ALBERT

Note: Table of Contents: List of contributors. - Cryosphere Science: Series Preface. - Preface. - Acknowledgments. - About the companion website. - 1 Remote sensing and the cryosphere. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Remote sensing. - 1.2.1 The electromagnetic spectrum and blackbody radiation. - 1.2.2 Passive systems. - 1.2.3 Active systems. - 1.3 The cryosphere. - References. - 2 Electromagnetic properties of components of the cryosphere. - 2.1 Electromagnetic properties of snow. - 2.1.1 Visible/near-infrared and thermal infrared. - 2.1.2 Microwave region. - 2.2 Electromagnetic properties of sea ice. - 2.2.1 Visible/near-infrared and thermal infrared. - 2.2.2 Microwave region. - 2.3 Electromagnetic properties of freshwater ice. - 2.4 Electromagnetic properties of glaciers and ice sheets. - 2.4.1 Visible/near-infrared and thermal infrared. - 2.4.2 Microwave region. - 2.5 Electromagnetic properties of frozen soil. - 2.5.1 Visible/near-infrared and thermal infrared. - 2.5.2 Microwave region. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 3 Remote sensing of snow extent. - 3.1 lntroduction. - 3.2 Visible/near-infrared snow products. - 3.2.1 The normalized difference snow index (NDSI). - 3.3 Passive microwave products. - 3.4 Blended VNIR/PM products. - 3.5 Satellite snow extent as input to hydrological models. - 3.6 Concluding remarks. - Acknowledgments. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 4 Remote sensing of snow albedo, grain size, and pollution from space. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Forward modeling. - 4.3 Local optical properties of a snow layer. - 4.4 Inverse problem. - 4.5 Pitfalls of retrievals. - 4.6 Conclusions. - Acknowledgments. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 5 Remote sensing of snow depth and snow water equivalent. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Photogrammetry. - 5.3 LiDAR. - 5.4 Gamma radiation. - 5.5 Gravity data. - 5.6 Passive microwave data. - 5.7 Active microwave data. - 5.8 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 6 Remote sensing of melting snow and ice. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 General considerations on optical/thermal and microwave sensors and techniques for remote sensing of melting. - 6.2.1 Optical and thermal sensors. - 6.2.2 Microwave sensors. - 6.2.3 Electromagnetic properties of dry and wet snow. - 6.3 Remote sensing of melting over land. - 6.4 Remote sensing of melting over Greenland. - 6.4.1 Thermal infrared sensors. - 6.4.2 Microwave sensors. - 6.5 Remote sensing of melting over Antarctica. - 6.6 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - 7 Remote sensing of glaciers. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Fundamentals. - 7.3 Satellite instruments for glacier research. - 7.4 Methods. - 7.4.1 Image classification for glacier mapping. - 7.4.2 Mapping debris-covered glaciers. - 7.4.3 Glacier mapping with SAR data. - 7.4.4 Assessing glacier changes. - 7.4.5 Area and length changes. - 7.4.6 Volumetrie glacier changes. - 7.4.7 Glacier velocity. - 7.5 Glaciers of the Greenland ice sheet. - 7.5.1 Surface elevation. - 7.5.2 Glacier extent. - 7.5.3 Glacier dynamics. - 7.6 Summary. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 8 Remote sensing of accumulation over the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. - 8.1 Introduction to accumulation. - 8.2 Spaceborne methods for determining accumulation over ice sheets. - 8.2.1 Microwave remote sensing. - 8.2.2 Other remote sensing techniques and combined methods. - 8.3 Airborne and ground-based measurements of accumulation. - 8.3.1 Ground-based. - 8.3.2 Airborne. - 8.4 Modeling of accumulation. - 8.5 The future for remote sensing of accumulation. - 8.6 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - Website cited. - 9 Remote sensing of ice thickness and surface velocity. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.1.1 Electrical properties of glacial ice. - 9.2 Radar principles. - 9.2.1 Radar sounder. - 9.2.2 Radar equation. - 9.3 Pulse compression. - 9.4 Antennas. - 9.5 Example results. - 9.6 SAR and array processing. - 9.7 SAR Interferometry. - 9. 7.1 Introduction. - 9.7.2 Basic theory. - 9.7.3 Practical considerations of InSAR systems. - 9.7.4 Application of InSAR to Cryosphere remote sensing. - 9.8 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - 10 Gravimetry measurements from space. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Observing the Earth's gravity field with inter-satellite ranging. - 10.3 Surface mass variability from GRACE. - 10.4 Results. - 10.5 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - 11 Remote sensing of sea ice. - 11.1 Introduction. - 11.2 Sea ice concentration and extent. - 11.2.1 Passive microwave radiometers. - 11.2.2 Active microwave - scatterometry and radar. - 11.2.3 Visible and infrared. - 11.2.4 Operational sea ice analyses. - 11.3 Sea ice drift. - 11.4 Sea ice thickness and age, and snow depth. - 11.4.1 Altimetric thickness estimates. - 11.4.2 Radiometric thickness estimates. - 11.4.3 Sea ice age estimates as a proxy for ice thickness. - 11.5 Sea ice melt onset and freeze-up, albedo, melt pond fraction and surface temperature. - 11.5.1 Melt onset and freeze-up. - 11.5.2 Sea ice albedo and melt pond fraction. - 11.5.3 Sea ice surface temperature. - 11.6 Summary, challenges and the road ahead. - References. - Acronyms. - Website cited. - 12 Remote sensing of lake and river ice. - 12.1 Introduction. - 12.2 Remote sensing of lake ice. - 12.2.1 Ice concentration, extent and phenology. - 12.2.2 Ice types. - 12.2.3 Ice thickness and snow on ice. - 12.2.4 Snow/ice surface temperature. - 12.2.5 Floating and grounded ice: the special case of shallow Arctic/sub-Arctic lakes. - 12.3 Remote sensing of river ice. - 12.3.1 Ice extent and phenology. - 12.3.2 lce types, ice jams and flooded areas. - 12.3.3 Ice thickness. - 12.3.4 Surface flow velocities. - 12.3.5 Incorporating SAR-derived ice information into a GIS-based system in support of river-flow modeling and flood forecasting. - 12.4 Conclusions and outlook. - Acknowledgments. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 13 Remote sensing of permafrost and frozen ground. - 13.1 Permafrost - an essential climate variable of the "Global Climate Observing System". - 13.2 Mountain permafrost. - 13.2.1 Remote sensing of surface features and permafrost landforms. - 13.2.2 Generation of digital elevation models. - 13.2.3 Terrain elevation change and displacement. - 13.3 Lowland permafrost - identification and mapping of surface features. - 13.3.1 Land cover and vegetation. - 13.3.2 Permafrost landforms. - 13.3.3 Landforms and processes indicating permafrost degradation. - 13.4 Lowland permafrost - remote sensing of physical variables related to the thermal permafrost state. - 13.4.1 Land surface temperature through thermal remote sensing. - 13.4.2 Freeze-thaw state of the surface soil through microwave remote sensing. - 13.4.3 Permafrost mapping with airborne electromagnetic surveys. - 13.4.4 Regional surface deformation through radar interferometry. - 13.4.5 A gravimetric signal of permafrost thaw?. - 13.5 Outlook - remote sensing data and permafrost models. - References. - Acronyms. - 14 Field measurements for remote sensing of the cryosphere. - 14.1 Introduction. - 14.2 Physical properties of interest. - 14.2.1 Surface properties. - 14.2.2 Sub-surface properties. - 14.3 Standard techniques for direct measurements of physical properties. - 14.3.1 Topography. - 14.3.2 Snow depth. - 14.3.3 Snow water equivalent and density. - 14.3.4 Temperature. - 14.3.5 Stratigraphy. - 14.3.6 Sea ice depth and ice thickness. - 14.4 New techniques for high spatial resolution measurements. - 14.4.1 Topography. - 14.4.2 Surface properties. - 14.4.3 Sub-surface properties. - 14.5 Simulating airborne and spaceborne observations from the ground. - 14.5.1 Active microwave. - 14.5.2 Passive microwave. - 14.6 Sampling strategies for remote sensing field campaigns: concepts and examples. - 14.6.1 Ice sheet campaigns. - 14.6.2 Seasonal snow campaigns. - 14.6.3 Sea ice campaigns. - 14.7 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 15 Remote sensing missions and the cryosphere. - 15.1 In

