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  • thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues  (20)
  • thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry  (12)
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  • InTechOpen  (32)
  • English  (32)
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  • English  (32)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Ubiquitylation is a posttranslational modification that determines protein fate. The ubiquitin code is written by enzymatic cascades of E1 and E2 and E3 enzymes. Ubiquitylation can be edited or erased by deubiquitylating enzymes. Ub-receptors are proteins that read and decipher the ubiquitin codes into cellular response. They harbor a ubiquitin-binding domain and a response element. Interestingly, Ub-receptors are also regulated by ubiquitylation and deubiquitylation. However, until recently, the molecular details and the significance of this regulation remained enigmatic. Rpn10 is a Ub-receptor that shuttles ubiquitylated targets to the proteasome for degradation. Here we review recent data on Rpn10, with emphasis on its regulation by ubiquitylation.
    Keywords: ubiquitin receptor, crystal structure, ubiquitylated ubiquitin receptor, regulation mechanisms, cargo shuttle ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    InTechOpen | Molecular Photochemistry - Various Aspects
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a branch of phototherapy that has seen a surge of interest in the last few decades, due to its potential in the treatment of various cancers, infections and heart disease.(Bonnett, 2000) This chapter aims to give an overview of the various photochemical steps involved in PDT as a cancer therapy, and in particular the challenges and insight gained from their theoretical description. After a brief review of PDT in general, in a biological and chemical context, the photochemical steps involved will be discussed, detailing the computational techniques required to model these chemical pathways theoretically. We will detail the methodologies that can currently be applied, as well as their limitations of use at present, and areas requiring further development.
    Keywords: computational modelling ; photodynamic therapy ; computational modelling ; photodynamic therapy ; Electron ; Excited state ; Ground state ; Molecule ; Multi-configurational self-consistent field ; Pacific Time Zone ; Photosensitizer ; Porphyrin ; Wave function ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    InTechOpen | Advances in Bioengineering
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: In the textile market industry, technical textiles are one of the fastest growing businesses. Part of that industry consists of textiles for medical and healthcare applications and are responsible for a continuous increase in its market potential [1]. Next to their need in hospital environments, there is a growing demand in other sectors such as the food and hotel industry, due to stricter hygiene regulations. In most cases biomedical textile meets a well-defined set of requirements such as minimizing non-specific protein adsorption, drug delivery coatings or the presence of active functional coatings and most importantly excellent biocompatibility (blood-, tissue-or cyto-compatibility) [2]. In general there are very few materials meeting all these characteristics, while at the same time offering the needed structural and mechanical properties. Furthermore, depending on the application, the production process has to be cost-effective and approved by local legislation.
    Keywords: plasma modified textiles ; biomedicine ; plasma modified textiles ; biomedicine ; Blood plasma ; Electrospinning ; Nonwoven fabric ; Surface modification of biomaterials with proteins ; Tissue engineering ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    InTechOpen | Wavelet Transforms and Their Recent Applications in Biology and Geoscience
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, which was launched by NASA in June 2008, is a powerful space observatory which studies the high-energy gamma-ray sky Atwood (2009). Fermi’s main instrument, the Large Area Telescope (LAT), detects photons in an energy range between 20 MeV to greater than 300 GeV. The LAT is much more sensitive than its predecessor, the EGRET telescope on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, and is expected to find several thousand gamma-ray point sources, which is an order of magnitude more than its predecessor EGRET Hartman et al. (1999).
    Keywords: spherical ; poisson noise removal ; spherical ; poisson noise removal ; Algorithm ; Curvelet ; Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope ; Gamma ray ; HEALPix ; Shot noise ; Standard deviation ; Wavelet ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: The photoacoustic method allows direct determination of the energy-storage efficiency of photosynthesis by relating the energy stored by it to the total light energy absorbed by the plant material (Canaani et al., 1988; Malkin & Cahen, 1979; Malkin et al., 1990). These authors applied the photoacoustic method to leaves in the gas phase, where brief pulses caused concomitant pulses of oxygen that caused a pressure transient detected by a microphone. This method is based on the conversion of absorbed light to heat. Depending on the efficiency of the photosynthetic system, a variable fraction of the absorbed light energy is stored, thereby affecting the heat evolved and the resulting photoacoustic signal. The higher the photosynthetic efficiency, the greater will be the difference between the stored energy with and without ongoing photosynthesis (Cha & Mauzerall, 1992). These authors collected microalgal cells onto a filter and studied them by an approach similar to that previously used with leaves. In both cases, the oxygen signal is combined with that of thermal expansion resulting from conversion of the fraction of the light energy in the pulse that is not stored by photochemistry.
