ALBERT

Note: Contents Acknowledgements Executive Summary with Key Findings and Recommendations Current State of the Art Key Scientific Challenges and Recommendations Major New Synthesis Initiative Required Implementation of Arctic-CHAMP Policy Implications Summary 1. Introduction Rationale for Pan-Arctic Hydrologic Synthesis Report Framework 2. A Strategy for Detecting and Understanding Arctic Hydrological Change: Arctic-CHAMP Arctic-CHAMP Basic Long-Term Monitoring Arctic-CHAMP Field-Based Process Studies Arctic-CHAMP Synthesis Modeling Execution of Arctic-CHAMP 3. Role and Importance of Water in the Arctic System The Integrated Water Cycle of the Pan-Arctic Land Atmosphere Ocean Importance of Arctic Hydrology to the Arctic System Importance of the Arctic to the Earth System 4. Unprecedented Change to Arctic Hydrological Systems Changes to the Land-Based Hydrologic Cycle Changes to the Atmosphere The Changing Arctic Ocean and its Regional Seas 5. Impacts and Feedbacks Associated with Arctic Hydrological Change Direct Impacts on Ecosystems Arctic Water Cycle Change and Humans Land-Atmosphere-Ocean Feedbacks Land-Atmosphere-Ocean-Human Feedbacks 6. Implementation of Arctic-CHAMP References Appendix 1. NSF-ARCSS Arctic Hydrology Workshop Participants Appendix 2. Current Gaps in Understanding the Pan-Arctic Hydrological Cycle Appendix 3. Integration of Arctic-CHAMP with NSF and Other Federal Agency Initiatives Appendix 4. International Collaborations

Note: Chapter 1. Molecular Modeling in Mineralogy and Geochemistry by Randall T. Cygan, p. 1 - 36 Chapter 2. Simulating the Crystal Structures and Properties of Ionic Materials From Interatomic Potentials by Julian D. Gale, p. 37 - 62 Chapter 3. Application of Lattice Dynamics and Molecular Dynamics Techniques to Minerals and Their Surfaces by Steve C. Parker, Nora H. de Leeuw, Ekatarina Bourova, and David J. Cooke, p. 63 - 82 Chapter 4. Molecular Simulations of Liquid and Supercritical Water: Thermodynamics, Structure, and Hydrogen Bonding by Andrey G. Kalinichev, p. 83 - 130 Chapter 5. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Silicate Glasses and Glass Surfaces by Stephen H. Garofalini, p. 131 - 168 Chapter 6. Molecular Models of Surface Relaxation, Hydroxylation, and Surface Charging at Oxide-Water Interfaces by James R. Rustad, p. 169 - 198 Chapter 7. Structure and Reactivity of Semiconducting Mineral Surfaces: Convergence of Molecular Modeling and Experiment by Kevin M. Rosso, p. 199 - 272 Chapter 8. Quantum Chemistry and Classical Simulations of Metal Complexes in Aqueous Solutions by David M. Sherman, p. 273 - 318 Chapter 9. First Principles Theory of Mantle and Core Phases by Lars Stixrude, p. 319 - 344 Chapter 10. A Computational Quantum Chemical Study of the Bonded Interactions in Earth Materials and Structurally and Chemically Related Molecules by G. V. Gibbs, Monte B. Boisen, Jr., Lesa L. Beverly, and Kevin M. Rosso, p. 345 - 382 Chapter 11. Modeling the Kinetics and Mechanisms of Petroleum and Natural Gas Generation: A First Principles Approach by Yitian Xiao, p. 383 - 436 Chapter 12. Calculating the NMR Properties of Minerals, Glasses, and Aqueous Species by John D. Tossell, p. 437 - 458 Chapter 13. Interpretation of Vibrational Spectra Using Molecular Orbital Theory Calculations by James D. Kubicki, p. 459 - 484 Chapter 14. Molecular Orbital Modeling and Transition State Theory in Geochemistry by Mihali A. Felipe, Yitian Xiao, and James D. Kubicki, p. 485 - 531

Note: Contents INTRODUCTION Objectives of the Investigations / FRANZ TESSENSOHN ARCHITECTURE OF THE FOLD-AND-THRUST BELT Northern Segment Explanatory Notes to the Geological Map of Brøggerhalvøya and Blomstrandhalvøya 1 : 40,000 / FRIEDHELM THIEDIG, KERSTIN SAALMANN & KARSTEN PIEPJOHN Nappe Stacking on Brøggerhalvøya, NW Spitsbergen / KARSTEN PIEPJOHN, FRIEDHELM THIEDIG & GEOFF M. MANBY Foreland-Thrust Belt Relationships SE of Kongsfjorden and the Function of the Pretender Fault / FRANZ TESSENSOHN, KARSTEN PIEPJOHN & FRIEDHELM THIEDIG Emergence of Basement-Dominated Nappes in Oscar II Land: Implications for Shortening Estimates / GEOFF M. MANBY & NIKOS LYBERIS The Southern Margin of the Belt of Emergent Thrusting on the North Coast of Isfjorden / KARSTEN PIEPJOHN & WERNER VON GOSEN Permo-Carboniferous Slivers Infolded in the Basement of Western Oscar II Land / FRANZ TESSENSOHN, WERNER VON GOSEN & KARSTEN PIEPJOHN Central Segment Basement-Cored Folds in Nordenskiold Land / NIKOS LYBERIS & GEOFF M. MANBY Involvement of Basal Tertiary Strata in the Fold-Belt Deformation in Nordenskiold Land / WERNER VON GOSEN, HANS-JURGEN PAECH & KARSTEN PIEPJOHN Thrust Tectonics North of Van Keulenfjorden / WERNER VON GOSEN & KARSTEN PIEPJOHN Structure of the West Spitsbergen Fold-and-Thrust Belt in Wedel Jarlsberg Land / GEOFF M. MANBY & NIKOS LYBERIS Southern Segment Polyphase Deformation in the Eastern Hornsund Area / WERNER VON GOSEN & KARSTEN PIEPJOHN Decollement Structures in the Triassic South of Hornsund / FRANZ TESSENSOHN, FRIEDHELM THIEDIG, GEOFF M. MANBY & NIKOS LYBERIS Involvement of the Hornsund High in the Fold-Belt Deformation / FRIEDHELM THIEDIG, GEOFF M. MANBY & KARSTEN PIEPJOHN Structural Setting of the West Spitsbergen Fold-and-Thrust Belt in Southern Sørkapp Land / WERNER VON GOSEN, KARSTEN PIEPJOHN & HANS-JÜRGEN PAECH Stress Patterns in the West Spitsbergen Fold-and-Thrust Belt / GEOFF M. MANBY & NIKOS LYBERIS Role of the Tertiary Compressive Structures in the Central Basin, Spitsbergen / HANS-JÜRGEN PAECH The Relationship of the Ny-Alesund Tertiary to the West Spitsbergen Fold-and-Thrust Belt / KARSTEN PIEPJOHN, KERSTIN SAALMANN, FRIEDHELM THIEDIG & HANS-JÜRGEN PAECH Structures in the Tertiary Sediments of the Forlandsundet Graben / WERNER VON GOSEN & HANS-JÜRGEN PAECH Coalification in Post-Caledonian Sediments on Spitsbergen / HANS-JÜRGEN PAECH & JOACHIM KOCH TIMING Paleontology Paleogene Calcareous Nannofossils from the Firkanten and Sarsbukta Formations on Spitsbergen / PAVEL CEPEK Conflicting Interpretations of the Tertiary Biostratigraphy of Spitsbergen and New Palynological Results / PAVEL CEPEK & WILFRIED KRUTZSCH New Biostratigraphic Data from West Spitsbergen Based on Conodonts / FRIEDRICH W. LUPPOLD Conodont Stratigraphy of the Carboniferous and Permian Strata from Brøggerhalvøya and the Billefjorden Trough / WERNER BUGGISCH, MICHAEL JOACHIMSKI, HARALD LÜTZNER, FRIEDHELM THIEDIG & HEIKO HÜNEKE An Upper Cretaceous Microflora from Spitsbergen / WILFRIED KRUTZSCH Isotope Geochronology K/Ar Dating Attempts on Rocks from the West Spitsbergen Fold-and-Thrust Belt and the Central Basin / FRANZ TESSENSOHN, FRIEDHELM HENJES-KUNST & STEFAN KRUMM CONCLUSION The Evolution of the West Spitsbergen Fold-and-Thrust Belt / CASE TEAM , Zusammenfassungen in englischer, deutscher und russischer Sprache

Note: Contents: Introduction / Günther G. Schulze and Heinrich W. Ursprung -- International trade, investment, and the environment: theoretical issues / Günther G. Schulze and Heinrich W. Ursprung -- the empirical evidence on trade, investment, and the environment / Günther G. Schulze and Heinrich W. Ursprung -- the political economy of international trade and the environment / Günther g. Schulze and Heinrich W. Ursprung -- Trade, agriculture, and the environment / David E. Ervin -- International trade and sustainable forestry / Edward B. Barbier -- International trade in Hazardous waste Michael Rauscher -- Environmental taxation in open economies: trade policy distortions and the double dividend / Sjak Smulders -- Sustainable growth in open economies / Lucas Bretschger and Hannes Egli -- Incentives for international environmental cooperation: theoretical models and economic instruments / Carsten Schmidt -- Governing the global environmental commons: the political economy of international environmental treaties and institutions / Roger Congleton

Note: Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Habil.-Schr , Contents: Problemstellung und Aufbau der Arbeit ; Lohnzurückhaltung in einer Währungsunion - Eine dynamische Totalanalyse ; Die nationalen Unternehmenssektoren ; Dynamische Modelle für die Währungsunion: Die Berücksichtigung produktionsseitiger Asymmetrien ; Heterogene Lohnbildung in einer Währungsunion ; Heterogene Lohnbildung unter Berücksichtigung importierter Vorleistungen ; Ausblick: Dynamisch optimale Lohnbildungsprozesse

Note: Contents: Report on the 2001 activities of NGRIP Operations. - Objective. - Kangerlussuaq (Søndre Strømfjord). - Preparation of the field season. - Drilling equipment. - Start of the field season. - Starting the camp. - Communication. - Bailing. - Drilling. - Logging. - Last Drilling. - Summaries. - DML electronics. - Garbage handling. - Medivac. - Acknowledgement. - Graphs. - NGRIP 2001 sub programs. - Automatic weather stations. - Dust program. - GPS measurements. - Firn gas sampling. - 2001 Field season, Diary. - Communication. - Maintenance/Logistics after the season. - Bulk supplies. - List of participants. - Table of LC130 flights. - NGRIP documentation. - NGRIP camp load. - Sitreps. - Daily reports from NGRIP. - Special reports. - Schedule for camp close down. - List of NGRIP addresses.