Note: Contents: 1. Introduction. - (1) The purposes of the long-term plan report. - (2) The background and particulars of this report. - (3) Contents of this report. - 2.Changes in the Arctic environment to date and in the near future. - 3. History of Arctic environmental research. - 4. Abstracts of all themes. - (1) Elucidation of abrupt environmental change in the Arctic associated with the on-going global warming. - Theme 1: Arctic amplification of global warming. - Theme 2: Mechanisms and influence of sea ice decline. - Theme 3: Biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem changes. - Theme 4: Ice sheet, glaciers, permafrost, snowfall, snow cover and hydrological cycle. - Theme 5: Interactions between the Arctic and the entire earth. - Theme 6: Predicting future environmental conditions of the Arctic based on paleoenvironmental records. - Theme 7: Effects of the Arctic environment on human society. - (2) Elucidation of environmental change concerning biodiversity. - Theme 8: Effects on terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity. - Theme 9: Influence on marine ecosystem and biodiversity. - (3) Broad and important subjects on the Arctic environment. - Theme 10: Geospace environment. - Theme 11: Interaction of surface environment change with solid earth. - Theme 12: Basic understanding on formation and transition process of permafrost. - (4) Development of methods enabling breakthroughs in environmental research. - Theme A: Sustainable seamless monitoring. - Theme B: Earth system-modeling for inter-disciplinary research. - Theme C: Data assimilation to connect monitoring and modeling. - 5. Improvement of research foundation. - Authors and reviewers.

