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  • ddc:320  (81)
  • 551.22  (17)
  • English  (98)
  • 2020-2022  (34)
  • 1995-1999  (64)
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  • 1
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    How well does known seismicity between the Lower Rhine Graben and southern North Sea reflect future earthquake activity? (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Since the 14th century, moderate seismic activity with 14 earthquakes of magnitude MW≥5.0 occurred in Western Europe in a region extending from the Lower Rhine Graben (LRG) to the southern North Sea. In this paper, we investigate how well this seismic activity could reflect that of the future. The observed earthquake activity in the LRG is continuous and concentrates on the Quaternary normal faults delimiting the LRG, which are also the source of large surface rupturing Holocene and Late Pleistocene earthquakes. The estimated magnitudes of these past earthquakes range from 6.3±0.3 to 7.0±0.3 while their average recurrence on individual faults varies from ten thousand to a few ten thousand years, which makes foreseeing future activity over the long-term possible. Three of the largest historical earthquakes with MW≥5.5 occurred outside the LRG. Late Quaternary activity along the fault zones suspected to be the source of two of these earthquakes, i.e. the 1580 Strait of Dover and 1692 northern Belgian Ardennes earthquakes, is very elusive if it exists. Hence, similar earthquakes would be very infrequent at these locations suggesting that the seismicity outside of the LRG would be episodic and clustered on some faults during periods of a few hundreds of years interrupted by long periods of inactivity typically lasting for some tens to hundreds of thousand years. Seismic moment release estimation and its comparison between recent geological and historical seismicity periods lead us to suggest that the high seismicity level observed between AD 1350 and AD 1700 west of the LRG would be uncommon.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.22 ; 550 ; e-docs::Geophysik ; Seismicity ; Earthquake ; Fault zone ; Historical earthquake ; Holocene ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: English
    Type: article_first
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  • 2
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    The earthquake of September 3, 1770 near Alfhausen (Lower Saxony, Germany): a real, doubtful, or fake event? (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: In the weekly newspaper of Osnabrück (Germany) of November 3, 1770, a report about a local earthquake was published. Pastor Buck described ground motion effects in the manor ‘Haus Horst’, 1.5 km away from the village of Alfhausen: ‘roof tiles rattled, a chimney fell down, inside the house the top of a stove was overturned, abraded chalk trickled down in all rooms; in the nearby villages, people felt the shaking, and especially the churches suffered noticeably’. The epicentral intensity was estimated to VII (MSK) by Ahorner et al. (1970), but later modified to VI (EMS) by Meier & Grünthal (1992) considering Buck’s report in detail. Since this event is the only documented earthquake in this region, a reliable characterization of its parameters is important. Our re-examination reveals that some reported effects are quite contradictory. Contrary to Buck’s statement, no documents of damages on churches or costs of repairs could be found in the parish registers. As a result, the event appears to be a tectonic earthquake with an epicenter at Alfhausen / Haus Horst. Applying intensity-attenuation relationships, a revised value of the epicentral intensity of I_0≤V (EMS-98) with a focal depth of z≥2 km was derived. A cavity collapse due to leaching processes as a cause of the effects can be ruled out here. However, several details given in the primary source turned out to be unrealistic or at least exaggerated. The tectonic earthquake on September 3, 1770 near Alfhausen should be classified therefore as uncertain or even doubtful.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.22 ; 550 ; e-docs::Geophysik ; Lower Saxony ; historical earthquake ; macroseismic intensity ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: English
    Type: article_first
    Format: 17
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  • 3
