ALBERT

Note: CONTENTS: Introduction. - Topography and hydrography. - Climate, glaciation, permafrost. - Notes on the scientific exploration of the area. - Sea level changes. - C-14 dates on shell material, corrections and errors. - Marine limits. - Emergence curves. - Marine faunas. - Glaciation history. - Pleistocene glaciation. - The Milne Land Moraines. - Glacial retreat, the Rødefjord stages. - Glacial readvance. - Climatic implications. - Comparison with other areas. - Pollen analytical investigations. - Field methods. - Lake sediments. - C-14 dates of lake sediments and rates of sedimentation. - Pollen preparation and calculation procedures. - Pollen identification. - Description of sites and pollen diagrams. - Notes on the present vegetation. - Discussion and reconstruction of vegetation types. - Plant immigration and climatic change. - Summary of the vegetation history. - Comparison with other areas. - General notes on the climatic development. - Acknowledgements. - References.

Note: Contents Table 1 Daily records Table 2 Extreme temperatures Table 3 Montly means Table 4 Mean temperature in the years 1775-1975 Table 5 Daily means of extreme temperatures Table 6 Relative frequency of daily maximum temperature in months Table 7 Relative frequency of daily minimum temperature Table 8 Relative frequency of relative humidity Table 9 Relative frequency of pressure Table 10 Relative frequency of wind Table 11 Relative frequency of cloud amount Table 12 Relative frequency of daily rainfall Table 13 Statistical characteristics of daily observations Table 14 Monthly means in 5 years periods Table 15 Monthly means in 10 years periods Table 16 Monthly means in 50 years periods Table 17 Monthly means of statistical characteristics in the years 1776-1975 Table 18 Monthly means of statistical characteristics in 5 years periods Table 19 Monthly means of statistical characteristics in 10 years periods Table 20 Monthly means of statistical characteristics in 50 years periods Table 21 Mean daily temperature corresponding to the percent of the exceeding probability , In tschechischer, russischer und englischer Sprache

Note: Contents Table 1 Daily records Table 2 Extreme temperatures Table 3 Montly means Table 4 Mean temperature in the years 1775-1975 Table 5 Daily means of extreme temperatures Table 6 Relative frequency of daily maximum temperature in months Table 7 Relative frequency of daily minimum temperature Table 8 Relative frequency of relative humidity Table 9 Relative frequency of pressure Table 10 Relative frequency of wind Table 11 Relative frequency of cloud amount Table 12 Relative frequency of daily rainfall Table 13 Statistical characteristics of daily observations Table 14 Monthly means in 5 years periods Table 15 Monthly means in 10 years periods Table 16 Monthly means in 50 years periods Table 17 Monthly means of statistical characteristics in the years 1776-1975 Table 18 Monthly means of statistical characteristics in 5 years periods Table 19 Monthly means of statistical characteristics in 10 years periods Table 20 Monthly means of statistical characteristics in 50 years periods Table 21 Mean daily temperature corresponding to the percent of the exceeding probability , In tschechischer, russischer und englischer Sprache , Zum Teil in kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: Vorwort. - 1. Wasserkreislauf, Wassermengen und Eigenschaften des Wassers. - 1.1. Herkunft des Wassers auf dem Festlande. - 1.2. Wassermengen auf der Erde. - 1.3. Wichtige Eigenschaften des Wassers. - 2. Flüsse. - 2.1. Fluß und Flußsystem. - 2.1.1. Bildung von Flüssen. - 2.1.2. Wichtige Begriffe aus der Flußkunde. - 2.1.3. Wichtige flußmorphametrische Begriffe. - 2.2. Gewässersystemarten. - 2.2.1. Normaltyp. - 2.2.2. Jungmoränentyp. - 2.2.3. Fossiler Inlandeisrandtyp im nördlichen Mitteleuropa. - 2.2.4. Trockengebietstyp. - 2.2.5. Karsttyp. - 2.3. Fluß und Relief. - 2.3.1. Fluß- und Talanlage. - 2.3.2. Durchbruchstäler. - 2.3.2.1. Epigenetische Durchbruchstalstrecken. - 2.3.2.2. Antezedente Durchbruchstalstrecken. - 2.3.3. Flußanzapfungen und Überschüttung von Wasserscheiden. - 2.3.4. Gewässer und Relief im Jungmoränenland. - 2.3.4.1. Phasen der Flußentwicklung im Jungmoränengebiet. - 2.3.4.2. Phasen der Seenentwicklung im Jungmoränengebiet. - 2.3.4.3. Ineinandergreifen beider Entwicklungsreihen. - 2.4. Abfluß und Schwankungen des Abflusses. - 2.4.1. Erfassung des Wasserstandes und Abflusses. - 2.4.1.1. Wasserstandsmessung. - 2.4.1.2. Abflußmessung. - 2.4.1.3. Abflußkurve und Abflußtafel. - 2.4.1.4. Hydrologisches Jahr und hydrologische Hauptzahlen. - 2.4.2. Abfluß und Abflußschwankungen. - 2.4.2.1. Hochwasser. - 2.4.2.2. Niedrigwasser. - 2.4.3. Eisbildung in Flüssen. - 2.4.4. Materialtransport. - 2.5. Riesenströme und Abfluß von den Kontinenten. - 2.5.1. Ordnung der Stromriesen nach der Lauflänge. - 2.5.2. Rangordnung der Riesenströme nach ihrer Einzugsgebiets- bzw. ihrer Niederschlagsgebietsgröße. - 2.5.3. Mittlerer jährlicher Abfluß der größten Ströme. - 2.5.4. Abflußmäßig größte Flüsse Europas. - 2.5.5. Mittlerer jährlicher Abfluß (MQ) und weitere Abflußdaten (MHQ, MNQ, HHQ und NNQ) von Flüssen der DDR. - 2.5.6. Abfluß von den Kontinenten. - 2.6. Abflußregime. - 2.6.1. Abflußregime und Regimefaktoren. - 2.6.2. Abflußregime nach M. Parde. - 2.6.2.1. Grundlagen der Klassifizierung nach M. Parde. - 2.6.2.2. Übersicht über die Klassifikation der Abflußregime nach M. Parde. - 2.6.2.3. Einige Bemerkungen zur Klassifikation von M. Parde und weiterführende Versuche. - 3. Seen. - 3.1. Seenverbreitung. - 3.1.1. Seen in ehemaligen und heutigen Inlandeis und Gletschergebieten. - 3.1.2. Seen in Trockengebieten. - 3.1.3. Seen in Vulkangebieten und Bereichen junger Erdkrustenbewegungen. - 3.1.4. Seen in Karst- und Auslaugungsgebieten. - 3.1.5. Seen in breiten Flußebenen. - 3.1.6. Seen an Ausgleichsküsten. - 3.2. Seebeckenentstehung. - 3.2.1. Glazialbecken. - 3.2.1.1. Seebecken im Bereich heutiger Gebirgsvergletscherung oder Inlandeisbedeckung. - 3.2.1.2. Seebecken im Abtragungsbereich letzteiszeitlicher Vergletscherung und Inlandeisbedeckung. - 3.2.1.3. Seebecken im Aufschüttungsbereich letzteiszeitlicher Inlandeisbedeckung und Vergletscherung. - 3.2.2. Bergsturz- und Erdrutschbecken. - 3.2.3. Tektonisch und vulkanisch angelegte Becken. - 3.2.4. Windwirkungsbecken. - 3.2.5. Lösungs- und Auslaugungsbecken, Abdämmung durch Sinterbildung. - 3.2.6. Becken fluvialen Ursprungs. - 3.2.7. Becken an Küsten. - 3.2.8. Becken pflanzlichen und tierischen Ursprungs. - 3.2.9. Anthropogen (durch die menschliche Gesellschaft) geschaffene Becken. - 3.2.10. Meteoritenfallbecken. - 3.3. Gestaltung, Verlandung und Form der Seebecken. - 3.4. Wasserhaushalt von Seen. - 3.5. Dichtemaximum und temperaturabhängige Schichtung des Wassers. - 3.6. Zirkulation und Stagnation. - 3.7. Thermische Seetypen. - 3.8. Biologische Seetypen. - 4. Unterirdisches Wasser (von Josef Saratka). - 4.1. Arten des unterirdischen Wassers. - 4.2. Hydrogeologische Eigenschaften der Gesteine. - 4.3. Bildung des unterirdischen Wassers. - 4.4. Zehrung des unterirdischen Wassers. - 4.5. Einige wichtige geohydrologische Begriffe. - 4.6. Grundwasserbewegung. - 4.7. Grundwasserstandsschwankungen. - 4.8. Unterirdisches Wasser in Klüften und Spalten, auf Schichtflächen und in Karsthohlräumen. - 4.9. Quellen und Grundwasserblänken. - 4.10. Mineralwässer- Säuerlinge - Thermalwässer. - 5. Gletscher. - 5.1. Inlandeis- und Gletscherverbreitung sowie Mächtigkeiten. - 5.2. Gletscherbildung. - 5.2.1. Schneegrenzen und Firnlinie. - 5.2.2. Metamorphose (Umwandlung) des Schnees in Gletschereis. - 5.3. Gletschertypen. - 5.3.1. Geomorphologische Einteilung der Gletscher. - 5.3.2. Gletschertypen - im Sinne einer einheitlichen Terminologie (nach H.-J. Schneider). - 5.3.3. Geophysikalische Einteilung der Gletscher (nach H. W. Ahlmann und M. Lagally). - 5.3.4. Einteilung der Gletscher nach dem dynamischen Zustand (nach H. W. Ahlmann). - 5.4. Gletscherbewegung und -gefüge. - 5.4.1. Gletscherbewegung. - 5.4.2. Gletschergefüge. - 5.5. Gletscherhaushalt und Gletscherschwankungen. - 5.5.1. Gletscherhaushalt. - 5.5.2. Gletscherschwankungen. - 6. Wasserkreislauf und Wasserhaushaltsbilanz. - 6.1. Erforschung von Wasserkreislauf und Wasserhaushaltsbilanz. - 6.2. Wichtige Begriffe. - 6.3. Wasserhaushaltsgleichung für die Erde. - 6.4. Erfassung der Wasserhaushaltselemente. - 6.4.1. Niederschlag auf die Landflächen der Erde (N L). - 6.4.2. Abfluß von den Landflächen der Erde (AL). - 6.4.3. Verdunstung von den Landflächen (VL). - 6.4.4. Verdunstung von den Meeresflächen (VM). - 6.4.5. Niederschlag auf die Meeresflächen (NM). - 6.5. Wasserkreislauf und Wasserhaushaltsbilanz der Erde. - 6.5.1. Wasserhaushaltsbilanzen für die Erde. - 6.5.2. Wasserkreislauf und Wasserhaushaltsbilanz der Erde. - Literaturauswahl.

Note: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Introduction. - Sample preparation. - Apparatus and testing procedure. - Test results. - Uniaxial strength. - Initial tangent and 50% strength moduli. - Specific energy. - Discussion. - Testing method. - Compressive strength. - Tensile strength. - Ductile and brittle fracture.. - Initial tangent and 50% stress moduli. - Specific energy. - Conclusions and recommendations. - References. - Appendix A: Description of soil and calculations. - Appendix B: Description of the LVDT and averaging circuits. - Appendix C: Determination of strain in the neck section of a dumbbell specimen.

