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  • ddc:320  (81)
  • 551.5  (38)
  • 551.22  (17)
  • LC QA3
  • English  (139)
  • 2020-2022  (72)
  • 1995-1999  (64)
  • 1955-1959  (3)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1925-1929
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Year
  • 1
    Unknown
    Homotopy theory (1959)
    New York : Academic Press
    Details
    Keywords: DDC 512.86 ; LC QA3 ; Homotopy theory
    Pages: Online-Ressource (347 pages)
    ISBN: 9780123584502
    URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/publication?issn=00798169&volume=8
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    The geometry of geodesics (1955)
    New York : Academic Press
    Details
    Keywords: DDC 513.7 ; DDC 516.7* ; LC QA3 ; Curves on surfaces ; Geometry, Differential
    Pages: Online-Ressource (422 pages)
    ISBN: 9780123745552
    URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/publication?issn=00798169&volume=6
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Fundamental concepts of algebra (1956)
    New York : Academic Press
    Details
    Keywords: DDC 512 ; LC QA3 ; Algebra
    Pages: Online-Ressource (241 pages)
    ISBN: 9780121720506
    URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/publication?issn=00798169&volume=7
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    How well does known seismicity between the Lower Rhine Graben and southern North Sea reflect future earthquake activity? (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Since the 14th century, moderate seismic activity with 14 earthquakes of magnitude MW≥5.0 occurred in Western Europe in a region extending from the Lower Rhine Graben (LRG) to the southern North Sea. In this paper, we investigate how well this seismic activity could reflect that of the future. The observed earthquake activity in the LRG is continuous and concentrates on the Quaternary normal faults delimiting the LRG, which are also the source of large surface rupturing Holocene and Late Pleistocene earthquakes. The estimated magnitudes of these past earthquakes range from 6.3±0.3 to 7.0±0.3 while their average recurrence on individual faults varies from ten thousand to a few ten thousand years, which makes foreseeing future activity over the long-term possible. Three of the largest historical earthquakes with MW≥5.5 occurred outside the LRG. Late Quaternary activity along the fault zones suspected to be the source of two of these earthquakes, i.e. the 1580 Strait of Dover and 1692 northern Belgian Ardennes earthquakes, is very elusive if it exists. Hence, similar earthquakes would be very infrequent at these locations suggesting that the seismicity outside of the LRG would be episodic and clustered on some faults during periods of a few hundreds of years interrupted by long periods of inactivity typically lasting for some tens to hundreds of thousand years. Seismic moment release estimation and its comparison between recent geological and historical seismicity periods lead us to suggest that the high seismicity level observed between AD 1350 and AD 1700 west of the LRG would be uncommon.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.22 ; 550 ; e-docs::Geophysik ; Seismicity ; Earthquake ; Fault zone ; Historical earthquake ; Holocene ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: English
    Type: article_first
    Format: 20
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  • 5
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    The earthquake of September 3, 1770 near Alfhausen (Lower Saxony, Germany): a real, doubtful, or fake event? (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: In the weekly newspaper of Osnabrück (Germany) of November 3, 1770, a report about a local earthquake was published. Pastor Buck described ground motion effects in the manor ‘Haus Horst’, 1.5 km away from the village of Alfhausen: ‘roof tiles rattled, a chimney fell down, inside the house the top of a stove was overturned, abraded chalk trickled down in all rooms; in the nearby villages, people felt the shaking, and especially the churches suffered noticeably’. The epicentral intensity was estimated to VII (MSK) by Ahorner et al. (1970), but later modified to VI (EMS) by Meier & Grünthal (1992) considering Buck’s report in detail. Since this event is the only documented earthquake in this region, a reliable characterization of its parameters is important. Our re-examination reveals that some reported effects are quite contradictory. Contrary to Buck’s statement, no documents of damages on churches or costs of repairs could be found in the parish registers. As a result, the event appears to be a tectonic earthquake with an epicenter at Alfhausen / Haus Horst. Applying intensity-attenuation relationships, a revised value of the epicentral intensity of I_0≤V (EMS-98) with a focal depth of z≥2 km was derived. A cavity collapse due to leaching processes as a cause of the effects can be ruled out here. However, several details given in the primary source turned out to be unrealistic or at least exaggerated. The tectonic earthquake on September 3, 1770 near Alfhausen should be classified therefore as uncertain or even doubtful.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.22 ; 550 ; e-docs::Geophysik ; Lower Saxony ; historical earthquake ; macroseismic intensity ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: English
    Type: article_first
    Format: 17
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  • 6
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    The Paleoseismic Database of Germany and Adjacent Regions PalSeisDB v1.0 (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Central Europe is an intraplate domain which is characterized by low to moderate seismicity with records of larger seismic events occurring in historical and recent times. These records of seismicity are restricted to just over one thousand years. This does not reflect the long seismic cycles in Central Europe which are expected to be in the order of tens of thousands of years. Therefore, we have developed a paleoseismic database (PalSeisDB) that documents the records of paleoseismic evidence (trenches, soft-sediment deformation, mass movements, etc.) and extends the earthquake record to at least one seismic cycle. It is intended to serve as one important basis for future seismic hazard assessments. In the compilation of PalSeisDB, paleoseismic evidence features are documented at 129 different locations in the area of Germany and adjacent regions.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.22 ; 550 ; e-docs::Geophysik ; Paleoseismology ; Germany ; data base ; Paleoseismic evidence ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: English
    Type: article_first
    Format: 64
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  • 7
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    Collecting macroseismic data in Germany by internet – an overview (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Current procedures to collect macroseismic data in Germany are diverse and scattered. At least 10 institutions collect macroseismic data by internet. Several institutes have a long tradition in seismology and have collected macroseismic data using paper forms for many decades. In addition, the responsibilities for geoscientific issues in Germany are a matter of the federal states and several of them have a state earthquake service. The only institution that automatically calculates and maps intensities online in near real time is Erdbebenstation Bensberg in cooperation with the Royal Observatory of Belgium. Baden-Württemberg uses a short form internet questionnaire at the moment. 5 state earthquake services (Bayern, Hessen, Niedersachsen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Sachsen) have implemented the standard German earthquake questionnaire (Kaiser 2014) which is adapted from the standard questionnaire developed by the ESC Working Group on Internet Macroseismology published by Musson & Cecić (2012). Most institutions express their strong need to implement standard procedures for automatic intensity assignment and a standard format for the exchange of questionnaire responses. References Kaiser, D. (2014): Der neue einheitliche Erdbeben-Fragebogen. Mitteilungen / Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft, 2/2014, 29-33. Musson, R. M. W. & Cecić, I. (2012): Intensity and Intensity Scales. In: New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2).- Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ, 1-41; Potsdam. doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch12
    Description: lecture
    Keywords: 551.22 ; e-docs::Geophysik ; Macroseismology ; macroseismic survey ; macroseismic data ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: English
    Type: conferencePaper
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  • 8
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    Relationships to Estimate the Magnitude Ms of Historical Earthquakes in Europe from Macroseismic Observations (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: We develop empirical relationships between the surface wave magnitude MS and macroseismic data, i.e. the epicentral intensity I0, isoseismal radii R(I) of different intensities I and the focal depth h. The basis of this study is formed by carefully selected instrumental parts (since 1900) of 2 earthquake catalogues: Kárník 1996 (Europe and the Mediterranean), and Shebalin et al. 1998 (Central and Eastern Europe). We use the orthogonal regression because we presume that all parameters are in error and because it has the advantage to provide a reversible regression equation. From Shebalin et al.1998 catalogue we obtain MS = 0.65 I0 + 1.90 log(h) – 1.62 with equivalent error δMS = ±0.21. In order to establish a relationship between MS and isoseismal radii we apply a theoretically based model which takes into account both exponential decay and geometrical spreading. From Shebalin et al. 1998catalogue we find MS = 0.673 I + 2.44 log (S(I)) + 0.00163 S(I) – 2.48 with δMS = ±0.28. Here I is the macroseismic intensity (I = 3…9) of the isoseismal in the focal distance S(I) [km]. Kárník 1996 gives isoseismal radii for I = 3 and 5. We obtain: MS = 0.808 I + 2.84 log (S(I)) + 0.00190 S(I) – 3.71 with δMS = ±0.65. These equations make possible reliably estimates of MS . We recommend them for application. The use of high quality data only as input in the regression analysis provides reliable relationships to estimate magnitudes. The magnitude estimation of a historical earthquake from the epicentral intensity gives reliable results only if the focal depth is known well enough. The relationship using isoseismal radii is of greater practical importance as it allows more reliable magnitude estimations of historical earthquakes. We observe regional variations in the relationships which need further investigation.