Note: Contenido PREFACIO A LA MEMORIA DE MIA JEAN TEGNER PRESENTACIÓN DE APERTURA Reducción de la vulnerabilidad a episodios de El Niño como parte de la planificación en áreas del desarrollo / STEPHEN BENDER SECCIÓN I - ECOSISTEMA MARINO Aspectos oceanográficos de El Niño 1997-98 y su relación con los recursos pelágicos / OCTAVIO MORÓN Y MIGUEL SARMIENTO El fitoplancton frente a la costa peruana durante El Niño 1997-98 / ELCIRA DELGADO, SONIA SÁNCHEZ, FLOR CHANG, PATRICIA VILLANUEVA Y CÉSAR FERNÁNDEZ Variabilidad del fitoplancton en la bahía de Ancón, Lima- Perú, durante El Niño 1997-98 / NOEMÍ OCHOA Y GABRIELA RUILLÓN Efecto de El Niño en el fitoplancton de la bahía de llo, Moque gua / OLGA GÓMEZ Efectos del evento El Niño 1997-98 sobre la distribución y abundancia de anchoveta (Engraulis ringens) / MARIANO GUTIÉRREZ Fluctuaciones de la ictiofauna pelágica en la región norte-centro del litoral peruano de 1994 a 1998 / MARILÚ BOUCHON, SANDRA CAHUÍN Y MIGUEL ÑIQUEN Los peces como indicadores de El Niño en el ecosistema marino peruano desde 1972 a 1998 / ALBERTINA KAMEYA, MIGUEL LLEELLISH Y LUIS CACCHA El Niño 1997-98 y la reproducción de la merluza Merluccius gayi peruanus en el Perú / ANGEL PEREA, BETSY BUITRÓN Y ENRIQUE MECKLENBURG Tecnología espacial y pesca / ANIBAL DÍAZ Y GUILLERMO HASEMBANK A model for the negative effects of El Niño and La Niña oscillation on marine bivalves: Gari solida from Bahía Independencia, Perú / HANS-JÖRG URBAN Los índices de El Niño y del impacto sobre las comunidades bentónicas / JUAN TARAZONA, WOLF ARNTZ, SONIA VALLE Y TANIA PEÑA Estrategias de vigilancia biológica del evento El Niño / MARIO EDDING Y MARCELA BLANCO Biological impacts ofthe 1997-98 El Niño in the californias: kelp forests were devastated / MIA TEGNER Densidad de Stichaster striatus en la orilla rocosa de Ancón durante El Niño 1997-98 / LEONARDO ROMERO Evaluación poblacional del percebe Pollicipes elegans en las islas Lobos: 1996 y 1998 / MARTÍN QUEVEDO, MANUEL SAMAMÉ, JAVIER CASTRO, JAIME DE LA CRUZ Y JORGE FUPUY La pesca del langostino titíXiphopenaeus riveti en la caleta San José, Lambayeque, Perú / JAVIER CASTRO, MARTÍN QUEVEDO Y JAIME DE LA CRUZ Talla, densidad y distribución de Argopecten purpuratus durante 1998 en la bahía de San Lorenzo, Callao, Perú / JUAN ARGÜELLES Y GLADYS CASTILLO Bases para el estudio de las adaptaciones evolutivas de la biodiversidad frente a El Niño en la costa peruana / GONZALO CASTRO SECCIÓN II - ECOSISTEMA TERRESTRE El Niño y las inundaciones en el noreste argentino / ENRIQUE J. SCHNACK, UBALDO R. COLADO, FERNANDO O. DE FRANCESCO, LUIS C. GARCÍA LOZANO Y JUAN A. SCHNACK El Niño 1997-98 y los bosques secos de la costa norte del Perú, caso Sechura y Tambogrande en Piura / JUAN TORRES Productividad primaria neta durante El Niño 1997-98 en los bosques secos de Piura, Perú / CATERINA CÁRDENAS, JUAN TORRES Y JOEL RODAS Dinámica poolacional de los algarrobales (Prosopis pallida)y El Niño en la costa norte del Perú / SUSANA GUSHIKEN, TANIA ACUÑA Y JUAN TORRES La reforestación con algarrobo en zona desértica de Piura, Perú / JORGE VERA TUDELA, JOSEP TRÍAS, LUIS ALBÁN, GUILLERMO MORALES Y JOSÉ ROMERO Condiciones meteorológicas en los algarrobales del caserío Bella Esperanza (Piura, Perú) durante 1991-1998 / YONEL MENDOZA Y MARÍA VILA Impacto de El Niño sobre los cultivos vegetales y la productividad primaria en la sierra central de Piura / FIDEL TORRES, FLAVIO PEÑA, RAMIRO CRUZ Y EVARISTO GÓMEZ El Niño 1997-1998 y el cultivo de papa en la costa central del Perú / ROLANDO EGÚSQUIZA Y SATURNINO ATAUCUSI Flora vascular en las lomas de Ancón y Carabay llo Lima, Perú durante El Niño 1997-98 / ASUNCIÓN CANO, MÓNICA ARAKAKI, JOSÉ ROQUE, MARÍA l. LA TORRE, NANCY REFULIO Y CÉSAR ARANA Productividad primaria de las plantas anuales durante El Niño 1997-98 en las Lomas de Mejia (Islay, Arequipa-Perú) / CARMELO TALA VERA, PERCY JIMÉNEZ, ALDO ORTEGA, LUIS VILLEGAS Y FRANCISCO VILLASANTE Poblaciones de zancudos en la Provincia Constitucional del Callao durante y después del evento El Niño 1997-98 / ROCÍO MORENO, MARÍA REYES, JOSÉ CHAUCA Y JOSÉ IANNACONE SECCIÓN III - CONSECUENCIAS SOCIO-ECONÓMICA Las reacciones del sector pesquero chileno al evento El Niño 1997-98 / DANIEL SUMAN Impacto de El Niño 1997-98 en la actividad pesquera del departamento de Piura / WILLIAM LEÓN La construcción social de la deforestación en México: los incendios de 1998 en la selva tropical de los Chimalapas / DAVID BARKIN y MIGUEL ÁNGEL GARCÍA Comportamiento del período seco y lluvioso e impactos de El Niño en Panamá / CÉSAR CASTILLO Los múltiples avatares de El Niño / ANNE-MARIE HOCQUENGHEM, EVELYNE MESCLIER Y MARÍA TERESA ORÉ Carta de susceptibilidad al peligro de inundaciones: el caso de las lagunas de Sechura / CARLOS TAVARES, FERNÁN ALAYZA Y JAVIER RAMÍREZ Impacto de El Niño 1997-98 en Lambayeque, Perú / JORGE CHANAMÉ, VíCTOR ALVITRES, JORGE FUPUY Y MIGUEL CORTEZ Uso del SIG en la evaluación de daños en la Carretera Panamericana entre Tumbes y Chiclayo / MOISÉS CASTILLO Y ANTONIO RAMÍREZ Efecto de El Niño 1997-98 sobre la salud en la cuenca de Huaura, Sayán / NELSON PACHECO, DENNY RODRÍGUEZ Y LINO CÁCERES SECCIÓN IV - EL NIÑO EN EL PASADO Reconstrucción del registro histórico de eventos El Niño en el Perú: un estado de avance / LUC ORTLIEB Y ANNE-MARIE HOCQUENGHEM Eventos ENOS como pulso de los océanos datos de anillos de árboles de 7 000 AP y 6 000 AP / JAMES H.L. LAWLER TAMAs, ocurrencia episódica de moluscos tropicales en el norte de Chile y evento El Niño / NURY GUZMÁN AMANDA DÍAZ, LUC ORTLIEB Y MARCELA CLARKE ¿1544, un año de El Niño? / ENRIQUE ANGULO El diluvio de 1891 / HUMBERTO RODRÍGUEZ LISTA DE REVISORES ÍNDICE , In spanischer und englischer Sprache