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    The Paleoseismic Database of Germany and Adjacent Regions PalSeisDB v1.0 (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Central Europe is an intraplate domain which is characterized by low to moderate seismicity with records of larger seismic events occurring in historical and recent times. These records of seismicity are restricted to just over one thousand years. This does not reflect the long seismic cycles in Central Europe which are expected to be in the order of tens of thousands of years. Therefore, we have developed a paleoseismic database (PalSeisDB) that documents the records of paleoseismic evidence (trenches, soft-sediment deformation, mass movements, etc.) and extends the earthquake record to at least one seismic cycle. It is intended to serve as one important basis for future seismic hazard assessments. In the compilation of PalSeisDB, paleoseismic evidence features are documented at 129 different locations in the area of Germany and adjacent regions.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.22 ; 550 ; e-docs::Geophysik ; Paleoseismology ; Germany ; data base ; Paleoseismic evidence ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: English
    Type: article_first
    Format: 64
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  • 4
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    Collecting macroseismic data in Germany by internet – an overview (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Current procedures to collect macroseismic data in Germany are diverse and scattered. At least 10 institutions collect macroseismic data by internet. Several institutes have a long tradition in seismology and have collected macroseismic data using paper forms for many decades. In addition, the responsibilities for geoscientific issues in Germany are a matter of the federal states and several of them have a state earthquake service. The only institution that automatically calculates and maps intensities online in near real time is Erdbebenstation Bensberg in cooperation with the Royal Observatory of Belgium. Baden-Württemberg uses a short form internet questionnaire at the moment. 5 state earthquake services (Bayern, Hessen, Niedersachsen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Sachsen) have implemented the standard German earthquake questionnaire (Kaiser 2014) which is adapted from the standard questionnaire developed by the ESC Working Group on Internet Macroseismology published by Musson & Cecić (2012). Most institutions express their strong need to implement standard procedures for automatic intensity assignment and a standard format for the exchange of questionnaire responses. References Kaiser, D. (2014): Der neue einheitliche Erdbeben-Fragebogen. Mitteilungen / Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft, 2/2014, 29-33. Musson, R. M. W. & Cecić, I. (2012): Intensity and Intensity Scales. In: New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2).- Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ, 1-41; Potsdam. doi:10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch12
    Description: lecture
    Keywords: 551.22 ; e-docs::Geophysik ; Macroseismology ; macroseismic survey ; macroseismic data ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Relationships to Estimate the Magnitude Ms of Historical Earthquakes in Europe from Macroseismic Observations (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: We develop empirical relationships between the surface wave magnitude MS and macroseismic data, i.e. the epicentral intensity I0, isoseismal radii R(I) of different intensities I and the focal depth h. The basis of this study is formed by carefully selected instrumental parts (since 1900) of 2 earthquake catalogues: Kárník 1996 (Europe and the Mediterranean), and Shebalin et al. 1998 (Central and Eastern Europe). We use the orthogonal regression because we presume that all parameters are in error and because it has the advantage to provide a reversible regression equation. From Shebalin et al.1998 catalogue we obtain MS = 0.65 I0 + 1.90 log(h) – 1.62 with equivalent error δMS = ±0.21. In order to establish a relationship between MS and isoseismal radii we apply a theoretically based model which takes into account both exponential decay and geometrical spreading. From Shebalin et al. 1998catalogue we find MS = 0.673 I + 2.44 log (S(I)) + 0.00163 S(I) – 2.48 with δMS = ±0.28. Here I is the macroseismic intensity (I = 3…9) of the isoseismal in the focal distance S(I) [km]. Kárník 1996 gives isoseismal radii for I = 3 and 5. We obtain: MS = 0.808 I + 2.84 log (S(I)) + 0.00190 S(I) – 3.71 with δMS = ±0.65. These equations make possible reliably estimates of MS . We recommend them for application. The use of high quality data only as input in the regression analysis provides reliable relationships to estimate magnitudes. The magnitude estimation of a historical earthquake from the epicentral intensity gives reliable results only if the focal depth is known well enough. The relationship using isoseismal radii is of greater practical importance as it allows more reliable magnitude estimations of historical earthquakes. We observe regional variations in the relationships which need further investigation.
