ALBERT

Description: 〈p〉〈em〉Adi is a rural region in India's Karnataka state's Belgaum district.〈/em〉〈em〉 The Co-ordinates are 16.4962° N and 74.3727° E. The area is underlain by basaltic lava flows, known as Deccan Trap. Plagioclase and pyroxene make up the majority of the fine-grained volcanic rock known as basalt, which also contains biotite, olivine, and quartz. Basalt is composed of calcic plagioclase and pyroxene. Plagioclase is seen in the form of laths. Common pyroxene found in basalts is augite. Along with this modal analysis of these rock samples has been carried out. From this it is evident that plagioclase is most abundant mineral followed by augite. Iron oxide and glassy material is also present in considerable amount followed by biotite. Olivine has been found exceptionally. Basalt samples from different flows show different textures, like porphyritic, intergranular and sub ophitic. Laterite covers the uppermost basaltic flow. The flows are equivalent to Panhala Formations of Wai Subgroup. 〈/em〉〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉〈em〉By now, the world is shifting its energy source from nonrenewable energy to renewable energy in need of sustainable energy source, mitigating environmental and climatic problems. Renewable energy sources are sufficient and environmentally friendly. Ethiopia has a significant potential in hydro, solar, wind, and geothermal energy source. Particularly, in the study area, Somali region, there is significant amount of solar energy potential ranging from a minimum of 1,772.557983 Wh/m〈sup〉2 〈/sup〉(approximately 1,772 Kwh/m〈sup〉2〈/sup〉) and maximum of 2,476.39502 Wh/m〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 (approximately 2,476 Kwh/m〈sup〉2〈/sup〉) per year. Even though, the zone has not given sufficient consideration to its opportunities. But, currently, in the country’s ten year strategic plan, the government gives significant attention to invest on this abundant energy source. To make this abundant amount of solar energy useful and functional, identifying and selecting suitable site/s for the development of solar power plants are very crucial. This paper focuses on suitability analysis for identifying and selecting suitable site/s using〈/em〉〈em〉 Geographic Information System (GIS) and multi criteria based Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)〈/em〉〈em〉 by taking into account factors like solar energy potential〈/em〉〈em〉, 〈/em〉〈em〉slope, aspect, land use land cover, proximity to road, proximity to electric main grid and distribution lines, proximity to river/streams, technical and socio economic aspects. 〈/em〉〈em〉AHP method was adopted to determine the weight of each criterion.〈/em〉〈em〉 〈/em〉〈em〉Suitable areas were identified through a linear overlay of spatially distributed weighted criteria using a GIS solution. Criteria GIS layers were converted into rated value layers using four grades and by combining the rating value layers with the weightings, a site suitability map was developed, in 〈/em〉〈em〉high〈/em〉〈em〉, 〈/em〉〈em〉moderate, 〈/em〉〈em〉low and unsuitable. Accordingly, 〈/em〉〈em〉in the study area, nearly about 11.51% highly suitable for solar farm development and about 77.63% of the study area is moderately suitable. Thus, with some modifications and investment 89.14% of the study area is suitable to deploy solar farm. Contrary to this 10.85% is less or unsuitable for the development of solar farm in the region because of some restrictive factors which are not suitable for solar farm installation and development. 〈/em〉〈em〉〈/em〉〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉〈em〉This study was objectively conducted to explore the tree diversity of Langtang National Park (LNP), Nepal and show the correlation between spectral variables and tree biodiversity. Sentinel-2 MSI of LNP in Nepal was acquired from https://scihub.copernicus.eu/. Total 60 samples were collected from forest. Pearson correlation was established to show relationship between tree species diversity and reflectance values. Bagging LASSO algorithm was used to validate the model. Result shows that Shannon-Weiner index was ranging from 2.9 to 3 and it was the highest in dense forest. Altogether, there was 18 tree species in LNP. The highest importance value index was 79.64 of 〈/em〉〈em〉Rhoderndron arborum and it was the least around 3.44 of Prunus cornuta. 〈/em〉〈em〉Classified map of tree species of LNP showed high Kappa statistics with 0.7. The NIR band B6, B7, B8 and B8A performed high separability for tree species. High reflectance values were recorded of Betula alnoides, Qurecus semicarpofolia and Castonopsis hystrix but it was the lowest of Querus lamellose. The higher reflectance value was recorded of Juniperus indica and Sorbus cuspidate in case of shortwave-infrared spectrum (SWIR, Band 11) and SWIR2 (Band 12). The highest negative correlation was recorded between Simpson’s index and B7 with 〈/em〉〈em〉-0.386 and it was the highest positive correlation between Shannon-Weiner Index (H’) and B8 of 〈/em〉〈em〉Sentinel-2 with 0.361. The highest correlation was found between Simpson index and B8A_Entrophy with 〈/em〉〈em〉-0.365. 