Note: In span., engl., franz. und port. Sprache

Note: Inhalt: Vorwort. - 1. Einführung. - 1.1 Was ist Fernerkundung?. - 1.2 Historische Hinweise. - 2. Wie entstehen Luft- und Satellitenbilder?. - 2.1 Physikalische Grundlagen. -2.1.1 Elektromagnetische Strahlung. - 2.1.2 Einflüsse der Atmosphäre. - 2.1.3 Reflexionseigenschaften des Geländes. - 2.1.4 Thermalstrahlung. - 2.1.5 Mikrowellen. - 2.2 Aufnahme mit photographischen Systemen. - 2.2.1 Photographischer Prozeß. - 2.2.2 Spektrale Empfindlichkeit photographischer Schichten. - 2.2.3 Farbphotographie. - 2.2.4 Filme zur Luftbildaufnahme. - 2.2.5 Filter und ihre Wirkung. - 2.2.6 Aufnahmegeräte. - 2.2.7 Aufnahmetechnik. - 2.3 Aufnahme mit Abtast-Systemen (Scanner). - 2.3.1 Optisch-mechanische Scanner. - 2.3.2 Optoelektronische Scanner. - 2.3.3 Abbildende Spektrometer. - 2.4 Aufnahme mit Radar-Systemen. - 2.5 Beschaffung von Luft- und Satellitenbildern. - 3. Eigenschaften von Luft- und Satellitenbildern. - 3.1 Geometrische Eigenschaften. - 3.1.1 Photographische Bilder. - 3.1.2 Scanner-Bilder. - 3.1.3 Radar-Bilder. - 3.2 Radiometrische (physikalische) Eigenschaften. - 3.3 Erkennbarkeit von Objekten (Auflösungsvermögen). - 3.3.1 Auflösung photographischer Bilder. - 3.3.2 Auflösung von Scanner- und Radarbildern. - 3.3.3 Einfluß der Objekteigenschaften. - 3.4 Bilder und Karten im Vergleich. - 4. Möglichkeiten der Bildverarbeitung. - 4.1 Analoge und digitale Bilddaten. - 4.2 Analoge Bildverarbeitung. - 4.3 Digitale Bildverarbeitung. - 4.3.1 Geometrische Transformationen (Entzerrung). - 4.3.2 Radiometrische Verbesserungen. - 4.3.3 Bildverbesserungen. - 4.3.4 Erzeugung und Verarbeitung von farbigen Bildern. - 4.3.5 Kombination von Daten mehrerer Spektralkanäle. - 4.3.6 Kombination mehrerer Bilder. - 5. Auswertung von Luft- und Satellitenbildern. - 5.1 Visuelle Bildinterpretation. - 5.1.1 Visuelle Wahrnehmung. - 5.1.2 Interpretationsfaktoren. - 5.1.3 Stereoskopisches Sehen und Messen. - 5.1.4 Hilfsmittel zur Bildinterpretation. - 5.1.5 Methoden der Bildinterpretation. - 5.2 Photogrammetrische Auswertung. - 5.2.1 Ebene Entzerrung. - 5.2.2 Stereomessung und -kartierung. - 5.2.3 Differentialentzerrung. - 5.3 Digitale Bildauswertung. - 5.3.1 Prinzip der Multispektral-Klassifizierung. - 5.3.2 Klassifizierungsverfahren. - 5.3.3 Erweiterungen der Multispektral-Klassifizierung. - 5.4 Darstellung der Auswerteergebnisse. - 5.4.1 Karten und kartenähnliche Darstellungen. - 5.4.2 Graphische Darstellungen. - 5.4.3 Geoinformationssysteme. - 6. Anwendungen von Luft- und Satellitenbildern. - 6.1 Kartographie. - 6.2 Geographie. - 6.3 Geologie und Geomorphologie. - 6.4 Bodenkunde und Altlastenerkundung. - 6.5 Forst- und Landwirtschaft. - 6.6 Tierkunde. - 6.7 Regionale Planung. - 6.8 Siedlungen und technische Planung. - 6.9 Archäologie. - 6.10 Gewässerkunde und Ozeanographie. - 6.11 Meteorologie und Klimaforschung. - 6.12 Planetenforschung. - 6.13 Ausblick. - Literaturverzeichnis. - Bezugsquellen. - Sachregister.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: Vorwort. - I. Einige Grundlagen. - 1.1 Erster Blick in die Atmosphäre. - 1.2 Die Skalendenkweise. - 1.3 Die Teilgebiete der Meteorologie. - 1.4 Größen, Zahlenwerte, Einheiten. - II. Die meteorologischen Elemente. - II.1 Der Luftdruck. - II.1.1 Zusammensetzung der Luft. - II.1.2 Die allgemeine Gasgleichung. - II.1.3 Das Daltonsche Gesetz. - II.1.4 Die barometrische Höhenformel. - II.1.5 Die Druckmessung. - II.1.6 Die Luftdruckverteilung an der Erdoberfläche. - II.2 Die Windgeschwindigkeit. - II.2.1 Definition. - II.2.2 Messung und Registrierung des Windes. - II.2.3 Änderung von Größen mit den Feldkoordinaten. - II.2.4 Der Transport einer spezifischen Eigenschaft. - II.2.5 Die Begriffe Haushalt und Advektion. - II.3 Die Temperatur. - II.3.1 Erste thermodynamische Begriffe. - II.3.2 Die Hauptsätze der Thermodynamik. - II.3.3 Thermodynamische Potentiale und spezifische Wärme. - II.3.4 Die Definition der Temperatur und ihrer Maßskalen. - II.3.5 Die Temperaturänderung eines Luftteilchens bei Vertikalbewegungen. - II.3.6 Haushalt und Flußdichten „fühlbarer Wärme". - II.3.7 Die Temperaturmessung. - II.4 Die Luftfeuchtigkeit. - II.4.1 Die verschiedenen Feuchtemaße. - II.4.1.1 Der Dampfdrucke. - II.4.1.2 Die absolute Feuchte a. - II.4.1.3 Die spezifische Feuchte q. - II.4.1.4 Das Mischungsverhältnis m. - II.4.1.5 Die relative Feuchte f. - II.4.1.6 Der Taupunkt τ. - II.4.1.7 Die virtuelle Temperatur Tv. - II.4.2 Der Wasserdampftransport. - II.4.3 Temperatur- und Feuchtefelder nahe am Erdboden. - II.4.3.1 Die Energiebilanz an einer Oberfläche. - II.4.3.2 Beispiele. - II.4.4 Die Feuchtemessung. - II.4.4.1 Das Psychrometer. - II.4.4.2 Andere Feuchte-Meßverfahren. - II.5 Die Strahlung. - II.5.1 Die Natur der meteorologisch wirksamen Strahlung. - II.5.2 Die Strahlungsgesetze. - II.5.2.1 Nomenklatur von Strahlungsgrößen. - II.5.2.2 Das Plancksche Strahlungsgesetz. - II.5.2.3 Das Wiensche Verschiebungsgesetz. - II.5.2.4 Das Gesetz von Stefan-Boltzmann. - II.5.2.5 Das Kirchhoffsche Gesetz. - II.5.3 Solare und terrestrische Strahlung. - II.5.4 Phänomenologie der Strahlungsflußdichten. - II.5.5 Optische Erscheinungen in der Atmosphäre. - II.6 Der Aufbau der Atmosphäre. - II.6.1 Der vertikale Aufbau. - II.6.1.1 Einteilung nach dem Temperaturverlauf. - II.6.1.2 Standard-Atmosphären. - II.6.1.3 Zusatzbemerkungen zur vertikalen Struktur der Troposphäre. - II.6.2 Der horizontale Aufbau. - III. Thermodynamik und Wolken. - III.1 Änderung meteorologischer Parameter bei adiabatischen Prozessen III.1.1 Änderung der Feuchte beim trocken-adiabatischen Prozeß. - III.1.2 Der sättigungs-adiabatische Temperaturgradient. - III.2 Temperaturschichtung und Stabilität. - III.2.1 Ursachen für Vertikalbewegungen. - III.2.2 Stabilitätskriterien. - III.2.3 Bemerkungen zur Genauigkeit. - III.3 Beispiele zur Thermodynamik. - III.4 Thermodynamische Diagrammpapiere. - III.4.1 Das Stüve-Diagramm. - III.4.2 Andere Diagrammpapiere. - III.5 Phänomenologie. - III.5.1 Wolken. - III.5.2 Nebel. - III.5.3 Niederschlag. - III.5.3.1 Allgemeines. - III.5.3.2 Hydrometeore. - IV. Dynamik der Atmosphäre IV.1 Kinematik. - IV.1.1 Die Divergenz der Windgeschwindigkeit. - IV.1.2 Rotation und Zirkulation. - IV.1.3 Stromlinien und Trajektorien. - IV.2 Die Bewegungsgleichung. - IV.2.1 Die Newtonschen Axiome. - IV.2.2 Die wirksamen Kräfte. - IV.2.3 Die Navier-Stokes-Gleichung. - IV.2.4 Skalenanalyse. - IV.3 Zweidimensionale Windsysteme. - IV.3.1 Eine einfache zweidimensionale Bewegungsgleichung. - IV.3.2 Der geostrophische Wind. - IV.3.3 Der Gradientwind. - IV.3.4 Der zyklostrophische Wind. - IV.3.5 Der Trägheitskreis. - IV.3.6 Der Einfluß der Reibung. - V. Synoptische Meteorologie. - V.1 Allgemeines zur Synoptik. - V.1.1 Definition, wissenschaftliche und technische Grundlagen, Geschichte. - V.1.2 Darstellung der synoptischen Felder. - V.1.3 Thermische Verknüpfung von Boden-und Höhenwetterkarten. - V.1.4 Barotrope und barokline Felder. - V.2 Die synoptischen Systeme mittlerer Breiten. - V.2.1 Phänomene in verschiedenen Skalen. - V.2.2 Fronten. - V.2.2.1 Begriffe, Skalen, Beobachtungen. - V.2.2.2 Die Polarfront-Theorie. - V.2.2.3 Übergang zur Feld-Theorie. - V.2.2.4 Die Feld-Theorie. - V.2.2.5 Fronten in unterschiedlichen Skalen. - VI. Klimatologie. - VI.1 Die Allgemeine Zirkulation der Atmosphäre (AZA). - VI.1.1 Definition der AZA. - VI.1.2 Grundlagen zum Verständnis der AZA. - VI.1.2.1 Die differentielle Erwärmung des Systems Erde-Atmosphäre. - VI.1.2.2 Die Erhaltung des Drehimpulses des Systems Erde-Atmosph. - VI.1.3 Die Flußdichten. - VI.1.4 Konzeptionelles Bild der AZA. - VI.1.5 Die Geschichte des Verständnisses der AZA. - VI.2 Das bodennahe atmosphärische Klima. - VI.2.1 Klimatabellen. - VI.2.2 Klimadiagramme. - VI.2.3 Klima-Atlanten. - VI.2.4 Klima-Karten. - VI.2.5 Bodennahe Klima-Änderungen. - Anhang A: Energie und Leistung im Vergleich. - Anhang B: Fragen und Übungen. - Literaturverzeichnis. - Sachwortverzeichnis.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis = Contents = Soderžanie Die Flagge der Heimat = The flag of the motherland = Flag rodiny Arktis = Arctic = Arktika Die Drift geht weiter = Drift-ice research continues = Drejf prodolžaetsja Eisbezwinger = Ice fighters = Ledovye bojcy Auf fernen Inseln = On distant islands = Na dalekich ostrovach Antarktis = Antarctic = Antarktida Der sechste Erdteil = The sixth continent = Šestoj kontinent Polarflieger = Polar region pilots = Poljarnye letčiki Der Kältepol = The pole of cold = Poljus choloda Spuren im Schnee = Tracks on the snow = Sledy na snegu , Text in russischer, englischer und deutscher Sprache