    Description: poster
    Keywords: 551.22 ; e-docs::Geophysik ; surface wave magnitude ; macroseismic intensity ; orthogonal regression ; historical earthquakes ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Best practice of macroseismic intensity assessment applied to the earthquake catalogue of southwestern Germany (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The earthquake catalogue of southwestern Germany for the last millennium now contains about 30,000 digital macroseismic intensity data points (IDPs). Intensity assessments are based mainly on primary sources using the European Macroseismic Scale 1998 (EMS). The article describes a guideline for best practice of conventional macroseismic evaluation in application to historical and modern-time earthquakes in SW-Germany. Suitability of various diagnostics for intensity assessment is discussed. Assumptions to estimate damage grades and vulnerability classes of buildings are presented. Data restrictions and treatment of special cases are outlined. Further topics are quantification of uncertainties and IDP quality as well as substitutes for intensity. An essential task is to bridge the gap between information from historical sources and seismological needs for use in the earthquake catalogue, thus all issues have a focus on historical earthquakes. Questions of completeness, subjectivity, transparency, and interdisciplinary work are addressed also. Special emphasis is given to a well balanced use of the EMS scale throughout all time periods leading to consistent assessments in the catalogue.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.22 ; 550 ; e-docs::Geophysik ; macroseismic intensity ; earthquake catalogue ; European Macroseismic Scale ; damage grade ; vulnerability class ; historical earthquakes ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Relationship between magnitude, macroseismic intensity and distance for induced earthquakes in Germany (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Induced earthquakes are of public concern and of legal significance if they are felt or if they cause damage. Models to describe the relation between macroseismic intensities, magnitude, and distance from the epicenter or hypocenter are therefore of fundamental importance. With the aim of developing such models for induced earthquakes in Germany, the following data were analyzed: The earthquake database for Germany GERSEIS contains parameters for ~180 induced seismic events with information on magnitude M and intensity I, of which 47 include information on mean isoseismal radii. In addition, the published macroseismic maps of seismic events in mining areas in Germany were evaluated. In Germany, earthquakes caused by mining with moderate to severe building damage (intensity 7 and 8) have so far only occurred in potash and salt mining. Slight building damage (intensity 6) has also been caused by seismic events in coal mining. Over the past 20 years, the frequency of felt earthquakes has increased in regions with natural gas production and in recent years also in regions of deep geothermal energy production. Focal depths show a large influence on the relationship between M and I. Intensity 5 has been observed for shallow (~1 km depth) events with magnitudes as small as ML=1.8. Simple models of the form I = a + b M + c log R, with R = hypocentral distance, can be fitted to the observations. Models for tectonic earthquakes do not fit for induced earthquakes; for induced earthquakes I is smaller for a given M and R. Major differences were found between different mining areas: In natural gas production areas intensity 5 effects were observed at greater hypocentral distances for a given magnitude, compared to coal and potash mining areas. Since macroseismic data (especially intensity data points) in Germany are available almost exclusively in analog form and are often difficult to access, it is necessary to establish a database for induced earthquakes with macroseismic data.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.22 ; e-docs::Geophysik ; induced earthquakes ; macroseismic intensity ; mining seismicity ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    Mesoscale marine tropical precipitation varies independently from the spatial arrangement of its convective cells (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-25
    Description: The relationship between mesoscale convective organization, quantified by the spatial arrangement of convection, and oceanic precipitation in the tropical belt is examined using the output of a global storm-resolving simulation. The analysis uses a 2D watershed segmentation algorithm based on local precipitation maxima to isolate individual precipitation cells and derive their properties. 10° by 10° scenes are analyzed using a phase-space representation made of the number of cells per scene and the mean area of the cells per scene to understand the controls on the spatial arrangement of convection and its precipitation. The presence of few and large cells in a scene indicates the presence of a more clustered distribution of cells, whereas many small cells in a scene tend to be randomly distributed. In general, the degree of clustering of a scene (Iorg) is positively correlated to the mean area of the cells and negatively correlated to the number of cells. Strikingly, the degree of clustering, whether the cells are randomly distributed or closely spaced, to a first order does not matter for the precipitation amounts produced. Scenes of similar precipitation amounts appear as hyperbolae in our phase-space representation, hyperbolae that follow the contours of the precipitating area fraction. Finally, including the scene-averaged water vapour path (WVP) in our phase-space analysis reveals that scenes with larger WVP contain more cells than drier scenes, whereas the mean area of the cells only weakly varies with WVP. Dry scenes can contain both small and large cells, but they can contain only few cells of each category.
    Keywords: 551.5 ; convection ; object-based approaches ; organization ; precipitation ; storm-resolving modelling
    Language: English
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  • 12
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    September 2019 Antarctic Sudden Stratospheric Warming: Quasi-6-Day Wave Burst and Ionospheric Effects (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-25
    Description: An exceptionally strong stationary planetary wave with Zonal Wavenumber 1 led to a sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) in the Southern Hemisphere in September 2019. Ionospheric data from European Space Agency's Swarm satellite constellation mission show prominent 6-day variations in the dayside low-latitude region at this time, which can be attributed to forcing from the middle atmosphere by the Rossby normal mode “quasi-6-day wave” (Q6DW). Geopotential height measurements by the Microwave Limb Sounder aboard National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Aura satellite reveal a burst of global Q6DW activity in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere during the SSW, which is one of the strongest in the record. The Q6DW is apparently generated in the polar stratosphere at 30–40 km, where the atmosphere is unstable due to strong vertical wind shear connected with planetary wave breaking. These results suggest that an Antarctic SSW can lead to ionospheric variability through wave forcing from the middle atmosphere.