〈/em〉〈em〉Bagging LASSO model performed better prediction to show correlation between biophysical characteristics and reflectance value of remotely sensed data. 〈/em〉〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉〈em〉The purpose of this study was to assess the potability of groundwater resources in some parts of the Anantapur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The water quality index, a spatial evaluation of groundwater using a GIS-based interpolation method, and the polluting groundwater index are some of the methods used to analyze water quality and explain the water quality of the studied area. A total of 22 groundwater samples were obtained during the post-monsoon period. The samples were tested for pH, EC, TDS, TH, and the major cations and anions. PIG levels between 0.98 and 1.98, with an average of 1.36, categorize low contamination in 5% of the research area and groundwater that is fit for human consumption. Additionally, 77% of the groundwater samples have drinking qualities that are only slightly acceptable. WQI values ranged from 85.97 to 113.52 mg/L, indicating that 55% and 45% of the samples are safe for drinking, respectively, while the other 45% are not. Groundwater samples are found in the field of rock dominance, according to the Gibbs plot. GIS techniques are being used to analyze the spatial variation of groundwater quality, and the results show that the majority of groundwater samples marginally meet standards for potable water, necessitating prior treatment before use. 〈/em〉〈strong〉〈em〉〈/em〉〈/strong〉〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉〈em〉Around the world, disasters are becoming a growing concern. Natural disasters like floods, earthquakes, severe storms and tropical cyclones, droughts, wild land fires, and man-made disasters like hurricanes and tornadoes have damaged the environment as well as destroyed economic and social infrastructure over the previous five decades. The Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing have been used as potential tools for disaster management and monitoring, particularly in the pre, during, and post-disaster stages. Utilizing electromagnetic radiation (EMR) wavelengths and sensors, multi-temporal spatial information can be obtained to simulate the disaster's nature in GIS which can aid to identify and predict the probability of upcoming disasters. For microclimate analysis and damage detection during large-scale natural disasters, the satellite covers a larger area than any other platform. Remote sensing technology for disaster management tasks has been broadened by compact aerial drones. UAVs can be utilitarian for mapping features of disaster impacted related in urban areas in real time.〈/em〉〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉〈em〉Landuse play a role in the determination of main’s social, economic, and cultural progress. In general, the idea of land use is connected to the local physical environment. Landuse reflect a complex correlation between natural historical and socio-economic factors. Besides, size of holding and caste structure determine the changing of land use on the agricultural crops. Such as undulating terrain and hilly poor land determine the process of farming and as-well-as sometime at the capacity of farmers. The present study characteristics of changing pattern of land use in the Sagar district. Slightly more-than half (52.64%) of the total geographical area is net sown in 2021. This proportion is higher than the 48.93% statewide average. An additional 2.29% of the total area is made up of fallow areas. As a consequence, around 75% of the land had farmed. The forest land (24.46%) is quite similar to the average distribution. Around 1.69% of the area is designated as barren and uncultivable due to physical limitations. For a number of reasons, other uncultivated land accounts for about 10.65% of the total area. Land use patterns are influenced by cropping practices and intensity of farming as well as human social and economic position, institutional makeup, and technology advancements. The terrain of its land is ridged on a big chunk of it. Therefore, regional balances of natural processes within them are crucial prerequisites for the rising population's access to food security and its ability to get the most out of the resources at hand.〈/em〉〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉〈em〉The ruling aspect of the present investigation is to study the textural characters as well as to understand the grain size relationship and distributionby engaging granulometric analysis, along the Pennar estuary, South east coast of India. An aggregate of 36 Surface sediment samples were retrieved and a comprehensive study of textural parameters and various size distribution of sediments were analysed at six various stations in six different micro – environments viz., dune, backshore, berm, upper foreshore (UFS), middle foreshore (MFS) and lower foreshore (LFS).  