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG

Note: Table of Contents: SESSION 1: EVIDENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE. - Simulation of the Arctic in Global Climate Models / John E. Walsh. - Model assessment of observed contemporary trends in Arctic Climate / Konstantin Y. Vinnikov, Alan Robock, David A. Robinson, Richard L. Armstrong, Ronald J. Stouffer, Thomas L. Delworth, Anthony J. Broccoli, Keith W. Dixon. - Sea ice motion in response to the Arctic Oscillation / Ignatius G. Rigor, John M. Wallace, Roger L. Colony. - Arctic temperature change from long instrumental and paleoclimatic records / P. D. Jones. - Sea ice thinning in the Nansen basin and Greenland Sea / Peter Wadhams. - How anaomalous is the current state of the Arctic? / Ernst Augstein and Rüdiger Gerdes. - Warming of the Arctic in 1920s-1930s and 1980s-1990s / Genrikh V. Alekseev, Victor F. Zakharov, Roger L. Colony, Mark A. Johnson. - Variations in surface air temperature over the Arctic Ocean / Ignatius G. Rigor, Roger L. Colony, John M. Wallace and Seelye Martin. - Seasonal and regional perspectives of Arctic Sea Ice Oscillation: wavelet analysis / Jia Wang and Moto Ikeda. - Observations of ice sheet mass balance and climate change / J. Jay Zwally. - European contributions for Summit Greenland Environment Observatory / Atsumu Ohmura. - Features of seasonal and interannual variability of the water circulation and sea level of the Arctic Ocean / Vladimir K. Pavlov. - SESSION 2: PALEOCLIMATIC RECONSTRUCTIONS. - Climate surprises: lessons from tropical ice cores / Lonnie G. Thompson. - Temporal and spatial nature of change in the circum-polar Arctic / Roy M. Koerner, Bea T. Alt. - Greenland ice core contributions to PARCA (Program for Arctic Regional Climate Assessment) with emphasis on reconstructing annual accumulation histories / Ellen Mosley-Thompson and PARCA Collaborators. - Climatic and environmental histories for the last two centuries from Arctic ice cores / Kumiko Goto-Azuma, Roy M. Koerner, David A. Fisher, Okitsugu Watanabe. - A coupled atmosphere-ocean GCM experiment for 6 kyr BP and 21 kyr BP / Akio Kitoh, Shigenori Murakami. - Concentration variations of atmospheric methane over the past 340 kyrs deduced from Dome Fuji ice core / T. Nakazawa, S. Aoki, K. Kawamura and O. Watanabe. - Physical properties of Dome Fuji ice cores and paleoenvironmental reconstruction / T. Hondoh, H. Narita, A. Hori, T. Ikeda-Fukazawa, S. Mae, S. Fujita, H. Fukazawa, T. Fukumura, H. Shoji, T. Kameda, A. Miyamoto, N. Azuma, Y. Wong, K. Kawada, O. Watanabe, H. Motoyama. - Variations in the oceanographic environment during last 120 kyr in the Sea of Okhotsk / Takeshi Nakatsuka & the Okhotsk Sediment Core Analyses Group. - SESSION 3: PROCESSES, INTERACTIONS AND FEEDBACKS. - Sea surface temperatures off the East coast of Japan at the last glacial maximum inferred from oxygen isotope of foraminiferal tests / T. Oba. - Hydrologic response and feedbacks to a warmer climate in Arctic regions / Larry D. Hinzman, Kenji Yoshikawa, Douglas L. Kane. - Variability and trends in the hydro-climatology of the major Eurasian Arctic drainages / Mark C. Serreze, Martyn P. Clark, Andrew J. Etringer, David H. Bromwich. - Factors that determine when the seasonal snowmelt occurs in Northern Alaska / Robert S. Stone. - On the role of Siberia in global change / Kunihiko Kodera. - A study of Arctic oscillation induced by a positive feedback between the polar vortex and baroclinic instability / H. L. Tanaka and Hiroki Tokinaga. - A climatology of small-scale disturbances in the polar stratosphere / Kaoru Sato, Motoyoshi Yoshiki and Masaaki Takahashi. - Impacts of winter warming event on the cryosphere in the polar regions / Hiroyuki Enomoto. - Climatic impact of the Arctic aerosols ased on ASTAR 2000 (Arctic study of Tropospheric Aerosol and Radiation) field campaign / Takashi Yamanouchi and Andreas Herber. - Preliminary observational results of international Okhotsk Sea study / Masaaki Wakatsuchi. - Ice albedo feedback effect on sea ice / ocean coupled system in the Antarctic / Kay I. Ohshima and Sohey Nihashi. - Land surface processes in the tundra region of Eastern Siberia / Tetsuo Ohata, Yuji Kodama and Yoshiyuki Ishii. - Influence of the Aleutian/Icelandic low seesaw upon the seasonality of the variability in the Northern Hemisphere / Hisashi Nakamura and Meiji Honda. - SESSION 4: CLIMATE MODELING. - Arctic climate variability in the 20th century / Andrey Proshutinsky. - A sensitivity study of the Arctic climate on the basis of regional and global climate model simulations / K. Dethloff, A. Rinke, T. Kandlbinder, W. Dorn, M. Fortmann, D. Handorf, A. Weisheimer, A. H. Lynch, J. H. Christensen, M. Botzet. - Simulation of climate change in the 20th century / Thomas L. Delworth and Thomas R. Knutson. - GCM Simulations of polar climate variability and change / Vladimir M. Kattsov. - Arctic Alaska climate simulations using the regional atmospheric modeling system / Glen E. Liston, Joseph P. McFadden, Roger A. Pielke, Sr. - Role of North Pacific sea ice in climate variability of the NCAR climate model / Uma S. Bhatt, Srpa Häkkinen, Jack S. Miller. - Intercomparison study of Arctic oscillation (AO) and AO-like climate change simulated by various coupled general circulation models / Akira Noda, Kazuki Yamaguchi. - SESSION 5: CONSEQUENCES AND IMPACTS OF CHANGE. - Impacts of climate change in the Arctic / Gunter Weller. - The changes of permafrost induced by greenhouse warming: a numerical study applying multiple-layer ground model / Kazuki Yamaguchi, Akira Noda, Akio Kitoh. - The Northern Sea route and the perspective / H. Kitagawa. - POSTER SESSION. - Evolution of glaciation on the Novaya Zemlya archipelago during global warmings / M. D. Ananicheva, N. V. Davidovich. - Radar echo characteristics at Ny-Ålesund, Spitsbergen Island and Arctic storms over the Norwegian Sea / Yoshio Asuma, Nao Ogitani, Makoto Wada. - Projections of the anthropogenic air surface temperature variations onto the modes of internal climate variability / Roman V. Bekryaev. - Under-ice melt pools as an acceleration factor of Arctic sea ice melting / Pyotr V. Bogorodsky. - The coastal erosion as a significant source of the particulate matter into the Arctic shelf / Oleg V. Dudarev, Igor P. Semiletov, Anatoly I. Botsul, Igor V. Utkin, Vladimir V. Anikiev, Georgy M. Kolesov, Dmitry Yu. Sapozhnikov. - Relationships between Arctic circulation anomaly and mid-latitude transient eddy activity during NH Winter / Masamitsu Hayasaki, H. L. Tanaka. - Abrupt changes in meteorological conditions observed at an inland Antarctic Station in association with wintertime blocking / Naohiko Hirasawa, Hisashi Nakamura, Takashi Yamanouchi. - Seasonal dependence and life cycle of the interannual seesaw between the Aleutian and Icelandic lows / Meiji Honda, Hisashi Nakamura, Jinro Ukita. - Atmospheric control over the interannual variability of the Eurasian continent surface conditions / Masatake E. Hori, Tetsuzo Yasunari. - Hydrological simulation of the Lena River basin, Siberia / Xieyao Ma, Yoshihiro Fukushima, Tetsuo Ohata. - Measurements of carbon dioxide and methane fluxes over an Arctic coastal Tundra ecosystem in 2000 growing season / M. Mano, Y. Harazono, A. Miyata, R. C. Zulueta, W. C. Oechel. - Acoustic measure of climate change in the Arctic Ocean / Peter N. Mikhalevsky, Alexander N. Gavrilov. - Variability of water properties along the Barrow Canyon and the shelf-break of the Beaufort Sea observed from the R/V Mirai MR99-K05 and MR00-K06 cruises / Shigeto Nishino, Chikashi Kobayashi, Takashi Kikuchi, Koji Shimada, Takatoshi Takizawa. - Estimate of the predictability of the atmosphere in the Arctic / Daisuke Nohara, H. L. Tanaka. - Does the fresh water supply from the Amur River flowing into the Sea of Okhotsk affect sea ice formation? / Masayo Ogi, Yoshihiro Tachibana, Michael A. Danchenkov, Koji Yamazaki, Kensuke Takeuchi. - On the role of internal ice stress in mo