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - Summary poem. - Introduction. - 1. Oceanic freshwater fluxes in the climate system / Anders Stigebrandt. - 2. Global atmospheric circulation patterns and relationships to Arctic freshwater fluxes / J. E. Walsh. - 3. Atmospheric components of the Arctic Ocean freshwater balance and their interannual variability / R. G. Barry and M. C. Serreze. - 4. Hydroclimatology of the Arctic drainage basin / L. C. Bowling, D. P. Lettenmaier and B. V. Matheussen. - 5. The Arctic Ocean's freshwater budget: sources, storage and export / Eddy C. Carmack. - 6. The Arctic ocean freshwater budget of a climate general circulation model / Howard Cattle and Douglas Cresswell. - 7. Atmospheric components of the Arctic Ocean bydrologic budget assessed from Rawinsonde data / M. C. Serreze and R. G. Barry. - 8. Reanalyses depictions of the Arctic atmospheric moisture budget / D. H. Bromwich, R. I. Cullather and M. C. Serreze. - 9. Moisture transport to Arctic drainage basins relating to significant precipitation events and cyclogenesis / John R. Gyakum. - 10. Atmospheric climate models: simulation of the Arctic Ocean fresh water budget components / V. M. Kattsov, J. E. Walsh, A. Rinke and K. Dethloff. - 11. Discharge observation networks in Arctic regions: computation of the river runoff into the Arctic Ocean, its seasonality and variability / W. E. Grabs, F. Portmann and T. de Couet. - 12. Arctic river flow: a review of contributing areas / I. A. Shiklomanov, A. I. Shiklomanov, R. B. Lammers, B. J. Peterson and C. J. Vorosmarty. - 14. River input of water, sediment, major ions, nutrients and trace metals from Russian territory to the Arctic Ocean / V. V. Gordeev. - 15. The dispersion of Siberian river flows into coastal waters: meteorological, hydrological and hydrochemical aspects / I. P. Semiletov, N. I. Savelieva, G. E. Weller, I. I. Pipko, S. P. Pugach, A. Yu. Gukov and L. N. Vasilevskaya. - 16. The variable climate of the Mackenzie River basin: its water cycle and fresh water discharge / R. E. Stewart. - 17. Arctic estuaries and ice: a positive-negative estuarine couple / R. W. Macdonald. - 18. Satellite views of the Arctic Ocean freshwater balance / D. A. Rothrock, R. Kwok and D. Groves. - 19. Tracer studies of the Arctic freshwater budget / P. Schlosser, B. Ekwurzel, S. Khatiwala, B. Newton, W. Maslowski and S. Pfirman. - 20. Exchanges of freshwater through the shallow straits of the North American Arctic / Humfrey Melling. - 21. The transformations of Atlantic water in the Arctic Ocean and their significance for the freshwater budget / Bert Rudels and Hans J. Friedrich. - 22. Modelling the variability of exchanges between the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic seas / Rüdiger Gerdes. - 23. Sea ice growth, melt and modeling: a survey / Michael Steele and Gregory M. Flato. - 24. Fresh water freezing/melting cycle in the Arctic Ocean / G. V. Alekseev, L. V. Bulatov and V. F. Zakharov. - Colour plates. - Subject index.

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1 Introduction to the atmosphere. - Weather and climate. - Atmospheric hazards: assault by the elements. - The atmosphere: a part of the earth system. - Earth's four spheres. - Earth's spheres interact. - The carbon cycle. - Composition of the atmosphere. - Major components. - Carbon dioxide. - Variable components. - Ozone depletion - a global issue. - The ozone hole. - Effects of ozone depletion. - Montreal Protocol. - Probing the atmosphere. - Height and structure of the atmosphere. - Pressure changes. - Temperature changes. - Vertical variations in composition. - The ionosphere. - 2 Heating Earth's Surface and Atmosphere. - Earth-Sun Relationships. - Earth's Motions. - The Seasons. - Earth's Orientation. - Solstices and Equinoxes. - Energy, Heat, and Temperature. - Types of Energy. - Heat Energy Versus Temperature. - Mechanisms of Energy Transfer. - Conduction. - Convection. - Radiation. - Laws of Radiation. - The Fate of Incoming Solar Radiation. - Reflection and Scattering. - Absorption by Earth's Surface and Atmosphere. - Radiation Emitted by Earth. - Heating the Atmosphere. - The "Greenhouse Effect". - Role of Clouds in Heating Earth. - Heat Budget. - Latitudinal Heat Balance. - 3 Temperature. - For the Record: Air Temperature Data. - Why Temperatures Vary: The Controls of Temperature. - Land and Water. - Ocean Currents. - Altitude. - Geographic Position. - Cloud Cover and Albedo. - World Distribution of Temperatures. - Cycles of Air Temperature. - Daily Temperature Variations. - Magnitude of Daily Temperature Changes. - Annual Temperature Variations. - Temperature Measurement. - Mechanical Thermometers. - Electrical Thermometers. - Instrument Shelters. - Temperature Scales. - Applications of Temperature Data. - Heating Degree-Days. - Cooling Degree-Days. - Growing Degree-Days. - Temperature and Comfort. - 4 Moisture and Atmospheric Stability. - Movement of Water Through the Atmosphere. - Water's Changes of State. - Water in the Atmosphere. - Vapor Pressure and Saturation. - Relative Humidity. - How Relative Humidity Changes. - Natural Change in Relative Humidity. - Dew Point Temperature. - Humidity Measurement. - Adiabatic Temperature Changes. - Adiabatic Cooling and Condensation. - Lifting Processes. - Orographic Lifting. - Frontal Wedging. - Convergence. - Localized Convective Lifting. - Contents. - The Critical Weathermaker: Atmospheric Stability. - Types of Stability. - Stability and Daily Weather. - How Stability Changes. - Temperature Changes and Stability. - Vertical Air Movement and Stability. - 5 Forms of Condensation and Precipitation. - Condensation. - Condensation Aloft and Cloud Formation. - Clouds. - Cloud Classification. - Cloud Descriptions. - Fog. - Fogs Formed by Cooling. - Fogs Formed by Evaporation. - Dew and Frost. - How Precipitation Forms. - Precipitation from Cold Clouds: The Bergeron Process. - Precipitation from Warm Clouds: The Collision-Coalescence Process. - Forms of Precipitation. - Rain. - Snow. - Sleet and Glaze. - Hail. - Rime. - Precipitation Measurement. - Standard Instruments. - Measuring Snowfall. - Measurement Errors. - Precipitation Measurement by Weather Radar. - Intentional Weather Modification. - Cloud Seeding. - Fog and Cloud Dispersal. - Hail Suppression. - Frost Prevention. - Inadvertent Weather Modification: Urban-Induced Precipitation. - 6 Air Pressure and Winds. - Understanding Air Pressure. - Measuring Air Pressure. - Factors Affecting Air Pressure. - Pressure Changes With Altitude. - Factors Affecting Wind. - Pressure-Gradient Force. - Coriolis Force. - Friction. - Winds Aloft and Geostrophic Flow. - Curved Flow and the Gradient Wind. - Surface Winds. - How Winds Generate Vettical Air Motion. - Vertical Airflow Associated with Cyclones and Anticyclones. - Factors That Promote Vertical Airflow. - Wind Measurement. - 7 Circulation of the Atmosphere. - Scales of Atmospheric Motion. - Large- and Small-Scale Circulation. - Structure of Wind Patterns. - Local Winds. - Land and Sea Breezes. - Mountain and Valley Breezes. - Chinook (Foehn) Winds. - Katabatic (Fall) Winds. - Country Breeze. - Global Circulation. - Single-Cell Circulation Model. - Three-Cell Circulation Model. - Observed Distribution of Pressure and Winds. - Idealized Zonal Pressure Belts. - Semipermanent Pressure Systems: The Real World. - Monsoons. - The Asian Monsoon. - The North American Monsoon. - The Westerlies. - Why Westerlies?. - Jet Streams. - Origin of the Midlatitude Jet Stream. - Subtropical Jet Stream. - Waves in the Westerlies. - Westerlies and Earth's Heat Budget. - Global Winds and Ocean Currents. - The Importance of Ocean Currents. - Ocean Currents and Upwelling. - El Niño and La Niña. - Global Distribution of Precipitation. - Zonal Distribution of Precipitation. - Distribution of Precipitation Over the Continents. - Precipitation Regimes on a Hypothetical Continent. - 8 Air Masses. - What Is an Air Mass?. - Source Regions. - Classifying Air Masses. - Air-Mass Modification. - Properties of North American Air Masses. - Continental Polar (cP) and Continental Arctic (cA) Air Masses. - Lake-Effect Snow: Cold Air Over Warm Water. - Maritime Polar (mP) Air Masses. - Maritime Tropical (mT) Air Masses. - Continental Tropical (eT) Air Masses. - 9 Weather Patterns. - Polar-Front Theory. - Fronts. - Warm Fronts. - Cold Fronts. - Stationary Fronts. - Occluded Fronts. - Drylines. - Life Cycle of a Midlatitude Cyclone. - Formation: The Clash of Two Air Masses. - Development of Cyclonic Flow. - Occlusion: The Beginning of the End. - Idealized Weather of a Midlatitude Cyclone. - Cyclogenesis. - Cyclonic and Anticyclonic Circulation. - Divergence and Convergence Aloft. - Traveling Cyclones. - Patterns of Movement. - Anticyclonic Weather and Blocking Highs. - Case Study of a Midlatitude Cyclone. - Violent Spring Weather. - Weather in Peoria. - 10 Thunderstorms and Tornadoes. - What's in a Name?. - Thunderstorms. - Air-Mass Thunderstorms. - Stages of Development. - Occurrence. - Severe Thunderstorms. - Supercell Thunderstorms. - Squall Lines and Mesoscale Convective Complexes. - Lightning and Thunder. - What Causes Lightning?. - The Lightning Stroke. - Thunder. - Tornadoes. - The Development and Occurrence of Tornadoes. - Tornado Development. - Tornado Climatology. - Profile of a Tornado. - Tornado Destruction. - Tornado Forecasting. - Tornado Watches and Warnings. - Doppler Radar. - 11 Hurricanes. - Profile of a Hurricane. - Hurricane Formation and Decay. - Hurricane Formation. - Hurricane Decay. - Hurricane Destruction . - Storm Surge. - Wind Damage. - Inland Flooding. - Detecting and Tracking Hurricanes. - The Role of Satellites. - Aircraft Reconnaissance. - Radar and Data Buoys. - Hurricane Watches and Warnings. - 12 Weather Analysis and Forecasting. - The Weather Business: A Brief Overview. - Weather Analysis. - Gathering Data. - Weather Maps: Pictures of the Atmosphere. - Weather Forecasting. - Synoptic Weather Forecasting. - Numerical Weather Prediction. - Statistical Methods. - Techniques Used in Short-Range Forecasting. - Long-Range Forecasts. - Forecast Accuracy. - Tools in Weather Forecasting. - Satellites in Weather Forecasting. - What Weather Satellites Reveal. - Measurement by Satellite. - Weather Forecasting and Upper-Level Flow. - The Winter of 1977. - 13 Air Pollution. - A Brief Historical Perspective. - Air Pollution: Not a new Problem. - Some Historic Episodes. - Sources and Types of Air Pollution. - Primary Pollutants. - Secondary Pollutants. - Trends in Air Quality. - Meteorological Factors Affecting Air Pollution. - Wind as a Factor. - The Role of Atmospheric Stability. - Acid Precipitation. - Extent and Potency of Acid Precip

Note: Contents: List of contributors. - 1. Lakes, limnology and limnetic ecology: towards a new synthesis. - 2. The origin of lake basins. - 3. The hydrology of lakes. - 4. Chemical processes regulating the composition of lake waters. - 5. Physical properties of water relevant to limnology and limnetic ecology. - 6. The motion of lake waters. - 7. Regulatory impacts of humic substances in lakes. - 8. Sedimentation and lake sediment formation. - 9. Organisation and energetic partitioning of limnetic communities. - 10. Phytoplankton. - 11 Aquatic plants and lake ecosystems. - 12. Benthic invertebrates. - 13. Pelagic microbes - protozoa and the microbial food web. - 14. Zooplankton. - 15. Fish population ecology. - 16. Fish community ecology. - 17. Self-regulation of limnetic ecosystems. - 18. Palaeolimnology. - Index.

