tropics.

Description: Woody plants, very small undershrubs to tall trees. Leaves distichous or spirally arranged, stipulate, simple, glabrous; midrib prominent on either side. Inflorescences 1- to many-flowered, cymose, racemose, or thyrsoid, bracteate; pedicels articulate. Flowers actinomorphic, bisexual (rarely functionally polygamous). Sepals 5, free or a little connate at base, quincuncial, persistent. Petals 5-10, free, contort, caducous. Staminodes 0-∞. Stamens 5-10-∞; anthers basifix, ± latrorse and dehiscing lengthwise, or with 1-2 apical pores. Carpels 2—5—10(—15), superior, free with 1 ovule, or fused with 2-∞ ovules per carpel; styles fused, basigynous or epigynous; stigmas free or ± fused. Fruit(s) a drupe(s), berry, or capsule. Seeds 1-∞, small or large, sometimes winged, with or without albumen. Taxonomy. There is little doubt that the family of the Ochnaceae represents a natural one among the more primitive in the Guttiferales (= Clusiales or Theales s. l.). Nonetheless, there are striking differences between the genera, even at first sight. It is not difficult to arrange them in a few distinct, supra-generic taxa. A supposed natural system, as far as relevant to the Malesian genera, is as follows: Subfamily Ochnoideae Tribe OCHNEAE ....................... Subtribe Ochninae 1. Ochna 2. Brackenridgea Subtribe Ouratinae 3. Gomphia Subfamily Sauvagesioideae Tribe EUTHEMIDEAE . ..................................4.Euthemis Tribe SAUVAGESIEAE ........................Subtribe Sauvagesiinae 5. Neckia 6. Indovethia 7. Schuurmansiella 8. Schuurmansia

Description: The completion of the seventh volume of this Flora gives me the occasion to dedicate this volume to HERMAN JOHANNES LAM, who from the beginning was intimately connected with the taxonomical study of the flora of the Malesian region, adopted the working team, provided for it a permanent niche in his institute, and finally played an important role when the perpetuating of its existence was threatened in 1958. HERMAN LAM was born in Veendam, January 3rd, 1892. His father was an organic chemist and taught chemistry at Veendam. There was a possibility that he would be attached to the University at Groningen, but he accepted a new post in Rotterdam, in 1893, to set up the first municipal food-inspection department in Holland; this stood model for such inspections annex laboratories in other places. He also had a major share in the realisation of the Dutch ‘Codex alimentarius'.

Description: Herbaceous, fleshy root parasites, destitute of chlorophyll and roots, with yellowish white to yellow, brown, orange to red or rose pink colours. At point of contact with host root a cylindrical or subspherical, branched or unbranched solid tuber develops. Stem appearing from the tuber endogenously or exogenously, leafless or with scaly leaves. Inflorescence spadix-like with unisexual flowers, ♂, ♀, or ♀♂, in the Mal. spp. unbranched. ♂ Flowers pedicellate or sessile, supported by bracts or not, 2-6-merous. Tepals 2-6 in one series, free from each other. Stamens 2-4(-?), opposite the tepals, united into a synandrium. ♀ Flowers apparently not supported by bracts, with or without a minutely 2-lobed perianth adnate to the ovary. Styles 2 or 1. Ovary with 1 embryo, apparently without a cavity. Embryo very small, embedded in a more or less well developed endosperm. Distribution. About 45 species in 18 genera in the tropics and subtropics of the world. As to our present knowledge 7 genera are exclusively South American, 4 genera are exclusively African, 2 are Asian, 1 is from Madagascar, 1 from New Zealand, and 1 from New Caledonia. Two genera have remarkable distributions, viz Langsdorffia with 3 species, 1 in South America, 1 in Madagascar and 1 in New Guinea, and Balanophora with 15 species from tropical Africa to Tahiti and Marquesas, one of the species covering almost the entire area (see B. abbreviata).

Description: Cass., J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. 88 (1819) 193; Hoffmann, E. & P., Nat. Pfl. Fam. 4, 5 (1894) 172. Herbs. Leaves nearly always alternate, sometimes rosulate, mostly entire, sometimes dentate, rarely pinnatifid. Heads solitary or in inflorescences, homogamous or heterogamous; phyllaries one- to many-seriate, herbaceous or membranous; corolla of marginal flowers filiform, dentate, or ligulate, of disc flowers tubular, (4- or) 5-dentate; anthers sagittate and mostly caudate at the base; style two-armed; achene small, pappus setaceous, sometimes consisting of scales, or wanting; receptacle naked.

Description: The general bilabiate flower type or gullet-blossom was already recognized as functioning in diverse families by Delpino (lastly in 1887). The type seems adapted to hymenopters with precision of visits: not only by providing a lower lip as a favoured landing place with optical attraction and by ensuring co-ordination with the upper lip to limit visitor size, but also by providing precision of deposition and reception of pollen, viz. dorsally at the distal end. I add that the bifid stigma requires contact in the median plane, not from a side. This type of stigma may be considered as a consequence of the presence of two median carpels, but it also fits the ecological requirements extremely well. It also occurs in those Verbenaceae that show zygomorphy, but it prevails in Labiatae.

Description: This paper includes descriptions of new taxa that will be treated in Flora Malesiana, as well as comments on the distribution, morphology, or nomenclature of some of the other species. In all, 15 species, belonging to six sections, are recognised as natives of the Flora area, in addition to the introduced H. monogynum L. ( (H. chinense L.), which has long been cultivated there. The affinities, both systematic and geographical, of the Malesian species are very varied and pose some interesting problems of phytogeography.

Description: Stapf, Hook. 1c. (1901) t. 2711; Merr., En. Born. (1921) 497; Pichon, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris II, 24 (1948) 154; Bakh. f., Blumea 6 (1950) 385; Back. & Bakh. f., Fl. Java 2 (1965) 224. Glabrous lianas with branched axillary tendrils. Leaves decussate, coriaceous or subcoriaceous, ovate, elliptic, or lanceolate. Inflorescences axillary, thyrsoid, slightly longer than the petioles of the subtending leaves, loose, with rather long slender branches. Flowers small, pentamerous. Pedicels with 1 or 2 bracteoles. Calyx lobes orbicular to ovate, ciliate, without glands inside. Corolla urceolate, yellowish, tube inflated, globular, constricted at the mouth but without mouth scales; lobes ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse, auriculate, as long as the tube, overlapping to the left, forming a cylindric bud much narrower than the tube. Stamens inserted in the middle of the tube, anthers short-ovate. Ovary superior, glabrous, conical, syncarpous, bicarpellate, unilocular, multiovulate. Style short. Stigma head widened from the style into a narrow dish and crowned by two short tips reaching up to the anthers. Fruit a globose yellow berry. Seeds ellipsoidal, exalbuminous; embryo with large and thick cotyledons and a short radicle.