Note: Inhalt: Einführung. - 1 Klimasystem. - 1.1 Großräumige Zirkulation. - 1.1.1 Langfristige Variabilität der globalen thermohalinen Zirkulation. - 1.1.2 Modellierung atmosphärischer Zirkulationsanomalien und dekadischer Klimavariabilität. - 1.1.3 Bestimmung der globalen Zirkulation im Ozean. - 1.1.4 Wirkung von Phasenumwandlungen auf polare atmosphärische Prozesse. - 1.1.5 Wechselwirkungen zwischen den antarktischen Randmeeren. - 1.1.6 Dynamik zonaler Stromsysteme. - 1.2 Regionale Zirkulation. - 1.2.1 Energie- und Feuchtetransport in der polaren atmosphärischen Grenzschicht. - 1.2.2 Die Bedeutung des Nordpolarmeers für das europäische Klima. - 1.2.3 Meereiseigenschaften und -prozesse. - 1.2.4 Dekadische Veränderungen der Zirkulation und Wassermassenmodifikation im Weddellmeer. - 1.2.5 Verifikation von Algorithmen zur Ableitung von Wolken- und Strahlungsparametern mit Hilfe der Langzeitmessungen an der Neumayer- und Koldeweystation . - 1.2.6 Austauschprozesse zwischen ozeanischer Deck- und Sprungschicht. - 1.2.7 Entwicklung von Geräten und Messmethoden für die polare Meeresforschung. - 1.2.8 Geräteentwicklung und Messmethoden für die klimarelevante Polarforschung. - 1.3 Physikalische und chemische Prozesse in der Atmosphäre. - 1.3.1 Modellierung physikalischer Prozesse der arktischen Atmosphäre. - 1.3.2 Direkte Klimawirkung der arktischen Aerosole. - 1.3.3 Chemische Zusammensetzung von Aerosolen in den Polargebieten. - 1.3.4 Variationen des stratosphärischen Ozons. - 1.3.5 Spurengasvariationen in der Atmosphäre. - 1.3.6 Reaktive Spurenstoffe und biogeochemische Stoffkreisläufe in der Troposphäre. - 1.3.7 Charakterisierung von Zirren und Wasserdampf in Luftmassen mit niedriger und hoher Aerosolbelastung . - 2 Pelagtsche Ökosysteme. - 2.1 Biologische Ozeanographie. - 2.1.1 Genotypische und phänotypische Variationen im Phytoplankton und Phylogenie der Diatomeen, Dinoflagellaten und Haptophyten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung toxischer Arten. - 2.1.2 Dominanz von Arten und Gruppen in pelagischen Lebensgemeinschaften. - 2.1.3 Ernährungsstrategien vom antarktischen Krill Euphausia superba. - 2.1.4 Assoziationen von Nematoden und Mikroben. - 2.1.5 Physikalische Bedingungen biogeochemischer Prozesse an Fronten im antarktischen Wasserring. - 2.1.6 Eisendüngungsexperiment zum Phytoplanktonwachstum und zur CO2. - 2.1.7 Die Rolle der Mikroorganismen bei Transport und Transformation von gelöstem und partikulärem Material im Arktischen Ozean. - 2.1.8 Anpassungmechanismen und Produktion von Meereislebensgemeinschaften. - 2.2 Schelfmeerökologie. - 2.2.1 Mittelfristige biotische und abiotische Veränderlichkeiten in den biologisch-ozeanographischen Langzeitserien von Helgoland. - 2.2.2 Biodiversität und Ökologie der Makrofauna und -flora des Helgoländer Felssockels. - 2.2.3 Anpassungsstrategien höherer Krebse. - 2.2.4 Nahrungsökologie und Ernährungsphysiologie mariner Tiere. - 2.3 Chemie mariner Spuren- und Naturstoffe. - 2.3.1 Chemische Charakterisierung, Modifizierung und Schicksal von Spurenstoffen. - 2.3.2 Vergleich mikrobieller Gemeinschaften des Nord- und Südpolarmeeres in Abhängigkeit ihrer spezifischen Anpassungsstrategien. - 2.3.3 Lebensgemeinschaften und ihre Naturstoffe. - 2.3.4 Struktur und Funktion mariner Naturstoffe. - 3 Benthische Ökosysteme. - 3.1 Vergleichende Ökosystemforschung. - 3.1.1 Ökologische Prozesse im Übergang Küste- offene See- Tiefsee. - 3.1.2 Nahrungsbeziehungen und pelago-benthische Kopplung. - 3.1.3 Lebensgemeinschaften, Biogeographie und Biodiversität. - 3.1.4 Lebenszyklen dominanter Arten im Klimawandel. - 3.1.5 Diversität und Störungen. - 3.2 Küstenökologie. - 3.2.1 Ökosystemanalyse sedimentärer Küsten. - 3.2.2 Populationsökologie mariner Küstenorganismen. - 3.2.3 Chronobiologie und experimentelle Marikultur von Großalge. - 3.2.4 Ökologische Beobachtungsreihen vor der nordfriesischen Küste. - 3.3 Ökophysiologie und Ökotoxikologie. - 3.3.1 Bestandsbildende Prozesse. - 3.3.2 Physiologische Temperatur-Optima. - 3.3.3 Optimierung der Streßkompetenz. - 3.3.4 Temperaturabhängigkeit von Energiebudgets. - 3.3.5 Alterung und Ontogenese bei Tieren aus verschiedenen Klimazonen. - 3.3.6 Organismen und Zellsysteme als Indikatoren für anthropogene Umweltveränderungen. - 3.3.7 Strukturen, Wirkungen und ökologische Funktionen mariner Naturstoffe. - 4 Geosystem. - 4.1 Paläoumwelt aus Meeressedimenten. - 4.1.1 Terrigener Sedimenteintrag in polare Meeresbecken. - 4.1.2 Prozesse der Modifikation und Remineralisation biogener und geochemischer Signalträger in der Wassersäule und am Meeresboden. - 4.1.3 Biogeochemische Kreisläufe im Ozean: Modellierung und Bilanzierung. - 4.1.4 Kurzzeitige Klima- und Umweltänderungen in hohen Breiten in hoher zeitlicher Auflösung (10^2-10^3 Jahre). - 4.1.5 Langfristige Klima- und Umweltänderungen in hohen Breiten - Die känozoische Entwicklung von der "Warmhaus" - zur "Kalthaus"-Erde. - 4.1.6 Sedimentcharakteristik und -bilanz als Abbild von Umwelt und Strömungen im Meer. - 4.1.7 Bathymetrie der Polargebiete. - 4.2 Dynamik der Periglazialräume. - 4.2.1 Das gekoppelte System Permafrost-Atmosphäre: Rezente Stoffflüsse in Permafrostböden. - 4.2.2 Reaktionen von Permafrostlandschaften auf Umweltveränderungen. - 4.2.3 Permafrostabfolgen Nordsibiriens als Umweltarchive. - 4.2.4 Paläolimnologie in Periglazialräumen. - 4.2.5 Numerische Paläoklima- und Umweltrekonstruktion und ihre raum-zeitliche Variabilität in Periglazialräumen. - 4.3 Struktur und Dynamik der Lithosphäre und polarer Eisschilde. - 4.3.1 Struktur und tektonische Entwicklung von Kontinentalrändern sowie der angrenzenden Tiefsee in der Arktis. - 4.3.2 Bildung und Auseinanderbrechen des Gondwana-Kontinents im atlantischen/indischen Sektor der Antarktis. - 4.3.3 Tektonisch-sedimentäre Dynamik des südlichen Pazifiks und des pazifisch-antarktischen Kontinentalrandes. - 4.3.4 Entwicklung des Südatlantiks/Südwest-Indiks im Känozoikum. - 4.3.5 Dynamik und Massenhaushalt polarer Eismassen. - 4.3.6 Klima- und Umweltgeschichte aus polaren Eisbohrkernen. - 4.3.7 Physikalische Eigenschaften von polarem Eis. - 5 Projektgruppen. - 5.1 Kohlenstoffflüsse. - 5.1.1 Fraktionierung stabiler Isotope im Plankton. - 5.1.2 Biogene Kalkbildung und Kalkauflösung. - 5.1.3 Kohlenstoffflüsse auf zellulärer Ebene. - 5.1.4 Einfluss funktionaler Gruppen im Phytoplankton auf marine Stoffkreisläufe. - 5.1.5 Globale Modelle des Kohlenstoffkreislaufs. - 5.2 Solare UV-Strahlung. - 5.2.1 Variabilität der für den UV-Strahlungsfluss relevanten atmosphärischen Parameter. - 5.2.2 Messung und Analyse der solaren UV-Bestrahlstärke und Modellierung des Strahlungstransfers durch die Atmosphäre. - 5.2.3 UV-induzierte Schäden auf (sub-)zellulärer Ebene, Schutzund Reparaturmechanismen bei Makrophyten und Wirbellosen. - 5.2.4 Wachstum und Fortpflanzung von Makrophyten unter UV-Belastung. - 5.3 Tiefseegradienten. - 5.3.1 Laterale Transportprozesse und kleinskalige Variahilitäten in der Bodenströmung. - 5.3.2 Charakterisierung von Reaktions- und Transportprozessen im Übergangsbereich zwischen Sediment- und Wassersäule. - 5.3.3 Quantifizierung und Charakterisierung des organischen Kohlenstoffflusses. - 5.3.4 Struktur und Funktion bakterieller Tiefseegemeinschaften. - 5.3.5 Entstehung und Dynamik kleinskaliger biogeochemischer Muster im Bereich von biogenen Sedimentstrukturen und ihre Auswirkungen auf die benthische Lebensgemeinschaft. - 5.3.6 Auswirkungen von gepulstem Nahrungseintrag auf Tiefsee-Benthos-Gemeinschaften. - 6 Wissenschaftlich-technische Dienstleistungen und Langzeitvorhaben. - 6.1 Observatorien. - 6.1.1 Technisch-logistischer Betrieb der Forschungsplattformen. - 6.1.2 Atmosphärische Langzeitmessungen. - 6.1.3 Geophysikalische Langzeitmessungen. - 6.1.4 Neubau der deutschen Antarktisstation. - 6.1.5 Alternative Energieversorgung. - 6.1.6 Ökologische Beobachtungsreihen. - 6.2 Forschungs- und

