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  • General Chemistry  (1,929)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (1,333)
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  • 1970-1974
  • 1960-1964  (2,852)
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  • 1963  (2,852)
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  • 1970-1974
  • 1960-1964  (2,852)
  • 1940-1944
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  • 101
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. S19 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 102
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. S21 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 103
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. S51 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 104
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 1257-1263 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Using a relationship found to be applicable for natural rubber networks in establishing contributions of chemical crosslinking, entanglements, and networks defects to physical crosslinking, a physical versus chemical crosslinking “calibration” is developed for polybutadiene prepared by organolithium initiation. This calibration is then used to determine chemical crosslink yields for sulfur-sulfenamide, thiuram, and peroxide vulcanization. Crosslink yields for polybutadiene in the sulfur-sulfenamide and thiuram curing systems are shown to be similar to those of natural rubber. In peroxide vulcanization the crosslink yield is in excess of unity for polybutadiene. Evidence is presented which indicates that this is due to a polymerization type reaction involving vinyl groups resulting from 1,2-addition during polymerization.
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  • 105
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The mechanism of precipitation of acrylonitrile polymers was investigated using different nonsolvents. The effect of the dielectric constant and the polarity of individual bonds in the molecule of precipitant is discussed briefly. A methyl methacrylate-acrylonitrile copolymer was successfully fractionated from dimethylformamide solution, using a two-stage fractionation technique, and a mixture of (2 parts n-hexane + 1 part ether) as a precipitant. The molecular weight distributions of primary fractions were skewed to the left and overlapped each other. A large, 100-g. sample of the same copolymer was separated into eight primary fractions, which on refractionation gave a result substantially the same as that obtained by the small scale experiment. An experimental terpolymer of methylvinylpyridine-vinyl acetate-acrylonitrile, prepared by suspension polymerization, was carefully fractionated by the same method. The polymer was shown to have a double-peak molecular weight distribution in agreement with the earlier suggestion that acrylonitrile in aqueous suspension polymerizes by two simultaneous mechanisms: (1) homogeneous polymerization of single radicals in solution, and (2) heterogeneous growth of radicals present in stable suspended polymer particles. The above conclusion was further supported by methylvinylpyridine analysis on secondary fractions. It was found that the low molecular weight fractions contained appreciably more of the water-soluble monomer (M.V.P.), than the high molecular weight fractions.
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  • 106
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 1265-1271 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An electrochemical mechanism is sought for to explain the sudden transient change of potential across a nerve membrane during neural conduction. Ion-permselective membranes change the sign of their permselectivity if the charge of their fixed ions is overcompensated for by highly charged counterions which become strongly bound to these fixed sites by electrostatic forces. Imagine a membrane with its sign thus reversed beyond a given borderline: cations could traverse on one side in the vicinity of this line and anions on the other, while no ions would traverse pure membrane faces themselves. Thus concentrations would be equalized at the borderline by passive diffusion, while the sign of membrane potential would change from one side to the other of the border. A mechanism for automatic propagation of the border along the membrane is suggested. Sign reversal of membranes can also be caused by covalent bonding of oppositely charged groups to a charged membrane site, for instance by esterification of a carboxyl group or of a phosphoric acid group of a lipoproteid nerve membrane with the amino alcohol choline. Hydrolysis of such an ester would cause the sign of the membrane to revert to its original direction. Such acetic sites and choline abound on nerve membranes, together with enzymes, which are known to split and synthesize choline esters. Their electrochemical function in neutral conduction might well be this changing of sign of membrane permselectivity.
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  • 107
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 1281-1289 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A theory is presented of the way in which the melting of a polymer is manifested in a differential temperature analysis thermogram. An analytical method based on this theory allows a precise determination of both the melting point and the crystalline weight fraction as a function of temperature. Experimental results for linear polyethylene and crystalline polypropylene confirm the theory.