Description: The taxonomy of the largely endemic dipterocarp flora of Ceylon is brought into line with that of the rest of the Asiatic subfamily, and a new species is described. Stemonoporus lewisianus Trimen ex Hook. f. finds its correct place at last in Cotylelobium. Balanocarpus brevipetiolaris (Thw.) Alston is transferred to Hopea. Shorea pallescens Ashton (sect., subsect., Shoreae) is described for the first time. Shorea stipularis Thw. is ascribed to sect. Anthoshorea Heim. Doona Thw. is reduced, as a separate section, to Shorea Roxb. ex Gaertn.f., necessitating 7 new combinations and 3 new names. Doona oblonga Thw. is united with Doona disticha (Thw.) Pierre under the name Shorea disticha (Thw.) Ashton. Doona nervosa Thw. is reduced to Doona cordifolia Thw., now named Shorea cordifolia Ashton. The description of the genus Stemonoporus is amplified; a key is provided to all species. Stemonoporus acuminatus (Thw.) Bedd. is further defined. Stemonoporus nervosus Thw. is reduced to Stemonoporus lancifolius (Thw.) Ashton. Shorea reticulata Thw. and Stemonoporus moonii Thw. (= Vateria moonii Thw.) are excluded from the family.

Description: Halophila stipulacea (Forsk.) Aschers. is a sea-grass which is widely distributed along the coasts of the western Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. In 1895 Fritsch (Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien 45, 1895, p. 104) recorded the species from the Island of Rhodos in the Aegean Sea. This was the first record of the species from the Mediterranean. There can be no doubt that it penetrated the Mediterranean via the Suez Canal, which was completed in 1869. Although there are no early records of its occurrence in the Suez Canal, it is significant that it was the only sea-grass found during the exploration of the canal by Munro Fox in the autumn of 1924; at that time it was abundant in several localities in the canal. Forti’s record (Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 34, 1927, p. 714—716) of the species is the second for the Mediterranean; he reported it as being not uncommon in the Dodecanesos. I myself have seen specimens that were collected on Samos in 1924 and near Cape Matapan in 1955 (Den Hartog, Sea-grasses of the world, 1970, p. 260). In spite of the fact that the number of published records is still scanty, it is obvious that H. stipulacea is now well established in the Aegean waters. Further the species has expanded its Mediterranean area considerably, as is apparent from recent records from Malta (Lanfranco, The Maltese Naturalist I, 1970, 16—17, stencilled) and Cyprus. MALTA. Marsaxlokk harbour on the SE. coast of Malta, on rather muddy bottom, quite plentiful, 1-8-1970: G. Lanfranco 1615 (BM, L); ibidem, 5-8-1970: E. Lanfranco 1617, 1618,♂ flowers (L). GREECE. Rhodos. Lindos, Paulus Bay, at 2 m depth, 25-4-1970: Van Steenis (L). CYPRUS. Famagusta, inner harbour near Nisitou Jieri, in shallow water, 23-3-1970: A. Hansen 716 (C, L).

Description: A comparative study of acetone, ethanol, and hydrolysis extracts of Hua gahonii Pierre ( Bos 6677, leaves) and Afrostyrax lepidophyllus Mildbr. (Brookman Amissah s.n., bark) has been carried out. The presence of the following compounds could not be demonstrated: gallic acid, ellagic acid, leucoanthocyanins, catechin, arbutin, hydroquinone, and bergenin. As these compounds occur rarely or are absent in the Bombacaceae and Sterculiaceae, their seeming absence in the Huaceae suggests the possibility of a relationship between these families.

Description: About twenty years ago MARTÍNEZ proposed some new genera for the accommodation of a number of aberrant South American aphodiid beetles, until then placed in Euparia LePeletier & Serville. In 1951 he referred two species, Euparia costulata Harold and E. ovalis A. Schmidt, to his genus Lomanoxia, recognizable i.a. by having the sides of the elytra acutely inflexed. As these scarabs are exceedingly rare in collections, I was delighted at finding specimens referable to Lomanoxia among some material collected from the nests of leafcutting ants in Surinam; one represents a species new to science. My unsuccessful efforts to trace the type of Euparia costulata Harold in the Paris museum were compensated by the recovery of additional specimens of Lomanoxia, one of these, from northwestern Argentina, representing a second undescribed species. These new species are described below; in addition, the known species being incompletely or erroneously characterized, a re-description of these is believed to be opportune. The new Lomanoxia from Surinam adds to the list of Eupariini collected with ants. Lomanoxia costulata as well as representatives of Euparia sensu stricto, Euparixia Brown, Myrmecaphodius Martínez, Iarupea Martínez, and Cartwrightia Islas were already on this list (see below). The beetles are assumed to feed upon the debris accumulated in and around the nests of their hosts. Most specimens of the recently described Euparixia moseri Woodruff & Cartwright, however, were taken from fungus-gardens of Atta texana Buck. Meanwhile, of the ecology of eupariine scarabs found with ants we know hardly more than a hundred years ago, when HAROLD (1870: 23) wrote: “Ob nähere Beziehungen zwischen den Ameisen und diesen ihren Gästen bestehen, namentlich ob letztere ihre Verwandlung in den Nestern durchmachen, bleibt noch zu ermitteln.”