Note: Contents: Foreword. - Series Preface. - Preface to the Second Edition. - Preface to the First Edition. - Part 1 Introduction. - 1 Modeling Dynamic Systems. - 1.1 Model Components. - 1.2 Dynamic Modeling as a Skill and Art. - 1.3 Modeling in STELLA. - 1.4 Principles of Modeling. - Part 2 Some General Methods for Modeling. - 2 Four-Model Set. - 2.1 Stimulus-Response Model. - 2.2 Self-Referencing Model. - 2.3 Goal-Seeking Model. - 2.4 Goal-Setting Model. - 2.5 Examples. - 2.5.1 Exponential Decay of a Stock. - 2.5.2 Newtonian Cooling. - 3 Gradual Development of a Dynamic Model. - 3.1 Modeling Industrialization for a Simple Agrarian Society. - 3.2 Impacts of Per Capita Food Consumption on Population Growth. - 3.3 Adding Agriculture. - 3.4 Adding Industry. - 4 Two Independent Variables. - 4.1 Population Cohorts. - 4.1.1 Basic Cohort Model. - 4.1.2 Population Cohort Array. - 4.1.3 U.S. Population Growth. - 4.2 River Toxins. - 5 Randomness. - 5.1 Flipping a Coin. - 5.2 Intoxication Model. - 6 Positive and Negative Feedback. - 6.1 The Basic Model. - 6.2 Positive Feedback with Fixed Points. - 6.3 Elaborations. - 7 Derivatives and Lags. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Applications of Derivatives and Lags. - 7.2.1 Simple Population Model. - 7.2.2 Two-Population Model. - Part 3 Chemistry Models. - 8 The Law of Mass Action. - 8.1 Breakdown of Nitrogen Dioxide into Nitrogen Oxide and Oxygen. - 8.2 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion. - 9 Chance-Cleland Model for Enzyme-Substrate Interaction. - 10 The Olsen Oscillator. - Part 4 Genetics Models. - 11 Mating of Alleles. - 11.1 Heterozygosity and Disease Resistance. - 11.2 The Mating of Two Alleles into a Genotype: Proving the Hardy-Weinberg Law. - 12 Natural Selection and Mutation. - 13 Artificial Worms. - Part 5 Ecological Models. - 14 Robin Population. - 15 Two-Stage Insect Model. - 16 The Zebra Mussel. - 17 Single Cell Forest. - 18 Predator-Prey Models. - 18.1 Basic Model of Predator-Prey Interactions. - 18.2 Spatial Predator-Prey Model. - 19 Epidemic Modeling. - 20 Reestablishment of Wolves. - 21 Lyme Disease. - 22 Tragedy of the Commons. - Part 6 Economic Models. - 23 Introduction to Modeling Economic Processes. - 24 The Competitive Firm. - 25 The Monopolistic Firm. - 25.1 Basic Model. - 25.2 Taxing Monopolies. - 26 Competitive Equilibrium. - 27 Substitution. - 27.1 Isoquants. - 27.2 Finding the Profit-Maximizing Output Level and Input Combinations. - 28 Time Value. - 29 Opportunity Cost. - 30 Optimal Tree Cutting. - 31 Fisheries Reserve Model. - 32 Dynamic Scarcity. - 32.1 Competitive Scarcity. - 32.2 Monopoly Scarcity. - 33 Market Game. - 34 Pig Cycle. - Part 7 Engineering Models. - 35 The Assembly Line. - 35.1 Basic Model. - 35.2 Car Assembly Line. - 36 Models of Gravity and Acceleration. - 36.1 Falling Rock. - 36.2 Projectile Motion. - 36.3 Mass-Damper-Spring. - 36.4 Mechanical Amplifier. - 37 Chaos. - 37.1 A New Paradigm. - 37.2 Jenson Chaos. - 37.3 Lorenz Chaos. - 37.4 Two-Well Chaos. - Part 8 Conclusion. - 38 Beginning a Dialog. - Appendixes. - A1 System Requirements. - A1.1 Macintosh. - A1.2 Windows. - A2 Quick Help Guide. - A2.1 Overview of the STELLA(r) Operating Environment. - A2.2 Drawing an Inflow to a Stock. - A2.3 Drawing an Outflow from a Stock. - A2.4 Replacing a Cloud with a Stock. - A2.5 Bending Flow Pipes. - A2.6 Repositioning Flow Pipes. - A2.7 Reversing Direction of a Flow. - A2.8 Flow Define Dialog-Builtins. - A2.9 Moving Variable Names. - A2.10 Drawing Connectors. - A2.11 Defining Graphs and Tables. - A2.12 Dynamite Operations on Graphs and Tables. - References. - Index.

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1 Introduction to the atmosphere. - Weather and climate. - Atmospheric hazards: assault by the elements. - The atmosphere: a part of the earth system. - Earth's four spheres. - Earth's spheres interact. - The carbon cycle. - Composition of the atmosphere. - Major components. - Carbon dioxide. - Variable components. - Ozone depletion - a global issue. - The ozone hole. - Effects of ozone depletion. - Montreal Protocol. - Probing the atmosphere. - Height and structure of the atmosphere. - Pressure changes. - Temperature changes. - Vertical variations in composition. - The ionosphere. - 2 Heating Earth's Surface and Atmosphere. - Earth-Sun Relationships. - Earth's Motions. - The Seasons. - Earth's Orientation. - Solstices and Equinoxes. - Energy, Heat, and Temperature. - Types of Energy. - Heat Energy Versus Temperature. - Mechanisms of Energy Transfer. - Conduction. - Convection. - Radiation. - Laws of Radiation. - The Fate of Incoming Solar Radiation. - Reflection and Scattering. - Absorption by Earth's Surface and Atmosphere. - Radiation Emitted by Earth. - Heating the Atmosphere. - The "Greenhouse Effect". - Role of Clouds in Heating Earth. - Heat Budget. - Latitudinal Heat Balance. - 3 Temperature. - For the Record: Air Temperature Data. - Why Temperatures Vary: The Controls of Temperature. - Land and Water. - Ocean Currents. - Altitude. - Geographic Position. - Cloud Cover and Albedo. - World Distribution of Temperatures. - Cycles of Air Temperature. - Daily Temperature Variations. - Magnitude of Daily Temperature Changes. - Annual Temperature Variations. - Temperature Measurement. - Mechanical Thermometers. - Electrical Thermometers. - Instrument Shelters. - Temperature Scales. - Applications of Temperature Data. - Heating Degree-Days. - Cooling Degree-Days. - Growing Degree-Days. - Temperature and Comfort. - 4 Moisture and Atmospheric Stability. - Movement of Water Through the Atmosphere. - Water's Changes of State. - Water in the Atmosphere. - Vapor Pressure and Saturation. - Relative Humidity. - How Relative Humidity Changes. - Natural Change in Relative Humidity. - Dew Point Temperature. - Humidity Measurement. - Adiabatic Temperature Changes. - Adiabatic Cooling and Condensation. - Lifting Processes. - Orographic Lifting. - Frontal Wedging. - Convergence. - Localized Convective Lifting. - Contents. - The Critical Weathermaker: Atmospheric Stability. - Types of Stability. - Stability and Daily Weather. - How Stability Changes. - Temperature Changes and Stability. - Vertical Air Movement and Stability. - 5 Forms of Condensation and Precipitation. - Condensation. - Condensation Aloft and Cloud Formation. - Clouds. - Cloud Classification. - Cloud Descriptions. - Fog. - Fogs Formed by Cooling. - Fogs Formed by Evaporation. - Dew and Frost. - How Precipitation Forms. - Precipitation from Cold Clouds: The Bergeron Process. - Precipitation from Warm Clouds: The Collision-Coalescence Process. - Forms of Precipitation. - Rain. - Snow. - Sleet and Glaze. - Hail. - Rime. - Precipitation Measurement. - Standard Instruments. - Measuring Snowfall. - Measurement Errors. - Precipitation Measurement by Weather Radar. - Intentional Weather Modification. - Cloud Seeding. - Fog and Cloud Dispersal. - Hail Suppression. - Frost Prevention. - Inadvertent Weather Modification: Urban-Induced Precipitation. - 6 Air Pressure and Winds. - Understanding Air Pressure. - Measuring Air Pressure. - Factors Affecting Air Pressure. - Pressure Changes With Altitude. - Factors Affecting Wind. - Pressure-Gradient Force. - Coriolis Force. - Friction. - Winds Aloft and Geostrophic Flow. - Curved Flow and the Gradient Wind. - Surface Winds. - How Winds Generate Vettical Air Motion. - Vertical Airflow Associated with Cyclones and Anticyclones. - Factors That Promote Vertical Airflow. - Wind Measurement. - 7 Circulation of the Atmosphere. - Scales of Atmospheric Motion. - Large- and Small-Scale Circulation. - Structure of Wind Patterns. - Local Winds. - Land and Sea Breezes. - Mountain and Valley Breezes. - Chinook (Foehn) Winds. - Katabatic (Fall) Winds. - Country Breeze. - Global Circulation. - Single-Cell Circulation Model. - Three-Cell Circulation Model. - Observed Distribution of Pressure and Winds. - Idealized Zonal Pressure Belts. - Semipermanent Pressure Systems: The Real World. - Monsoons. - The Asian Monsoon. - The North American Monsoon. - The Westerlies. - Why Westerlies?. - Jet Streams. - Origin of the Midlatitude Jet Stream. - Subtropical Jet Stream. - Waves in the Westerlies. - Westerlies and Earth's Heat Budget. - Global Winds and Ocean Currents. - The Importance of Ocean Currents. - Ocean Currents and Upwelling. - El Niño and La Niña. - Global Distribution of Precipitation. - Zonal Distribution of Precipitation. - Distribution of Precipitation Over the Continents. - Precipitation Regimes on a Hypothetical Continent. - 8 Air Masses. - What Is an Air Mass?. - Source Regions. - Classifying Air Masses. - Air-Mass Modification. - Properties of North American Air Masses. - Continental Polar (cP) and Continental Arctic (cA) Air Masses. - Lake-Effect Snow: Cold Air Over Warm Water. - Maritime Polar (mP) Air Masses. - Maritime Tropical (mT) Air Masses. - Continental Tropical (eT) Air Masses. - 9 Weather Patterns. - Polar-Front Theory. - Fronts. - Warm Fronts. - Cold Fronts. - Stationary Fronts. - Occluded Fronts. - Drylines. - Life Cycle of a Midlatitude Cyclone. - Formation: The Clash of Two Air Masses. - Development of Cyclonic Flow. - Occlusion: The Beginning of the End. - Idealized Weather of a Midlatitude Cyclone. - Cyclogenesis. - Cyclonic and Anticyclonic Circulation. - Divergence and Convergence Aloft. - Traveling Cyclones. - Patterns of Movement. - Anticyclonic Weather and Blocking Highs. - Case Study of a Midlatitude Cyclone. - Violent Spring Weather. - Weather in Peoria. - 10 Thunderstorms and Tornadoes. - What's in a Name?. - Thunderstorms. - Air-Mass Thunderstorms. - Stages of Development. - Occurrence. - Severe Thunderstorms. - Supercell Thunderstorms. - Squall Lines and Mesoscale Convective Complexes. - Lightning and Thunder. - What Causes Lightning?. - The Lightning Stroke. - Thunder. - Tornadoes. - The Development and Occurrence of Tornadoes. - Tornado Development. - Tornado Climatology. - Profile of a Tornado. - Tornado Destruction. - Tornado Forecasting. - Tornado Watches and Warnings. - Doppler Radar. - 11 Hurricanes. - Profile of a Hurricane. - Hurricane Formation and Decay. - Hurricane Formation. - Hurricane Decay. - Hurricane Destruction . - Storm Surge. - Wind Damage. - Inland Flooding. - Detecting and Tracking Hurricanes. - The Role of Satellites. - Aircraft Reconnaissance. - Radar and Data Buoys. - Hurricane Watches and Warnings. - 12 Weather Analysis and Forecasting. - The Weather Business: A Brief Overview. - Weather Analysis. - Gathering Data. - Weather Maps: Pictures of the Atmosphere. - Weather Forecasting. - Synoptic Weather Forecasting. - Numerical Weather Prediction. - Statistical Methods. - Techniques Used in Short-Range Forecasting. - Long-Range Forecasts. - Forecast Accuracy. - Tools in Weather Forecasting. - Satellites in Weather Forecasting. - What Weather Satellites Reveal. - Measurement by Satellite. - Weather Forecasting and Upper-Level Flow. - The Winter of 1977. - 13 Air Pollution. - A Brief Historical Perspective. - Air Pollution: Not a new Problem. - Some Historic Episodes. - Sources and Types of Air Pollution. - Primary Pollutants. - Secondary Pollutants. - Trends in Air Quality. - Meteorological Factors Affecting Air Pollution. - Wind as a Factor. - The Role of Atmospheric Stability. - Acid Precipitation. - Extent and Potency of Acid Precip