Note: Contents: 1 General Introduction. - 1.1 The Climate System. - 1.2 The Atmosphere. - 1.3 Energy Budget and Atmospheric Composition. - 1.4 The Water Cycle. - 1.5 Aerosols and Climate Change. - 1.6 Outline of this Textbook. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles. - 2 Atmospheric Aerosols. - 2.1 Definitions. - 2.2 Sources of Aerosols and Aerosol Precursors. - 2.2.1 Marine Aerosols. - 2.2.2 Desert Dust. - 2.2.3 Volcanic Aerosols. - 2.2.4 Biogenic Aerosols. - 2.2.5 Biomass Burning Aerosols. - 2.2.6 Aerosols from Fossil Fuel Combustion. - 2.3 Spatial and Temporal Aerosol Distributions. - 2.4 Aerosol-Cloud-Radiation Interactions. - 2.5 Climate Effects of Aerosols. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 3 Physical, Chemical and Optical Aerosol Properties. - 3.1 Fine, Accumulation and Coarse Modes. - 3.2 Size Distribution. - 3.3 Chemical Composition. - 3.3.1 Aerosol Mixture. - 3.3.2 Inorganic Aerosols. - 3.3.3 Black Carbon Aerosols. - 3.3.4 Organic Aerosols. - 3.3.5 Geographic Distribution of Aerosol Chemical Composition. - 3.4 Refractive Index. - 3.5 Deliquescence, Efflorescence and Hysteresis. - 3.6 Definition of Aerosol Optical Properties. - 3.6.1 Absorption and Scattering Cross Sections. - 3.6.2 Phase Function. - 3.6.3 Upscatter Fractions. - 3.7 Calculation of Aerosol Optical Properties. - 3.7.1 Mie Theory. - 3. 7.2 Extinction, Scattering and Absorption. - 3.7.3 Optical Depth and Angström Coefficient. - 3.8 Optical Properties of Nonspherical Aerosols. - 3.9 Aerosols and Atmospheric Visibility. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 4 Aerosol Modelling. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Emissions. - 4.2.1 Generalities. - 4.2.2 Fossil Fuels, Biofuels, and Other Anthropogenic Sources. - 4.2.3 Vegetation Fires. - 4.2.4 Sea Spray. - 4.2.5 Desert Dust. - 4.2.6 Dimethylsulphide. - 4.2.7 Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds. - 4.2.8 Volcanoes. - 4.2.9 Resuspension. - 4.3 Atmospheric Processes. - 4.3.1 Nucleation. - 4.3.2 Condensation of Semi-Volatile Compounds. - 4.3.3 Coagulation. - 4.3.4 In-Cloud Aerosol Production. - 4.3.5 Wet Deposition. - 4.3.6 Dry Deposition. - 4.3.7 Sedimentation. - 4.3.8 Aerosol Transport. - 4.4 Modelling Approaches. - 4.4.1 Bulk Approach. - 4.4.2 Sectional Approach. - 4.4.3 Modal Approach. - 4.5 Example: The Sulphur Budget. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 5 Interactions of Radiation with Matter and Atmospheric Radiative Transfer. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Electromagnetic Radiation. - 5.2.1 Generalities. - 5.2.2 Definitions. - 5.3 Interactions of Radiation with Matter. - 5.3.1 Matter, Energy and Spectral Lines. - 5.3.2 Intensity of Spectral Lines. - 5.3.3 Spectral Line Profiles. - 5.3.4 Processes of lnteractions of Radiation with Matter. - 5.4 Modelling of the Interaction Processes. - 5.4.1 Molecular Absorption Coefficient. - 5.4.2 Scattering Phase Function. - 5.4.3 Molecular Scattering. - 5.4.4 Absorption and Scattering by Aerosols. - 5.4.5 Thermal Emission. - 5.5 Atmospheric Radiative Transfer. - 5.5.1 Equation of Radiative Transfer. - 5.5.2 Extinction Only. - 5.5.3 Scattering Medium. - 5.5.4 Plane-Parallel Atmosphere. - 5.5.5 Resolution of the Equation of Radiative Transfer. - 5.6 Absorption Bands, Energy, and Actinic Fluxes. - 5.6.1 Main Molecular Absorption Bands in the Atmosphere. - 5.6.2 Radiative Flux. - 5.6.3 Two-Flux Method. - 5.6.4 Stefan-Boltzmann Law. - 5.6.5 Radiative Budget. - 5.6.6 Actinic Fluxes. - 5.6.7 Polarization of Radiation. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 6 In Situ and Remote Sensing Measurements of Aerosols. - 6.1 Introduction to Aerosol Remote Sensing. - 6.2 Passive Remote Sensing: Measurement of the Extinction. - 6.2.1 General Principles. - 6.2.2 Ground-Based Photometry. - 6.2.3 Spaceborne Occultation Measurements. - 6.2.4 Retrieval of Aerosol Size Distribution. - 6.3 Passive Remote Sensing: Measurement of the Scattering. - 6.3.1 General Principles. - 6.3.2 Ground-Based Measurement of Scattered Radiation. - 6.3.3 Spaceborne Measurements of Scattered Radiation. - 6.4 Measurement of Infrared Radiation. - 6.4.1 General Principles. - 6.4.2 Spaceborne Nadir Measurement of Infrared Radiation. - 6.4.3 Spaceborne Limb Measurement of Infrared Radiation. - 6.5 Active Remote Sensing: Lidar. - 6.5.1 General Principles. - 6.5.2 The Lidar Equation. - 6.5.3 Raman Lidar. - 6.6 In Situ Aerosol Measurements. - 6.6.1 Measurement of Aerosol Concentrations. - 6.6.2 Measurement of Aerosol Chemical Composition. - 6.6.3 Measurement of Aerosol Scattering. - 6.6.4 Measurement of Aerosol Absorption. - 6.7 Conclusions. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 7 Aerosol Data Assimilation. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Basic Principles of Data Assimilation. - 7.3 Applications of Data Assimilation for Aerosols. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 8 Aerosol-Radiation Interactions. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Atmospheric Radiative Effects Due to Aerosols. - 8.2.1 Simplified Equation for Scattering Aerosols. - 8.2.2 Simplified Equation for Absorbing Aerosols. - 8.2.3 Radiative Transfer Calculations. - 8.2.4 Global Estimates and Sources of Uncertainty. - 8.3 Rapid Adjustments to Aerosol-Radiation Interactions. - 8.4 Radiative Impact of Aerosols on Surface Snow and Ice. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 9 Aerosol-Cloud lnteractions. - 39.1 Introduction. - 9 .1.1 Cloud Formation. - 9 .1.2 Cloud Distribution. - 9 .1.3 Aerosol-Cloud Interactions. - 9.2 Aerosol Effects on Liquid Clouds. - 9 .2.1 Saturation Pressure of Water Vapour. - 9.2.2 Kelvin Effect. - 9.2.3 Raoult's Law. - . - 9.2.4 Köhler Theory. - 9.2.5 Extensions to the Köhler Theory. - 9.2.6 CCN and Supersaturation in the Cloud. - 9.2.7 Dynamical and Radiative Effects in Clouds. - 9.2.8 Principle of the Cloud Albedo Effect. - 9.2.9 Observations of the Cloud Albedo Effect. - 9.2.10 Adjustments in Liquid Water Clouds. - 9.2.11 Rapid Adjustments Occurring in Liquid Clouds. - 9.3 Aerosols Effects on Mixed-Phased and Ice Clouds. - 9.3.1 Elements of Microphysics of Ice Clouds. - 9.3.2 Impact of Anthropogenic Aerosols on Ice Clouds. - 9.4 Forcing Due to Aerosol-Cloud lnteractions. - 9.5 Aerosols, Contrails and Aviation-Induced Cloudiness. - 9.5.1 Formation of Condensation Trails. - 9.5.2 Estimate of the Climate Impact of Contrails. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 10 Climate Response to Aerosol Forcings. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Radiative Forcing, Feedbacks and Climate Response. - 10.2.1 Radiative Forcing. - 10.2.2 Climate Feedbacks. - 10.2.3 Rapid Adjustments and Effective Radiative Forcing. - 10.2.4 Climate Response and Climate Efficacy. - 10.3 Climate Response to Aerosol Forcings. - 10.3.1 Equilibrium Response. - 10.3.2 Past Emissions. - 10.3.3 Detection and Attribution of Aerosol Impacts. - 10.3.4 Future Emissions Scenarios. - 10.4 Nuclear Winter. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 11 Biogeochemical Effects and Climate Feedbacks of Aerosols. - 11 .1 Introduction. - 11.2 Impact of Aerosols on Terrestrial Ecosystems. - 11.2.1 Diffuse Radiation and Primary Productivity. - 11.2.2 Aerosols as a Source of Nutrients. - 11.2.3 Acidification of Precipitation. - 11.3 Impact of Aerosols on Marine Ecosystems. - 11.4 Aerosols-Atmospheric Chemistry Interactions. - 11.4.1 Interactions with Tropospheric Chemistry. - 11.4.2 Impact of Stratospheric Aerosols on the Ozone Layer and Ultravialet Radiation. - 11.5 Climate Feedbacks Involving Marine Aerosols. - 11.5.1 Sulphate Aerosols from DMS Emissions. - 11.5.2 Marine Aerosols. - 11.5.3 Other Aerosols of Maritime Origin. - 11.6 Climate Feedbacks Involving Continental Aerosols. - 11.6.1 Secondary Organic Aerosols. - 11.6.2 Primary Aerosols of Biogenic Origin. - 11.6.3 Aerosols from Vegetation Fires. - 11.6.4 Desert Dust. - 11.7 Climate Feedbacks Involving Stratospheric Aerosols. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 12 Strato