Description: This study deals with a sedimentological description and interpretation of a strip of continental deposits of Cretaceous age along the southern border of the Cantabrian Mountains. In this work they are designated as Voznuevo Formation (Evers, 1967). They belong to the type of deposits which have commonly been referred to as ‘sediments in Wealden facies’. As regards stratigraphy, palynological analyses (apart from pollen, the Voznuevo Formation proved completely barren) made it clear that the transition between the Lower Cretaceous and the Upper Cretaceous runs obliquely through the formation. Hence, the Voznuevo sediments are diachronic deposits, decreasing in age in a westerly direction and forming the continental counterparts of successively younger shallow marine deposits towards the west. In comparison with similar deposits in Wealden facies in other parts of Spain they represent one of the last vestiges of continental deposition in Upper Cretaceous times. Sedimentological investigations made it clear that the Voznuevo sediments are of purely fluvial origin, derived from a granitic source area, probably now partly hidden, which must have been situated on the arc of granitic rocks which runs from Galicia via northern Portugal to the Sierra de Guadarrama, N of Madrid. Especially paleocurrent directions indicate a transport from southwesterly directions. Typical final products of weathering of granites – kaolinite and quartz – form the main share of the sediments. The independence of the Voznuevo deposits of the Paleozoic rocks which they overlie is striking; only the very lower part of the formation testifies to a small contribution from the Cantabrian Mountains. In the extreme west of the area some supply could be ascertained from the Precambrian rocks present there. The transition into the overlying shallow marine deposits is very gradual; a very small amount of lagoonal deposits probably occurs in the upper part of the formation. Apart from these, no sediments transitional to a marine environment, such as beach deposits, could be observed. The fluvial sediments can be subdivided into braided and meandering river deposits, the former much coarser-grained than the latter. The braided river deposits show characteristic features such as channelling, cut-and-fill structures, absence of distinct grading etc. The meandering river deposits exhibit fining-upward grading cycles in which cross-bedding of the planar type with backflow phenomena in their bottomsets is common, and sub-environments such as point bar, natural levee, crevasse-splay and backswamp deposits. Towards the coastal side of the area of deposition (i. e. the eastern part of the area studied) meandering river deposits were found. They presumably represent sediments of a coastal plain in which meandering rivers, chiefly carrying sandy sediments, ran to the sea in the east. At the same time, much coarser-grained braided river deposits formed further westwards in a mountain foreland. In shifting towards the west in its entirety, this model has yielded the sediments as they can be observed today. The Voznuevo Formation clearly stands out against the deposits which are to be found at its bottom and its top. First of all, there is the complete absence of limestone, the predominance of quartz over quartzite and the abundance of kaolinite. Secondly, heavy minerals not resistant to chemical weathering, such as hornblende, epidote and augite are completely lacking. Erosion of fresher rocks in the source area during the latter part of the sedimentation is reflected by the increased appearance of metamorphic minerals such as andalusite and kyanite. The abundance of authigenic kaolinite favours the supposition that weathering took place after deposition. The high percentage of kaolinite, the ubiquity of organic matter, the flatness and roundness of the pebbles and the absence of any trace of laterization indicates weathering under temperate to warm, humid conditions with relatively strong leaching. The Voznuevo sediments form a clearly foreign element in the depositional history of the sediments along the southern border of the Cantabrian Mountains. Tertiary and Quaternary sediments, all having the Cantabrian Mountains as source area, have been partially supplied from the Voznuevo sediments. But hitherto enigmatical occurrences of, for instance, staurolite and kaolinite in Tertiary deposits can also be explained by considering them as erosion products of the Voznuevo Formation.

Description: In the Netherlands Antilles two extreme “forms” of Artemia salina, f. arietina and f. milhauseni, show all intermediate gradations. They hybridize constantly. When forma arietina is moved from lower concentrations into highly concentrated brine it will produce offspring that exhibit characteristics of the milhauseni form. The forms, therefore, do not represent groups of any systematical importance. Growth rate and body size show great variation. Often, greatest growth rate and largest size are found at salinities between 45 and 200‰. Below and above that concentration growth is usually stunted, and mortality is high. Artemia is not capable of getting rid of adhering silt. Moreover, silt seems to prevent the uptake of food. Artemia is oviparous at low salinity concentrations, but from 85‰ upwards they become viviparous although viviparous females also produce some eggs. Differences in body colour are induced by the environment, but the colour of the ovary appears to be inherited. Adult Artemia prefer salinities from 50 to 150‰, but this preference is variable. Nauplii show a marked preference for freshwater and for more concentrated brines. This preference, however, appears to be only apparent, as the nauplii may have become trapped by the exigency of the environment. Artemia has a preference for light intensities that are somewhat less than that of a sunny day. Artemia prefers a temperature of 29 to 34°C. Interspecific food competition seems to be rare. There is an indication that rotatorians may be competitors. Intraspecific competition may occur, but no proof has been obtained. Poecilia sphenops and Cyprinodon dearborni prey upon Artemia; the fact that they are not specialized Artemia feeders is considered to be a disadvantage to Artemia. The salinity barrier for these two predators lies between 80 and 130‰, leaving the higher concentrations as a refuge to Artemia. However, Artemia will never attempt to escape from its predators. At lower salinities cyclopoids have been observed attacking Artemia. The absence of Artemia in water of low salinity can be attributed to predation. Omnivorous predators are more effective in this respect than carnivorous predators. A survey is given of the population fluctuations and of the factors involved.

Description: The Devonian ostracode genus Polyzygia Gürich has been defined anew and its systematical position has been revaluated. It is considered as a thlipsurid (bas-relief sculpture) metacope (tripartite hinge, contact groove). Eight species (one new, one with open nomenclature) and two subspecies are described, all from the Devonian of the central part of the Cantabrian Mountains, provinces of Asturias and León, Spain. The existence of pores and of a micro-scale reticulation is established. An opinion is given concerning the calcification of the valves, and the known geographical and stratigraphical distribution is discussed.

Description: The petrological study of the southern part of the Cabo Ortegal area is a complement of Vogel’s (1967) investigation of the northern half. The present investigations include a structural as well as a petrofabric study. The rocks belong to an eugeosynclinal sequence which during the Precambrian underwent prograde metamorphism from the staurolite-almandine-muscovite and the kyanite-almandine-muscovite subfacies of the almandine-amphibolite facies through the clinopyroxene-pyralmandine (± hornblende) granulite facies into the eclogite facies (M1). Several of these zones, bounded by isogrades, which are sometimes tectonic in nature, have been mapped. From the fact that the banded gneisses are only metatexitic and from the jadeite content of omphacite, the P/T conditions for the eclogite facies are estimated as: T\u2248700°-750°C, P\u224811-13 Kb, and water vapour pressures: very low. In the gneisses isoclinal folding (F1) accompanied the metamorphism. The axial planes are subhorizontal and the fold axes plunge just west of north. The fabric analyses of eclogite (point-maximum for [010]) and basic granulite (point-maximum for [001]) show that the same stressfield which produced the F1-folds in the paragneisses, influenced the preferred orientation of clinopyroxene. A second Precambrian metamorphic phase retrograded the rocks into the hornblende granulite facies (M2). Before the onset of this phase pronounced cataclasis caused the formation of thick mylonitic horizons, followed by E-W trending drag folding (F2). The fabric diagram for clinopyroxene does not show a preferred orientation. During this deformation phase the M1 metamorphic zoning was turned upside down by a combined process of folding and thrusting. In the paragneisses the hornblende granulite metamorphism is marked by a second generation of kyanite. Gabbros, intruded along thrust planes, were partly metamorphosed into garnet-coronites. During this second metamorphic phase isoclinal folds (F3) with subhorizontal axial planes and N-S axial directions were formed. The fabrics of these folds show a marked orientation of the c-axes of (metastable) diopside and brown-green hornblende parallel to the fold axis direction. A third metamorphic phase caused further retrogradation of the rocks into the amphibolite facies (M3). The characteristic amphibole of this phase is a blue-green hornblende. The former metabasites were metamorphosed into (garnet-)amphibolites. Intruded gabbros were transformed along their margins into ‘flaser’ amphibolites. Folds with vertical axial planes and N-S axial directions reflect the synchronous F4-deformation. The large syn- and antiform structures are products of this phase. The fabric of the hornblende in the amphibolites is determined by the stress field of F4. Older hornblende orientations were destroyed. Whether a Hercynian age should be attributed to the amphibolite facies is not certain; if so, F4 is the first Hercynian deformation phase. After the overthrusting of the complex over its low-grade country rocks, a phase of chevron folding (F5) was active locally. On the thrust plane small folds of the second Hercynian folding phase can be discerned. A third Hercynian folding phase can be seen in the Paleozoic rocks but not in the Cabo Ortegal Complex proper. Local greenschist retrogradation (M4) and the emplacement of dolerite dykes are late Hercynian. The tectonic history ends with a phase of normal block faulting which caused the E-W faults.