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1. Introduction: Distributions and Inference for Categorical Data. - 1.1 Categorical Response Data. - 1.2 Distributions for Categorical Data. - 1.3 Statistical Inference for Categorical Data. - 1.4 Statistical Inference for Binomial Parameters. - 1.5 Statistical Inference for Multinomial Parameters. - Notes. - Problems. - 2. Describing Contingency Tables. - 2.1 Probability Structure for Contingency Tables. - 2.2 Comparing Two Proportions. - 2.3 Partial Association in Stratified 2 x 2 Tables. - 2.4 Extensions for I x J Tables. - Notes. - Problems. - 3. Inference for Contingency Tables. - 3.1 Confidence Intervals for Association Parameters. - 3.2 Testing Independence in Two-Way Contingency Tables. - 3.3 Following-Up Chi-Squared Tests. - 3.4 Two-Way Tables with Ordered Classifications. - 3.5 Small-Sample Tests of Independence. - 3.6 Small-Sample Confidence Intervals for 2 x 2 Tables. - 3.7 Extensions for Multiway Tables and Nontabulated Responses. - Notes. - Problems. - 4. Introduction to Generalized Linear Models. - 4.1 Generalized Linear Model. - 4.2 Generalized Linear Models for Binary Data. - 4.3 Generalized Linear Models for Counts. - 4.4 Moments and Likelihood for Generalized Linear Models. - 4.5 Inference for Generalized Linear Models. - 4.6 Fitting Generalized Linear Models. - 4.7 Quasi-likelihood and Generalized Linear Models. - 4.8 Generalized Additive Models. - Notes. - Problems. - 5. Logistic Regression. - 5.1 Interpreting Parameters in Logistic Regression. - 5.2 Inference for Logistic Regression. - 5.3 Logit Models with Categorical Predictors. - 5.4 Multiple Logistic Regression. - 5.5 Fitting Logistic Regression Models. - Notes. - Problems. - 6. Building and Applying Logistic Regression Models. - 6.1 Strategies in Model Selection. - 6.2 Logistic Regression Diagnostics. - 6.3 Inference About Conditional Associations in 2 x 2 x K Tables. - 6.4 Using Models to Improve Inferential Power. - 6.5 Sample Size and Power Considerations. - 6.6 Probit and Complementary Log-Log Models. - 6.7 Conditional Logistic Regression and Exact Distributions. - Notes. - Problems. - 7. Logit Models for Multinomial Responses. - 7.1 Nominal Responses: Baseline-Category Logit Models. - 7.2 Ordinal Responses: Cumulative Logit Models. - 7.3 Ordinal Responses: Cumulative Link Models. - 7.4 Alternative Models for Ordinal Responses. - 7.5 Testing Conditional Independence in I x J x K Tables. - 7.6 Discrete-Choice Multinomial Logit Models. - Notes. - Problems. - 8. Loglinear Models for Contingency Tables. - 8.1 Loglinear Models for Two-Way Tables. - 8.2 Loglinear Models for Independence and Interaction in Three-Way Tables. - 8.3 Inference for Loglinear Models. - 8.4 Loglinear Models for Higher Dimensions. - 8.5 The Loglinear_Logit Model Connection. - 8.6 Loglinear Model Fitting: Likelihood Equations and Asymptotic Distributions. - 8.7 Loglinear Model Fitting: Iterative Methods and their Application. - Notes. - Problems. - 9. Building and Extending Loglinear/Logit Models. - 9.1 Association Graphs and Collapsibility. - 9.2 Model Selection and Comparison. - 9.3 Diagnostics for Checking Models. - 9.4 Modeling Ordinal Associations. - 9.5 Association Models. - 9.6 Association Models, Correlation Models, and Correspondence Analysis. - 9.7 Poisson Regression for Rates. - 9.8 Empty Cells and Sparseness in Modeling Contingency Tables. - Notes. - Problems. - 10. Models for Matched Pairs. - 10.1 Comparing Dependent Proportions. - 10.2 Conditional Logistic Regression for Binary Matched Pairs. - 10.3 Marginal Models for Square Contingency Tables. - 10.4 Symmetry, Quasi-symmetry, and Quasiindependence. - 10.5 Measuring Agreement Between Observers. - 10.6 Bradley-Terry Model for Paired Preferences. - 10.7 Marginal Models and Quasi-symmetry Models for Matched Sets. - Notes. - Problems. - 11. Analyzing Repeated Categorical Response Data. - 11.1 Comparing Marginal Distributions: Multiple Responses. - 11.2 Marginal Modeling: Maximum Likelihood Approach. - 11.3 Marginal Modeling: Generalized Estimating Equations Approach. - 11.4 Quasi-likelihood and Its GEE Multivariate Extension: Details. - 11.5 Markov Chains: Transitional Modeling. - Notes. - Problems. - 12. Random Effects: Generalized Linear Mixed Models for Categorical Responses. - 12.1 Random Effects Modeling of Clustered Categorical Data. - 12.2 Binary Responses: Logistic-Normal Model. - 12.3 Examples of Random Effects Models for Binary Data. - 12.4 Random Effects Models for Multinomial Data. - 12.5 Multivariate Random Effects Models for Binary Data. - 12.6 GLMM Fitting, Inference, and Prediction. - Notes. - Problems. 13. Other Mixture Models for Categorical Data. - 13.1 Latent Class Models. - 13.2 Nonparametric Random Effects Models. - 13.3 Beta-Binomial Models. - 13.4 Negative Binomial Regression. - 13.5 Poisson Regression with Random Effects. - Notes. - Problems. - 14. Asymptotic Theory for Parametric Models. - 14.1 Delta Method. - 14.2 Asymptotic Distributions of Estimators of Model Parameters and Cell Probabilities. - 14.3 Asymptotic Distributions of Residuals and Goodnessof-Fit Statistics. - 14.4 Asymptotic Distributions for Logit/Loglinear Models. - Notes. - Problems. - 15. Alternative Estimation Theory for Parametric Models. - 15.1 Weighted Least Squares for Categorical Data. - 15.2 Bayesian Inference for Categorical Data. - 15.3 Other Methods of Estimation. - Notes. - Problems. - 16. Historical Tour of Categorical Data Analysis. - 16.1 Pearson-Yule Association Controversy. - 16.2 R. A. Fisher's Contributions. - 16.3 Logistic Regression. - 16.4 Multiway Contingency Tables and Loglinear Models. - 16.5 Recent and Future? Developments. - Appendix A. Using Computer Software to Analyze Categorical Data. - A.1 Software for Categorical Data Analysis. - A.2 Examples of SAS Code by Chapter. - Appendix B. Chi-Squared Distribution Values. - References. - Examples Index. - Author Index. - Subject Index.

Note: Contents Preface 1. Introduction 1.1 The problem of scale transfer 1.2 Aims and scope 1.3 Definitions 1.4 Contents of this book 2. Upscaling 2.1 A classification of upscaling methods 2.2 Averaging of observations or output variables 2.2.1 Exhaustive Information 2.2.2 Design based methods 2.2.3 Geostatistical prediction 2.2.4 Deterministic functions 2.2.5 Combinations and auxiliary information 2.3 Finding representative parameters or input variables 2.3.1 Exhaustive information 2.3.2 Deterministic functions 2.3.3 Indirect stochastic methods 2.3.4 Direct stochastic methods 2.3.5 Inverse modelling 2.4 Averaging of model equations 2.4.1 Deterministic: temporal or volume averaging 2.4.2 Stochastic: ensemble averaging 2.5 Model simplification 2.5.1 Lumped conceptual modelling 2.5.2 Meta-modelling 3. Downscaling 3.1 A classification of downscaling methods 3.2 Empirical functions 3.2.1 Deterministic functions 3.2.2 Conditional stochastic functions 3.2.3 Unconditional stochastic functions 3.3 Mechanistic models 3.3.1 Deterministic functions 3.3.2 Conditional stochastic functions 3.3.3 Unconditional stochastic functions 3.4 Fine scale auxiliary information 3.4.1 Deterministic functions 3.4.2 Conditional stochastic functions 3.4.3 Unconditional stochastic functions 4. A simple DSS for upscaling and downscaling 4.1 Purpose and philosophy of the DSS 4.2 Functionality and options at startup 4.3 Definition of the research chain over the scales 4.3.1 Define a new research chain 4.3.2 Modify parts of research chain 4.4 Enter the DSS from the research chain 4.5 DSS Upscaling and Downscaling Appendix: Random Variables and Stochastic Functions Glossary Contents References Index

Note: Contents: Foreword. - Series Preface. - Preface to the Second Edition. - Preface to the First Edition. - Part 1 Introduction. - 1 Modeling Dynamic Systems. - 1.1 Model Components. - 1.2 Dynamic Modeling as a Skill and Art. - 1.3 Modeling in STELLA. - 1.4 Principles of Modeling. - Part 2 Some General Methods for Modeling. - 2 Four-Model Set. - 2.1 Stimulus-Response Model. - 2.2 Self-Referencing Model. - 2.3 Goal-Seeking Model. - 2.4 Goal-Setting Model. - 2.5 Examples. - 2.5.1 Exponential Decay of a Stock. - 2.5.2 Newtonian Cooling. - 3 Gradual Development of a Dynamic Model. - 3.1 Modeling Industrialization for a Simple Agrarian Society. - 3.2 Impacts of Per Capita Food Consumption on Population Growth. - 3.3 Adding Agriculture. - 3.4 Adding Industry. - 4 Two Independent Variables. - 4.1 Population Cohorts. - 4.1.1 Basic Cohort Model. - 4.1.2 Population Cohort Array. - 4.1.3 U.S. Population Growth. - 4.2 River Toxins. - 5 Randomness. - 5.1 Flipping a Coin. - 5.2 Intoxication Model. - 6 Positive and Negative Feedback. - 6.1 The Basic Model. - 6.2 Positive Feedback with Fixed Points. - 6.3 Elaborations. - 7 Derivatives and Lags. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Applications of Derivatives and Lags. - 7.2.1 Simple Population Model. - 7.2.2 Two-Population Model. - Part 3 Chemistry Models. - 8 The Law of Mass Action. - 8.1 Breakdown of Nitrogen Dioxide into Nitrogen Oxide and Oxygen. - 8.2 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion. - 9 Chance-Cleland Model for Enzyme-Substrate Interaction. - 10 The Olsen Oscillator. - Part 4 Genetics Models. - 11 Mating of Alleles. - 11.1 Heterozygosity and Disease Resistance. - 11.2 The Mating of Two Alleles into a Genotype: Proving the Hardy-Weinberg Law. - 12 Natural Selection and Mutation. - 13 Artificial Worms. - Part 5 Ecological Models. - 14 Robin Population. - 15 Two-Stage Insect Model. - 16 The Zebra Mussel. - 17 Single Cell Forest. - 18 Predator-Prey Models. - 18.1 Basic Model of Predator-Prey Interactions. - 18.2 Spatial Predator-Prey Model. - 19 Epidemic Modeling. - 20 Reestablishment of Wolves. - 21 Lyme Disease. - 22 Tragedy of the Commons. - Part 6 Economic Models. - 23 Introduction to Modeling Economic Processes. - 24 The Competitive Firm. - 25 The Monopolistic Firm. - 25.1 Basic Model. - 25.2 Taxing Monopolies. - 26 Competitive Equilibrium. - 27 Substitution. - 27.1 Isoquants. - 27.2 Finding the Profit-Maximizing Output Level and Input Combinations. - 28 Time Value. - 29 Opportunity Cost. - 30 Optimal Tree Cutting. - 31 Fisheries Reserve Model. - 32 Dynamic Scarcity. - 32.1 Competitive Scarcity. - 32.2 Monopoly Scarcity. - 33 Market Game. - 34 Pig Cycle. - Part 7 Engineering Models. - 35 The Assembly Line. - 35.1 Basic Model. - 35.2 Car Assembly Line. - 36 Models of Gravity and Acceleration. - 36.1 Falling Rock. - 36.2 Projectile Motion. - 36.3 Mass-Damper-Spring. - 36.4 Mechanical Amplifier. - 37 Chaos. - 37.1 A New Paradigm. - 37.2 Jenson Chaos. - 37.3 Lorenz Chaos. - 37.4 Two-Well Chaos. - Part 8 Conclusion. - 38 Beginning a Dialog. - Appendixes. - A1 System Requirements. - A1.1 Macintosh. - A1.2 Windows. - A2 Quick Help Guide. - A2.1 Overview of the STELLA(r) Operating Environment. - A2.2 Drawing an Inflow to a Stock. - A2.3 Drawing an Outflow from a Stock. - A2.4 Replacing a Cloud with a Stock. - A2.5 Bending Flow Pipes. - A2.6 Repositioning Flow Pipes. - A2.7 Reversing Direction of a Flow. - A2.8 Flow Define Dialog-Builtins. - A2.9 Moving Variable Names. - A2.10 Drawing Connectors. - A2.11 Defining Graphs and Tables. - A2.12 Dynamite Operations on Graphs and Tables. - References. - Index.