    Keywords: 551.5 ; sudden stratospheric warming ; quasi-6-day wave ; planetary wave ; ionosphere ; vertical coupling ; Swarm
    Language: English
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  • 13
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    Twenty-First-Century Changes in the Eastern Mediterranean Etesians and Associated Midlatitude Atmospheric Circulation (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-21
    Description: The Etesians are the dominant synoptically driven winds observed in the Eastern Mediterranean, usually from late spring to late summer. Due to the complex topography, the Etesians can be very strong and pose significant environmental hazards, especially over wildfire incidents. This study assesses the impacts of climate change on future Etesians by analyzing the response of the most recent EURO-CORDEX regional climate simulations at the 12-km grid resolution over the twenty-first century. The mean model ensemble projects a significant increase of the Etesians' frequency and intensity under the two emission scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. This response is connected to an increase in the zonal wind at 200 hPa, a reinforcement of the midlatitude westerly flow, and a decrease in the wave amplitude. These circulation changes accelerate the mid-to-high latitude eastward propagation of the large-scale circulation systems which can favor enhanced ridges over the Balkans. A strengthening and poleward shift of the subtropical jet stream is also projected, connected with stronger subsidence over the Eastern Mediterranean. The projected changes will have profound environmental and societal implications, including the lengthening of the wildfire season and increasing air pollution risk in the region. On the other hand, the current estimate of future wind power potential in the Aegean Sea will be significantly increased by the end of the century, which might have positive impact in the regional economy.
    Keywords: 551.5 ; Etesians ; extreme winds ; Eastern Mediterranean ; midlatitude atmospheric circulation ; EURO-CORDEX ; future projections
    Language: English
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  • 14
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    Analysis of the Thermodynamic Phase Transition of Tracked Convective Clouds Based on Geostationary Satellite Observations (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-23
    Description: Clouds are liquid at temperature greater than 0°C and ice at temperature below −38°C. Between these two thresholds, the temperature of the cloud thermodynamic phase transition from liquid to ice is difficult to predict and the theory and numerical models do not agree: Microphysical, dynamical, and meteorological parameters influence the glaciation temperature. We temporally track optical and microphysical properties of 796 clouds over Europe from 2004 to 2015 with the space-based instrument Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager on board the geostationary METEOSAT second generation satellites. We define the glaciation temperature as the mean between the cloud top temperature of those consecutive images for which a thermodynamic phase change in at least one pixel is observed for a given cloud object. We find that, on average, isolated convective clouds over Europe freeze at −21.6°C. Furthermore, we analyze the temporal evolution of a set of cloud properties and we retrieve glaciation temperatures binned by meteorological and microphysical regimes: For example, the glaciation temperature increases up to 11°C when cloud droplets are large, in line with previous studies. Moreover, the correlations between the parameters characterizing the glaciation temperature are compared and analyzed and a statistical study based on principal component analysis shows that after the cloud top height, the cloud droplet size is the most important parameter to determine the glaciation temperature.
    Keywords: 551.5 ; Clouds ; Glaciation temperature ; geostationary satellite ; SEVIRI ; Thermodynamic phase
    Language: English
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  • 15
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    Detection Limits and Near-Field Ground Motions of Fast and Slow Earthquakes (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-25
    Description: We investigate theoretical limits to detection of fast and slow seismic events, and spatial variations of ground motion expected from M 6 earthquakes at short epicentral distances. The analyses are based on synthetic velocity seismograms calculated with the discrete wavenumber method assuming seismic velocities and attenuation properties of the crust in Southern California. The examined source properties include different magnitudes (M −1.0 to M 6.0), static stress drops (0.1–10 MPa), and slow and fast ruptures (0.1–0.9 of shear wave velocity). For the M 6 events we also consider variations in rise times producing crack- and pulse-type events and different rupture directivities. Slow events produce ground motion with considerably lower amplitude than corresponding regular fast earthquakes with the same magnitude, and hence are significantly more difficult to detect. The static stress drop and slip rise time also affect the maximum radiated seismic motion, and hence event detectability. Apart from geometrical factors, the saturation and depletion of seismic ground motion at short epicentral distances stem from radiation pattern, earthquake size (magnitude, stress drop), and rupture directivity. The rupture velocity, rise time, and directivity affect significantly the spatial pattern of the ground motions. The results can help optimizing detection of slow and fast small earthquakes and understand the spatial distribution of ground motion generated by large events.
    Keywords: 551.22 ; slow earthquakes ; ground motions ; earthquake detection ; source parameters
    Language: English
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  • 16
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    Trends in AOD, Clouds, and Cloud Radiative Effects in Satellite Data and CMIP5 and CMIP6 Model Simulations Over Aerosol Source Regions (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-25
    Description: Several regions worldwide have seen significant trends in anthropogenic aerosol emissions during the period of detailed satellite observations since 2001. Over Europe (EUR) and North America (NAM) there were strong declines, over China increases then declines and over India, strong increases. Regional trends in model-simulated aerosol optical depth (AOD) and cloud radiative effects in both the Fifth and Sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Projects (CMIP5 and CMIP6) are broadly consistent with the ones from satellite retrievals in most parts of EUR, NAM and India. CMIP6 models better match satellite-derived AOD trend in western NAM (increasing) and eastern China (decreasing), where CMIP5 models failed, pointing to improved anthropogenic aerosol emissions. Drop concentration trends in both observations and models qualitatively match AOD trends. The result for solar cloud radiative effect in models, however, is due to compensating errors: Models fail to reproduce observed liquid water path trends and show, in turn, opposite trends in cloud fraction.
    Keywords: 551.5 ; aerosol emission trend ; aerosol optical depth ; cloud radiative effects ; aerosol source regions ; CDNC ; climate models
    Language: English
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  • 17
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    Observations and high-resolution simulations of convective precipitation organization over the tropical Atlantic (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-23
    Description: High-resolution simulations (grid spacing 2.5 km) are performed with ICON-LEM to characterize convective organization in the Tropics during August 2016 over a large domain ranging from northeastern South America, along the tropical Atlantic to Africa (8,000×3,000 km). The degree of organization is measured by a refined version of the wavelet-based organization index (WOI), which is able to characterize the scale, the intensity and anisotropy of convection based on rain rates alone. Exploiting the localization of wavelets both in space and time, we define a localized version of the convective organization index (LWOI). We compare convection observed in satellite-derived rain rates with the corresponding processes simulated by ICON-LEM. Model and observations indicate three regions with different kinds of convective organization. Continental convection over West Africa has a predominantly meridional orientation and is more organized than over South America, because it acts on larger scales and is more intense. Convection over the tropical Atlantic is zonally oriented along the ITCZ and less intense. ICON and observations agree on the number and intensity of the African easterly waves during the simulation period. The waves are associated with strong vorticity anomalies and are clearly visible in a spatiotemporal wavelet analysis. The central speed and the wavelength of the waves is simulated well. Both the scale and intensity components of LWOI in ICON are significantly correlated with environmental variables. The scale of precipitation is related to wind shear, CAPE and its tendency, while the intensity strongly correlates with column-integrated humidity, upper-level divergence and maximum vertical wind speed. This demonstrates that the LWOI components capture important characteristics of convective precipitation.