Description: The present monograph has been drawn up chiefly from material collected by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK, secretary of the Foundation for Scientific Research in Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles, during his trips to the Caribbean in 1936/37, 1948/49, 1955, 1963, and 1967. This collection comprises about 1500 specimens of Polyplacophora belonging to 21 species, among which 4 are new to science. As up till now no comprehensive work on the chitons of the Caribbean area has been published the author made it his task not only to draw up a report on specimens collected by Dr. HUMMELINCK but also to give a general review of all the species of Polyplacophora occurring in the Caribbean Province.

Description: Enalcyonium ciliatum n.sp., a copepod of the family Lamippidae, endoparasitic in Dendronephthia (D.) hemprichi (Klunzinger), is described from the Dahlak Archipelago, Ethiopia. Apart from unnamed, Lamippe-like copepods collected by the Siboga Expedition in Indonesia, these Ethiopian specimens are the first Lamippidae described from the Indo-West Pacific faunal region.

Description: Dutch material of Ornithogalum umbellatum L. sensu lato was cytologically investigated. Two cytotypes appeared to occur, with the chromosome numbers 2n = 27 and 2n = 54. A description of the triploid and hexaploid plants is given. The triploids should be assigned to O. umbellatum, the hexaploids may be assigned provisionally to O. divergens Bor. The taxonomic status of the latter species is discussed. Further research is required for the solution of the taxonomic problems.

Description: In the spring of 1968 and 1969 the two senior authors visited the Maltese Islands of Malta and Gozo and collected and photographed plants. The entire herbarium collection amounts to about 350 numbers. The first set is deposited in the herbarium of the State University of Utrecht; duplicates were sent chiefly to the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh. Critical determination of the material yielded some results which may be interesting from a floristictaxonomic viewpoint and are therefore reported below. Beside herbarium material fruits and seeds were collected; the samples that germinated were investigated cytotaxonomically by the two junior authors. The results are also presented in the following. The first truly comprehensive account of the flora of the Maltese Islands is by Sommier & Caruana Gatto (1912-1915); it includes also the lower cryptogams. The older literature is also reviewed there. It is fairly complete and, for its time, taxonomically reasonably up to date. Then the Maltese botanist J. Borġ published his “Descriptive flora of the Maltese Islands” (1927), dealing only with vascular plants. This flora, on the other hand, was taxonomically antiquated even when it was published, reflecting the state of knowledge of plant taxonomy of some decades earlier, and therefore nomenclaturally also very much out of date. Since that time Malta has had very little attention in the botanical literature. Some notes or brief paragraphs are devoted to its flora in such general books as Adamović’s “Die pflanzengeographische Stellung und Gliederung Italiens” (1933) and Rikli’s “Das Pflanzenkleid der Mittelmeerlander” (2nd ed. 1943-48). In 1960 Lanfranco published his “Guide to the flora of Malta with 300 illustrations”. The plants included in it are a rather arbitrary selection from Borġ’s flora, whose nomenclature is also uncritically followed. A modern flora, with keys, is lacking.

Description: The chromosome number of 42 plant species collected in the wild in the South of France has been determined. Notes on some species are given.

Description: In the last few years a rapid spreading of Fissidens crassipes Wils. along the main rivers in the Netherlands has been observed. The distinguishing characteristics, the distribution, ecology, and reproduction of the species are discussed. It is suggested that the spreading results from a raise in water temperature in the rivers due to the discharge of increasing quantities of warm cooling water by the industries.

Description: Included phloem of the concentric type is always present in the secondary wood of the genera Pinzona and Doliocarpus of the subfamily Tetraceroideae (Dilleniaceae). Raphide containing cells are found in the ray parenchyma of all genera of the Tetraceroideae, i.e. in Curatella, Davilla, Doliocarpus, Pinzona, and Tetracera. Arguments are put forward why the name mucilage cell for these raphide containing cells should be abandoned.

Description: Arbor 25-30 m alta. Ramuli foliosi hispidi, hispiduli, vel scabri. Lamina fere ad petiolum 15-partita; segmenta oblanceolata, 7-25 cm longa, 2-4.5 cm lata, plerumque obtusa, pagina superiore scabridula, inferiore arachnoideo-tomentosa, ad venas albo-puberula vel -hirtella; venae secundariae circ. 20—40-jugae, maxime 0.5 cm inter se remotae; petiolus arachnoideo-tomentellus atque etiam hirtellus, sed basi apiceque hirsutus vel hispidus; pulvinus pilis brunneis pluricellularibus, longioribus albis unicellularibus, obsitus. Inflorescentiae pistillatae pedunculo 6-7 cm longo; spicae 4, 8-9 cm longae. Tree up to 25-30 m tall. Leafy twigs hispid to hispidulous to scabreus by mainly uncinate hairs of different length. Leaves subrotundate to broadly ovate, 15 (or more than 15?) -parted to 0.5-1 cm from the petiole, segments oblanceolate, 7-25 cm long, 2-4.5 cm broad, mostly obtuse, sometimes subacute to subacuminate, above scabridulous by short rigid hairs of different length, sparsely intermixed with longer weaker hairs and brown pluricellular hairs, beneath arachnoid-tomentose, this indument disappearing from the main veins with age, on the veins whitish puberulous to hirtellous, the hairs distinctly different in length, the longer ones mostly uncinate; c. 20-40 pairs of secondary veins, at most 0.5 cm from each other; petioles 35-47 cm long, arachnoidtomentellous and sparsely to rather densely hirtellous, but hirsute to hispid at the upper and the lower end; pulvinus with brown pluricellular hairs and longer white unicellular hairs.