Note: Contents: 1. Bioeconomy Strategies ; 2. Development of Second-Generation Biorefineries ; 3. Biorefineries: Industry Status and Economics ; 4. Sustainability Considerations for the Future Bioeconomy ; 5. Biomass Supply and Trade Opportunities of Preprocessed Biomass for Power Generation ; 6. Commodity-Scale Biomass Trade and Integration with Other Supply Chains ; 7. Commoditization of Biomass Markets ; 8. Transition Strategies: Resource Mobilization Through Merchandisable Feedstock Intermediates ; Conclusions

Note: Inhalt: Auftakt. - Ein gefährliches Wort: Natur. - 1. 1754-1772. ANFÄNGE. - Wie ein unbeschriebenes Blatt. - Erste Eindrücke von Weite. - Zur rechten Zeit am rechten Ort. - 2. 1772-1775. ANSICHTEN DER NATUR: DIE REISE UM DIE WELT. - Wahrnehmungsmuster. - Die große Erzählung. - Das Meer. - Entfernungen. - Strapazen. - Wagnisse im Eis. - Das sonnige Arkadien. - Erste und letzte Anblicke. - Edle Wilde?. - Unter Menschenfressern. - Mord und Totschlag. - Eine Gemeinschaft von Gleichen. - Die gekränkten Rechte der Menschheit. - 3. 1776-1788. ZWISCHENSPIELE. - Blue devils. - Der Balsam der Natur. - Eine physische Anthropologie. - Ein Streit um Menschenrassen. - Politisches Wetterleuchten: Cook, der Staatsmann. - 4. 1789-1793. ANSICHTEN DES POLITISCHEN: DIE REVOLUTION. - Pariser Unruhen und politische Öffentlichkeit. - Geschichtszeichen der neuen Welt: Revolutionen. - Politische Ansichten vom Niederrhein. - Natur als Schicksal. - Das Prinzip des politischen Wandels: Gärung. - Die französische Mainzer Freiheit. - Die Mainzer Republik. - Kundige der unterirdischen Gänge: Forster und Goethe. - 5. 1793-1794. DAS ENDE: DIE GROßE RATLOSIGKEIT. - Das ungeheure Haupt der Revolution: Paris. - Das kalte Fieber des Terrors. - Tänzer am Rande des Unsinns: Adam Lux. - Zurück zur Natur: Menschenwürde. - Die Revolution ist die Revolution. - Verlassen wie ein Kind. - Eine Quelle sonderbarer Beschauung. - Schluss. - Das Mahagoni-Schränkchen. - Anmerkungen. - Literatur.

Note: Pt. 1. Geopolitics and strategic resources -- pt. 2. Law of the sea -- pt. 3. Arctic institutions and specific fields of cooperation -- pt. 4. National approaches to the Arctic.

Note: Introduction / Guri Bang -- To be or not to be : a low-carbon economy : a decade of climate politics in Brazil / Solveig Aamodt -- China : every day is a winding road / Iselin Stensdal -- EU climate and energy policy : demanded or supplied? / Jon Birger Skjærseth -- Climate politics, emission scenarios and negotiation stances in India / Sunil Tankha and Trude Rauken -- Japan's climate policy : post-Fukushima and beyond / Masahiko Iguchi -- Russia's climate policy / Anna Korppoo -- The United States : Obama's push for climate policy change / Guri Bang -- Comparative analysis and conclusions / Guri Bang..