Note: CONTENTS: 1 Concepts and Foundations of Remote Sensing. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Energy Sources and Radiation Principles. - 1.3 Energy Interactions in the Atmosphere. - 1.4 EnergyJnteractions with Earth Surface Features. - 1.5 Data Acquisition and Interpretation. - 1.6 Reference Data. - 1.7 The Global Positioning System. - 1.8 An Ideal Remote Sensing System. - 1.9 Characteristics of Real Remote Sensing Systems. - 1.10 Successful Application of Remote Sensing. - 1.11 Land and Geographic Information Systems. - 1.12 Organization of the Book. - Selected Bibliography. - 2 Elements of Photographic Systems. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Early History of Aerial Photography. - 2.3 Basic Negative-to-Positive Photographic Sequence. - 2.4 Film Exposure 2.5 Film Density and Characteristic Curves. - 2.6 Spectral Sensitivity of Black and White Films. - 2.7 Color Film. - 2.8 Color Infrared Film. - 2.9 Filters. - 2.10 Aerial Film Cameras. - 2.11 Film Resolution. - 2.12 Electronic Imaging. - 2.13 Aerial Videography. - 2.14 Multiband Imaging. - 2.15 Conclusion. - Selected Bibliography. - 3 Basic Principles of Photogrammetry. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Basic Geometric Characteristics of Aerial Photographs. - 3.3 Photographic Scale. - 3.4 Ground Coverage of Aerial Photographs. - 3.5 Area Measurement. - 3.6 Relief Displacement of Vertical Features. - 3.7 Image Parallax. - 3.8 Ground Control for Aerial Photography. - 3.9 Mapping with Aerial Photographs. - 3.10 Flight Planning. - 3.11 Conclusion. - Selected Bibliography. - 4 Introduction to Visual Image Interpretation. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Fundamentals of Visual Image Interpretation. - 4.3 Basic Visual Image Interpretation Equipment. - 4.4 Land Use/Land Cover Mapping. - 4.5 Geologic and Soil Mapping. - 4.6 Agricultural Applications. - 4.7 Forestry Applications. - 4.8 Rangeland Applications. - 4.9 Water Resource Applications. - 4.10 Urban and Regional Planning Applications. - 4.11 Wetland Mapping. - 4.12 Wildlife Ecology Applications. - 4.13 Archaeological Applications. - 4.14 Environmental Assessment. - 4.15 Principles of Landform Identification and Evaluation. - Selected Bibliography. - 5 Multispectral, Thermal, and Hyperspectral Sensing. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Across-Track Scanning. - 5.3 Along-Track Scanning. - 5.4 Operating Principles of Across-Track Multispectral Scanners. - 5.5 Example Along-Track Multispectral Scanner and Data. - 5.6 Across-Track Thermal Scanning. - 5.7 Thermal Radiation Principles. - 5.8 Interpreting Thermal Scanner Imagery. - 5.9 Geometric Characteristics of Across-Track Scanner Imagery. - 5.10 Geometric Characteristics of Along-Track Scanner- Imagery. - 5.11 Radiometric Calibration of Thermal Scanners. - 5.12 Temperature Mapping with Thermal Scanner Data. - 5.13 FLIR Systems. - 5.14 Hyperspectral Sensing. - 5.15 Conclusion. - Selected Bibliography. - 6 Earth Resource Satellites Operating in the Optical Spectrum. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Early History of Space Imaging. - 6.3 Landsat Satellite Program Overview. - 6.4 Landsat-1,-2, and-3. - 6.5 Landsat-4 and -5. - 6.6 Landsat-6 Planned Mission. - 6.7 Landsat-7. - 6.8 Landsat Image Interpretation. - 6.9 New Millennium Program. - 6.10 SPOT Satellite Program. - 6.11 SPOT-1,-2, and-3. - 6.12 SPOT-4. - 6.13 SPOT-5. - 6.14 SPOT Image Interpretation. - 6.15 Other Moderate Resolution Land Satellites. - 6.16 High Resolution Land Satellites. - 6.17 Hyperspectral Satellite Systems. - 6.18 Meteorological Satellites. - 6.19 Ocean Monitoring Satellites. - 6.20 Earth Observing System. - 6.21 Space Station Remote Sensing. - Selected Bibliography. - 7 Digital Image Processing. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Image Rectification and Restoration. - 7.3 Image Enhancement. - 7.4 Contrast Manipulation. - 7.5 Spatial Feature Manipulation. - 7.6 Multi-Image Manipulation. - 7.7 Image Classification. - 7.8 Supervised Classification. - 7.9 The Classification Stage. - 7.10 The Training Stage. - 7.11 Unsupervised Classification. - 7.12 Hybrid Classification. - 7.13 Classification of Mixed Pixels. - 7.14 The Output Stage. - 7.15 Postclassification Smoothing. - 7.16 Classification Accuracy Assessment. - 7.17 Data Merging and GIS Integration. - 7.18 Hyperspectral Image Analysis. - 7.19 Biophysical Modeling. - 7.20 Scale Effects. - 7.21 Image Transmission and Compression. - 7.22 Conclusion. - Selected Bibliography. - 8 Microwave Sensing. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Radar Development. - 8.3 Side Looking Radar System Operation. - 8.4 Synthetic Aperture Radar. - 8.5 Geometric Characteristics of Side-Looking Radar Imagery. - 8.6 Transmission Characteristics of Radar Signals. - 8.7 Other Radar Image Characteristics. - 8.8 Radar Image Interpretation. - 8.9 Radar Remote Sensing from Space. - 8.10 Seasat-1. - 8.11 Shuttle Imaging Radar. - 8.12 Almaz-1. - 8.13 ERS-1, ERS-2, and Envisat-1. - 8.14 JERS-1 and ALOS. - 8.15 Radarsat. - 8.16 LightSAR. - 8.17 Spaceborne Radar System Summary. - 8.18 Interferometric Radar. - 8.19 Planetary Exploration. - 8.20 Passive Microwave Sensing. - 8.21 Lidar. - Selected Bibliography. - Appendix. - Remote Sensing Data Sources. - Remote Sensing Periodicals. - Index.

Note: Contents: List of Figures. - List of Colour Illustrations. - List of Tables. - Contributors. - Foreword. - Map. - Introduction / Mark Nuttall and Terry V. Callaghan. - PART 1 THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE AND PROCESSES OF THE ARCTIC. - 1. The geological development of the Arctic / Maurits Lindstrom. - 2. Glaciology / Martin J. Siegert and Julian A. Dowdeswell. - 3. Permafrost and hydrology / Ming-Koo Woo. - 4. Arctic oceanography, sea ice and climate / Norman Davis. - 5. Upper atmosphere physics and chemistry / Sheila Kirkwood. - 6. The weather and climate of the Arctic / Gunter Weller. - PART 2 LIFE SCIENCES IN THE ARCTIC. - 7. Marine biology: Biomass productivity distributions and their variability in the Barents and Bering Seas / Egil Sakshaug and John Walsh. - 8. Ecology of Arctic lakes and rivers / Warwick F. Vincent and John E. Hobbie. - 9. Biodiversity of terrestrial ecosystems / Nadya Matveyeva and Yuri Chernov. - 10. Arctic terrestrial ecosystems and ecosystem function / Sven Jonasson, Terry V. Callaghan, Gaius R. Shaver and Lena A. Nielsen. - 11. Arctic medical science / Bent Harvald and the late Jens Peder Hart Hansen. - 12. Physical anthropology of the Arctic / G. Richard Scott, Scott Legge, Robert W. Lane, Susan L. Steen and Steven R. Street. - PART 3 SOCIAL AND POLITICAL DIMENSIONS OF THE ARCTIC. - 13. Indigenous peoples, self-determination and the Arctic environment / Mark Nuttall. - 14. The social anthropology of the Russian Far North / Peter P. Schweitzer. - 15. Arctic geopolitics then and now / Sanjay Chaturvedi. - 16. The population of the circumpolar north / Gunnar Knapp. - 17. The political economy of renewable resource management in the Arctic / Richard A. Caulfield. - PART 4 ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACTS ON THE ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT: REGIONAL AND GLOBAL CONSEQUENCES AND POLICY RESPONSES. - 18. Integrated global change impact assessments / Manfred A. Lange. - 19. Ozone depletion and UV-B radiation / Edward De Fabo and Lars Olof Björn. - 20. Local and transboundary pollution / Lars Otto Reiersen. - 21. International co-operation in the Arctic environment / Clive Archer and David Scrivener. - 22. Indigenous peoples' organisations and Arctic environmental co-operation / Mark Nuttall. - Index.