    Keywords: 551.5 ; convective organization ; ICON-LEM ; IMERG ; LWOI ; tropical convection ; wavelet-based organization index ; WOI
    Language: English
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  • 18
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    Sensitivity study of the planetary boundary layer and microphysical schemes to the initialization of convection over the Arabian Peninsula (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-23
    Description: In this study, we present a five-member Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) physics ensemble over the Arabian Peninsula on the convection-permitting (CP) scale and investigate the ability to simulate convection and precipitation by varying the applied cloud microphysics and planetary boundary layer (PBL) parametrizations. The study covers a typical precipitation event ocurring during summertime over the eastern part of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Our results show that the best results are obtained by using water- and ice-friendly aerosols combined with aerosol-aware Thompson cloud microphysics and the Mellor-Yamada-Nakanishi-Niino (MYNN) PBL parametrization. The diurnal cycle of 2-m temperature over the desert is well captured by all members, although a cold bias is present during the morning and evening transition. All members are capable of simulating the correct timing of the onset of convection. Simulations with the MYNN PBL and Thompson scheme produce the highest convective available potential energy (CAPE) and convective inhibition (CIN), associated with stronger mixing inside the PBL, leading to the formation of more dense liquid water clouds. The WDM6 microphysics scheme is not a suitable option, as there are hardly any liquid water clouds; mainly ice clouds are simulated. Precipitation is best captured by applying the MYNN and Thomspon scheme. Although the ensemble size is relatively small, this allows for the provision of cloud probability maps suitable for cloud-seeding applications.
    Keywords: 551.5 ; convection ; ensemble ; PBL ; UAE ; WRF
    Language: English
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  • 19
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    Is Coulomb Stress the Best Choice for Aftershock Forecasting? (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-24
    Description: The Coulomb failure stress (CFS) criterion is the most commonly used method for predicting spatial distributions of aftershocks following large earthquakes. However, large uncertainties are always associated with the calculation of Coulomb stress change. The uncertainties mainly arise due to nonunique slip inversions and unknown receiver faults; especially for the latter, results are highly dependent on the choice of the assumed receiver mechanism. Based on binary tests (aftershocks yes/no), recent studies suggest that alternative stress quantities, a distance-slip probabilistic model as well as deep neural network (DNN) approaches, all are superior to CFS with predefined receiver mechanism. To challenge this conclusion, which might have large implications, we use 289 slip inversions from SRCMOD database to calculate more realistic CFS values for a layered half-space and variable receiver mechanisms. We also analyze the effect of the magnitude cutoff, grid size variation, and aftershock duration to verify the use of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for the ranking of stress metrics. The observations suggest that introducing a layered half-space does not improve the stress maps and ROC curves. However, results significantly improve for larger aftershocks and shorter time periods but without changing the ranking. We also go beyond binary testing and apply alternative statistics to test the ability to estimate aftershock numbers, which confirm that simple stress metrics perform better than the classic Coulomb failure stress calculations and are also better than the distance-slip probabilistic model.
    Keywords: 551.22
    Language: English
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  • 20
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    Introduction: Historical Earthquakes, Paleoseismology, Neotectonics and Seismic Hazard: New Insights and Suggested Procedures (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: This publication developed from the 5th International Colloquium on “Historical Earthquakes, Paleoseismology, Neotectonics and Seismic Hazard” which was held from 11 to 13 October 2017 at the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) in Hannover, Germany. It comprises four contributions: Brüstle, W., Braumann, U., Hock, S. & Rodler, F.-A. (2020). Best practice of macroseismic intensity assessment applied to the earthquake catalogue of southwestern Germany. In: Kaiser, D. (Ed.). Historical Earthquakes, Paleoseismology, Neotectonics, and Seismic Hazard: New Insights and Suggested Procedures, DGEB-Publikation 18, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Erdbebeningenieurwesen und Baudynamik. doi: 10.23689/fidgeo-3864 Camelbeeck, T., Vanneste, K., Verbeeck, K., Garcia-Moreno, D., Van Noten, K. & Lecocq, T. (2020). How well does known seismicity between the Lower Rhine Graben and southern North Sea reflect future earthquake activity? In: Kaiser, D. (Ed.). Historical Earthquakes, Paleoseismology, Neotectonics, and Seismic Hazard: New Insights and Suggested Procedures, DGEB-Publikation 18, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Erdbebeningenieurwesen und Baudynamik. doi: 10.23689/fidgeo-3866 Hürtgen, J., Reicherter, K., Spies, T., Geisler, C. & Schlittenhardt, J. (2020). The Paleoseismic Database of Germany and Adjacent Regions PalSeisDB v1.0. In: Kaiser, D. (Ed.). Historical Earthquakes, Paleoseismology, Neotectonics, and Seismic Hazard: New Insights and Suggested Procedures, DGEB-Publikation 18, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Erdbebeningenieurwesen und Baudynamik. doi: 10.23689/fidgeo-3867 Leydecker, G. & Lehmann, K. (2020). The earthquake of September 3, 1770 near Alfhausen (Lower Saxony, Germany): a real, doubtful, or a fake event? In: Kaiser, D. (Ed.). Historical Earthquakes, Paleoseismology, Neotectonics, and Seismic Hazard: New Insights and Suggested Procedures, DGEB-Publikation 18, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Erdbebeningenieurwesen und Baudynamik. doi: 10.23689/fidgeo-3865
    Description: Introduction to DGEB-Publikation Nr. 18 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Erdbebeningenieurwesen und Baudynamik (DGEB)
    Description: editorial
    Keywords: 551.22 ; 550 ; e-docs::Geophysik ; Historical earthquakes ; Paleoseismology ; macroseismic intensity ; neotectonics ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: English
    Type: article_first
    Format: 2
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  • 21
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    The first conference of the parties : UN/Convention on Climate Change (1995)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 22
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    Green taxes come to Europe (1997)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 23
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    Operationalizing joint implementation : organizational and institutional aspects of a new instrument in international climate policy (1997)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: workingpaper , doc-type:workingPaper
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  • 24
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    Germany - will the fundamental ideas survive the test of time? (1999)
    Oslo : ProSus | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-26
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 25
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    Can industry do better alone? : A critical discussion of the voluntary agreements on climate protection of the German industry (1999)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 26
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    Protecting the earth : a new start in German climate policy ; a study by the Wuppertal Institute of Climate, Environment and Energy, Climate Policy Department, on behalf of the Friedrich-Ebert-Foundation (1997)
    Bonn : Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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  • 27
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    Greening the north : a post-industrial blueprint for ecology and equity (1998)
    London : Zed Books | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Description: While sustainability is in danger of being reduced to a meaningless platitude, the brutal fact remains that industrial countries make a disproportionately large and negative impact on the environment. A serious transition to sustainability will require changing people's mindsets and social institutions, in addition to public policies, technologies and business practices. This book presents a path-breaking analysis as well as highly innovative proposals for managing this transition. Emanating from Europe's foremost environmental policy think-tank, it has already stirred up a major new debate in Germany on radical, but feasible, directions in which the governments of industrial societies ought to be moving. The concept of "environmental space" and its ingenious development of indicators for measuring an economy's national and global impact combine with its delineation of concrete policies to give this book its intellectual power and potential political impact.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 28
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    Input oriented environmental policy as an alternative to end-of-pipe policy : a future agenda for Poland (1999)
    Aldershot : Ashgate | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 29
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    Sustainable development in industrial countries : environmental indicators and targets as core elements of national action plans ; the German case (1997)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Description: Five years after the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, the hesitancy of developed countries is turning out to be the main impediment to implementing an effective policy for sustainable development. Alongside the further development of international environmental regimes, setting up national action plans is necessary to close the action-gap in the North. However, this can only succeed if the action plans include binding objectives that can be monitored and evaluated. Current national strategies for sustainable development only meet this criterion in exceptional cases; in most cases only qualitatively and legally nonbinding objectives are included. In the present paper, a suggestion for a cluster of environmental policy targets is put forth, which - using Germany as an example - establishes the sustainability concept at the national level. Particular emphasis is placed on the normative dimension of target setting.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 30