Note: Inhalt: Vorwort. - 1. Einführung. - 1.1 Was ist Fernerkundung?. - 1.2 Historische Hinweise. - 2. Wie entstehen Luft- und Satellitenbilder?. - 2.1 Physikalische Grundlagen. -2.1.1 Elektromagnetische Strahlung. - 2.1.2 Einflüsse der Atmosphäre. - 2.1.3 Reflexionseigenschaften des Geländes. - 2.1.4 Thermalstrahlung. - 2.1.5 Mikrowellen. - 2.2 Aufnahme mit photographischen Systemen. - 2.2.1 Photographischer Prozeß. - 2.2.2 Spektrale Empfindlichkeit photographischer Schichten. - 2.2.3 Farbphotographie. - 2.2.4 Filme zur Luftbildaufnahme. - 2.2.5 Filter und ihre Wirkung. - 2.2.6 Aufnahmegeräte. - 2.2.7 Aufnahmetechnik. - 2.3 Aufnahme mit Abtast-Systemen (Scanner). - 2.3.1 Optisch-mechanische Scanner. - 2.3.2 Optoelektronische Scanner. - 2.3.3 Abbildende Spektrometer. - 2.4 Aufnahme mit Radar-Systemen. - 2.5 Beschaffung von Luft- und Satellitenbildern. - 3. Eigenschaften von Luft- und Satellitenbildern. - 3.1 Geometrische Eigenschaften. - 3.1.1 Photographische Bilder. - 3.1.2 Scanner-Bilder. - 3.1.3 Radar-Bilder. - 3.2 Radiometrische (physikalische) Eigenschaften. - 3.3 Erkennbarkeit von Objekten (Auflösungsvermögen). - 3.3.1 Auflösung photographischer Bilder. - 3.3.2 Auflösung von Scanner- und Radarbildern. - 3.3.3 Einfluß der Objekteigenschaften. - 3.4 Bilder und Karten im Vergleich. - 4. Möglichkeiten der Bildverarbeitung. - 4.1 Analoge und digitale Bilddaten. - 4.2 Analoge Bildverarbeitung. - 4.3 Digitale Bildverarbeitung. - 4.3.1 Geometrische Transformationen (Entzerrung). - 4.3.2 Radiometrische Verbesserungen. - 4.3.3 Bildverbesserungen. - 4.3.4 Erzeugung und Verarbeitung von farbigen Bildern. - 4.3.5 Kombination von Daten mehrerer Spektralkanäle. - 4.3.6 Kombination mehrerer Bilder. - 5. Auswertung von Luft- und Satellitenbildern. - 5.1 Visuelle Bildinterpretation. - 5.1.1 Visuelle Wahrnehmung. - 5.1.2 Interpretationsfaktoren. - 5.1.3 Stereoskopisches Sehen und Messen. - 5.1.4 Hilfsmittel zur Bildinterpretation. - 5.1.5 Methoden der Bildinterpretation. - 5.2 Photogrammetrische Auswertung. - 5.2.1 Ebene Entzerrung. - 5.2.2 Stereomessung und -kartierung. - 5.2.3 Differentialentzerrung. - 5.3 Digitale Bildauswertung. - 5.3.1 Prinzip der Multispektral-Klassifizierung. - 5.3.2 Klassifizierungsverfahren. - 5.3.3 Erweiterungen der Multispektral-Klassifizierung. - 5.4 Darstellung der Auswerteergebnisse. - 5.4.1 Karten und kartenähnliche Darstellungen. - 5.4.2 Graphische Darstellungen. - 5.4.3 Geoinformationssysteme. - 6. Anwendungen von Luft- und Satellitenbildern. - 6.1 Kartographie. - 6.2 Geographie. - 6.3 Geologie und Geomorphologie. - 6.4 Bodenkunde und Altlastenerkundung. - 6.5 Forst- und Landwirtschaft. - 6.6 Tierkunde. - 6.7 Regionale Planung. - 6.8 Siedlungen und technische Planung. - 6.9 Archäologie. - 6.10 Gewässerkunde und Ozeanographie. - 6.11 Meteorologie und Klimaforschung. - 6.12 Planetenforschung. - 6.13 Ausblick. - Literaturverzeichnis. - Bezugsquellen. - Sachregister.

Note: Table of contents List of contributors Preface A global vegetation index for SeaWiFS: Design and applications / N. Gobron, F, Melin, B. Pinty, M. M. Verstraete, J.-L. Widlowski and G. Bucini Modeling sensible heat flux using estimates of soil and vegetation temperatures: the HEIFE and IMGRASS experiments / Li Jia, Massimo Menenti, Zhongbo Su, Zhao-Liang Li, Vera Djepa and Jiemin Wang Exploitation of Surface Albedo Derived from the Meteosat Data to Characterize Land Surface Changes / Bernard Pinty, Michel M. Verstraete, Nadine Gobron, Fausto Roveda, Yves Govaerts, John V. Martonchik,David J. Diner and Ralph A. Kahn Towards a Climatology of Australian Land Surface Albedo for use in Climate Models / Ian F. Grant Collocated surface and satellite observations as constraints for Earth radiation budget simulations with global climate models / Martin Wild How well do aerosol retrievals from satellites and representation in global circulation models match ground-based AERONET aerosol statistics? / S. Kinne, B. Holben, T. Eck, A. Smirnov, O. Dubovik, I. Slutsker, D. Tanre, G. Zibozdi, U. Lohmann, S. Ghan, R. Easter, M. Chin, P. Ginoux, T. Takemura, I, Tegen, D. Koch, R. Kahn, E. Vermote, L. Stowe, O. Torres, M. Mishchenko, I. Geogdzhayev and A. Hiragushi Remote Sensing of Snow and Characterization of Snow Albedo for Climate Simulations / Anne W. Nolin and Allan Frei Using the Special Sensor Microwave Imager to Monitor Surface Wetness and Temperature / Alan Basist and Claude Williams Snow Cover Fraction in a General Circulation Model / A. Roesch, M. Wild and A. Ohmura Boreal Forest Fire Regimes and Climate Change / B.J. Stocks, B.M. Wotton, M.D. Flannigan, M.A. Fosberg, D.R. Cahoon and J.G. Goldammer Specification of surface characteristics for use in a high resolution regional climate model: on the role of glaciers in the Swiss alps / Stéphane Goyette, Claude Collet and Martin Beniston Using Satellite Data Assimilation to Infer Global Soil Moisture Status and Vegetation Feedback to Climate / Wolfgang Knorr and Jan-Peter Schulz The Use of Remotely-sensed Data for the Estimation of Energy Balance Components in a Mountainous Catchment Area / P.A. Brivio, R. Colombo and M. Meroni Integration of operationally available remote sensing and synoptic data for surface energy balance modelling and environmental applications on the regional scale / Stefan Niemeyer and Jürgen Vogt