Note: Contents: Preface / G. A. Llano. - Welcoming Remarks / W. S. Benninghoff. - The Third Symposium in Historical Perspective / G. A. Knox. - Sir George E. R. Deacon: An Appreciation / K. J. Bertrand. - The Southern Ocean: History of Exploration / Sir George E. R. Deacon. - The Symposium. - Part I: The Structure and Function of Antarctic Marine Phytoplankton Ecosystems. - The Antarctic Marine Ecosystem / Joel W. Hedgpeth. - Primary Production and the Factors Controlling Phytoplankton Growth in the Southern Ocean / O. Holm-Hansen, S. Z. El-Sayed, G. A. Franceschini, and R. L. Cuhel. - Phytoplankton Biomass and Productivity in the Subtropical Convergence Area and Shelves of the Western Indian Subantarctic Islands / Jacqueline Plancke. - Sea Ice Habitats of Signy Island (South Orkneys) and Their Primary Productivity / Terence M. Whitaker. - Dissolved Oxygen and pH Increases by Primary Production in the Surface Water of Arthur Harbor, Antarctica, 1970-1971 / S. V. Shabica, J. W. Hedgpeth, and P. K. Park. - Heterotrophic Activity of Microorganisms in Antarctic Waters / R. Y. Morita, R. P. Griffiths, and S. S. Hayasaka. - Vitamins in the South Polar Seas: Distribution and Significance of Dissolved and Particulate Vitamin B12, Thiamine, and Biotin in the Southern Indian Ocean / A. F. Caducei and R. L. Cuhel. - Discussion. - Part II: The Structure and Function of Antarctic Marine Benthic Ecosystems. - Adaptations within the Antarctic Marine Benthic Ecosystem / Patrick M. Arnaud. - Bacterial Sulfur and Nitrogen Cycles in Sedimentary Deposits of "Fjord Bossière" (Kerguelen Archipelago) / D. Delille. - Antarctic Soft-Bottom, Macrobenthic Community Adaptations to a Cold, Stable, Highly Productive, Glacially Affected Environment / Michael D. Richardson and Joel W. Hedgpeth. - Ecological Adaptations by Antarctic Poikilotherms to the Polar Marine Environment / Martin G. White. - Scoloplos marginatus mcleani: Life Cycle and Adaptations to the Antarctic Benthic Environment / P. Hardy. - Benthic Bionomy of the Continental Shelf of the Kerguelen Archipelago, Macrofauna 2, Diversity of Benthic Annelid Population in a Fjord Close to the Morbihan Gulf / D. Desbruyeres. - Seasonal Variations in the Structure of Populations of Antarctic Polynoids and the Part Played by Polychaetes in the Biocenoses of the Arctic and Antarctic / V. G. Averincev. - Benthic Bionomy of the Continental Shelf of the Kerguelen Islands: Quantitative Data on the Echinoderms of the Morbihan Gulf / Alain Guille. - Seasonal Alterations in Coastal Communities in the Davis Sea / E. N. Gruzov. - First Investigations on the Density of Soft Bottom Meiofauna in Morbihan Bay (Kerguelen Islands) / J. Soyer and F. de Bovee. - Foods and Feeding Characteristics of Antarctic Asteroids and Ophiuroids / John H. Dearborn. - Analysis of the Gigantism and Dwarfness of Antarctic and Subantarctic Gammaridean Amphipoda / Claude De Broyer. - The Breeding Biology of Chorismus antarcticus (Pfeffer) and Notocrangon antarcticus (Pfeffer) (Crustacea, Decapoda) and Its Bearing on the Problems of the Impoverished Antarctic Decapod Fauna / J. Garrey H. Maxwell. - A Preliminary Investigation of the Lipids of Chorismus antarcticus (Pfeffer) (Crustacea, Decapoda) at South Georgia / Andrew Clarke. - Some Additions to Schemes of the Vertical Zonation of Marine Bottom Fauna / A. P. Andriashev. - Quantitative Studies on the Soft-Bottom Macrobenthic Animal Communities of Shallow Antarctic Bays / V. A. Gallardo, J. G. Castillo, M. A. Retamal, A. Yáñez, H. l. Moyano, and J. G. Hermosilla. - Discussion. - Part Ill: Adaptations in Antarctic Vertebrates (Physiology). - Mechanisms of Cold Adaptation in Polar Marine Animals / Bruce L. Umminger. - The Significance of Vertebrates in the Antarctic Marine Ecosystem / Richard M. Laws. - The Role of Glycoprotein Antifreezes in the Survival of Antarctic Fishes / Arthur L. DeVries and Yuan Lin. - New Cytological, Biochemical, and Physiological Data on the Colorless Blood of the Channichthyidae (Pisces, Teleosteans, Perciformes) / J. C. Hureau, J. M. Fine, M. Marneux, and D. Petit. - Respiratory and Circulatory Adaptations to the Absence of Hemoglobin in Chaenichthyid Fishes / Edvard A. Hemmingsen and Everett L. Douglas. - Thermo- and Osmoregulatory Responses Induced by Heating and Cooling the Rostral Brainstem of the Adelie Penguin / H. T. Hammel, J. E. Maggert, E. Simon, L. Crawshaw, and R. Kaul. - Body Temperature Regulation of the Emperor Penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri G.) During Physiological Fasting / Yvon Le Maho, Philippe Delclitte, and René Groscolas. - Cardiovascular Adaptations of the Giant Petrel, Macronectes giganteus, to the Antarctic Environment / David E. Murrish and Charles L. Guard. - Temperature Regulation in the Newborn Weddell Seal, Leptonychotes weddelli / R. Elsner, D. D. Hammond, D. M. Denison, and R. Wyburn. - Discussion. - Part IV: Adaptations in Antarctic Vertebrates (Ecology). - Evolution Within Pelagic Ecosystems: Aspects of the Distribution and Evolution of the Family Myctophidae / Richard F. McGinnis. - Aspects of the Diet of the Antarctic Silverfish, Pleuragramma antarcticum / H. H. DeWitt and T. L. Hopkins. - The Bacterial Microflora in the Digestive Tracts of Penguins and Fishes from the Kerguelen Islands / R. Lesel and J. P. Menet. - The Rockhopper Penguin (Eudyptes chrysocome moseleyi), of Saint Paul and New Amsterdam Islands / T. Duroselle and B. Tollu. - Adaptive Significance of the Reoccupation Period of the Adelie Penguin / E. B. Spurr. - Interactions Between South Polar Skuas and Adelie Penguins / Dietland Müller-Schwarze and Christine Müller-Schwarze. - Comparative Feeding Ecology of the Giant Petrels Macronectes giganteus (Gmelin) and M. halli (Mathews) / G. W. Johnstone. - Feeding Methods in Seabirds: A Comparison of Polar and Tropical Nesting Communities in the Eastern Pacific Ocean / David G. Ainley. - Adaptations of Arctic Terns and Antarctic Terns Within Antarctic Ecosystems / D. F. Parmelee. - Distribution and Abundance of Seals in the Pack Ice of the Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean / James R. Gilbert and Albert W. Erickson. - Adaptations of Weddell and Ringed Seals to Exploit the Polar Fast Ice Habitat in the Absence or Presence of Surface Predators / Ian Stirling. - Food Consumption of Seals in the Antarctic Pack Ice / Torger Øritsland. - The Leopard Seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) at Palmer Station, Antarctica / R. J. Hofman, R. A. Reichle, D. B. Siniff, and D. Müller-Schwarze. - Distribution of Toothed Whales in the Antarctic Ocean / Masaharu Nishiwaki. - Discussion. - Part V: The Structure and Function of Antarctic Freshwater Ecosystems. - Antarctic Freshwater Ecosystems: Review and Synthesis / Ronald B. Heywood. - Production and Periodicity of Antarctic Freshwater Phytoplankton / J. J. Light. - Studies on Some Saline Lakes of the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica / K. R. Kerry, D. R. Grace, R. Williams, and H. R. Burton. - Nitrogen and Phosphorus Availability to Plankton: and Benthic Communities in Lake Bonney, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / Robert C. Hoehn, Bruce C. Parker, Richard D. Fortner, Barron L. Weand, James A. Craft, Larry S. Lane, Robert W. Stavros, Harold G. Sugg, Jr., and Jeffrey T. Whitehurst. - Changes in Dissolved Organic Matter, Photosynthetic Production, and Microbial Community Composition in Lake Bonney, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / Bruce C. Parker, Robert C. Hoehn, Robert A. Paterson, James A. Craft, Larry S. Lane, Robert W. Stavros, Harold G. Sugg, Jr., Jeffrey T. Whitehurst, Richard D. Fortner, and Barron L. Weand. - Discussion. - Part VI: The Structure and Function of Antarctic Terrestrial Ecosystems. - Climatic Relationships in Antarctic and Northern Hemisphere Populations of a Cosmopolitan Moss, Bryum argenteum Hedw. / R. E. Longton and Marjorie A. Maclver. - The Growth of Mosses in Two Contrasting Communities in the Maritime Antarctic: Measurement and Pre , Includes some contributions in French