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  • 108
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 1307-1315 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Infrared and near-infrared spectra of 3-methylbutene-1 were observed for the vapor phase at room temperature. Also, Raman displacements and depolarization factors of 3-methylbutene-1 in methanol and carbon tetrachloride were obtained at the same temperature. Tentative assignments of the observed Raman and infrared bands were made, and a classification of bands on the basis of group frequencies is given.
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  • 109
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 1273-1279 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A recording apparatus for measuring longitudinal creep was developed to study viscoelastic properties of polymeric films. The heart of the apparatus is a photoelectric transducer that converts specimen extension and contraction into a voltage which is then applied to a millivolt recorder through a d.c. low-drift amplifier. As used in this apparatus, the phototube detects the variable by having its photocathode surface shadowed by a movable mask. Supplementing the recording part of the apparatus is a mechanism for controlling specimen temperature. A polymer of plasticized polyvinyl chloride was studied, to demonstrate the applicability of the apparatus. The results obtained compared favorably with the method of visually observing the displacement with a cathetometer.
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  • 110
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 1291-1306 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The temperature dependence at constant frequency of the viscous component E2(1/T) of the dynamic modulus has been determined for a homologous series of butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers supported in a matrix of styrene homopolymer. The results, which agree with those reported earlier for a homologous series of butadiene-styrene copolymers, indicate that the transition temperature of a given plastic homopolymer, as measured from dynamic mechanical properties at essentially constant frequency in the range 200-300 cycles/sec., is depressed by the presence of a copolymerized rubbery diluent as the melting point of crystalline polymers is depressed by the presence of noncrystallizing comonomers. In addition, it has been found that the transition temperature is depressed by the presence of monomeric diluents much as the melting point of crystalline polymers is depressed by the presence of monomeric diluents. Two earlier assumptions, that the dynamic properties in the frequency range of interest should be independent of both the molecular weight of the rubbery copolymer and the degree of dispersion of the copolymer in the thermoplastic matrix, have been subjected to experimental scrutiny. The assumption regarding the dependence on molecular weight has been substantiated, at least for DP's in excess of 100. The assumption regarding the dependence on the degree of dispersion has been negated; the area under the E2(1/T) peak was found to be considerably greater for a coarse dispersion than for a fine one.
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  • 111
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 1317-1323 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A convenient technique is presented for determination of triboelectric characteristics of a film sample relative to a group of reference surfaces and to other film samples, with the use of inexpensive, easily assembled equipment. It consists of pressing a number of reference surfaces into contact with a test film, determination of the sign and intensities of the charges generated, by spraying with an indicating powder, and estimation of tribo-electric position of the test sample by the distribution of positive and negative charges generated. With this technique, relative triboelectric characteristics were determined for films of various polymers. The measurements give some insight into the relation between polymer structure and triboelectric characteristics.
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  • 112
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 1341-1347 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: By use of a reference value of modulus equal to 109 dynes/cm.2 and a reference value of time equal to 10 sec., characteristic viscoelastic parameters are defined from stress relaxation master curves and from modulus-temperature curves. Values of these parameters are tabulated for several linear amorphous polymers and slightly crosslinked amorphous polymers.
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  • 113
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 2003-2023 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: At temperatures far below the heat distortion point, the dissipation factor (and therefore power factor) of epoxy resins is comparably low - in the order of 0.001-0.01. Internally flexibilized, polyester-modified resins may have higher loss tangents, in the order of 0.01-0.10, even at room temperature. At temperatures far above the heat distortion point, anhydride curing agents give lower dissipation factors than do amines or acids. With anhydride cures, the higher molecular weight resins investigated cure faster than the lower molecular weight resins, give lower elevated temperature power factors and loss tangents, and are tougher. With any hardener-epoxy resin system, the optimum elevated temperature power factor, weight loss on aging and heat distortion point will probably depend on a close examination of the optimum hardener/resin ratio.With certain anhydride-cured low molecular weight epoxy resin systems, an increased rate of cure and lower elevated temperature power factor may be obtained by use of a small amount of higher molecular weight (polyhydroxy) epoxy resin. Attempts to compare the effect on power factor of changing the hydroxyl groups to less mobile dipoles by acetylation were unsuccessful, since the resulting acetoxy groups changed the cure mechanisms. However studies with resins of different molecular weights indicated that the effect of hydroxyl content on elevated temperature power factor is subordinate to other effects such as the rigidity of the cured resin system, rate of cure and ionic impurities. Acetylation of hydroxyl-containing epoxy resins may inhibit cure with some curing agents, due to side reactions of the resulting acetoxy group with specific hardeners.