    Description: poster
    Keywords: 551.22 ; e-docs::Geophysik ; surface wave magnitude ; macroseismic intensity ; orthogonal regression ; historical earthquakes ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Best practice of macroseismic intensity assessment applied to the earthquake catalogue of southwestern Germany (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The earthquake catalogue of southwestern Germany for the last millennium now contains about 30,000 digital macroseismic intensity data points (IDPs). Intensity assessments are based mainly on primary sources using the European Macroseismic Scale 1998 (EMS). The article describes a guideline for best practice of conventional macroseismic evaluation in application to historical and modern-time earthquakes in SW-Germany. Suitability of various diagnostics for intensity assessment is discussed. Assumptions to estimate damage grades and vulnerability classes of buildings are presented. Data restrictions and treatment of special cases are outlined. Further topics are quantification of uncertainties and IDP quality as well as substitutes for intensity. An essential task is to bridge the gap between information from historical sources and seismological needs for use in the earthquake catalogue, thus all issues have a focus on historical earthquakes. Questions of completeness, subjectivity, transparency, and interdisciplinary work are addressed also. Special emphasis is given to a well balanced use of the EMS scale throughout all time periods leading to consistent assessments in the catalogue.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.22 ; 550 ; e-docs::Geophysik ; macroseismic intensity ; earthquake catalogue ; European Macroseismic Scale ; damage grade ; vulnerability class ; historical earthquakes ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: English
    Type: article_first
    Format: 29
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  • 7
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    Relationship between magnitude, macroseismic intensity and distance for induced earthquakes in Germany (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Induced earthquakes are of public concern and of legal significance if they are felt or if they cause damage. Models to describe the relation between macroseismic intensities, magnitude, and distance from the epicenter or hypocenter are therefore of fundamental importance. With the aim of developing such models for induced earthquakes in Germany, the following data were analyzed: The earthquake database for Germany GERSEIS contains parameters for ~180 induced seismic events with information on magnitude M and intensity I, of which 47 include information on mean isoseismal radii. In addition, the published macroseismic maps of seismic events in mining areas in Germany were evaluated. In Germany, earthquakes caused by mining with moderate to severe building damage (intensity 7 and 8) have so far only occurred in potash and salt mining. Slight building damage (intensity 6) has also been caused by seismic events in coal mining. Over the past 20 years, the frequency of felt earthquakes has increased in regions with natural gas production and in recent years also in regions of deep geothermal energy production. Focal depths show a large influence on the relationship between M and I. Intensity 5 has been observed for shallow (~1 km depth) events with magnitudes as small as ML=1.8. Simple models of the form I = a + b M + c log R, with R = hypocentral distance, can be fitted to the observations. Models for tectonic earthquakes do not fit for induced earthquakes; for induced earthquakes I is smaller for a given M and R. Major differences were found between different mining areas: In natural gas production areas intensity 5 effects were observed at greater hypocentral distances for a given magnitude, compared to coal and potash mining areas. Since macroseismic data (especially intensity data points) in Germany are available almost exclusively in analog form and are often difficult to access, it is necessary to establish a database for induced earthquakes with macroseismic data.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.22 ; e-docs::Geophysik ; induced earthquakes ; macroseismic intensity ; mining seismicity ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Detection Limits and Near-Field Ground Motions of Fast and Slow Earthquakes (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-25
    Description: We investigate theoretical limits to detection of fast and slow seismic events, and spatial variations of ground motion expected from M 6 earthquakes at short epicentral distances. The analyses are based on synthetic velocity seismograms calculated with the discrete wavenumber method assuming seismic velocities and attenuation properties of the crust in Southern California. The examined source properties include different magnitudes (M −1.0 to M 6.0), static stress drops (0.1–10 MPa), and slow and fast ruptures (0.1–0.9 of shear wave velocity). For the M 6 events we also consider variations in rise times producing crack- and pulse-type events and different rupture directivities. Slow events produce ground motion with considerably lower amplitude than corresponding regular fast earthquakes with the same magnitude, and hence are significantly more difficult to detect. The static stress drop and slip rise time also affect the maximum radiated seismic motion, and hence event detectability. Apart from geometrical factors, the saturation and depletion of seismic ground motion at short epicentral distances stem from radiation pattern, earthquake size (magnitude, stress drop), and rupture directivity. The rupture velocity, rise time, and directivity affect significantly the spatial pattern of the ground motions. The results can help optimizing detection of slow and fast small earthquakes and understand the spatial distribution of ground motion generated by large events.