Note: Contents List of Contributors Preface Acknowledgments List of Notations PART A. BEACH SYSTEMS: DEFINITION AND GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE 1 Beaches / Andrew D. Short 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Two-dimensional beaches 1.3 Three-dimensional beaches 1.4 Beach components and boundary conditions 1.5 Beach classifications 1.6 Beach Quantification 1.7 Beach morphodynamics 1.8 The study of beaches 1.9 Rationale for beach studies in the 21st century 2 Global variation in beach systems / Andrew D. Short 2.1 Global variation in beach systems 2.2 Coastal boundaries 2.3 Global climates 2.4 Global coastal sediments 2.5 Beach sediments 2.6 Global wave climates 2.7 Global and coastal tide regimes 2.8 Summary PART B. BEACH MORPHODYNAMICS 3 The shoreface / Peter J. Cowell, David J. Hanslow and Justin F. Meleo 3.1 Introduction: definition and significance 3.2 Morphological scale 3.3 Morphodynamics and shoreface equilibrium 3.4 Morphodynamic time scale and external controls 3.5 Summary 4 The surf zone / Troels Aagaard and Gerhard Masselink 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Wave transformation and wave set-up 4.3 Infragravity wave motion in the surf zone 4.4 Surf zone currents 4.5 Sediment transport 4.6 Bar morphology 5 The beachface / Michael Hughes and Ian Turner 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Swash kinematics 5.3 Beachface slope 5.4 Berms 5.5 Beach step 5.6 Swash cusps 5.7 Concluding remarks 6 The beach backshore and beyond / Patrick A. Hesp 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Backshore beach morphology 6.3 Backshore sand transport 6.4 Backshore aerodynamics 6.5 Beach- Backshore - dune sediment transport 6.6 Impact of salt aerosols 6.7 Overwash processes and deposits 6.8 Swash-deposited backshore landforms 6.9 Backshore dunes 6.10 Erosional and transgressive dunes 6.11 Summary PART C. BEACH TYPES AND APPLICATIONS 7 Wave-dominated beaches / Andrew D. Short 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Historical perspective 7.3 Wave-dominated beach types 7.4 Sequential beach changes 7.5 Multi-bar micro-tidal beaches 7.6 Beach 'state' curves: beaches in time and space 8 The effect of tides on beach morphodynamics / Gerhard Masselink and Ian L. Turner 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Tide-induced migration of hydrodynamic processes 8.3 Tide-induced fluctuations of the beach ground water table 8.4 Morphological response to tides 8.5 The parameterisation of tidal effects 8.6 A morphodynamic classification of tidal beaches 8.7 Summary 9 Embayed and structurally controlled beaches / Andrew D. Short and Gerhard Masselink 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Beach planform 9.3 Beach morphodynamics 9.4 Beach rotation 9.5 Headland sand bypassing 9.6 Structural impacts 9.7 Summary PART D. BEACH SYSTEMS AND IMPACTS 10 Beach Modification: natural impacts on beach morphodynamics / Andrew D. Short 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Determining beach type, circulation and bar number 10.3 Modification by cold climates 10.4 Modification by tropical climates 10.5 Modification of beach parameters 10.6 Summary 11 Beach ecology / Andrew D. Short and Patrick A. Hesp 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Beach habitats 11.3 Beach organisms 11.4 The beach energy system 11.5 Beach ecology and beach systems 11.6 Physical implication 11.7 Summary 12 Beach and dune stratification / Andrew D. Short and Patrick A. Hesp 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Boundary layer processes 12.3 Beach type and stratification 12.4 Dune stratification 12.5 Summary 13 Beach hazards and safety / Andrew D. Short 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Beach hazards 13.3 Wave-dominated beach hazards 13.4 Tide-modified beach hazards 13.5 Beach hazard rating 13.6 Applications to beach management 13.7 Summary PART E. LARGE SCALE BEACH BEHAVIOUR 14 Barrier morphodynamics / Patrick A. Hesp and Andrew D. Short 14.1 Introduction 14.2 The origin of barriers 14.3 Factors contributing to barrier type and evolution 14.4 Barrier morphodynamics and types 14.5 Controls on barrier evolution 14.6 Conclusion References Author Index Location index Subject Index

Note: Contents: Contributors. - Foreword by Paul J. Crutzen. - Preface by David Schimel. - Introduction. - 1 Uncertainties of Global Biogeochemical Predictions / E. D. Schulze, D. S. S. Schimel. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 The IGBP Transect Approach. - 1.2.1 The Patagonian Transect. - 1.2.2 The Australian Transect. - 1.2.3 The European Transect. - 1.3 Variability in Processes. - 1.4 Biome Approach and Functional Types. - 1.5 New Approaches to Functional Diversity. - 1.6 Conclusions. - References. - 2 Uncertainties of Global Climate Predictions / L. Bengtsson. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Observational Evidence. - 2.3 Physical Rationale. - 2.3.1 Stochastic Forcing. - 2.3.2 Solar irradiation Changes. - 2.3.3 Volcanic Effects. - 2.3.4 Anthropogenic Effects. - 2.4 Response to Forcing of the Climate System. - 2.5 Results from Climate Change Prediction Experiments. - 2.6 Summary and Conclusions. - References. - 3 Uncertainties in the Atmospheric Chemical System / G. P. Brasseur, E. A. H. Holland. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Synthetic View of Chemical Processes in the Troposphere. - 3.3 The IMAGES Model. - 3.4 Changes in the Chemical Composition of the Global Troposphere. - 3.5 Concluding Remarks. - References. - 4 Inferring Biogeochemical Sources and Sinks from Atmospheric Concentrations: General Consideration and Applications in Vegetation Canopies / M. Raupach. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Scalar and Isotopic Molar Balances. - 4.2.1 General Principles. - 4.2.2 Single-Point Eulerian Equations. - 4.2.3 Source Terms for CO2. - 4.2.4 Single-Point Lagrangian Equations. - 4.3 Inverse Methods for Inferring Scalar Sources and Sinks in Canopies. - 4.3.1 General Principles. - 4.3.2 Localized Near Field Theory. - 4.3.3 The Dispersion Matrix. - 4.3.4 Turbulent Velocity Field. - 4.3.5 Solutions for Forward, Inverse and Implicit Problems. - 4.3.6 Field Tests. - 4.4 Inverse Methods and Isotopes in Canopies. - 4.4.1 Path Integrals and Keeling Plots. - 4.4.2 Inverse Lagrangian Analysis of Isotopic Composition. - 4.5 Summary and Conclusions. - Appendix A. - Appendix B. - References. - 5 Biogeophysical Feedbacks and the Dynamics of Climate / M. Claussen. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Synergisms. - 5.2.1 High Northern Latitudes. - 5.2.2 Subtropics. - 5.3 Multiple Equilibria. - 5.4 Transient Interaction. - 5.5 Perspectives. - References. - 6 Land-Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions and Monsoon Climate Change: A Paleo-Perspective / J. E. Kutzbach, Michael T. Coe, S. P. Harrison and M. T. Coe. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Response of the Monsoon to Orbital Forcing. - 6.3 Ocean Feedbacks on the Monsoon. - 6.4 Land-Surface Feedbacks on the Monsoon. - 6.5 Synergies between the Land, Ocean and Atmosphere. - 6.6 The Role of Climate Variability. - 6.7 Final Remarks. - References. - 7 Paleobiogeochemistry / I. C. Prentice, D. Raynaud. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Methane. - 7.3 Carbon Dioxide. - 7.4 Mineral Dust Aerosol. - 7.5 Scientific Challenges Posed by the Ice-Core Records. - 7.5.1 Methane. - 7.5.2 Carbon Dioxide. - 7.5.3 Mineral Dust Aerosol. - 7.6 Towards an Integrated Research Strategy for Palaeobiogeochemistry. - References. - 8 Should Phosphorus Availability Be Constraining Moist Tropical Forest Responses to Increasing CO2 Concentrations / J. Lloyd, M. I. Bird, E. M. Veenendaal and B. Kruijt. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Phosphorus in the Soils of the Moist Tropics. - 8.2.1 Soil Organic Phosphorus. - 8.2.2 Soil Inorganic Phosphorus. - 8.2.3 Soil Carbon/Phosphorus Interactions. - 8.3 States and Fluxes of Phosphorus in Moist Tropical Forests. - 8.3.1 Inputs and Losses of Phosphorus Through Rainfall, Dry Deposition and Weathering: Losses Via Leaching. - 8.3.2 Internal Phosphorus Flows in Moist Tropical Forests. - 8.3.3 Mechanisms for Enhanced Phosphorus Uptake in Low P Soils. - 8.4 Linking the Phosphorus and Carbon Cycles. - 8.4.1 To What Extent Does Phosphorus Availability Really Limit Moist Tropical Forest Productivity?. - 8.4.2 Tropical Plant Responses to Increases in Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations. - 8.4.3 Using a Simple Model to Examine CO2/Phosphorus Interactions in Tropical Forests. - References. - 9 Trees in Grasslands: Biogeochemical Consequences of Woody Plant Expansion / S. Archer, T. W. Boutton and K. A. Hibbard. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 Woody Plant Encroachment in Grasslands and Savannas. - 9.3 The La Copita Case Study. - 9.3.1 Biogeographical and Historal Context. - 9.3.2 Herbaceous Retrogression and Soil Carbon Losses. - 9.3.3 Woody Plant Encroachment and Ecosystem Biogeochemistry. - 9.4 Degradation: Ecological Versus Socioeconomic. - 9.5 Implications for Ecosystem and Natural Resources Management. - 9.6 Summary. - References. - 10 Biogeochemistry in the Arctic: Patterns, Processes and Controls / S. Jonasson, F.S. Chapin, III and G. R. Shaver. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Tundra Organic Matter. - 10.2.1 Distribution of Organic Matter. - 10.2.2 Patterns and Controls of Organic Matter Turnover between Ecosystem Types. - 10.3 Tundra Nutrients. - 10.3.1 Nutrient Distribution and Controls of Nutrient Cycling. - 10.3.2 Nutrient Mineralization and Plant Nutrient Uptake. - 10.3.3 Are there Unaccounted Plant Sources of Limiting Nutrients?. - 10.4 Biogeochemical Responses to Experimental Ecosystem Manipulations. - 10.4.1 Applicability of Experimental Manipulations. - 10.4.2 Responses to Water Applications. - 10.4.3 Response to Nutrient Addition and Warming. - 10.4.4 Responses in Ecosystem Carbon Balance. - 10.5 Summary. - References. - 11 Evaporation in the Boreal Zone During Summer - Physics and Vegetation / F. M. Kelliher, I. Lloyd, C. Rebmann, C. Wirth and E. D. Schulze, D. D. Baldocchi. - 11.1 Introduction. - 11.2 Climate and Soil Water. - 11.3 Evaporation Theory. - 11.4 Evaporation During Summer and Rainfall. - 11.5 Forest Evaporation, Tree Life Form and Nitrogen. - 11.6 Conclusions. - References. - 12 Past and Future Forest Response to Rapid Climate Change / M.B. Davis. - 12.1 Introduction. - 12.2 Long-Distance Dispersal. - 12.3 Estimating Jump Distances. - 12.4 Interactions with Resident Vegetation - Constraints on Establishment. - 12.5 Interactions with Resident Vegetation - Competition for Light and Resulting Constraints on Population Growth. - 12.6 Conclusions. - References. - 13 Biogeochemical Models: Implicit vs. Explicit Microbiology / J. Schimel. - 13.1 Introduction. - 13.2 Microbiology in Biogeochemical Models. - 13.3 Dealing with Microbial Diversity in Models. - 13.4 Kinetic Effects of Microbial Population Size. - 13.5 Microbial Recovery from Stress. - 13.6 Conclusions. - References. - 14 The Global Soil Organic Carbon Pool / M. I. Bird, H. Santruckova, J. Lloyd and E. M. Veenendaal. - 14.1 Introduction: the Soil Carbon Pool and Global Change. - 14.2 Factors Affecting the Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon. - 14.3 Global Variations in the SOC Pool. - 14.4 The Limitations of Available Observational SOC Data. - 14.5 A Stratified Sampling Approach. - 14.6 Conclusions: Sandworld and Clayworld. - References. - 15 Plant Compounds and Their Turnover and Stability as Soil Organic Matter / G. Gleixner, C. Czimczik, C. Kramer, B. M. Lühker and M. W. I. Schmidt. - 15.1 Introduction. - 15.2 Pathways of Soil Organic Matter Formation. - 15.2.1 Formation and Decomposition of Biomass. - 15.2.2 The Influence of Environmental Conditions on SOM Formation. - 15.2.3 For