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  • 114
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 115
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 64-64 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 116
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. I 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 117
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 69-80 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Im ersten Teil der Untersuchung wurde 1,5 Jahre lang in jedem Monat („Monatsversuche“) und auch in längeren Versuchen festgestellt, wieviel Schwefeldioxyd rostendes Eisen aus der natürlichen Luft aufnimmt und in welchem Verhältnis dieses Schwefeldioxyd zu dem entstandenen Rost steht. Dabei wurde gefunden: Die von rostendem Eisen aus der Luft aufgenommene Schwefeldioxydmenge betrug (in g/m2 · Tag) berechnet) im kalten Halbjahr 60 bis 140%, im warmem Halbjahr 103 bis 120% derjenigen Schwefeldioxydmenge, die von sodagetränktem Filtrierpapier aufgenommen wurde.Im Winter war die von dem rostenden Eisen täglich aufgenommene Schwefeldioxydmenge etwa viermal so groß als im Sommer.Je aufgenommenes Schwefeldioxyd-Molekül rosteten im Winter etwa 15 bis 20, im Sommer etwa 30 bis 40 Atome Eisen. Im Winter war jedoch wegen der etwa viermal so großen Schwefeldioxyd-Aufnahme die Verrostung etwa doppelt so rasch als im Sommer.
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  • 118
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 55-55 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 119
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 120
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 88-92 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde mit Hilfe des Prinzips der Mischpotentialbildung die Korrosion von Nickel- und Chromniederschlägen in Corrodkote-Lösung elektrochemisch dargestellt. Eine solche Darstellung bestätigt und ergänzt die bisherigen Erkenntnisse in anschaulicher Weise.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 92-98 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 122
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 98-106 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 123
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 112-115 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 124
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 127-127 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 125
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 127-143 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 126
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 127
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. VII 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 128
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 353-358 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion of brass tubes in condensers and oil coolersThe article begins with a survey of the typical cases of corrosion damage to condenser and cooler tubes, and of the properties, especially the corrosion resistance, of normal tube materials. There follows a critical appraisal of several cases of tube corrosion damage in Danish power stations, most of which can be ascribed to the effects of external currents. A more detailed description is given of cases of cooler tube damage encountered in a large Danish power station. These cases have given rise to systematic corrosion tests carried out by the author with different tube materials in the cooling water duct of the power station, and to realistic long-time laboratory tests with SoMs 76 with 0.05 As. In the course of these trials, it has been possible to obtain a considerable clarification of the influence of such factors as cooling water temperature, cooling water velocity, cooling water composition (especially the effect of gases and cooper compounds), and natural and artificial coatings.