    Keywords: 551.22 ; slow earthquakes ; ground motions ; earthquake detection ; source parameters
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Is Coulomb Stress the Best Choice for Aftershock Forecasting? (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-07-24
    Description: The Coulomb failure stress (CFS) criterion is the most commonly used method for predicting spatial distributions of aftershocks following large earthquakes. However, large uncertainties are always associated with the calculation of Coulomb stress change. The uncertainties mainly arise due to nonunique slip inversions and unknown receiver faults; especially for the latter, results are highly dependent on the choice of the assumed receiver mechanism. Based on binary tests (aftershocks yes/no), recent studies suggest that alternative stress quantities, a distance-slip probabilistic model as well as deep neural network (DNN) approaches, all are superior to CFS with predefined receiver mechanism. To challenge this conclusion, which might have large implications, we use 289 slip inversions from SRCMOD database to calculate more realistic CFS values for a layered half-space and variable receiver mechanisms. We also analyze the effect of the magnitude cutoff, grid size variation, and aftershock duration to verify the use of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for the ranking of stress metrics. The observations suggest that introducing a layered half-space does not improve the stress maps and ROC curves. However, results significantly improve for larger aftershocks and shorter time periods but without changing the ranking. We also go beyond binary testing and apply alternative statistics to test the ability to estimate aftershock numbers, which confirm that simple stress metrics perform better than the classic Coulomb failure stress calculations and are also better than the distance-slip probabilistic model.
    Keywords: 551.22
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Introduction: Historical Earthquakes, Paleoseismology, Neotectonics and Seismic Hazard: New Insights and Suggested Procedures (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: This publication developed from the 5th International Colloquium on “Historical Earthquakes, Paleoseismology, Neotectonics and Seismic Hazard” which was held from 11 to 13 October 2017 at the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) in Hannover, Germany. It comprises four contributions: Brüstle, W., Braumann, U., Hock, S. & Rodler, F.-A. (2020). Best practice of macroseismic intensity assessment applied to the earthquake catalogue of southwestern Germany. In: Kaiser, D. (Ed.). Historical Earthquakes, Paleoseismology, Neotectonics, and Seismic Hazard: New Insights and Suggested Procedures, DGEB-Publikation 18, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Erdbebeningenieurwesen und Baudynamik. doi: 10.23689/fidgeo-3864 Camelbeeck, T., Vanneste, K., Verbeeck, K., Garcia-Moreno, D., Van Noten, K. & Lecocq, T. (2020). How well does known seismicity between the Lower Rhine Graben and southern North Sea reflect future earthquake activity? In: Kaiser, D. (Ed.). Historical Earthquakes, Paleoseismology, Neotectonics, and Seismic Hazard: New Insights and Suggested Procedures, DGEB-Publikation 18, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Erdbebeningenieurwesen und Baudynamik. doi: 10.23689/fidgeo-3866 Hürtgen, J., Reicherter, K., Spies, T., Geisler, C. & Schlittenhardt, J. (2020). The Paleoseismic Database of Germany and Adjacent Regions PalSeisDB v1.0. In: Kaiser, D. (Ed.). Historical Earthquakes, Paleoseismology, Neotectonics, and Seismic Hazard: New Insights and Suggested Procedures, DGEB-Publikation 18, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Erdbebeningenieurwesen und Baudynamik. doi: 10.23689/fidgeo-3867 Leydecker, G. & Lehmann, K. (2020). The earthquake of September 3, 1770 near Alfhausen (Lower Saxony, Germany): a real, doubtful, or a fake event? In: Kaiser, D. (Ed.). Historical Earthquakes, Paleoseismology, Neotectonics, and Seismic Hazard: New Insights and Suggested Procedures, DGEB-Publikation 18, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Erdbebeningenieurwesen und Baudynamik. doi: 10.23689/fidgeo-3865
    Description: Introduction to DGEB-Publikation Nr. 18 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Erdbebeningenieurwesen und Baudynamik (DGEB)
    Description: editorial
    Keywords: 551.22 ; 550 ; e-docs::Geophysik ; Historical earthquakes ; Paleoseismology ; macroseismic intensity ; neotectonics ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    The first conference of the parties : UN/Convention on Climate Change (1995)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 12
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    Green taxes come to Europe (1997)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 13
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    Operationalizing joint implementation : organizational and institutional aspects of a new instrument in international climate policy (1997)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 14
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    Germany - will the fundamental ideas survive the test of time? (1999)
    Oslo : ProSus | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-26
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 15
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    Can industry do better alone? : A critical discussion of the voluntary agreements on climate protection of the German industry (1999)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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  • 16
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    Protecting the earth : a new start in German climate policy ; a study by the Wuppertal Institute of Climate, Environment and Energy, Climate Policy Department, on behalf of the Friedrich-Ebert-Foundation (1997)
    Bonn : Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 17