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; photoacoustics ; photosynthesis ; photoacoustics ; Algae ; Chlorophyll ; Nannochloropsis ; Phaeodactylum tricornutum ; Thermal expansion ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    InTechOpen | Laser Pulse Phenomena and Applications
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: There are many industrial and medical applications of CO2 (λ=10.6 μm) and Nd:YAG (λ=1.06 μm) infrared lasers for which the quality of the process are tightly connected to the characteristic of the laser pulse. These two types of lasers deliver pulses with duration, repetition frequency and power that can be controlled by means of a programmable electronic control unit. An open-loop control generally optimize the process performances by availing of a laser system model. However, this method cannot control that during the operation the laser source and the optical delivering system could deteriorate; moreover the laser beam characteristics and laser pulse temporal envelope could change by several factors like power supply variations, optical beam misalignments, dirty deposits on mirrors, changes in laser efficiency and many others .
    Keywords: laser pulses ; pyroelectric sensors ; laser pulses ; pyroelectric sensors ; Hertz ; Micrometre ; Polyvinylidene fluoride ; Power density ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    InTechOpen | Progress in Molecular and Environmental Bioengineering - From Analysis and Modeling to Technology Applications
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Surface texture is one of the most critical factors and important functionality indicators in the performance of high precision and nanoscale devices and components. The functions that have been identified in various studies include wear, friction, lubrication, corrosion, fatigue, coating, paintability, etc. [1-3]. It is also reported that the wear rates of surfaces in operational service is determined by roughness, waviness and the multi-scalar topographic features of a surface, such as random peaks/pits and ridges/valleys. These functional topographical features will impact directly on wear mechanics and physical properties of a whole system, such as hip joint replacement system in bioengineering [4-9]. For example, during functional operation of interacting surfaces, peaks and ridges will act as sites of high contact stresses and abrasion; consequently wear particles and debris will be generated by such surface topographical features, whereas the pits and valleys will affect the lubrication and fluid retention properties. In this situation, a vitally important consideration for functional characterisation must be the appropriate separation of the different components of surfaces, which is not only to extract roughness, waviness and form error, but should also be extended to all multi-scalar topographical events over surfaces.
    Keywords: orthopaedic bearing surfaces ; orthopaedic bearing surfaces ; Biorthogonal wavelet ; Cutoff frequency ; Discrete wavelet transform ; Lifting scheme ; Low-pass filter ; Wavelet ; Wavelet transform ; Waviness ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    InTechOpen | Applications of Monte Carlo Methods in Biology, Medicine and Other Fields of Science
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The biochemical models describing complex and dynamic metabolic systems are typically multi-parametric and non-linear, thus the identification of their parameters requires nonlinear regression analysis of the experimental data. The stochastic nature of the experimental samples poses the necessity to estimate not only the values fitting best to the model, but also the distribution of the parameters, and to test statistical hypotheses about the values of these parameters. In such situations the application of analytical models for parameter distributions is totally inappropriate because their assumptions are not applicable for intrinsically non-linear regressions. That is why, Monte Carlo simulations are a powerful tool to model biochemical processes.
    Keywords: biochemistry ; monte carlo simulation ; biochemistry ; monte carlo simulation ; Confidence interval ; Confidence region ; Enzyme ; Enzyme kinetics ; Fatty acid ; Plasmin ; Random variable ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
    Language: English
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Humans have been exposed to a plethora of pathogens (bacteria, viruses) ever since. Infectious diseases are among the leading causes of death worldwide. For example, in 2011, 1.34 million people died of tuberculosis, which is caused by an infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Even more died of an infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; 1.78 million) or lower respiratory tract infection (3.46 million) [1]. In addition, recurring pandemic outbreaks of the influenza A virus, as in 2009, or an epidemic outbreak of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) in Germany in 2011, show quite plainly that pathogens in the 21th century still are a severe health problem, not only in developing countries.
    Keywords: toxin ; pathogen ; toxin ; pathogen ; Actin ; Bacteria ; Cell membrane ; Endocytosis ; Glycosphingolipid ; Influenza A virus ; Shiga toxin ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Most infections and traumatic injuries are cleared or repaired relatively rapidly and metabolic homoeostasis is soon restored. However, there is a broad range of inflammatory diseases which involve chronic activation of the immune system and, as a result, chronic persistent inflammation. We have been studying the metabolic consequences of chronic inflammatory diseases with the aim of identifying metabolic fingerprints which may provide clues about why the localised tissue disease persists.
    Keywords: molecular biology ; biochemistry ; genetics ; molecular biology ; biochemistry ; genetics ; Hypoxia (medical) ; Inflammation ; Lactic acid ; Metabolism ; Metabolite ; Metabolomics ; Rheumatoid arthritis ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
    Language: English
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