    Notes: Vorangestellt wird ein Überblick über die typischen Korrosionsschäden an Kondensator- und Kühlerrohren und über die Eigenschaften, insbesondere das Korrosionsverhalten, der gebräuchlichen Rohrwerkestoffe. Es folgt eine kritische Betrachtung mehrerer, in dänischen Kraftwerken aufgetretener Rohrkorrosionsschäden, die zumeist auf Fremdstrom-Einwirkung zurückgeführt wurden. Anschließend werden Kühlerrohrschäden, die in einem dänischen Großkraftwerk auftraten, etwas ausführlicher beschrieben. Sie veranlaßten die Durchführung eigener systematischer Korrosionsversuche mit verschiedenen Rohrwerkstoffen im Kühlwasserkanal des Kraftwerks und die praxisnahen Korrosions-Langzeitversuche im Laboratorium mit SoMs 76 mit 0,05 As, bei denen der Einfluß der Kühlwassertemperatur, -geschwindigkeit und -zusammensetzung, insbesondere der Einfluß von Gasen und Kupfersalzen, und der Einfluß natürlicher und künstlicher Deckschichten untersucht und weitgehend geklärt werden konnte.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 364-367 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Economic criteria for combating refinery corrosionWith some few exceptions, measures taken to fight refinery corrosion must be based upon economic considerations. Some cost schemes have therefore been suggested for the economic assessment of such measures. These schemes are mostly based upon momentary value and installation cost, life to be expected and cost of corrosion protection. In the case of underground pipelines, the decision must mostly be made between protection and renewal of the old line; the assessment requires a cost comparison between leak repair and cathodic protection. Leak repair will generally be more economic on long distance lines, while cathodic protections will be more advantageous on industrial premises, because shutdown for repairs may be costly. As regards corrosion cost schemes for the oil industry, corrosion resistant alloys are attributed to the corrosion account only if their selection was guided by corrosion resistance and not by e.g. better availability. No unanimity exists, however, regarding the part of maintenance costs (including shutdown costs due to maintenance operations) to be attributed to the corrosion account.
    Notes: Mit Ausnahme einiger weniger Sonderfälle müssen Korrosionsschutzmaßnahmen wirtschaftlich gerechtfertigt sein. Daher wurden verschiedene Kostenschemen zur Beurteilung der Wirschaftlichkeit vorgeschlagen, bei denen der Zeitwert and die Installationskosten der Anlage, die vermutliche Lebensdauer und die Kosten des Korrosionsschutzes den Maßstab bilden. Bei unterirdischen Rohrleitungen ist meist zu entscheiden zwischen Schutz oder Erneuerung der alten Leitung. Dabei ist zu prüfen, ob die Kosten für die Beseitigung einzelner Leckstellen nicht geringer sind also die Anlage kathodischen Schutzes. In Fernleitungen dürfte meist die Reparatur vorteilhafter sein, während in Industriebetrieben der kathodische Schutz vorzuziehen sein dürfte, da dort die Stillstandszeiten stark ins Gewicht fallen. Bei den für erdölverarbeitende Anlagen aufgestellten Kostenschemen werden wiederum die höherbeständigen Legierungen nur dann dem Korrosionskonto zugerechnet, wenn wirklich die Korrosionsbeständigkeit entscheidend für die Wahl war und nicht etwa die bessere Liefermöglichkeit. Keine Einigkeit besteht jedoch darüber, wie weit die Wartungskosten und die wartungsbedingten Stillstandszeiten dem Korrosionskonto zuzurechnen sind.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 392-399 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 257-260 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Organic chromates as corrosion inhibitors in primersResearch has been carried out on the corrosion protection afforded by primers based on alkyd resins or zinc chromates with and without inhibitors (organic chromic acid derivates), using as criteria the solubility of the passivating CrO42- ion, the change in the electro-chemical potential, and direct corrosion tests. The best results were obtained with coatings containing 1.8% chromate anion in the form of 1-methylcyclohexanol-1-chromate.
    Notes: Verfolgt wurde der Korrosionsschutzwert von Alkydharz-Grundanstrichen bzw. Grundanstrichen auf Zinkchromatbasis ohne/mit Inhibitoren (organische Derivate der Chromsäure) an Hand des Inlösunggehens des passierenden CrO42--Ions, der Änderung des elektrochemischen Potentials und von direkten Korrosionsversuchen. Beste Ergebnisse zeigten Anstriche, die 1,8% Chromatanion in Form von 1-Methylcyclohexanol-1-Chromat enthalten.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 261-269 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Potentiostatic differential etching of the structural constituents in 18/8 Cr Ni steelsThe conditions for differential etchings are investigated with the aid of potentiostatically recorded current density/potentiostatically recorded current density/potential characteristics of an 1818 Cr Ni steel in sulphuric acid, oxalic acid and phosphoric acid. The curves show three maxima whose origin is discussed. It is thus possible to distinguish, for the etching, four typical ranges. In the active range, a general etching of all structural constituents takes place. In the primary passivity range, the a phase is the only one to be affected. In the transpassivity range, the grain faces become etched. Where there is a secondary passivity range, this gives rise to an etching of the special carbides at the grain boundaries. The oxygen development range occasions, like the active range, a general etching process. The σ phase is effected in all ranges. The relationships between the potential and the corrosion intensity are discussed with the aid of a number of photographs of polished specimens.