Note: Contents: Foreword and acknowledgements ; Executive summary ; Reader's guide ; Effective carbon rates in OECD and selected partner economies ; Country results ; Annexes

Note: Exploring the politics of inclusive development : towards a new conceptual approach / Sam Hickey, Kunal Sen, and Badru BukenyaThe political determinants of economic growth : an analytical review / Kunal Sen -- The politics of what works for the poor in public expenditure and taxation / Paul Mosley -- Governing natural resources for inclusive development / Anthony Bebbington -- The politics of what works in service delivery / Claire Mcloughlin -- Political factors in the growth of social assistance / Armando Barrientos and Sony Pellissery -- The politics and process of rule of law systems in developmental states / Deval Desai and Michael Woolcock -- The gendered politics of securing inclusive development / Sohela Nazneen and Simeen Mahmud -- Ethnicity, state capacity, and development : reconsidering causal connections / Prerna Singh and Matthias vom Hau -- The politics of aid revisited : a review of evidence on state capacity and elite commitment / Arjan de Haan and Ward Warmerdam -- China in Africa : impacts and prospects for accountable development / Giles Mohan..

Note: The rise of the global middle class and global plutocratsInequality within countries - the Kuznets waves: explaining the evolution of within-country inequality over the very long-term -- Inequality among countries - from Karl Marx to Frantz Fanon, and then back to Marx? -- Global inequality in this century and the next -- What next? ten short reflections on the future of income inequality and globalization..

Note: Introduction and overview -- Climate policies in the United States -- Theories of climate policy -- The structural theory applied to the cases -- Causes of climate policies in the fifty states -- Air-pollution and energy policy making in California (the 1940s to the 1980s) -- Climate policy making in California (the 2000s to the present) -- Energy and climate policy making in New York State -- Energy and climate policy making by the federal government -- Conclusions : political opportunities for climate policy in the United States.

Note: 1. Social capital in sociological research : conceptual rigour and empirical application / Yaojun Li2. Social stratification, social capital and cultural practice in the UK / Yaojun Li, Mike Savage and Alan Warde -- 3. The flow of soul : a sociological study of generosity in England and Wales (2001-2011) / Yaojun Li -- 4. The roots of trust / Eric M. Uslaner -- 5. Social connectedness and generalized trust : a longitudinal perspective / Patrick Sturgis ... [et al.] -- 6. Social capital and ethnic tolerance : the opposing effects of diversity and competition / Rochelle R. Côté, Robert Andersen and Bernie H. Erickson -- 7. Diversity and social capital in the US and UK : the role of bridging friendships / David Cutts and Edward Fieldhouse -- 8. Informal, associational bonding and associational bridging : which ties matter most for minority involvement and integration? / Neli Demireva and Anthony Heath -- 9. The efficacy of neighbourhood attitudes as measures of social capital : returning to norms and values and the centrality of networks / James Laurence -- 10. The position generator approach to social capital research : measurements and results / Pieter-Paul Verhaeghe and Yaojun Li -- 11. Formal and informal social connections in the UK / Yaojun Li, Anthony Heath and Fiona Devine -- 12. Social capital and the social relations of occupational structure / Dave Griffiths and Paul S. Lambert -- 13. Social capital and life satisfaction in Australia / Xianbi Huang and Mark Western -- 14. Social capital, ethnic density and mental health among ethnic minority people in England : a mixed-methods study / Laia Bécares and James Nazroo -- 15. An intervention approach to building social capital : effects on grade retention / Jeremy Fiel, Megan Shoji, and Adam Gamoran -- 16. Social ties, agency, and change : education and social capital in adult life / John Field -- 17. Social capital in inter-organisational partnership research / Jaswinder K Dhillon. , 18. Social capital, social cohesion and cognitive attainment / Jorge Rodríguez Menés and Luisa Donato19. Institution-spanning social capital and its income returns in China / Yanjie Bian ... [et al.] -- 20. Social capital and marketization in the Chinese labour market / Wenhong Zhang and Li Zhang -- 21. Social capital in ethnic enclaves : Indians in Lloret de Mar, and Pakistanis in Barcelona / José Luis Molina ... [et al.].

Note: Contents: Preface: Conflict and Context I. Coal: A Primer ; II. War Stories ; Rise of the Rhetoric ; Peeling Back the Propaganda ; III. Congress Misses the Mark ; Fly in the Ointment ; Explaining the Error ; What the Transcripts Tell Us ; Unexpected Deals, Unexpected Devils ; Missing the Mark ; IV. Misadventures in Modification ; Altered States ; Spared Change ; What Goes Up . . . Might Not Count ; Old Plants, New Tricks ; A Fishy "Fix" ; A New Sheriff in Town ; A Safer Harbor ; Considering the Alternatives ; V. Bad Neighbors ; Tall Orders, Taller Stacks ; There Goes the Neighborhood ; Who Will Stop the Rain? ; To Market, To Market ; The Sincerest Form of Flattery ; Grandfathering's Grim Toll ; VI. A Warming World ; The Carbon Loophole: A History ; Between a Cap and a Hard Place ; Let's Make a Deal ; What's Grandfathering Got to Do with It? ; VII. Hope for Redemption ; The Dash to Gas ; The Role of Regulation ; Bumps in the Road Ahead ; Conclusion: A Farewell to Harms