Note: Contents: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. - GENERAL PART. - Introduction. - Area covered. - Abbreviations, scale bars and arrows. - Material examined. - General structure of the podocopid Ostracoda. - Carapace. - Appendages. - Exo- and endoskeleton. - Respiration and blood circulation. - Digestive and nervous systems, eyes and excretory glands. - Reproduction. - Reproductive organs. - Structure of the sperm. - Reproductive modes. - The biological species concept and clonal taxonomy. - Development. - Ecology. - Terminology. - Life histories. - Food and prédation. - Dispersal abilities. - Fossil record. - The utility of the Ostracoda in (palaeo)ecology and evolution. - Ostracon, IRGO, CYPRIS, ISO, and EOM. - The Index and Bibliography of Nonmarine Ostracoda. - NODE - Nonmarine Ostracod Distribution in Europe. - Practical methods. - Previous faunistic synopses and checklists. Numbers of species recorded. - Classification of the Ostracoda. - Diagnosis of the Podocopida. - Evolutionary origin of non-marine Ostracoda. - Classification of the Podocopida. - SYSTEMATIC RECORD OF SPECIES. - Superfamily DARWINULOIDEA Brady &Norman, 1889. - Family Darwinulidae Brady & Norman, 1889. - Genus Darwinula Brady & Robertson, 1885. - 1. Darwinula stevensoni (Brady & Robertson,1870). - Genus Penthesilenula Rossetti & Martens, 1998. - 1. Penthesilenula brasiliensls (Pinto & Kotzian, 1961). - Superfamily CYPRIDOIDEA s. str. Baird, 1845. - Family Candonidae Kaufmann, 1900. - Subfamily Candoninae Kaufmann, 1900. - Genus Paracandona Hartwig, 1899. - 1. Paracandona euplectella (Robertson, 1889). - Genus Nannocandona Ekman, 1914. - 1. Nannocandona faba Ekman, 1914. - Genus Candona s. str. Baird, 1845. - 1. Candona Candida (O.F. Müller, 1776). - 2. Candona weltneri Hartwig, 1899. - 3. Candona sanociensis Sywula, 1971. - 4. Candona improvisa Ostermeyer, 1937. - 5. Candona neglecta Sars, 1887. - 6. Candona lindneri Petkovski, 1969. - 7. Candona meerfeldiana Scharf, 1983. - 8. Candona muelleri Hartwig, 1899. - 9. Candona angulata Müller, 1900. - Genus Fabaeformiscandona Krstic, 1972. - 1. Fabaeformiscandona fabaeformis (Fischer, 1851). - 2. Fabaeformiscandona holzkampfi (Hartwig, 1900). - 3. Fabaeformiscandona alexandri (Sywula, 1981). - 4. Fabaeformiscandona fragilis (Hartwig, 1898). - 5. Fabaeformiscandona angusta (Ostermeyer, 1937). - 6. Fabaeformiscandona tyrolensis (Löffler, 1963) nov. comb. - 7. Fabaeformiscandona brisiaca (Klie, 1938). - 8. Fabaeformiscandona fabella (Nüchterlein, 1969). - 9. Fabaeformiscandona balatonica (Daday, 1894). - 10. Fabaeformiscandona acuminata (Fischer, 1851). - 11. Fabaeformiscandona caudata (Kaufmann, 1900). - 12. Fabaeformiscandona siliquosa (Brady, 1910). - 13. Fabaeformiscandona tricicatricosa(Diebel & Pietrzeniuk, 1969). - 14. Fabaeformiscandona loz.eki (Absolon, 1973) nov. comb. - 15. Fabaeformiscandona levanderi (Hirschmann, 1912). - 16. Fabaeformiscandona hyalina (Brady & Robertson, 1870). - 17. Fabaeformiscandona protzi (Hartwig, 1898). - 18. Fabaeformiscandona brevicornis (Klie, 1925). - 19. Fabaeformiscandona wegelini (Petkovski, 1962). - 20. Fabaeformiscandona latens (Klie, 1940). - 21. Fabaeformiscandona breuili (Paris, 1920) nov. comb. - 22. Fabaeformiscandona bilohata (Klie, 1938). - 23. Fabaeformiscandona bilobatoides (Löffler, 1961). - Genus Schellencandona Meisch, 1996. - 1. Schellencandona schellenhergi (Klie, 1934). - 2. Schellencandona insueta (Klie, 1938). - 3. Schellencandona belgica (Klie, 1937). - 4. Schellencandona triquetra (Klie, 1936). - Genus Pseudocandona Kaufmann, 1900. - 1. Pseudocandona zschokkei (Wolf, 1920). - 2. Pseudocandona marchica (Hartwig, 1899). - 3. Pseudocandona rostrata (Brady & Norman, 1889). - 4. Pseudocandona sarsi (Hartwig, 1899). - 5. Pseudocandona hartwigi (G.W. Müller, 1900). - 6. Pseudocandona lobipes (Hartwig, 1900). - 7. Pseudocandona stagnalis (Sars, 1890). - 8. Pseudocandona semicognita (Schäfer, 1934). - 9. Pseudocandona eremita (Vejdovsky, 1882). - 10. Pseudocandona szoecsi (Farkas, 1958). - 11. Pseudocandona insculpta (G.W. Müller, 1900). - 12. Pseudocandona compressa (Koch, 1838). - 13. Pseudocandona sucki (Hartwig, 1901). - 14. Pseudocandona pratensis (Hartwig, 1901). - 15. Pseudocandona albicans (Brady, 1864). - Genus Cryptocandona Kaufmann, 1900. - 1. Cryptocandona vavrai Kaufmann, 1900. - 2. Cryptocandona kieferi (Klie, 1938). - 3. Cryptocandona reducta (Alm, 1914). - 4. Cryptocandona phreaticola (Klie, 1927). - 5. Cryptocandona leruthi (Klie, 1936). - 6. Cryptocandona dudichi (Klie, 1930). - Genus Mixtacandona Klie, 1938. - 1. Mixtacandona laisi (Klie, 1938). - 2. Mixtacandona transleithanica (Löffler, 1960). - 3. Mixtacandona spandli Rogulj & Danielopol, 1993. - Genus Candonopsis Vavra, 1891. - 1. Candonopsis kingsleii (Brady & Robertson, 1870). - 2. Candonopsis scourfieldi Brady, 1910. - Subfamily Cyclocypridinae Kaufmann, 1900. - Genus Cypria Zenker, 1854. - 1. Cypria exsculpta (Fischer, 1855). - 2. Cypria ophtalmica (Jurine, 1820). - 3. Cypria subsalsa Redeke, 1936. - 4. Cypria sywulae nom. nov. - 5. Cypria reptans Bronshtein, 1928. - Genus Physocypria Vavra, 1897. - 1. Physocypria kraepelini G.W. Müller, 1903. - Genus Cyclocypris Brady & Norman, 1889. - 1. Cyclocypris globosa (Sars, 1863). - 2. Cyclocypris serena (Koch, 1838). - 3. Cyclocypris laevis (O.F. Müller, 1776). - 4. Cyclocypris ovum (Jurine, 1820). - 5. Cyclocypris helocrenica Fuhrmann & Pietrzeniuk, 1990. - Family Ilyocyprididae Kaufmann, 1900. - Subfamily Ilyocypridinae Kaufmann, 1900. - Genus Ilyocypris Brady & Norman, 1889. - 1. Ilyocypris gibba (Ramdohr, 1808). - 2. Ilyocypris monstrifica (Norman, 1862). - 3. Ilyocypris decipiens Masi, 1905. - 4. Ilyocypris bradyi Sars, 1890. - 5. Ilyocypris inermis Kaufmann, 1900. - 6. Ilyocypris lacustris Kaufmann, 1900. - 7. Ilyocypris getica Masi, 1906. - Family Notodromadidae Kaufmann, 1900. - Subfamily Notodromadinae Kaufmann, 1900. - Genus Notodromas Lilljeborg, 1853. - 1. Notodromas monacha (O.F. Müller, 1776). - 2. Notodromas persica Gurney, 1921. - Subfamily Cyproidinae Hartmann, 1963. - Genus Cyprois Zenker, 1854. - 1. Cyprois marginata (Straus, 1821). - Family Cyprididae Baird, 1845. - Subfamily Cypridinae Baird, 1845. - Genus Cypris O.F. Müller, 1776. - 1. Cypris pubera O.F. Müller, 1776. - 2. Cypris bispinosa Lucas, 1849. - 3. Cypris striata (Jurine, 1820). - Subfamily Eucypridinae Bronshtein, 1947. - Genus Eucypris Vâvra, 1891. - 1. Eucypris virens (Jurine, 1820). - 2. Eucypris kerkyrensis Stephanides, 1937. - 3. Eucypris moravica Jancaffk, 1947. - 4. Eucypris lilljeborgi (G.W. Müller, 1900). - 5. Eucypris elliptica (Baird, 1846). - 6. Eucypris crassa (O.F. Müller, 1785). - 7. Eucypris anglica Fox, 1967. - 8. Eucypris pigra (Fischer, 1851). - Genus Koencypris n. gen. - 1. Koencypris ornata (O.F. Müller, 1776). - Genus Prionocypris Brady & Norman, 1896. - 1. Prionocypris zenkeri (Chyzer & Toth, 1858). - Genus Tonnacypris Diebel & Pietrzeniuk, 1975. - 1. Tonnacypris lutaria (Koch, 1838). - Genus Trajancypris Martens, 1989. - 1. Trajancypris serrata (G.W. Müller, 1900). - 2. Trajancypris clavata (Baird, 1838). - 3. Trajancypris laevis (G.W. Müller, 1900). - Subfamily Cypricercinae McKenzie, 1971. - Genus Bradleycypris McKenzie,1982. - 1. Bradleycypris obliqua (Brady, 1868). - Genus Bradleystrandesia Broodbakker, 1983. - 1. Bradleystrandesia fuscata (Jurine, 1820). - 2. Bradleystrandesia reticulata (Zaddach, 1844). - 3. Bradleystrandesia hirsuta (Fischer, 1851). - Subfamily Herpetocypridinae Kaufmann, 1900. - Genus Herpetocypris Brady & Norman, 1889. - 1. Herpetocypris reptans (Baird, 1835). - 2. Herpetocypris brevicaudata Kaufmann, 1900. - 3. Herpetocypris chevreuxi (Sars, 1896) 4. Herpetocypris helenae G.W. Müller, 1908. - 5. Herpetocypris interm

Note: Contents List of Contributors Preface Acknowledgments List of Notations PART A. BEACH SYSTEMS: DEFINITION AND GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE 1 Beaches / Andrew D. Short 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Two-dimensional beaches 1.3 Three-dimensional beaches 1.4 Beach components and boundary conditions 1.5 Beach classifications 1.6 Beach Quantification 1.7 Beach morphodynamics 1.8 The study of beaches 1.9 Rationale for beach studies in the 21st century 2 Global variation in beach systems / Andrew D. Short 2.1 Global variation in beach systems 2.2 Coastal boundaries 2.3 Global climates 2.4 Global coastal sediments 2.5 Beach sediments 2.6 Global wave climates 2.7 Global and coastal tide regimes 2.8 Summary PART B. BEACH MORPHODYNAMICS 3 The shoreface / Peter J. Cowell, David J. Hanslow and Justin F. Meleo 3.1 Introduction: definition and significance 3.2 Morphological scale 3.3 Morphodynamics and shoreface equilibrium 3.4 Morphodynamic time scale and external controls 3.5 Summary 4 The surf zone / Troels Aagaard and Gerhard Masselink 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Wave transformation and wave set-up 4.3 Infragravity wave motion in the surf zone 4.4 Surf zone currents 4.5 Sediment transport 4.6 Bar morphology 5 The beachface / Michael Hughes and Ian Turner 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Swash kinematics 5.3 Beachface slope 5.4 Berms 5.5 Beach step 5.6 Swash cusps 5.7 Concluding remarks 6 The beach backshore and beyond / Patrick A. Hesp 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Backshore beach morphology 6.3 Backshore sand transport 6.4 Backshore aerodynamics 6.5 Beach- Backshore - dune sediment transport 6.6 Impact of salt aerosols 6.7 Overwash processes and deposits 6.8 Swash-deposited backshore landforms 6.9 Backshore dunes 6.10 Erosional and transgressive dunes 6.11 Summary PART C. BEACH TYPES AND APPLICATIONS 7 Wave-dominated beaches / Andrew D. Short 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Historical perspective 7.3 Wave-dominated beach types 7.4 Sequential beach changes 7.5 Multi-bar micro-tidal beaches 7.6 Beach 'state' curves: beaches in time and space 8 The effect of tides on beach morphodynamics / Gerhard Masselink and Ian L. Turner 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Tide-induced migration of hydrodynamic processes 8.3 Tide-induced fluctuations of the beach ground water table 8.4 Morphological response to tides 8.5 The parameterisation of tidal effects 8.6 A morphodynamic classification of tidal beaches 8.7 Summary 9 Embayed and structurally controlled beaches / Andrew D. Short and Gerhard Masselink 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Beach planform 9.3 Beach morphodynamics 9.4 Beach rotation 9.5 Headland sand bypassing 9.6 Structural impacts 9.7 Summary PART D. BEACH SYSTEMS AND IMPACTS 10 Beach Modification: natural impacts on beach morphodynamics / Andrew D. Short 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Determining beach type, circulation and bar number 10.3 Modification by cold climates 10.4 Modification by tropical climates 10.5 Modification of beach parameters 10.6 Summary 11 Beach ecology / Andrew D. Short and Patrick A. Hesp 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Beach habitats 11.3 Beach organisms 11.4 The beach energy system 11.5 Beach ecology and beach systems 11.6 Physical implication 11.7 Summary 12 Beach and dune stratification / Andrew D. Short and Patrick A. Hesp 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Boundary layer processes 12.3 Beach type and stratification 12.4 Dune stratification 12.5 Summary 13 Beach hazards and safety / Andrew D. Short 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Beach hazards 13.3 Wave-dominated beach hazards 13.4 Tide-modified beach hazards 13.5 Beach hazard rating 13.6 Applications to beach management 13.7 Summary PART E. LARGE SCALE BEACH BEHAVIOUR 14 Barrier morphodynamics / Patrick A. Hesp and Andrew D. Short 14.1 Introduction 14.2 The origin of barriers 14.3 Factors contributing to barrier type and evolution 14.4 Barrier morphodynamics and types 14.5 Controls on barrier evolution 14.6 Conclusion References Author Index Location index Subject Index