Description: The entries have been split into five categories: a) Algae – b) Fungi & Lichenes – c) Bryophytes – d) Pteridophytes – e) Spermatophytes & General subjects. — Books have been marked with an asterisk.

Description: I. Introduction — The need for a simple method of collecting botanical material from rain-forest trees became evident during the construction of a field key to the rain-forest trees of North Queensland. Many collecting techniques have been developed, e.g. throwing sticks and stones, severing branches with rifles and shotguns, felling trees with axes and saws, breaking branches with hand thrown lines and using monkeys to climb and pick twig samples. However, the collection of botanical material from rain-forest trees is a difficult and time-consuming task. The problem is not as great in forests consisting of a small number of tree species. In such forests it is generally possible to visually group the trees into species assemblages without knowing the identity of each species. When a low branched individual of a particular species is sighted, botanical material can be collected. This approach does not work satisfactorily in rain forest because of the large number of tree species and the long slender trunks on most trees. Although these trees may reach 60 m in height they usually have at least part of their crown within 20-30 m of the ground. II. Technique — The basic aim is to loop a strong nylon cord over a branch in the crown of the tree and to break a branch by pulling on the cord. There are two steps: 1. A lead sinker weighing 50-70 g, attached to a monofilament nylon fishing line with a breaking strain of 7 to 9 kg is propelled over a branch with the aid of a catapult and allowed to fall to the ground after passing over the desired branch. 2. The sinker is removed and the end of the nylon cord is attached to the monofilament line and hauled up and over the branch and back down to the operator. One or more operators pull on both ends of the heavy cord until the branch breaks.

Description: International Bibliography of Vegetation Maps. Edited by A.W. Küchler, University of Kansas Libraries. In 1970 the 4th and last volume was published. It covers Africa, South America, and World Maps. Supplements to the volumes are projected. Enumeration of the Flowering Plants of Nepal. This is an Anglo-Japanese project. The preliminary MS is being compiled by Mr. L.H.J. Williams of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). One copy of the MS is being sent to Japan to be elaborated by Dr. H. Kanai and Dr. H. Ohashi of the University of Tokyo. General Editors of the work are Prof.Dr. H. Hara and Dr. W.T. Stearn.

Description: Musci. Mr. A. Touw, Leyden, revised the family Hypnodendraceae in which many species from Malesia are included. This exemplary work was published in Blumea 19 (1971) and served as a thesis for the doctor’s degree, Dec. 1971. Mr. R.M. del Rosario worked in Illinois University on Musci and spent several months during 1971 studying Philippine mosses under supervision of Dr. B.O. van Zanten at Groningen University.

Description: Among past acquisitions of the larger herbaria there are frequently duplicate collections which at the time of the distribution of the sets were not or very inadequately named. Examples of some famous large collections which were handled this way are those of Beccari, Forbes, Sieber, Dietrich, Zenker and others. They were either unnamed or only provisionally named with pre-identifications in approximate degree of accuracy to family and sometimes to genus. As a matter of fact, this is for large collections still current procedure as it would create an impossible situation to have all such bulky collections shelved as a whole for some decades, or even many decades and postpone distribution of sets until all numbers are named by specialists. This would also be detrimental to progress of science: the earlier the sets are distributed the better because by ’coming into circulation’ they will attract attention which means research.

Description: Annual to perennial, erect or creeping, mostly branched herbs or shrubs, occasionally woody at the base, often with a tuberous or swollen main root, occasionally rooting at the nodes. Leaves spirally arranged to opposite, subsessile, occasionally with axillary hairs or scales (in Mal. only in Portulaca), nervation pinnate or reticulate. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphous (occasionally cleistogamous), in axillary and/or terminal thyrsi, dichasia, in terminal capitules or solitary (terminal or axillary). Bracts leaf-like or membranous. Sepals 2 (4-8 in extra-Mal. Lewisia and Grahamia), boat-shaped, deltoid to obovate at base shortly connate and confluent with petals and stamens. Petals (3-)4-6(-8), mostly obovate and unequal, shortly connate. Stamens (l-)3-∞, in 1-∞ ± distinct whorls; filaments basally shortly connate; anthers 2- or 4-celled, dorsifixed, dehiscing lengthwise. Ovary superior or half-inferior, originally 2-20-celled, soon becoming 1-celled; style with 2-20 mostly papillous arms. Ovules 4-∞ on a central, dendroid placenta, campylotropous. Capsule 3-7-valved or with a caducous operculum, occasionally surrounded by the persistent calyx. Seeds 1-∞, smooth or ornamented, kidneyshaped to ± globular, laterally compressed, mostly with a caruncle. Embryo curved, almost filling the ripe seed. Distribution. About 15 genera with possibly 200 spp. Cosmopolitan, with some tropical species occurring as adventives in temperate regions. In Malesia 4 genera with 11 spp.

Description: Monoecious, very rarely dioecious, small to minute aquatic annuals, floating at the surface of the water, or floating just below the surface whereby only a very small part of the frond is exposed to the air, or completely submerged and then rising to the surface in the flowering period. Fronds either solitary or connected in small groups by short to very short hyaline or rarely elongate green stipes (fig. 1 Aa, 1 Ba), symmetric or asymmetric, with reniform, round, linear-lanceolate or angular dorsal outline, green, with or without red or brown pigment cells, sometimes with both types of pigment; base symmetric or asymmetric, obtuse, emarginate or narrowing into the stipe; apex symmetric or asymmetric, round, obtuse or acute; margin entire or slightly dentate; dorsal side flat to slightly convex, smooth or with one or more small papillae; ventral side flat to strongly inflated; somewhere in the median provided with a ‘node’ (fig. 1 Ac). There the roots, nerves, new fronds, and flowers emerge. Nerves 0-1-∞, running towards the apex. New fronds attached to the node of the mother frond by means of a ‘stipe’ which is sometimes hardly visible and is connate with their ventral side. Daughter frond sometimes (in Spirodela) provided with 2 basally connate, roundish scales inserted at the base of the stipe (fig. 1 Ad, 2 e), unequal, one connate with the ventral side as far as its node. Roots several, one or none, unbranched, growing downward from the node; in root-producing species the root(s) closely enveloped by a sheath, which during growth is circumscissile-dehiscing, leaving a basal sheath (in some species soon hardly visible) and a ‘calyptra’ on top. Budding pouches 2 (fig. 1 Ab) or 1 (fig. 1 Cb); if there is one budding pouch this is basal, median, dorso-ventrally flattened or funnel-shaped and it produces only new fronds; when there are 2 budding pouches these are lateral, one on either side of the axis, dorso-ventrally flattened and produce new fronds, one pouch may give rise to an inflorescence. In taxa with only 1 budding pouch (fig. 1 Cj; subfam. Wolffioideae) the inflorescence is borne in a median or lateral dorsal flowering cavity (an exception is extra-Mal. Wolffiopsis which has 2 dorsal flowering cavities), without a spathe and consisting of 1 female and 1 male flower. In taxa with 2 budding pouches (fig. 3 k, 6 e-f) the inflorescence is surrounded by a spathe and consists of 1 female and 2 male flowers (female flower rarely absent). Perianth none. — Male flower consisting of 1 stamen, anther uni- (fig. 8 d) or bilocular (fig. 2 f), apically or transversely dehiscent; filament short or long and slender; pollen grains 17-21 μØ, spinose. — Female flower consisting of 1 globular ovary with a short persistent style (fig. 3 k, 6 f), and containing 1-4 ovules. Ovules orthotropous, amphitropous or anatropous. Fruit symmetric (fig. 5 d-e) or asymmetric, 1-4-seeded, globose or laterally compressed, winged or without wings. Seeds smooth or ribbed (fig. 4 l), with little or no endosperm; operculum and chalaza prominent. Distribution. There are 6 genera with c. 30 spp. all over the world, obviously introduced in oceanic islands (see under dispersal). The genera Spirodela, Lemna, and Wolffia are widely distributed in the temperate and tropical zones; the other genera have a more restricted range. Wolffiella occurs in the subtropical and tropical parts of America and in South Africa, Pseudowolffia is restricted to tropical Africa, and Wolffiopsis has been found in the tropics of Africa and America. See DEN HARTOG & VAN DER PLAS (Blumea 18, 1970, 355-368).