Note: Contents: Introduction: Sustainability, Innovative Milieus And Territorial Development ; PART I SUSTAINABLE INNOVATION, GLOBAL ANCHORING OF TERRITORIAL PRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS, AND COMPETITIVENESS 1. The Territories of ‘Sustainable’ Innovation: From Local Milieus to ‘Responsible’ Communication: The Case of Photovoltaics and Sustainable Finance in Western Switzerland ; 2. Innovation in the Sustainable Renovation Sector in Île-De-France ; 3. Border-Crossing Sustainable Innovation Processes – German Knowledge-Intensive Business Services (KIBS) in Green Construction ; 4. Living PlanIT and the Development of the ‘PlanIT Urban Operating System tm’: The Geographies of an Innovation ; 5. The Sustainable Water Campus in Leeuwarden: Towards an Anchoring Milieu or a ‘Hollow Term’? ; PART II SUSTAINABLE INNOVATION TOWARDS AN INTEGRATED TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT ; 6. Bairro Alto Revisited: Sustainable Innovations, Reputation Building and Urban Development ; 7. Innovative Rurban Networks in Rome ; 8. Innovation in Sustainable Tourism Projects in Alpine Resorts ; PART III SUSTAINABLE INNOVATION, ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING AND REGIONAL PRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS ; 9. The Great Basque Transformation Towards Sustainable Innovations ; 10. Atlantic Nautical Network: An Inter-Regional Organizational System to Promote Innovation in Support of Sustainable Development ; 11. From Regional Production System to Regional Innovation System – Evolutional Changes of Suwa Industrial Region in Japan ; Conclusion: Relaunching GREMI: A Scientific Trajectory

Note: Contents: 1 Introduction to the Application of Paleoecological Techniques in Estuaries / Kathryn H. Taffs, Krystyna M. Saunders, Kaarina Weckström, Peter A. Gell, and C. Gregory Skilbeck. - PART I ESTARIES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT. - 2 Estuary Form and Function: Implications for Palaeoecological Studies / Peter Scanes, Angus Ferguson, and Jaimie Potts. - 3 Geology and Sedimentary History of Modern Estuaries / C. Gregory Skilbeck, Andrew D. Heap, and Colin D. Woodroffe. - 4 Paleoecological Evidence for Variability and Change in Estuaries: Insights for Management / Krystyna M. Saunders and Peter A. Gell. - PART II CORING AND DATING OF ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS. - 5 Sediment Sampling in Estuaries: Site Selection and Sampling Techniques / C. Gregory Skilbeck, Stacey Trevathan-Tackett, Pemika Apichanangkool, and Peter I. Macreadie. - 6 Some Practical Considerations Regarding the Application of 210Pb and 137Cs Dating to Estuarine Sediments / Thorbjoern Joest Andersen. - 7 Radiocarbon Dating in Estuarine Environments / Jesper Olsen, Philippa Ascough, Bryan C. Lougheed, and Peter Rasmussen. - PART III TECHNIQUES FOR PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL RECONSTRUCTIONS IN ESTUARINES. - 8 Lipid Biomarkers as Organic Geochemical Proxies for the Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of Estuarine Environments / John K. Volkman and Rienk H. Smittenberg. - 9 C/N ratios and Carbon Isotope Composition of Organic Matter in Estuarine Environments / Melanie J. Leng and Jonathan P. Lewis. - 10 Physical and Chemical Factors to Consider when Studying Historical Contamination and Pollution in Estuaries / Amanda Reichelt-Brushett, Malcolm Clark, and Gavin Birch. - 11 Diatoms as Indicators of Environmental Change in Estuaries / Kathryn H. Taffs, Krystyna M. Saunders, and Brendan Logan. - 12 Dinoflagellate Cysts as Proxies for Holocene Environmental Change in Estuaries: Diversity, Abundance and Morphology / Marianne Ellegaard, Barrie Dale, Kenneth N. Mertens, Vera Pospelova, and Sofia Ribeiro. - 13 Applications of Foraminifera, Testate Amoebae and Tintinnids in Estuarine Palaeoecology / Anupam Ghosh and Helena L. Filipsson. - 14 Ostracods as Recorders of Palaeoenvironmental Change in Estuaries / Jessica M. Reeves. - 15 Application of Molluscan Analyses to the Reconstruction of Past Environmental Conditions in Estuaries / G. Lynn Wingard and Donna Surge. - 16 Corals in Estuarine Environments: Their Response to Environmental Changes and Application in Reconstructing Past Environmental Variability / Francisca Staines-Urías. - 17 Inferring Environmental Change in Estuaries from Plant Macrofossils / John Tibby and Carl D. Sayer. - 18 Applications of Pollen Analysis in Estuarine Systems / Joanna C. Ellison. - PART IV CASE STUDIES. - 19 Palaeo-Environmental Approaches to Reconstructing Sea Level Changes in Estuaries / Brigid V. Morrison and Joanna C. Ellison. - 20 Paleoecology Studies in Chesapeake Bay: A Model System for Understanding Interactions between Climate, Anthropogenic Activities and the Environment / Elizabeth A. Canuel, Grace S. Brush, Thomas M. Cronin, Rowan Lockwood, and Andrew R. Zimmerman. - 21 Paleosalinity Changes in the Río de la Plata Estuary and on the Adjacent Uruguayan Continental Shelf over the Past 1200 Years: An Approach Using Diatoms as a Proxy / Laura Perez, Felipe García-Rodríguez, and Till J.J. Hanebuth. - 22 Application of Paleoecology to Ecosystem Restoration: A Case Study from South Florida’s Estuaries / G. Lynn Wingard. - 23 Paleolimnological History of the Coorong: Identifying the Natural Ecological Character of a Ramsar Wetland in Crisis / Peter A. Gell. - 24 Palaeoenvironmental History of the Baltic Sea: One of the Largest Brackish-water Ecosystems in the World / Kaarina Weckström, Jonathan P. Lewis, Elinor Andrén, Marianne Ellegaard, Peter Rasmussen, and Richard Telford. - Glossary. - Index