Note: Contents Foreword Preface Summary for Policymakers Synthesis Report Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 Question 6 Question 7 Question 8 Question 9 Working Group Summaries Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Annexes A. Authors and Expert Reviewers B. Glossary of Terms C. Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Units D. Scientific, Technical, and Socio-Economic Questions Selected by the Panel E. List of Major IPCC Reports

Note: CONTENTS Preface The Editors Aims & Scope of Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research Book Series Editors and Board of Advisors of Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research Book Series Contents of Volumes 1 to 4 Safety Considerations and Caution List of Contributors 1. Zoological indicators in lake sediments: an introduction / John P. Smol, H. John B. Birks & William M. Last References 2. Cladocera and other branchiopod crustaceans / A. Korhola & M. Rautio Introduction Cladocera Other crustacean branchiopods Summary Acknowledgements References 3. Midges: Chironomidae and related Diptera / I. R. Walker Introduction Overview of life cycles and ecology Methods Indicator potential Future directions Summary Acknowledgments References 4. Coleoptera and Trichoptera / S. A. Elias Introduction Sampling of insect fossils Extraction of insect fossils from sediment Specimen identification Paleoenvironmental interpretation Paleotemperature reconstructions Summary References 5. Oribatid mites / T. Solhøy Introduction Brief history Outline of methods Indicator potential Summary Acknowledgements Appendix I References 6. Bryozoan statoblasts / D. R. Francis Introduction Methods Statoblasts in sedimentary records Indicator potential Conclusions and future directions Summary Acknowledgments References 7. Ostracoda / J. A. Holmes Introduction Biology and taxonomy Ecology Ecological, palaeoecological and geochemical techniques Future directions Summary Acknowledgements References 8. Freshwater molluscs / B. B. Miller & M. J. S. Tevesz Introduction Field methods Laboratory methods Data interpretation Geochemical approaches Summary Acknowledgments References 9. Fish / W. P. Patterson & G. R. Smith Introduction Establishing the stratigraphic framework Geomorphology and paleohydrology Otoliths Summary References Glossary, Acronyms and Abbreviations Index

Note: CONTENTS: Preface. - The Editors. - Aims & Scope of Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research Book Series. - Editors and Board of Advisors of Developments in Paleoenvironmental. - Research Book Series. - Contents of Volumes 1 to 4 of the Series. - Safety Considerations and Caution. - List of Contributors. - 1. An introduction to physical and geochemical methods used in paleolimnology / William M. Last & John P. Smol. - PART 1: PHYSICAL LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY TECHNIQUES. - 2. Recognition and analysis of bedding and sediment fabric features / Alan E. S. Kemp, Jean Dean, Richard B. Pearce & Jennifer Pike. - Introduction. - Approach. - Photography and imagery of the core surface. - Penetrative imaging of the core. - Sampling wet, unconsolidated or semi-consolidated sediment. - Sediment drying and resin-embedding. - Thin section preparation. - SEM analysis of laminated sediment. - Summary. - Acknowledgements. - Appendix 1: Fluid displacive low viscosity resin embedding technique Method. - References. - 3. Image analysis techniques / Timo Saarinen & Gunilla Petterson. - Introduction. - Image analysis in paleolimnology. - Material and methods. - Future perspectives. - Conclusion. - Summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - 4. Textural analysis of lake sediments / William M. Last. - Introduction and importance of texture. - Size. - Form and fabric. - Example of application of textural studies. - Summary. - Acknowledgments. - References. - PART II. MINERALOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL INDICATOR TECHNIQUES. - 5. Inorganic geochemical methods in paleolimnology / J. F. Boyle. - History & scope. - Objectives of inorganic geochemical research. - Elemental analysis. - Identifying, characterizing, and quantifying sediment components. - Areas of contention. - Uses of inorganic geochemical data in palaeolimnology. - Future developments. - Summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - 6. Mineralogical analysis of lake sediments / William M. Last. - Introduction and importance of mineralogy. - Mineralogy versus geochemistry. - Minerals in lake sediments. - A synopsis of methods. - X-ray diffraction. - Light microscopy. - Future developments. - Summary. - Acknowledgments. - References. - 7. Fluid inclusions in paleolimnological studies of chemical sediments / Tim Lowenstein & Sean T. Brennan. - Introduction. - Distinguishing primary from secondary features in chemical sediments. - Fluid inclusions in ancient chemical sediments. - Fluid inclusion liquid-vapor homogenization temperatures: paleolake temperatures. - Fluid inclusion freezing-melting behavior: paleolake chemical compositions. - Stable isotopes (δD, δ18O) from fluid inclusion waters. - Major element chemistry of fluid inclusions: paleolake water compositions. - Summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - 8. Application of mineral magnetic techniques to paleolimnology / Per Sandgren & Ian Snowball. - Introduction. - A brief history of the application of mineral magnetic measurements to lake sediments. - Magnetic properties. - Magnetic hysteresis. - Anhysteretic remanent magnetisation (ARM). - Sample collection and preparation. - Sequence of measurements. - Hysteresis curves. - Summary. - References. - 9. Sediment organic matter / Philip A. Meyers & Jane L. Teranes. - Introduction. - Paleolimnological proxies. - Summary. - Acknowledgments. - References. - 10. Paleolimnological methods and applications for persistent organic pollutants / Jules M. Blais & Derek C. G. Muir. - Introduction. - Advances in extraction and quantitative analytical techniques for POPs in sediment. - Transfer processes in lakes. - Summary. - Acknowledgments. - References. - 11. Near-Infrared spectrometry (NIRS) in paleolimnology / Tom Korsman, Ingemar Renberg, Eigil Dabakk & Mats B. Nilsson. - Introduction. - Theory. - Instrumentation. - NIR analysis of sediment samples. - Uses of NIRS in palaeolimnology. - Future perspectives. - Summary. - References. - 12. Fly-ash particles / Neil Rose. - Introduction. - A brief history. - Methods of extraction and enumeration. - Temporal distribution. - Spatial distribution. - Source apportionment. - The future. - Summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - PART III: STABLE ISOTOPE TECHNIQUES. - 13. Application of stable isotope techniques to inorganic and biogenic carbonates / Emi lto. - Introduction. - Nomenclature and systematics. - δ18O of lake-water. - Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios of lake-water. - δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). - Carbonates in lake-sediments. - Mollusks. - Ostracodes. - Charaphytes. - Isotope analysis. - Preparation of carbonate samples for isotope analysis. - Conclusions. - Summary. - Acknowledgments. - References. - 14. Carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of lake sediment cellulose: methods and applications / Brent B. Wolfe, Thomas W. D. Edwards, Richard J. Elgood & Kristina R. M. Beuning. - Introduction. - Stable isotope tracers in lake waters - 18O, 2 H,13CHistorical development. - Methods. - Key criteria for paleohydrologic reconstruction. - Applications. - Future research directions. - Summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - 15. Nitrogen isotopes in palaeolimnology / Michael R. Talbot. - Introduction. - Nitrogen in lakes: forms and distribution. - Nitrogen isotopes. - Nitrogen isotope studies in palaeolimnology: sampling and measurement. - Some examples. - Closing remarks. - Summary. - Acknowledgments. - References. - Glossary, acronyms and abbreviations. - Index.