    Notes: An Hand potentiostatisch aufgenommener Stromdichte-Potentialkurven eines 18/8 Cr-Ni-Stahles in Schwefel-, Oxal- und Phosphorsäure sowie in Natronlauge werden die Bedingungen fü differentielle Ätzungen gewonnen. Die Kurven weisen drei Maxima auf, deren Entstehung erläutert wird. Dadurch können fü die Ätzung vier typische Gebiete unterschieden werden. Im aktiven Zustand erfolgt eine allgemeine Ätzung aller Gefügebestandteile. Im Gebiet der primären Passivität wird nur die σ-Phase angegriffen. Im Gebiet der Transpassivität erfolgt Kornflächenätzung. Beim Vorliegen der sekundären Passivität ergibt sich eine Ätzung der Korngrenzen mit den Sondercarbiden. Im Gebiet der Sauerstoffentwicklung erfolgt wieder wie im aktiven Zustand eine allgemeine Ätzung. Die σ-Phase wird in allen Gebieten angegriffen. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Potential und Angriff wird durch eine Reihe von Schliffbildern erläutert.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 280-295 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 298-313 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 313-328 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 336-342 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 342-343 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 358-363 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion tests on surgical instruments consisting of stainless steelsThe behaviour of stainless hardenable chromium steels with different beat treatments in relation to frequently used acceptance tests for dental and surgical instruments has been investigated.With the copper sulphate test, a steel with a composition equal to that of material No. 4021 shows, irrespective of the chromium content and of the beat treatment, an unobjectionable behaviour if the test is preceded by a passivation in diluted nitric acid with potassium bichromate admixture.A steel corresponding to material No. 4034 is, even after passivation, greatly affected by the copper sulphate test. The only specimens showing resistance, irrespective of the best treatment, were those with a chromium content exceeding 15 per cent. Partially hardened specimens of this steel pass this test if the chromium content is about 14.5 per cent, or more.With the boil test, material No. 4021, when properly finished, shows perfect resistance and material No. 4034 a high resistance. But if the surface is not properly finished, difficulties are encountered in all cases, independent of the chromium content. It should be possible to overcome these difficulties by resorting to better cleaning methods (e.g. electrolytic methods).
    Notes: Das Verhalten von nichtrostendem härtbarem Chromstahl mit unterschiedlichen Chromgehalt und verschiedenen Wärmebehandlungen wurde gegenüber vielfach benutzten Abnahmeprüfungen fü chirurgische Instrumente untersucht.Bei der „Kupfersulfatprüfung“ verhält sich ein Stahl von der Zusammensetzung des Werkstoffes Nr. 4021 unabhängig vom Chromgehalt und der Wärmebehandlung einwandfrei, wenn zuvor eine Passivierung in verdünnter Salpetersäure mit Kaliumbichromatzusatz vorgenommen wird.Der Stahl nach Werkstoff-Nr. 4034 ist auch trotz einer Passivierung weitgehend gegen die Prüfung mit Kupfersulfatlösung anfällig. Nur bei einem Chromgehalt von mehr als 15% waren die Proben unabhängig von der Wärmebehandlung beständig. Partiell gehärtete Proben aus diesem Stahl sind etwa ab 14,5% Chrom gegenüber dieser Prüfung beständig.Beim „Kochversuch“ ist im einwandfrei polierten Zustand der Werkstoff 4021 vollkommen und der Werkstoff 4034 weitgehend beständig. Bei nicht einwandfrei polierter Oberfläche treten dagegen in allen Fällen unabhängig vom Chromgehalt Schwierigkeiten auf. Diese dürften durch die Anwendung besserer Reinigungsverfahren (z. B. elektrolytisch) zu vermeiden sein.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 377-382 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 382-386 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 386-392 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 399-406 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 414-417 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 419-422 
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    Description / Table of Contents: The initial process of the electrolytic formation of non-metallic corrosion protection layersThe formation of electrolytic corrosion protection layers takes place through unstable nucleations which are in the character of trigger reactions. The initial process of layer formation is therefore not evenly spread over the metal surface but is localised on a grid of dispersed seeding centres. This fact has a decisive influence on the way in which the layer is formed, and on its texture.The initial process has been investigated for different top layer systems by means of current/time and potential/time recordings, and the results have been interpreted in the light of the layer formation conditions referred to above.