Description: The affinity of Taccaceae has been subject to diverse opinions, many authors favouring a place near Dioscoreaceae, but in my view the unisexual flowers, the branching habit, the racemose inflorescences and the 3-celled ovary in that family make this not very probable. I prefer to share the opinion of those who seek its affinity to Amaryllidaceae, because of the habit, the scape-shaped inflorescence, the umbellate flower disposition with an involucre, and the fact that in that family also occasionally a 1-celled ovary is found. Neither the systematic anatomy nor the inadequately known phytochemistry or chromosome number are sufficiently diagnostic to support opinions on affinity. Before my precursory revision (1972) two genera were distinguished, viz Tacca and a monotypic genus, Schizocapsa (S. plantaginea HANCE) ranging from Thailand to Kweichow, which differs only by having dehiscent capsular fruits instead of the indehiscent ones in Tacca. I have seen since that this species has dehiscing fruit indeed, which removes my doubt (l.c. 370) on this point. I have tried to see whether there may be a tardy dehiscence in Tacca by keeping fruit stalks of T. chantrieri in erect position in the Leyden greenhouse, but this had no result. I see no reason to keep Schizocapsa as a separate genus or infrageneric taxon.

Description: Taxonomic criteria used in differentiating genera are described and illustrated. The genera are assigned to three tribes, the two existing tribes: Sarcoscypheae and Boedijnopezizeae, and a new tribe Pithyeae.

Description: F. spadicea. sp. nov. (sect. Adenosperma, near F. mollior Benth.) is described from New Guinea; F. sarawakensis sp. nov. (sect. Kalosyce, near F. tulipifera Corner) from Sarawak; F. theophrastoides Seem. var. angustifolia var. nov., as a riparian variety from the Solomon Islands.

Description: 1. Germination of Scyphostegia borneensis is epigeal (or phanerocotylar). 2. The chromosome number has been found to be n = 9 and 2n = 18. 3. The somatic chromosomes are almost V-shaped, relatively symmetrical, each having a median or sub-median centromere. 4. Chromosomal information of Scyphostegia gives additional evidence for excluding this genus from the Monimiaceae.

Description: The written history of Haplolobus is still less than one century old. O. Beccari, the great Italian naturalist, was the first to collect a specimen of this genus, June 1866 in Borneo, the only Haplolobus ever collected in W. Malesia! He, too, was apparently the first to recognize this genus as separate from Santiria, probably in 1872, but he never published it and his annotation became forgotten in his herbarium in FI (see Husson & Lam, Blumea 7, 1953. 456). The first species were described in 1889 by K. Schumann (in K. Sch. & Hollr., Fl. Kais. Wilh. Land) under Santiria. Only in 1931 the genus was split off from Santiria and formally described by H. J. Lam. The first revision appeared in 1932 (H. J. Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 12, pp. 404—419). Later revisions were by Husson & Lam (Blumea 7, 1953, 413—458; the treatment by the present author in Fl. Mal. I, 5, 1956, 238—246, was in no part original but based exclusively upon this revision) and by H. J. Lam (Blumea 9, 1958, 237—272). In 1962, after his retirement as Director of the Rijksherbarium and Professor of Systematic Botany at Leiden University, Prof. Dr. H. J. Lam intended to revise Haplolobus anew, but circumstances prevented him from doing so. The repeated and urgent requests of Prof. Lam, who was my teacher, the availability of rich new collections from New Guinea, and the possibility to study anew the types of several of the older names thought to be completely lost in B but fragments of which turned out to be still extant in the Lauterbach herbarium in WRSL, were the reasons for venturing on a fourth revision in the course of 40 years. Looking back at this 4th revision I cannot but admit that Haplolobus is doubtless an extremely difficult genus. Much more good, that is fertile material from all over its area is needed before any reasonably satisfactory and stable revision can be written. The present one is in some points probably a small step forward, notably in the better delimitation from Santiria based not only upon fruit characters but also on flower characters, thanks to which more stable geographic conclusions could be drawn. Some other deviations from its forerunners will doubtless turn out to be steps sideways or even backward. The practical difficulties are treated more in detail in the notes under H. floribundus. In the present stage of knowledge it is still impossible to say more about the taxonomic position of the genus as a whole, nor on its inner structure, than has been done by Lam (1958 and before). The taxonomic and geographic isolation of H. beccarii remains a riddle, the taxonomy of the group around and including H. floribundus remains vague, and the resemblance of some species to certain species of Santiria or even Canarium, suggesting polyphyly, remains puzzling.