These were further subjected to statistical treatment viz., Mean size (Mz), Skewness (Sk), Standard deviation (σ〈strong〉〈sub〉I〈/sub〉〈/strong〉), and Kurtosis (K〈sub〉G〈/sub〉). The procured results indicates that the sediment samples were coarse to fine grained, very negatively skewed to positively skewed, very well to moderately sorted, and platy tovery leptokurtic in nature and also indicates two mixed environments at some stations. Scatter plots were help to understand the mode of deposition, geological significance and transportation of grains along the coast. Scatter plots also divulges that the sediments along the coast were mainly associated with fluvial process. C-M diagrams demonstrate the type of transportation and deposition of the beach sediments. Ebbing and flooding shows prominent role in changing the characteristics of grains in the Pennar estuary, especially in the estuarine mouth and adjoining river areas.〈/em〉〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉〈em〉〈span〉Currently, wind and solar power generation systems have many drawbacks. Wind and solar power generation Full use of new energy will break the barrier to growth. Location for wind/solar hybrid power plant the primary problem is how to choose scientifically. This article selects six wind/solar hybrid power plants and implements them as a case study and evaluates these six areas via VIKOR by weighting the indicators through the MCDM method. Conclusions Related research findings and better valid, this demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of the method. This macro-site selection plants may provide some theoretical basis. In this statistical methods in the literature and established by statistical analysis. Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka taken this alternative in this method and evaluation parameters are Total investment, Wind direction, Wind speed and speed change, sunshine stabilization, wind power density, energy saving, Environmental factors. Gujarat is on 2nd rank, Rajasthan is on the 1st rank, Tamil Nadu is on the 3rd rank, Indian Karnataka is on the 4th rank, Maharashtra is on the 5th rank and finally Andhra Pradesh is on the 6th rank.〈/span〉〈/em〉〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉〈em〉Flood hazard mapping, which uses model and satellite remote sensing data, is extremely useful for flood monitoring and risk management. The flood inundation extent and flooding depth on Majuli Island and its surrounding area in Assam, India, were simulated using MIKE FLOOD, a coupled 1D-2D hydrodynamic model. MIKE FLOOD is a platform that integrates the MIKE Hydro River (1D) and MIKE 21 FM (2D) models into a dynamically coupled single modeling framework. The study employed daily discharge and water level data from several gauging stations operated by the Centre Water Commission (CWC), Global Flood Monitoring System (GFMS), and Water Resource Department (WRD) of Assam. First, the MIKE Hydro River (1D) model was calibrated using discharge and water level data from 2016 to 2018 and validated for the period of 2019-2021. The MIKE Hydro River (1D) model's calibration and validation results were evaluated using a numerous of performance metrics. From ALOS PALSAR DEM data / SRTM DEM data, a fine mesh and bathymetry of Majuli Island with a spatial resolution of 10m has been created and provided as an input to the MIKE 21 FM (2D, Flow Model). The MIKE Hydro River (1D) and MIKE 21 FM (2D) models were then linked to the MIKE FLOOD model for simulating two-dimensional flood inundations in the study area through lateral linkages. Flood inundation has been simulated for the year 2020, and the model's maximum flood inundation extent has been compared to the actual flooded area retrieved from Sentinel-1 C-Band satellite data. The R〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 in the study area was ranging between 0.86 and 0.97, but the WBL in the MIKE Hydro River model was less than 1.23. On the opposite hand, the MIKE FLOOD's total accuracy is 93.6 percent according to the confusion matrix. According to the most recent model simulation, flooding will occur between July 19 and July 21, 2020, with the greatest and lowest flood depths being 2.38 and 0.786 m, respectively〈/em〉〈em〉. In addition, the MIKE FLOOD model may be used for flood control in the future, and this research will aid policymakers in the field of water management in achieving successful mitigation measures.〈/em〉〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉〈em〉A simulation tool of a sky wave over-the-horizon radar performance and detection process includes many stages based on different models, which creates a synthetic searching scenario as a first step followed by a digital signal processing to detect and locate a potential target. Its accuracy will depend on the quality of the input and adequacy degree of the model assumptions. A sensitivity analysis of this simulation tool is carried out analyzing outputs’ variation as a consequence of changes in input factors. The architecture of this tool allow easy implementation and the study of input variables impact on detection and location results that can be useful towards dimensioning features and elements of a real radar〈/em〉〈/p〉