    Notes: Die Ausbildung elektrolytischer Korrosionsschutzschichten verläuft über instabile Keimbildungen, die ihrer Natur nach „Auslösevorgängge“ sind. Der Initialvorgang der Schichtbildung ist deshalb kein über die Metalloberfläche gleichmäßig verbreiteter Prozeß, sondern ist auf ein Raster diskreter Keimpunkte lokalisiert. Dies hat fü den Ablauf der Schichtbildung und fü die entstehende Schichttextur entscheidende Konsequenzen.Der Initialvorgang wurde für verschiedene Deckschichtsyteme mittels Strom-Zeit bzw. Spannungs-Zeit-Registrierungen untersucht und die Ergebnisse auf Grund der oben erwähnten Schichtbildungskinetik gedeutet.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 444-444 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 444-444 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 445-445 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 448-448 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963) 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 574-579 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: The chemical resistance of laboratory equipment of Rhodium-Platinum-alloys in analytical operationsIn an effort to improve the mechanical resistance and dimensional stability of platinum laboratory equipment without impairing its chemical resistance, platinum has been alloyed with 5-30 percent of rhodium. In the annealed condition, these alloys have higher tensile strength than normal crucible platinum, not only at room temperature but even at temperatures as high as 1000°C. Practical experience, extending over several years, with crucibles and dishes in numerous analytical laboratories has shown that equipment made of 10, 20 or 30% Rhodium-Platinum alloys have excellent shape stability, without being in any way inferior to normal crucible platinum as far as its chemical resistance is concerned, except the formation of a dark oxide film in oxidizing atmosphere. In case this oxide film causes analytical troubles its formation is prevented by cladding the interior of the equipment with Pt. By means of statistical data, the weight constancy of these Rh-Pt-alloys is compared with that of normal crucible platinum, after being used for normal analytical ignition and fusing tests, and after exposure to acids.
    Notes: In dem Bestreben, die mechanische Widerstandsfähigkeit und Formbeständigkeit von Laboratoriumsgeräten aus Platin zu verbessern unter voller Erhaltung ihrer chemischen Beständigkeit, wurden dem Platin 5-30% Rhodium zulegiert. Diese Legierungen besitzen im geglühten Zustand nicht nur bei Raumtemperatur, sondern auch noch bei 1000° C eine wesentlich höhere Festigkeit als normales Geräteplatin. Während mehrjähriger Erprobung von Tiegeln und Schalen in zahlreichen analytischen Laboratorien hat sich erwiesen, daß Geräte aus Pt-Legierungen mit 10, 20 oder 30% Rh eine ausgezeichnete Formbeständigkeit haben und dabei hinsichtlich ihrer chemischen Beständigkeit dem normalen Geräteplatin nicht nachstehen, abgesehen von der Bildung eines dunklen Oxydfilms in oxydierender Atmosphäre. Falls der Oxydfilm den Analysengang stört, kann seine Entstehung dadurch verhindert werden, daß Geräte eingesetzt werden, deren Innenwand mit Pt plattiert ist. Es wurden vergleichende Daten fü die Gewichtskonstanz von Geräten aus normalem Geräteplatin und aus diesen Pt-Rh-Legierungen bei den üblichen analytischen Glüh- und Schmelzoperationen sowie bei der Einwirkung von Säuren mitgeteilt.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 630-630 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 631-634 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 634-636 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 636-636 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. XV 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 637-643 
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    Description / Table of Contents: The protective value of the top layers formed in alkali-hydrogen fluorides on soft steelBy means of solubility and elastic corrosion tests, extended over lengthy testing periods, in mineral acids of different degrees of concentration, investigations were carried out on the protective value of the top layers formed on mild steel in different alkali-hydrogen-fluoride solutions (KF, HF, (NH4)F, HF, hydrogen fluoride mixture). Both methods yielded, by and large, identical results. They showed that the mean corrosion rate of soft steel pre-treated in alkali-hydrogen-fluoride solutions amounted to no more than about 10 to 15 per cent. of that of the unprotected metal so that the top layer can be said to have a protective value of 85 to 90 per cent.