Description: Approximately 5500 Caribbean labrid fishes belonging to seven species were caught, transported, partly on ice, to the laboratory and subsequently studied. The major portion was examined immediately; some 20 per cent were stored briefly (less than three days) at minus 20°C. Color pattern (and shape of fins) may change during adult life, varying from slightly Halichoeres poeyi) to drastically Thalassoma bifasciatum). Per species a classification into successive color phases has been introduced; these color phases are strongly related to body length. In Halichoeres maculipinna, Hemipteronotus splendens and Hemipteronotus martinicensis females are restricted to the small, first adult color phase; males have exclusively been found in the larger intermediate and terminal color phases. This confirms the prevailing opinion that labrid dichromatism represents a sexual dimorphism. In Halichoeres poeyi females are also significantly smaller than males. In the most abundant species, however, sex and color/size are not clearly related. In Thalassoma bifasciatum and Halichoeres bivittatus two types of males occur, as functional males are present in both the small, first adult color phase and in the large, terminal color phase. Functional females have been found in all sizes and colors in Halichoeres bivittatus and Halichoeres garnoti. Sex reversal from female towards male sex – a common process in all species – occurs more or less coincidental to color change. As distinct from the Sparidae, Scaridae or Serranidae the reversal proceeds via a total decline of the transforming ovary. Consequently, temporary stages of functional hermaphroditism do not occur in Labridae.

Description: Most planktonic marine copepods have nauplii which differ greatly from the copepodids so that it is difficult to relate them to the adult form. Rearing experiments are usually unsuccessful; only 8% of ca. 800 species of planktonic marine copepods have identified nauplii (see below cited list). To this 8% the following species are added in this work: Acartia lilljeborgi, Calocalanus styliremis, C. pavo, Candacia sp., Clausocalanus furcatus, Centropages furcatus, Corycaeus amazonicus, C. giesbrechti, C. speciosus, Farranula gracilis, Labidocera fluviatilis, Microsetella rosea, Oithona oculata, O. ovalis, O. plumifera, O. simplex, Oncaea media, O. venusta, Paracalanus crassirostris, Pontellopsis sp., Pseudodiaptomus acutus. They were reared from the egg to the first nauplius, or from the last nauplius to the first copepodid either at the Caraïbisch Marien-Biologisch Instituut (= Carmabi), Curaçao, during 1963, or at the marine station of the Instituto Oceanográfico, Ubatuba, Brazil, during 1966—1967. Methods used have been described previously (BJÖRNBERG, 1965a, 1966, 1967). Other methods have often been used by other workers (BERNARD, 1963, 1965a, b; BRESCIANI, 1960; CONOVER, 1965, 1966; CORKETT, 1966, 1967; CORKETT & URRY, 1968; FRASER, 1936; HAQ, 1965a, b; JACOBS, 1961; JOHNSON & OLSON 1948; KOGA, 1960; LEBOUR, 1918; MATTHEWS, 1964, 1966; MCLAREN, 1966; MURPHY, 1923; MULLIN & BROOKS, 1967; NEUNES & PONGOLINI, 1965; NICHOLLS, 1933; PROVASOLI et al., 1959; ZILLIOUX & WILSON, 1966).

Description: A small Lantern Fish, Hygophum benoiti (Cocco, 1838), was washed ashore at the beach of the village of Zandvoort in the Netherlands. This is the first record of a member of the family Myctophidae in the coastal waters of the Netherlands, and the northernmost record for the species. The occurrence of the species in the northern part of the North Atlantic is discussed, and the specimen is illustrated.

Description: Investigation of the commensal genus Aspidoconcha de Vos indicates that it belongs in the family Xestoleberididae. Relationships of the commensal Redekea de Vos are uncertain. The genus Laocoonella de Vos & Stock is referred tentatively to family Cytheruridae. Among Ostracoda, symbiosis is more common than was previously realised; the possible occurrence of intra-Ostracoda symbiosis is reported.

Description: Stereocaulon condensatum Hoffm. is recorded as new to Greenland, Physcia orbicularis (Neck.) Poetsch as new to the entire East Coast, and Physcia intermedia Vain, as new to the Southeast Coast. Descriptions of their habitats are given.

Description: Arbor. Folia elliptica-lanceolata, 5.5-17.5 cm longa, 3.5-6 cm lata, coriacea vel subcoriacea, acuta-acuminata vel obtusa, subglabra; costa supra haud impressa; paria venarum secundariarum cum costa angulos acutos efformantia; venae tertiariae nonnullae, parallelae. Inflorescendae hermaphroditae ovoideae, floribus staminatis circ. 50 plus minusve aggregatis ad basem receptaculi, perianthiis circ. 2 mm altis, trifidis, staminibus 3, pistillodio perianthium haud vel vix superante; flores pistillati stigmatibus circ. 2 cm longis, sparse pilosis. Infructescentia globosa, pilos sat crebros uncinatos et flores masculos persistentes sparsos sed parte basali receptaculi plus minusve aggregatos gerens. Trees (up to 12 m tall); latex white. Leafy twigs 1-2.5 mm thick, minutely puberulous, also with few to many longer uncinate hairs. Leaves elliptic to lanceolate, mostly broadest in or above the middle, equilateral or nearly so, 5.5-17.5 cm long, 3.5-6 cm broad, subcoriaceous to coriaceous, acute to acuminate or obtuse to short-acuminate, at the base acute or subacute; margin (sub)entire; glabrous above except for a few uncinate hairs on the costa and secondary veins beneath and on the margin; veins slightly prominent above, prominent beneath, 6-10 pairs of secondary veins, the lower pairs departing from the costa at acute angles (40°-70°), several parallel tertiary veins; petioles 3-7 mm long, minutely puberulous, also with longer uncinate hairs; stipules 3-6 mm long, appressed-puberulous and with or without uncinate hairs.

Description: The tribe Gardenieae in the restricted delimitation proposed by Bremekamp and Verdcourt is wood anatomically homogeneous. The genera of the Ixoreae studied by me also agree with each other in wood structure. Within the tribe Mussaendeae in the delimitation accepted by Schumann the wood anatomy shows much variation. The tribe becomes more homogeneous, if some of the genera included in this tribe by Schumann are removed. The systematic position of some genera, which in the literature are said to be related to Gardenieae, Ixoreae or Mussaendeae, is discussed in the light of similarities and differences in the wood anatomy.

Description: The herbarium collections of Odontoschisma denudation and O. sphagni from The Netherlands have been revised in connection with a study of the phenotypic variation and ecology of these species. In O. denudatum two natural modifications can be distinguished. Mod. pachyderma is more common and grows in young, open Erica-Calluna heath vegetation, on sandy ridges and rarely on tree trunks. Mod. mesoderma occurs in old, often N-exposed ( Erica-)Calluna heath vegetation on shaded substrates. O. sphagni is far more common than O. denudatum and morphologically less variable. It is a characteristic species of oligotrophic bogs and wet heath vegetation. Rarely O. sphagni grows on tree trunks or in rather dry heath vegetation together with O. denudatum mod. mesoderma. In these atypical habitats O. sphagni remains a distinct species, readily distinguished from O. denudatum by the absence of gemmae.