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    Greening the north : a post-industrial blueprint for ecology and equity (1998)
    London : Zed Books | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Description: While sustainability is in danger of being reduced to a meaningless platitude, the brutal fact remains that industrial countries make a disproportionately large and negative impact on the environment. A serious transition to sustainability will require changing people's mindsets and social institutions, in addition to public policies, technologies and business practices. This book presents a path-breaking analysis as well as highly innovative proposals for managing this transition. Emanating from Europe's foremost environmental policy think-tank, it has already stirred up a major new debate in Germany on radical, but feasible, directions in which the governments of industrial societies ought to be moving. The concept of "environmental space" and its ingenious development of indicators for measuring an economy's national and global impact combine with its delineation of concrete policies to give this book its intellectual power and potential political impact.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 18
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    Input oriented environmental policy as an alternative to end-of-pipe policy : a future agenda for Poland (1999)
    Aldershot : Ashgate | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 19
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    Sustainable development in industrial countries : environmental indicators and targets as core elements of national action plans ; the German case (1997)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Description: Five years after the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, the hesitancy of developed countries is turning out to be the main impediment to implementing an effective policy for sustainable development. Alongside the further development of international environmental regimes, setting up national action plans is necessary to close the action-gap in the North. However, this can only succeed if the action plans include binding objectives that can be monitored and evaluated. Current national strategies for sustainable development only meet this criterion in exceptional cases; in most cases only qualitatively and legally nonbinding objectives are included. In the present paper, a suggestion for a cluster of environmental policy targets is put forth, which - using Germany as an example - establishes the sustainability concept at the national level. Particular emphasis is placed on the normative dimension of target setting.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 20
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    Making joint implementation operational : solutions for some technical and operational problems of JL in the fossil fuel power sector (1995)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-26
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 21
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    Eco tax reform - an option for CEE (1996)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 22
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    Ecological tax reform : presentation of some items of the political debate in Germany and policy proposals for the international community (1996)
    Copenhagen : Danish Board of Technology | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 23
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    Germany (1997)
    Berlin : Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 24
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    The cement industry projects in the Czech Republic (1997)
    Bonn : Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Protection and Nuclear Safety | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-26
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 25
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    The sustainable transition in Germany : some early stage experiences (1997)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-21
    Description: The issue or concept of "sustainable development" entered onto the public and political agenda only relatively recently, and, five years after signing Agenda 21, perceptions of it are still ambiguous. A review of organisational adjustments and of German communications to the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development shows that the German government's level of commitment to Agenda 21 is still low. This view is supported by an assessment of developments, and the Government's poor performance so far, in three institutional indicators. However, there is evidence that some incremental steps towards a sustainability transition are being taken as in some areas of business and industry and local government attitudes are begining to change. In addition, awareness of sustainable development is being raised by the efforts of non‐governmental organisations and the scientific community. Generally though, the lack of institutional reorganisation is the major obstacle to a German sustainability transition. This is an expression of the generally low priority of environmental and global development issues in the aftermath of German unification and the related economic and social problems. The traditional economic paradigm where economic growth is believed to be the precondition for welfare prevails and is considered by a majority of decision‐makers not to be compatible with the sustainability transition.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Environmental fiscal reform : final report (1998)
    Cambridge, UK : Univ. of Cambridge | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 27
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    Operationalizing joint implementation (1997)