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    Making joint implementation operational : solutions for some technical and operational problems of JL in the fossil fuel power sector (1995)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-26
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 31
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    Eco tax reform - an option for CEE (1996)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 32
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    Ecological tax reform : presentation of some items of the political debate in Germany and policy proposals for the international community (1996)
    Copenhagen : Danish Board of Technology | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 33
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    Germany (1997)
    Berlin : Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 34
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    The cement industry projects in the Czech Republic (1997)
    Bonn : Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Protection and Nuclear Safety | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-26
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 35
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    The sustainable transition in Germany : some early stage experiences (1997)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-21
    Description: The issue or concept of "sustainable development" entered onto the public and political agenda only relatively recently, and, five years after signing Agenda 21, perceptions of it are still ambiguous. A review of organisational adjustments and of German communications to the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development shows that the German government's level of commitment to Agenda 21 is still low. This view is supported by an assessment of developments, and the Government's poor performance so far, in three institutional indicators. However, there is evidence that some incremental steps towards a sustainability transition are being taken as in some areas of business and industry and local government attitudes are begining to change. In addition, awareness of sustainable development is being raised by the efforts of non‐governmental organisations and the scientific community. Generally though, the lack of institutional reorganisation is the major obstacle to a German sustainability transition. This is an expression of the generally low priority of environmental and global development issues in the aftermath of German unification and the related economic and social problems. The traditional economic paradigm where economic growth is believed to be the precondition for welfare prevails and is considered by a majority of decision‐makers not to be compatible with the sustainability transition.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 36
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    Environmental fiscal reform : final report (1998)
    Cambridge, UK : Univ. of Cambridge | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 37
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    Operationalizing joint implementation (1997)
    Bonn : Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Protection and Nuclear Safety | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 38
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    New requirements for the future growth of cogeneration from a global perspective : assessing and commenting the Kyoto guidelines (1998)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-26
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 39
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    The SuE Model : a decision-support tool : modelling a socially and environmentally sustainable European Union (1998)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 40
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    The German response to the sustainability transition (1998)
    London : Earthscan | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-26
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 41
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    Social justice and environmental sustainability in the post-development era (1998)
    London : Zed Books | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 42
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    Local Agenda 21 in Germany (1998)
    London : Earthscan | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-26
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 43
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    Rational planning techniques (RPT) : a tool to enhance energy efficiency? (1996)
    Brussels : Europ. Parliament | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 44
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    Climate change politics in Germany : how long will any double dividend last? (1996)
    London : Routledge | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-26
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 45
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    Elements of a supervisory procedure for the climate regime (1996)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 46
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    Five years after Rio and still uphill all the way? (1997)
    Oslo : ProSus | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-26
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 47
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    Energy pricing policy : targets, possibilities and impacts ; including summary in English, German and French (1998)
    Brussels : Europ. Parliament | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-18
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 48
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    Analysis of energy efficiency of domestic electric storage water heaters : final report (1998)
    Wien : Energieverwertungsagentur | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 49
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    New options for environmental policy in Central and Eastern Europe (1999)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-21
    Description: The discussion of sustainable development focused attention on new environmental goals and raised the issue of improving resource productivity. A first step towards sustainability would be to slow-down and reduce the man-induced movements of materials: this is the focus of dematerialization approach which emphasizes what socialist countries used to neglect most – minimizing the use of scarce input factors. This paper applies the dematerialization approach to the discussion on sustainable development in central and eastern Europe. In the early 1990s all countries in eastern Europe have developed new environmental programs which mainly focus on reducing pollution. Environmental strategies focusing on reducing emissions are important but not sufficient for reaching sustainability. A new orientation in the environmental policy in the young market economies is required. Dematerialization approach can be a new option for environmental policy in central and eastern Europe. Dematerialization requires a mix of instruments. Important role can be played by an ecological fiscal reform which covers ecological tax reform and the restructuring of subsidies.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 50
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    The Kyoto protocol : unfinished business (1998)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-08
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 51
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    Environmental protection as an integral part of urban sustainable development (1999)
    Bonn : Bundesamt für Bauwesen und Raumordnung | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-26
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 52
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    A socio-economic analysis of energy related voluntary agreements in Germany : transaction costs and innovation ; paper presented at the CAVA workshop "Design and implementation of voluntary approaches for environmental policy" (1999)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 53
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    What is the role of energy-related voluntary approaches in post-Kyoto climate policy? : A process oriented analysis of the "Declaration of German industry on global warming prevention" (1999)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 54
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    Looking back at the German presidency (1999)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 55
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    Reports on AIJ projects and contributions to the discussion of the Kyoto mechanisms (1999)
    Berlin : Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 56
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    Sustainable development and the crisis of nature : on the political anatomy of an oxymoron (1999)
    Oxford : Oxford Univ. Press | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 57
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    The political significance of Local Agenda 21 : the early stages of some European experience (1996)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-21
    Description: Sustainable development, as it emerged in Agenda 21 from the Rio conference in 1992, will only be meaningful when it touches the lives of ordinary people; then it becomes a reality. Local Agenda 21 (LA21) seeks to achieve that objective. This article assesses the origins of LA21, reviews its social and political significance, and considers its prospects in the light of case study experience emerging from the UK, Germany and Norway, focusing on the role of local government as a major stakeholder in Agenda 21 (A21). The range of response to LA21 has proved to be varied. A successful transformation to a more sustainable world will require visionary political leadership, supportive administrations, networks of experience sharing, alliances with non‐governmental organisations and local industry, and effective community mobilisation. All of that, in turn, requires equally supportive economic and social policy backing from national governments. This article will indicate that, not surprisingly, it is the domestic political context, nationally and locally, which in the main determines the speed and nature of response to LA21, now and in the future. By understanding and being aware of these contexts, factors impeding progress towards LA21 may be addressed, whilst at the same time retaining the diversity of response which is an essential part of local sustainability.