Description: After several pre-Linnean mentions (see: Bureau 1873), the name Morus tinctoria for plants belonging to the present genus Chlorophora was first validly published by Linnaeus (1753). Later combinations were made under Broussonetia Ventenat by Kunth (1817), under Fusticus Rafinesque by Rafinesque (1838), and under Maclura Nuttall by D. Don ex Steudel (1841). Rafinesque (l.c.) based the genus Sukaminea on Morus tinctoria L., without mentioning any species. Gaudichaud (1830) established the genus Chlorophora, based on Morus tinctoria L. Sp. Pl. 1753. The valid combination Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) was made by Bentham, who added the African Morus excelsa Welwitsch to Chlorophora (Bentham et Hooker 1880). Recently Corner (1962) made the combination Maclura tinctoria again, when reducing the genera Cudrania Trécul, Cardiogyne Bureau, and Chlorophora Gaudichaud to sections of Maclura Nuttall. Beside C. tinctoria several other species were described, e.g. Maclura chlorocarpa Liebmann, Maclura affinis Miquel, Maclura mora Grisebach, Chlorophora mollis Fernald. Especially Bureau (l.c.) and Hassler (1919) distinguished several infraspecific taxa. Woodson, Schery et coll. (1960) distinguished only one American Chlorophora species, C. tinctoria. It seemed worth-while to investigate with ample material how many species and infraspecific taxa there are.

Description: Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Sér. 5, Botanique. Cf. Wood ex Tennant, Kew Bull. 16 (1963) 410-411. From the dates reproduced it is seen that part 1 was billed in November 1868; it is assumed that this puts the publication date of the whole volume after that of vol. 1 of ’The Flora of Tropical Africa’. Forster, J.R. & Forster, J.G.A., Characteres generum plantarum, etc. 1st ed. 1775. Folio. Cf. Harold St. John, Natur.Canad. 98 (1971) 561-581. The well-known quarto edition 1776 has been found to have been issued on March 1, 1776; another edition, also dated 1776, was printed in long folio format, and seems to have existed of 8 copies (elsewhere recorded 25 copies). Actually these were 2nd editions.

Description: Adelbert, A.G.L. (1914-1972) After finishing his academical studies at the University of leyden, Loet, as he was known to his friends, revised several families for the preliminary version of Backer’s flora of Java. Then he proceeded to Java to work at Herbarium Bogoriense. Upon his repatriation he started to revise the genus Lycopodium for the Flora Malesiana (and as a thesis) but also became a teacher at The Hague, so that this work proceeded only slowly. He died at The Hague, suddenly and unexpectedly, at the age of 57, 26th March 1972. Barnett, Miss Euphemia Cowan She was formerly assistant of Dr. W.G. Craib and worked on Kerr’s Siamese collections; she wrote on Fagaceae and certain sympetalous families of the Flora of Siam. Miss E. Barnett wrote an obituary note in Nat.Hist.Bull.Siam Soc. 23 (1970) 577-578.

Description: Botanic Garden at the University of Malaya. A plan was submitted by Professor W.R. Stanton, head of the Botany Division, University of Malaya, K.L., to establish a new botanic garden of some 100 acres as a teaching facility and for the benefit of biological education institutes and the general public. It was proposed that the facility is partly self-financing. The locality suggested is the valley behind the Faculty of Science on the campus having a common boundary with the field area of the Faculty of Agriculture to which its functions would be complementary. It will have a permanent establishment of 7 graduates (of whom two at least will have honours), c. 8 technical staff and 50 labourers, clerks, drivers, etc. It will conduct its own husbandry and maintenance. It is proposed as a phased development ultimately containing an advanced laboratory and herbarium and providing a central facility to the Nation for teaching and examination material. Let us hope that Prof. Stanton’s laudable initiative will bear fruit. The establishment Fund of about 200.000 str. dollars and maintenance cost of 100-150.000 does seem to come well within the big income capacity Malaysia has from cutting her forests and selling timber.

Description: Scandent or liana-like shrubs or small trees, with interxylary bast elements, watch-spring tendrils (modified leaves or subtending leaves of inflorescences), and umbrella-like branching. Leaves spiral, simple, serrulate to crenulate, stipulate. Flowers small, regular, monoecious, in glomerules on the branches of loose axillary panicles. Sepals 5, valvate, shortly united basally, persistent. Petals 5(-6), much smaller than the sepals, free. Stamens 5(-6), opposite to the sepals, with filiform filaments and subglobose introrse, almost basifixed anthers, alternating with 5(-6) oppositipetalous cordate glands, these in the ♂ ± adnate to the subtending petal, and in the ♀ ± concrescent into a 5(-6)-lobed disk (the glands or lobes opposite the ovary cells); pollen grains ± ellipsoidal, tricolporate, exine reticulate. Ovary superior, conical, shallowly 5-ribbed, 5(-4)-celled, with 5(-4) sessile subulate stigmas; ovules 2 per cell, pendulous, apical, axile, anatropous, epitropous, bitegmic, each surmounted at the micropyle by a small obturatorlike appendage coming from the funicle. Fruit obovoid or ellipsoid, indehiscent, fusiform, 1-locular, 1-seeded, with 5 broad stramineous wings. Seed oblong, with endosperm; embryo erect, with oblong cotyledons and a short erect radicle. Distribution. Monotypic, in Malesia, Melanesia, and Micronesia. Fig. 2.

Description: Adams, C.D.: Flowering Plants of Jamaica. Univ. West Indies, Mona, Jamaica. 1972, 848 pp. 80. Robert Mac Lehose & Co.Ltd. 15, Faulis Street, Anniesland, Glasgow W3, England. £ 5. A most welcome concise Flora containing 996 genera and 2888 spp. of native and fully naturalized plants. Another 350 common in cultivation are included but taken no further than a key-entry. There are descriptions of families but not of genera and a very restricted synonymy (index contains 6500 names). Within the families full keys to genera and to species. Each specific description (2-4 lines) is followed by good notes on habitat and citation of collections. The introductory chapters are brief but nevertheless they contain interesting data. Only 4 genera are endemic, but 784 spp. (27%) are all assumed neo-endemics. It is pleasing that the author takes a conservative view on generic and family circumscription. There is also an index to common names. There is no general key to Jamaican plants and one must know the family name to identify genus and species. The work crowns the endeavour of 13 years hard work, with assistance of various kind, above all by Dr. G.R. Proctor and R.W. Read. Our warm congratulations with this most useful, obviously critical and up-to-date work, offered to the public at a ridiculously modest price from the view of modern standards. —v.St.