    Notes: Untersucht wurde der Schutzwert von in verschiedenen Alkalihydrogenfluorid-Lösungen (KF, HF-, (NH4)F, HF-, Hydrogenfluorid-Gemisch) auf Weichstahl gebildeten Schutzschichten im Vergleich zu dem Verhalten von ungeschütztem Weichstahl durch Löslichkeits - und Federungs-Korrosionsversuche in Mineralsäuren unterschiedlicher Konzentration über längere Versuchszeiten. Beide Methoden ergaben weitgehend das gleiche Bild. Danach beträgt die mittlere Korrosions-geschwindigkeit von in Alkalihydrogen-fluorid-Lösungen vorbehandeltem Weichstahl nur etwa 10 bis 15% von dem des ungeschützten Materials, was einem Schutzwert der Deckschicht von 85 bis 90% gleichkommt.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 654-666 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 668-680 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 684-687 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 689-712 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 716-716 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 939-944 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Polarisation phenomena during the segregation of smooth lead coatings from a new complex lead acetate bathThe current density/potential curves in solutions of complex compounds of lead sulphate in lead acetate permit the conclusion that the grain refinement is not due to a stronger cathodic polarisation. The reason is, in fact, the blocking of the active centres on the cathode surface.This has the effect of preventing the otherwise predominant growth of the lead crystals in the direction perpendicular to the cathode surface and parallel to the current lines. The complex dissolved lead sulphate has a stronger grain refining effect than organic additives to the bath.
    Notes: Die Stromdichte-Potential-Kurven in Lösungen von Komplexverbindungen des Bleisulfats in Bleiacetat und Ammoniumacetat lassen den Schluß zu, daß die Kornverfeinerung nicht auf eine stärkere kathodische Polarisation zurückzuführen ist. Maßgebend dafür ist vielmehr die Blockierung der aktiven Zentren an der Kathodenoberfläche. Dadurch wird das sonst vorherrschende Wachstum der Bleikristalle in Senkrechter Richtung zur Kathodenoberfläche und parallel zu den Stromlinien unterbunden. Das komplex gelöste Bleisulfat wirkt stärker kornverfeinernd als organische Zusätze im Bad.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 944-947 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Disconnection or switch-over techniques applied to the measurements of potentials for cathodic corrosion protectionWith cathodic corrosion protection, it is necessary to measure the potential if adequate protection is to be ensured. When measuring the potential of an electrode passed by a current, the measurements always include an ohmic voltage drop so that the result errs on the negative side. By resorting to cut-out or switch-over techniques, this voltage drop can be eliminated. In that case, however, it is possible that too high an amount of voltage is being deducted so that the result errs on the positive side.The error caused by applying the cut-out or switch-over technique is so small as to be negligible. For switch-over processes, it can be proved theoretically that the error must be smaller than 50 mV. No similar estimate can be made in the case of cut-out processes; but test results show that, in this case, too, the error is very small. The cut-out or switch-over technique can be applied, with negligible error, to the measurements of potentials in cathodic corrosion protection.