    Keywords: ddc:320
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    Further development of the climate regime : targets and multilateral approach (1996)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Global climate (1997)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
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    Sustainable Germany : a contribution to sustainable global development (1996)
    Berlin : Carl-Duisberg-Ges. | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
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    Is the Berlin approach sufficient for the climate protocol in Kyoto? (1997)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Sustainable development (1997)
    Cheltenham : Elgar | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-12
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    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    The educational challenge of the environmental crisis (1997)
    Kiel : Inst. für die Pädagogik der Naturwissenschaften | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
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    Conclusion : a memorandum on globalization (1998)
    New York : Berghahn | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    "Success or Failure?" ask Reinhard Loske and Hermann Ott (1998)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    The environmental perspective (1998)
    Baden-Baden : Nomos-Verl.-Ges. | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
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    Local agenda 21 in Germany (1) : five years after Rio and its still uphill all the way? (1997)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-26
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    The proposed European directive on environmental assessment : evolution and evaluation (1998)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Tax bads, not goods : Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker and Hermann E. Ott say that an ecological tax reform is the most effective way to meet the targets for reducing emissions of greenhouse gases (1998)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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    Rules of the Kyoto Protocol for an emissions trading regime (1998)
    Bonn : Forum Umwelt & Entwicklung | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
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    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Recognizing the problem but not the solution : the Dutch environment and the dilemma of economic growth (1999)
    Den Haag : Ministerie van Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    China and climate change (1997)
    Oslo : Scandinavian Univ. Press | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-26
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Public awareness and education for strong climate policies : a review of the first national communications regarding the development and implementation of programmes under article 6 (a) (i) FCCC and a description of examples of good practice in three Annex I-countries (1997)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-26
    Keywords: ddc:320
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    Outline of EU climate policy in the FCCC : explaining the "EU-bubble" (1997)
    [S. l.] : Environment Agency of Japan | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
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    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Requirements of a comprehensive strategic environmental assessment system (1999)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Is adaptation cheaper than prevention? : The applicability of cost-benefit analysis to global warming (1999)
    Heidelberg : Physica-Verl. | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
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    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Towards a new material based approach for sustainable development : western experiences (1999)
    Warsaw : Inst. for Sustainable Development | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
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    Climate protection and the economy (1998)
    Basel : Birkhäuser | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
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    Sustainability and urban policy in Germany : retrospect and prospect (1999)
    London : Routledge | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
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    Operationalizing 'joint implementation' : organizational and institutional aspects of a new instrument in international climate policy (1998)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-21
    Description: "Joint Implementation" (JI) is considered by many participants in the international negotiations on aclimate protocol to be an important economic instrument for the implementation of greenhouse gas obligations. Apart from a wide range of problems that still have to be resolved on the project level, the institutional and procedural design of such a mechanism is of vital importance. Because JI has a "perverse incentive" to overstate results achieved by individual projects, careful reporting, monitoring and verification procedures are essential. Furthermore, the institutional structure must reconcile the sometimes conflicting demands of overall effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. This paper explores the possible design of a future international mechanism for JI and makes recommendations with regard to the institutional and procedural requirements.
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    Driving towards transformation? To what extent does global climate governance promote decarbonisation of land transport? (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-21
    Description: This article aims to analyse the potential for international climate governance to promote the decarbonisation of land transport. It first summarises challenges and barriers that impede the transformation of the sector. On this basis, the article discusses how international governance could potentially assist with overcoming these barriers and mobilising potentials. Subsequently, the article analyses to what extent existing international governance institutions deliver on the potential identified. The analysis finds that while there is a large number of international institutions trying to promote the decarbonisation of land transport, none of them emerge saliently as hubs or core institutions. There is a substantial amount of activity to generate and disseminate knowledge and learning, but the potential for providing guidance and signal, setting rules, providing transparency/accountability and means of implementation could be further exploited. The article concludes with suggestions on how international governance may be strengthened.
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    Guiding the transformation : the role of global climate governance as a facilitator of the transition of unsustainable socio-technical systems (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-18
    Description: Climate change is a transformation challenge. It requires the transformation of a patchwork of independent socio-technical systems. These complex systems have their own specific challenges and path dependencies. Lukas Hermwille introduces a perspective on socio-technical complexity to the study of global climate governance and asks what governance arrangements on the international level, in particular the United Nations Framework Convention of Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Paris Agreement, can offer to facilitate and foster the required transformational change. His work shows the importance of the discursive power of global climate governance, shifting the expectations and visions of the future of key actors and, as a corollary, changing their investment decisions of today towards a more sustainable future.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Towards sustainable Europe : the study (1995)
    Brussels : Friends of the Earth Europe | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
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    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Hardwired towards transformation? : Assessing global climate governance for power sector decarbonization (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-21
    Description: Fully decarbonising global power supply is essential to meet the objectives of the Paris Agreement. A wide range of inter- and transnational governance institutions exist that work towards the transformation of the power sector. But are these governance efforts sufficient to address the challenges? To address this question the article first identifies governance needs on the basis of systemic sector-specific transformation challenges and discusses the potential for international governance to address them. Second, the paper surveys existing inter- and transnational institutions and assess to what extent they exploit the potential of international governance. The analysis shows that many of the governance needs are already being satisfied to some extent, particularly with respect to the deployment of renewable energy. It also shows that a significant blind spot remains: the phase-out of fossil fuels for electricity generation. The detailed analysis enables us to identify options for enhancing the governance landscape.
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    Design options for the global stocktake : lessons from other review processes (2020)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-20
    Description: While the Paris Agreement (PA) has enshrined ambitious long-term objectives, the current actions of the Parties to the Agreement fall far short of these goals. The Global Stocktake (GST), established in Art. 14 of the PA, may help narrow this gap between ambition and action: its purpose is to review the implementation of the PA and to assess the collective progress of the international community towards Paris goals. While some general modalities on how to conduct the GST have been adopted, the details are still to be determined. The objective of this report is to analyze existing international regimes as regards their review processes, the contribution of these review processes to various governance functions and, finally, to derive lessons for the GST. Processes analyzed include: the design of the upcoming Global Stocktake itself, the Talanoa Dialogue (TD) which is the direct precursor of the GST, the Agenda 2030 High-Level Political Forum (HLPF), which features a regular stocktaking process focused on progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the review processes of the UN human rights system (UNHRS) and the review processes and assessment panels of the Montreal Protocol (MP). The analysis of each review process is organised in four section: (1) political background and context, (2) technical and organisational details of the processes, (3) interface between the political and technical processes, and (4) how the review processes contribute to achieving the objectives of the respective regime, particularly governance functions of the regime (guidance and signal, transparency and accountability, and knowledge and learning).
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    A sectoral perspective on global climate governance : analytical foundation (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-21
    Description: This article develops a sectoral approach to the analysis of global climate governance. This approach advances the assessment of global climate governance by focusing on complexes of intergovernmental and transnational institutions co-governing key socio-technical sectoral systems. The actual and potential contribution of these sectoral institutional complexes to advancing decarbonization can be assessed according to five key governance functions: (1) providing guidance and signal to actors, (2) setting rules to facilitate collective action, (3) enhancing transparency and accountability, (4) offering support (finance, technology, capacity-building), and (5) promoting knowledge and learning. On this basis, we can assess the potential of international cooperation to address the challenges specific sectoral systems face in the climate transition as well as the extent to which existing sectoral institutional complexes deliver on this potential. This provides a solid starting point for developing options for filling identified gaps and enhancing the effectiveness of global climate governance.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Climate ambition and sustainable development for a new decade : a catalytic framework (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-28
    Description: This paper examines the Global Climate Action Agenda (GCAA) and discusses options to improve sub- and non-state involvement in post-2020 climate governance. A framework that stimulates sub- and non-state action is a necessary complement to national governmental action, as the latter falls short of achieving low-carbon and climate-resilient development as envisaged in the Paris Agreement. Applying design principles for an ideal-type orchestration framework, we review literature and gather expert judgements to assess whether the GCAA has been collaborative, comprehensive, evaluative and catalytic. Results show that there has been greater coordination among orchestrators, for instance in the organization of events. However, mobilization efforts remain event-driven and too little effort is invested in understanding the progress of sub- and non-state action. Data collection has improved, although more sophisticated indicators are needed to evaluate climate and sustainable development impacts. Finally, the GCAA has recorded more action, but relatively little by actors in developing countries. As the world seeks to recover from the COVID-19 crisis and enters a new decade of climate action, the GCAA could make a vital contribution in challenging times by helping governments keep and enhance climate commitments; strengthening capacity for sub- and non-state action; enabling accountability; and realizing sustainable development.