Note: Inhalt 1. Vorwort 2. Einleitung 2.1 Allgemeine Hinweise für die Benutzer 2.2 Die Göttinger Pollen-Referenzsammlung 2.3 Herstellung der Pollenpräparate 2.4 Mikroskopische Untersuchungen, Mikrofotografie 2.5 Terminologie, Erläuterungen und Abkürzungen 2.6 Nomenklatur 2.7 Die Einbeziehung von Pflanzensippen aus Südeuropa (inkl. Kleinasien und N-Afrika) und aus den pliozänen Floren Mitteleuropas 2.8 Bestimmungsschlüssel für die Skulpturtypen 2.9 Bestimmungsschlüssel für die Pollenklassen 3. Polyadeae 4. Tetradeae 4.1 Catalpa 4.2 Drosera 4.2.1 Drosera rotundifolia-Typ 4.2.2 Drosera intermedia 4.3 Juncaceae 4.4 Periploca 4.5 Spiranthes 4.6 Aldrovanda vesiculosa 4.7 Ericaceae-Empetrum-Gruppe 4.7.1 Arctostaphylos alpina 4.7.2 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 4.7.3 Arbutus 4.7.4 Calluna vulgaris 4.7.5 Empetrum / Ledum 4.7.6 Moneses uniflora 4.7.7 Sammelgruppe Vaccinium-Typ 4.8 Chimaphila umbellata 4.9 Typha latifolia-Typ 4.10 Epipactis-Gruppe 4.10.1 Listera cordata 4.10.2 Epipactis 4.10.3 Neottia-Typ 5. Dyadeae 5.1 Scheuchzeria palustris 6. Vesiculatae 6.1 Tsuga 6.1.1 Tsuga diversifolia-Typ 6.1.2 Tsuga candensis-Typ 6.2 Picea 6.3 Pinus 6.3.1 Pinus cembra-Typ 6.3.2 Pinus sylvestris-Typ 6.4 Keteleeria davidiana 6.5 Abies 6.6 Cedrus 7. Inaperturatae inkl. Polyplicatae 7.1 Thesium 7.2 Ephedra 7.2.1 Ephedra distachya-Typ 7.2.2 Ephedra fragilis-Typ 7.2.3 Ephedra foliata-Typ 7.3 Cryptomeria-Typ 7.4 Juniperus-Typ 7.4.1 Juniperus communis-Typ 7.4.2 Juniperus excelsa-Typ 7.4.3 Cunninghamia-Typ 7.5 Larix, Pseudotsuga 7.6 Arum 7.7 Aristolochia 7.8 Populus 7.9 Taxus 7.10 Asarum europaeum 7.11 Crocus vernus-Typ 7.12 Elodea 7.13 Hydrocharis morsus-ranae 7.14 Smilax 7.15 Laurus, Cinnamomum 7.16 Ruppia maritima 7.17 Callitriche obtusangula 7.18 Triglochin 7.19 Callitriche stagnalis 7.20 Potamogeton natans-Typ 7.21 Potamogeton pectinatus-Typ 8. Monoporatae 8.1 Nymphaea 8.2 Poaceae 8.2.1 Zea mays 8.2.2 Hordeum-Typ 8.2.3 Secale 8.2.4 Lygeum sparturn 8.2.5 Avena-Typ 8.2.6 Triticum-Typ 8.2.7 Panicum-Typ Das Hirse-Problem Anwendungsbeispiele der Getreide-Pollenanalyse 8.2.8 Wild gras-Typ 8.2.8.1 Hordeum-Typ W 8.2.8.2 Triticum-Typ W 8.2.8.3 Panicum-Typ W 8.2.8.4 Avena-Typ W 8.3 Lemnaceae 8.4 Sparganium-Typ 8.5 Cephalanthera-Typ 9. Monocolpatae 9.1 Asphodelus-Gruppe 9.1.1 Asphodelus fistulosus 9.1.2 Asphodeline lutea 9.1.3 Asphodelus albus-Typ 9.2 Welwitschia mirabilis 9.3 Sciadopitys verticillata 9.4 Magnoliaceae 9.4.1 Liriodendron tulipifera 9.4.2 Magnolia 9.5 Iris pumila-Typ 9.6 Nuphar 9.7 Stratiotes aloides 9.8 Pancratium 9.9 Anthericum 9.10 Lilium 9.11 Paradisia liliastrum 9.12 Hemerocallis 9.13 Iris germanica-Typ 9.14 Muscari 9.14.1 Muscari neglectum-Typ 9.14.2 Muscari comosum-Typ 9.15 Polygonatum verticillatum 9.16 Asparagus acutifolius 9.17 Ornithogalum umbellatum-Typ 9.18 Erythronium dens-canis 9.19 Fritillaria 9.20 Lloydia serotina 9.21 Iris pseudacorus-Typ 9.22 Butomus umbellatus 9.23 Veratrum 9.24 Gagea-Typ 9.25 Narcissus poeticus-Typ 9.26 Acorus calamus 9.27 Gladiolus-Typ 9.28 Sisyrinchium bermudiana 9.29 Leucojum-Typ 9.30 Allium vineale-Typ 9.31 Iris humilis 9.32 Majanthemum-Typ 9.33 Asparagus officinalis-Typ 9.34 Narthecium ossifragum 9.35 Convallaria-Typ 9.36 Allium ursinum-Typ 9.37 Ginkgo biloba 9.38 Polygonatum odoratum-Typ 10. Syncolpatae 10.1 Berberis vulgaris 10.2 Crocus biflorus-Typ 10.3 Aphyllanthes monspeliensis 10.4 Eriocaulon septangulare 10.5 Simethis planifolia 10.6 Mahonia 10.7 Pseudofumaria lutea (syn. Corydalis lutea) 10.8 Anarrhinum bellidifolium 10.9 Pedicularis palustris-Typ 10.10 Nymphoides peltata 10.11 Pedicularis verticillata-Typ 10.12 Loranthus europaeus 10.13 Myrtus communis 10.14 Primula Jarinosa-Typ 11. Dicolpatae 11.1 Tamus communis 11.2 Chamaerops humilis 11.3 Calla palustris 11.4 Tofieldia 11.5 Hypecoum pendulum 11.6 Cypripedium calceolus 12. Dicolporatae 12.1 Tordylium maximum 13. Tricolpatae PK mit psilaten, scabraten, verrucaten oder microverrucaten Skulpturen 13.1 Morina persica 13.2 Trapa natans 13.3 Adonis aestivalis-Typ 13.4 Aconitum-Gruppe 13.4.1 Aquilegia-Typ 13.4.2 Aconitum-Typ 13.4.3 Consolida-Typ 13.5 Polycarpon tetraphyllum 13.6 Comandra elegans 13.7 Sanguisorba minor-Typ 13.8 Sanguisorba dodecandra 13.9 Convolvulus arvensis-Typ 13.10 Valerianella 13.11 Alchemilla-Gruppe 13.11.1 Aphanes arvensis-Typ 13.11.2 Alchemilla pentaphyllea-Typ 13.12 Polygon um alpinum 13.13 Melampyrum 13.14 Helleborus niger 13.15 Spergularia-Typ 13.16 Cuscuta europaea-Typ 13.17 Myricaria germanica 13.18 Viola odorata-Typ 13.19 Rhinanthus-Gruppe 13.19.1 Rhinanthus-Typ 13.19.2 Veronica-Typ 13.20 Vinca minor 13.21 Monotropa hypopitys 13.22 Lamium album-Typ 13.23 Teucrium 13.23.1 Teucrium botrys 13.23.2 Teucrium chamaedrys-Typ 13.24 Saxifraga hirculus-Typ 13.25 Quercus 13.25.1 Quercus robur-pubescens-Typ 13.25.2 Quercus cerris-Typ 13.25.3 Quercus ilex-Typ 13.26 Cimicifuga Joetida 13.27 Oxalis acetosella 13.28 Garidella nigellastrum 13.29 Nigella 13.30 Eranthis hyemalis 13.31 Hepatica nobilis 13.32 Ranunculus acris-Typ 13.33 Globularia 13.34 Adonis vernalis 13.35 Caltha-Typ 13.36 Papaver rhoeas-Gruppe 13.36.1 Papaver rhoeas-Typ 13.36.2 Meconopsis cambrica 14. Tricolporatae. PK mit psilaten, scabraten, verrucaten oder microverrucaten Skulpturen 14.1 Onosma 14.2 Cyclamen europaeum 14.3 Nicandra physalodes 14.4 Verbena officinalis 14.5 Symplocos 14.6 Hippophae· rhamnoides 14.7 Shepherdia argentea 14.8 Elaeagnus 14.9 (Bistorta-) Polygonum bistorta-Typ 14.9.1 Bistorta officinalis 14.9.2 Bistorta vivipara 14.10 Xanthium strumarium-Typ 14.11 Apiaceae 14.11.1 Turgenia latifolia 14.11.2 Heracleum sphondylium 14.11.3 Tordylium apulum 14.11.4 Caucalis platycarpos-Typ 14.11.5 Pimpinella saxifraga 14.11.6 Conium-Typ 14.11.7 Orlaya grandiflora 14.11.8 Oenanthe fistulosa 14.11.9 Astrantia-Typ 14.11.10 Cicuta virosa 14.11.11 Sammelgruppe 14.11.12 Eryngium 14.11.13 Trochiscanthes nodiflorus 14.11.14 Berula erecta-Gruppe 14.10.14.1 Sison amomum, Trinia kitaibelii 14.11.14.2 Berula erecta, Sium sisarum 14.11.15 Anthriscus cerefolium 14.11.16 Pimpinella major-Typ 14.11.17 Scandix pecten-veneris 14.11.18 Daucus-Typ 14.11.19 Bifora-Typ 14.11.20 Bupleurum, Grafia, Molopospermum 14.11.21 Ligusticum mutellina-Typ 14.11.22 Hydrocotyle vulgaris 14.11.23 Pleurospermum, Smyrnium, Laserpitium nitidum 14.11.23.1 Pleurospermum austriacum 14.11.23.2 Smyrnium olusatrum 14.11.23.3 Laserpitium nitidum 14.11.24 Levisticum-Typ 14.12 Lycopsis arvensis-Typ 14.13 Artemisia 14.14 Centaurea cyanus 14.15 Centaurea montana-Typ 14.16 Centaurea scabiosa-Typ 14.17 Fallopia 14.18 Polygonum aviculare-Typ 14.19 Anthyllis vulneraria 14.20 Ornithopus 14.21 Capsicum-Typ 14.22 Solanum dulcamara 14.23 Solanum nigrum-Typ 14.24 Filipendula 14.25 Bruckenthalia spiculifolia 14.26 Castanea 14.27 Androsace alpina-Typ 14.28 Dorycnium 14.29 Lotus, Tetragonalobus 14.29.1 Lotus-Typ 14.29.2 Tetragonolobus-Typ 14.30 Nyssa 14.31 Frangula alnus 14.32 Shepherdia canadensis 14.33 Cyclamen hederifolium 14.34 Eucommia ulmoides 14.35 Fagus 15. Tricolporoidatae. PK mit psilaten, scabraten, verrucaten oder microverrucaten Skulpturen 15.1 Cornus 15.1.1 Cornus sanguinea1 5.1.2 Cornus mas-Typ 15.2 Scopolia carniolica 15.3 Gratiola officinalis 15.4 Mercurialis 15.4.1 Mercurialis perennis-Typ 15.4.2 Mercurialis annua 15.5 Styrax officinalis 15.6 Elatine 15.7 Medicago sativa-Typ 15.8 Diospyros 15.9 · Sammelgruppe 15.9.1 Erinus alpinus 15.9.2 Soldanella-Typ 15.9.3 Actinidia-Typ 15.9.4 Orthilia secunda 15.9.5 Punica granatum 16. Tricolpatae, Tricolporoidatae und Tricolporatae. PK mit clavaten, baculaten, verrucaten oder gemmaten Skulpturen 16.1 Geranium 16.2 Ilex aquifolium 16.3 Viscum album 16.4 Rubus chamaemorus 16.5 Radiola linoides 16.6 Linum 16.5.1 Linum usitatissimum-Typ 16.5.2 Linum alpin um-Typ 16.5.3 Linum tenuifolium-Typ 17. Tricolpatae, Tricolporoidatae und Tricolporatae. PK mit echinaten Skulptur

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