    Notes: Beim kathodischen Korrosionsschutz ist die Potentialmessung für die Kontrolle eines ausreichenden Schutzes notwendig. Bei der Potentialmessung einer stromdurchflossenen Elektrode wird immer ein Ohmscher Spannungsabfall miterfaßt, so daß der Meßwert zu negative erscheint. Durch eine Aus- bzw. Umschalttechnik kan dieser Spannungsabfall eliminiert werden. Hierbei ist es aber möglich, daß ein zu hoher Spannungsbetrag abgezogen wird, so daß der Meßwert zu positiv erscheint.Der bei der Aus- bzw. Umschalttechnik verursachte Fehler ist vernachlässigbar klein. Für Umschaltprozesse kann theoretisch hergeleitet werden, daß der Fehler kleiner als 50 mV ist. Für Ausschaltprozesse kann eine ähnliche Abschätzung nicht durchgeführt werden. Jedoch zeigen Versuchsergebnisse, daß auch in diesem Falle der Fehler sehr klein ist. Die Aus- bzw. Umschalttechnik kann für Potentialmessungen beim kathodischen Korrosionsschutz mit vernachlässigbarem Fehler angewendet werden.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 947-956 
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    Description / Table of Contents: A thermodynamic criterion for the inhibition of iron by chromatesA compilation has been made of equilibrium values of Eh for possible electrode reactions in the system Cr/solution. The formation affinities are determined graphically from the equation ΔF° = f(n · O.), resp. ΔF° = f' (n. OH). The regions in which formation of chromium oxides and hydroxids takes place are represented in an affinity (A)/overtension (ΔE) diagram. The pH-dependent inhibiting power of the chromates is explained by the affinity relations in the chemically coupled reactions, i.e. the anodic electrode reaction of Fe and the cathodic electrode reaction of Cr.
    Notes: Zusammenstellung von Gleichgewichts-Eh-Werten Für die möglichen Elektrodenreaktionen im System Cr/Lösung. Die Bildungsaffinitäten werden graphisch aus der Beziehung: ΔF° = f (n. O.) bzw. ΔF° = f' (n. OH.) berechnet. Gebiete, in denen die Bildung von Chromoxyden und -Hydroxyden erfolgt, werden in einem Affinität (A)-Überspannungs (ΔE)-Diagramm dargestellt. Die vom pH-Wert abhängige inhibierende Wirkung der Chromate wird durch die Affinitäten der chemischen Kopplungsreaktion der anodischen Fe-Elektrodenreaktion und der kathodischen Cr-Elektrodenreaktion erklärt.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 976-981 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 14 (1963), S. 1034-1036 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Radiographical investigations into the SiO2—V2O5 systemIn connection with research into the inhibiting effect of amorphous SiO2 on oil ash corrosion in gas turbines, the SiO2—V2O3 system was subjected to radiographical investigations. It was found that, at temperatures up to 1200° C, no compounds are formed between the components of this system. Nor was it possible to observe the formation of mixed crystals. However, during heat treatment, vanadium pentoxide has the effect of speeding up the crystallisation of amorphous SiO2 (Aerosil). Depending on the test conditions, one thereby obtains cristobalite or tridymite, or the disordered or polytype-structure forms of these modifications.
    Notes: Im Zusammenhang mit dem Studium der inhibitorischen Wirkung von amorphem SiO2 auf die Ölaschenkorrosion bei Gasturbinen wurden im System SiO2—V2O5 röntgenographische Untersuchungen angestellt. Dabei zeigte sich, daß zwischen den Komponenten dieses Systems bei Temperaturen bis zu 1200° C keine Verbindungsbildung eintritt. Auch die Bildung von Mischkristallen konnte nicht beobachtet werden. Vanadiumpentoxyd übt aber während einer Hitzebehandlung übt aber während einer Hitzebehandlung auf amorphes SiO2 (Aerosil) eine kristallisationsbeschleunigende Wirkung aus. Je nach den Versuchsbedingungen entstehen dabei Cristobalit oder Tridymit bzw. die fehlgeordneten oder strukturpolytypen Formen dieser Modifikationen.
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