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    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Enough? The role of sufficiency in European energy and climate plans (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-08-06
    Description: Energy sufficiency is one of the three energy sustainability strategies, next to energy efficiency and renewable energies. We analyse to what extent European governments follow this strategy, by conducting a systematic document analysis of all available European National Energy and Climate Plans (NECPs) and Long-Term Strategies (LTSs). We collect and categorise a total of 230 sufficiency-related policy measures, finding large differences between countries. We find most sufficiency policies in the transport sector, when classifying also modal shift policies to change the service quality of transport as sufficiency policies. Types of sufficiency policy instruments vary considerably from sector to sector, for instance the focus on financial incentives and fiscal instruments in the mobility sector, information in the building sector, and financial incentive/tax instruments in cross-sectoral application. Regulatory instruments currently play a minor role for sufficiency policy in the national energy and climate plans of EU member states. Similar to energy efficiency in recent decades, sufficiency still largely referred to as micro-level individual behaviour change or necessary exogenous trends that will need to take place. It is not treated yet as a genuine field of policy action to provide the necessary framework for enabling societal change.
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    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Grounding social foundations for integrated assessment models of climate change (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2021-05-18
    Description: Integrated assessment models (IAMs) are commonly used by decision makers in order to derive climate policies. IAMs are currently based on climate-economics interactions, whereas the role of social system has been highlighted to be of prime importance on the implementation of climate policies. Beyond existing IAMs, we argue that it is therefore urgent to increase efforts in the integration of social processes within IAMs. For achieving such a challenge, we present some promising avenues of research based on the social branches of economics. We finally present the potential implications yielded by such social IAMs.
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    Vertical integration in a multi-level governance system using the example of the German resource efficiency programme (2020)
    Abingdon : Routledge
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-09
    Description: The ultimate goal of German Resource Efficiency Programme (ProgRess) is to make the extraction and use of natural resources more sustainable and reduce associated environmental pollution as much as possible. By doing this - also with responsibility towards future generations - the programme should create a prerequisite for securing a long-term high quality of life. To bring the policy approaches formulated in ProgRess to reality, efforts to implement resource efficiency measures have to be increased at all levels - from international to regional to local. The chapter intends to provide an impetus for the current debate on ProgRess policy development. The chapter identifies, analyses and describes deficits and possibilities of vertical integration of the German programme in particular and derives recommendations for action which may also serve as indications for other strategies. The following sections are based on results of the advisory report "Vertical integration of the national resource efficiency programme ProgRess (VertRess)", conducted by the German Institute of Urban Affairs (Difu) and the Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy on behalf of the German Environmental Agency (UBA) and the Federal Ministry of the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU).
    Keywords: ddc:320
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    A sectoral perspective on international climate governance : key findings and research priorities (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-21
    Description: This concluding article derives six major findings from the contributions to this special issue. First, the barriers and challenges to decarbonisation vary significantly across sectoral systems. Second, and similarly, the need and potential for the five functions of international governance institutions to contribute to effective climate protection also vary widely. Third, while the pattern is uneven, there is a general undersupply of international climate governance. Fourth, the sectoral analyses confirm that the UNFCCC and Paris Agreement play an important overarching role but remain limited in advancing effective sectoral governance. Fifth, while non-environmental institutions may present important barriers to decarbonisation, more synergistic effects are possible. Sixth, our sectoral approach provides a sound basis on which to identify sector-specific policy options. The paper then offers reflections on the merits and limitations of the sectoral approach, before identifying avenues for future research to further advance the agenda.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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    Bridging the ambition gap : the situation-ambition approach for crediting baselines under article 6.4 (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2021-05-18
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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    Representation of Model Error in Convective-Scale Data Assimilation: Additive Noise Based on Model Truncation Error (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-09-27
    Description: To account for model error on multiple scales in convective-scale data assimilation, we incorporate the small-scale additive noise based on random samples of model truncation error and combine it with the large-scale additive noise based on random samples from global climatological atmospheric background error covariance. A series of experiments have been executed in the framework of the operational Kilometre-scale ENsemble Data Assimilation system of the Deutscher Wetterdienst for a 2-week period with different types of synoptic forcing of convection (i.e., strong or weak forcing). It is shown that the combination of large- and small-scale additive noise is better than the application of large-scale noise only. The specific increase in the background ensemble spread during data assimilation enhances the quality of short-term 6-hr precipitation forecasts. The improvement is especially significant during the weak forcing period, since the small-scale additive noise increases the small-scale variability which may favor occurrence of convection. It is also shown that additional perturbation of vertical velocity can further advance the performance of combination.
    Keywords: 551.5 ; additive noise ; model truncation error ; multiscale ; radar data assimilation ; probabilistic forecasts
    Language: English
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    Increasing Resolution and Resolving Convection Improve the Simulation of Cloud-Radiative Effects Over the North Atlantic (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-09-27
    Description: Clouds interact with atmospheric radiation and substantially modify the Earth's energy budget. Cloud formation processes occur over a vast range of spatial and temporal scales, which make their thorough numerical representation challenging. Therefore, the impact of parameter choices for simulations of cloud-radiative effects is assessed in the current study. Numerical experiments are carried out using the ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic (ICON) model with varying grid spacings between 2.5 and 80 km and with different subgrid-scale parameterization approaches. Simulations are performed over the North Atlantic with either one-moment or two-moment microphysics and with convection being parameterized or explicitly resolved by grid-scale dynamics. Simulated cloud-radiative effects are compared to products derived from Meteosat measurements. Furthermore, a sophisticated cloud classification algorithm is applied to understand the differences and dependencies of simulated and observed cloud-radiative effects. The cloud classification algorithm developed for the satellite observations is also applied to the simulation output based on synthetic infrared brightness temperatures, a novel approach that is not impacted by changing insolation and guarantees a consistent and fair comparison. It is found that flux biases originate equally from clear-sky and cloudy parts of the radiation field. Simulated cloud amounts and cloud-radiative effects are dominated by marine, shallow clouds, and their behavior is highly resolution dependent. Bias compensation between shortwave and longwave flux biases, seen in the coarser simulations, is significantly diminished for higher resolutions. Based on the analysis results, it is argued that cloud-microphysical and cloud-radiative properties have to be adjusted to further improve agreement with observed cloud-radiative effects.
    Keywords: 551.5 ; Cloud-Radiative Effects ; TOA Energy Budget ; High-Resolution Simulations ; Meteosat Observations ; Cloud Classification ; Bias Decomposition
    Language: English
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    The Dimmest State of the Sun (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-09-27
    Description: How the solar electromagnetic energy entering the Earth's atmosphere varied since preindustrial times is an important consideration in the climate change debate. Detrimental to this debate, estimates of the change in total solar irradiance (TSI) since the Maunder minimum, an extended period of weak solar activity preceding the industrial revolution, differ markedly, ranging from a drop of 0.75 W m−2 to a rise of 6.3 W m−2. Consequently, the exact contribution by solar forcing to the rise in global temperatures over the past centuries remains inconclusive. Adopting a novel approach based on state-of-the-art solar imagery and numerical simulations, we establish the TSI level of the Sun when it is in its least-active state to be 2.0 ± 0.7 W m−2 below the 2019 level. This means TSI could not have risen since the Maunder minimum by more than this amount, thus restricting the possible role of solar forcing in global warming.