Note: 1. Personal beginningsPart I. The Changing Arctic -- 2. The Arctic Messenger -- Part II. Working Together -- 3. The Arctic Messenger gains a voice : the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme -- Part III. What Is the Present State of Knowledge? -- 4. Radioactivity -- 5. Heroic efforts -- 6. Acidification and Arctic haze -- 7. Stratospheric ozone depletion -- 8. Persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals (including mercury) -- 9. Conducting marine science in the Arctic -- 10. Climate change in the Arctic -- Part IV. What Does This All Mean? -- 11. Thoughts on education, the training of Arctic scientists and Arctic research -- 12. The long and short of it : has the Arctic message been noticed? -- 13. Epilogue: keeping the Rovaniemi flame alive..

Note: Contents: Chapter 1 The Space and Strategy of Demographic Growth ; Chapter 2 Demographic Growth ; Chapter 3 Land, Labor, and Population ; Chapter 4 Toward Order and Efficiency ; Chapter 5 The Populations of Poor Countries ; Chapter 6 The Future ; Major Scientific Journals for Further Reading

Note: Introduction: understanding Arctic change through assessmentsAnd stakeholder engagement / Adam Stepien, Paula Kankaanpaa and Timo Koivurova -- The making of a coherent Arctic policy for the European Union : anxieties, contradictions and possible future pathways / Adam Stepien and Timo Koivurova -- Climate change in the Arctic / Mikko Strahlendorff, Sebastien Duyck, Johan Gille, Anastasia Leonenko, Timo Koivurova, Marie-Theres von Schickfus, Adam Stepien and Jennie Thomas -- Changes in Arctic maritime transport / Gunnar Sander, Johan Gille, Adam Stepien, Timo Koivurova, Jennie Thomas, Jean-Claude Gascard and Debra Justus -- Changing nature of Arctic fisheries / Sigmar Arnarsson and Debra Justus -- Arctic offshore hydrocarbons and the European Union : more constraints and less opportunities / Michal Luszczuk, Debra Justus, Jennie Thomas, Chris Klok and Federica Gerber -- Mining in the European Arctic / Kim van Dam, Annette Scheepstra, Johan Gille, Adam Stepien and Timo Koivurova -- Activities affecting land use in the European Arctic / Kirsi Latola, Simo Sarkki, Adam Stepien and Mikko Jokinen -- Socioeconomic and cultural changes in the European Arctic / Adam Stepien, Karolina Banul, Annette Scheepstra, Kim van Dam, Kirsi Latola and Timo Koivurova -- European Arctic initiatives : capacities, gaps and future opportunities / Lize-Marie van der Watt, Arne Riedel, Bjorn Dahlback, Elizabeth Tedsen, Kamil Jagodzinski and Paula Kankaanpaa -- Role and effectiveness of assessments in policy-making : on the importance of the process / Malgorzata Smieszek, Karolina Banul, Paula Kankaanpaa, Timo Koivurova, Pamela Lesser and Adam Stepien -- Conclusion: the region of uncertainty - arctic change and possible pathways for the EU / Adam Stepien, Timo Koivurova and Paula Kankaanpaa..