    Keywords: 551.5 ; total solar irradiance
    Language: English
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    Elastic Fault Interactions and Earthquake Rupture Along the Southern Hellenic Subduction Plate Interface Zone in Greece (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-09-27
    Description: The importance of splay-thrust faults in subduction seismogenesis is increasingly acknowledged; however, their elastic interaction with the plate interface remains unclear. Here, we use GPS velocities, constrained by millennial fault slip rates, to study elastic fault-interactions between the plate interface and its upper-plate splay-thrust faults from the southern Hellenic Subduction System (HSS). We find that, despite its largely aseismic character, the HSS plate interface zone is kinematically segmented, with slip rate deficits locally reaching ~85% and ~45% of the plate convergence rate on the western and eastern segments, respectively, and on structures different from those that ruptured historically. Although western Crete has been more active seismically during late Holocene, we find that the eastern HSS has higher seismic potential for large-magnitude (M 〉 6) earthquakes and its interface zone is closer to failure. Elastic fault interactions are responsible for both significant intersegment variability in strain accumulation and uniformity in earthquake rupture segmentation along the HSS over millennial timescales.
    Keywords: 551.22 ; subduction seismogenesis ; GPS ; locking degree ; fault interactions ; earthquake rupture segmentation
    Language: English
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    The Role of the SO 2 Radiative Effect in Sustaining the Volcanic Winter and Soothing the Toba Impact on Climate (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-10-07
    Description: Volcanic eruptions are an important climate driver. The impact of Pinatubo-sized eruptions has been observed and is well constrained. The magnitude and duration of volcanic winter effects after supereruptions such as Toba remain disputed due to disagreement between the strong cooling predicted by models and much milder climate perturbations according to the paleodata. Here we present a reevaluated climate impact of a Toba-sized supereruption based on up-to-date GISS ModelE simulations. In this study, we account for all known primary mechanisms that govern the evolution of the volcanic plume and their nonlinear interactions. The SO 2 radiative effects are evaluated for the first time in coupled climate simulations with the interactive atmospheric chemistry module. We found that SO 2 effects on photochemistry, dynamics, and radiative forcing are especially prominent. Due to strong absorption in ultraviolet, SO 2 feedback on photochemistry partially offsets the limiting effect associated with aerosol microphysical processes. SO 2 greenhouse warming soothes the radiative cooling exerted by sulfate aerosols. SO 2 absorption in the shortwave and longwave causes radiative heating and lofting of the volcanic plume, and boosts the efficiency of SO 2 impact on photochemistry. Our analysis shows that SO 2 lifetime and magnitude of effects scale up and increase with the amount of emitted material. For a Pinatubo-sized eruption, SO 2 feedbacks on chemistry and dynamics are relevant only during the initial stage of the volcanic plume evolution, while local SO 2 concentrations are high. For a Toba-sized eruption, SO 2 effects are as important as sulfate aerosols and produce a less extreme volcanic winter.
    Keywords: 551.5 ; supereruption ; Toba ; volcanic winter ; sulfate aerosols ; climate impact ; sulfur dioxide
    Language: English
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    Competing Effects of Droplet Sedimentation and Wind Shear on Entrainment in Stratocumulus (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-10-07
    Description: The joint effect of droplet sedimentation and wind shear on cloud top entrainment in stratocumulus is investigated with direct numerical simulations. Although it is well understood that droplet sedimentation weakens entrainment while wind shear enhances entrainment, there is no consensus on the magnitude of each process. We find that the entrainment reduction by droplet sedimentation is sufficiently strong to completely compensate the entrainment enhancement by wind shear, and thus, droplet sedimentation and wind shear effects can be equally important for cloud top entrainment. For instance, for the subtropical conditions considered here, droplet sedimentation weakens entrainment by up to 40% while wind shear enhances entrainment by up to 40%. This result implies that the droplet size distribution can substantially affect cloud lifetimes not only because of its effect on rain formation but also because of its effect on cloud top entrainment, which emphasizes the need for a better characterization of droplet size distributions in stratocumulus. A second implication is that entrainment velocity parametrizations should pay equal attention to droplet sedimentation and to wind shear effects.
    Keywords: 551.5 ; stratocumulus ; entrainment ; wind shear ; droplet sedimentation ; turbulence ; evaporative cooling
    Language: English
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    Mapping and Understanding Patterns of Air Quality Using Satellite Data and Machine Learning (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-10-07
    Description: The quantification of factors leading to harmfully high levels of particulate matter (PM) remains challenging. This study presents a novel approach using a statistical model that is trained to predict hourly concentrations of particles smaller than 10  μm (PM10) by combining satellite-borne aerosol optical depth (AOD) with meteorological and land-use parameters. The model is shown to accurately predict PM10 (overall R 2 = 0.77, RMSE = 7.44  μg/m 3) for measurement sites in Germany. The capability of satellite observations to map and monitor surface air pollution is assessed by investigating the relationship between AOD and PM10 in the same modeling setup. Sensitivity analyses show that important drivers of modeled PM10 include multiday mean wind flow, boundary layer height (BLH), day of year (DOY), and temperature. Different mechanisms associated with elevated PM10 concentrations are identified in winter and summer. In winter, mean predictions of PM10 concentrations 〉35  μg/m 3 occur when BLH is below ∼500 m. Paired with multiday easterly wind flow, mean model predictions surpass 40  μg/m 3 of PM10. In summer, PM10 concentrations seemingly are less driven by meteorology, but by emission or chemical particle formation processes, which are not included in the model. The relationship between AOD and predicted PM10 concentrations depends to a large extent on ambient meteorological conditions. Results suggest that AOD can be used to assess air quality at ground level in a machine learning approach linking it with meteorological conditions.
    Keywords: 551.5 ; aerosol optical depth ; air quality ; PM10 ; machine learning ; drivers of air pollution ; MAIAC
    Language: English
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    Process-Based Simulation of Aerosol-Cloud Interactions in a One-Dimensional Cirrus Model (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-10-15
    Description: A new microphysical cirrus model to simulate ice crystal nucleation, depositional growth, and gravitational settling is described. The model tracks individual simulation ice particles in a vertical column of air and allows moisture and heat profiles to be affected by turbulent diffusion. Ice crystal size- and supersaturation-dependent deposition coefficients are employed in a one-dimensional model framework. This enables the detailed simulation of microphysical feedbacks influencing the outcome of ice nucleation processes in cirrus. The use of spheroidal water vapor fluxes enables the prediction of primary ice crystal shapes once microscopic models describing the vapor uptake on the surfaces of cirrus ice crystals are better constrained. Two applications addressing contrail evolution and cirrus formation demonstrate the potential of the model for advanced studies of aerosol-cirrus interactions. It is shown that supersaturation in, and microphysical and optical properties of, cirrus are affected by variable deposition coefficients. Vertical variability in ice supersaturation, ice crystal sedimentation, and high turbulent diffusivity all tend to decrease homogeneously nucleated ice number mixing ratios over time, but low ice growth efficiencies counteract this tendency. Vertical mixing induces a tendency to delay the onset of homogeneous freezing. In situations of sustained large-scale cooling, natural cirrus clouds may often form in air surrounding persistent contrails.
    Keywords: 551.5 ; cirrus ; cloud model ; microphysics
    Language: English
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