    Bonn : Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Protection and Nuclear Safety | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 28
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    New requirements for the future growth of cogeneration from a global perspective : assessing and commenting the Kyoto guidelines (1998)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-26
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 29
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    The SuE Model : a decision-support tool : modelling a socially and environmentally sustainable European Union (1998)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: workingpaper , doc-type:workingPaper
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  • 30
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    The German response to the sustainability transition (1998)
    London : Earthscan | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-26
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 31
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    Social justice and environmental sustainability in the post-development era (1998)
    London : Zed Books | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 32
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    Local Agenda 21 in Germany (1998)
    London : Earthscan | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-26
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 33
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    Rational planning techniques (RPT) : a tool to enhance energy efficiency? (1996)
    Brussels : Europ. Parliament | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 34
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    Climate change politics in Germany : how long will any double dividend last? (1996)
    London : Routledge | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-26
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 35
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    Elements of a supervisory procedure for the climate regime (1996)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 36
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    Five years after Rio and still uphill all the way? (1997)
    Oslo : ProSus | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-26
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 37
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    Energy pricing policy : targets, possibilities and impacts ; including summary in English, German and French (1998)
    Brussels : Europ. Parliament | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-18
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 38
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    Analysis of energy efficiency of domestic electric storage water heaters : final report (1998)
    Wien : Energieverwertungsagentur | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 39
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    New options for environmental policy in Central and Eastern Europe (1999)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-21
    Description: The discussion of sustainable development focused attention on new environmental goals and raised the issue of improving resource productivity. A first step towards sustainability would be to slow-down and reduce the man-induced movements of materials: this is the focus of dematerialization approach which emphasizes what socialist countries used to neglect most – minimizing the use of scarce input factors. This paper applies the dematerialization approach to the discussion on sustainable development in central and eastern Europe. In the early 1990s all countries in eastern Europe have developed new environmental programs which mainly focus on reducing pollution. Environmental strategies focusing on reducing emissions are important but not sufficient for reaching sustainability. A new orientation in the environmental policy in the young market economies is required. Dematerialization approach can be a new option for environmental policy in central and eastern Europe. Dematerialization requires a mix of instruments. Important role can be played by an ecological fiscal reform which covers ecological tax reform and the restructuring of subsidies.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 40
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    The Kyoto protocol : unfinished business (1998)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-08
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 41
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    Environmental protection as an integral part of urban sustainable development (1999)
    Bonn : Bundesamt für Bauwesen und Raumordnung | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-26
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 42
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    A socio-economic analysis of energy related voluntary agreements in Germany : transaction costs and innovation ; paper presented at the CAVA workshop "Design and implementation of voluntary approaches for environmental policy" (1999)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 43
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    What is the role of energy-related voluntary approaches in post-Kyoto climate policy? : A process oriented analysis of the "Declaration of German industry on global warming prevention" (1999)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 44
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    Looking back at the German presidency (1999)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 45
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    Reports on AIJ projects and contributions to the discussion of the Kyoto mechanisms (1999)
    Berlin : Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 46
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    Sustainable development and the crisis of nature : on the political anatomy of an oxymoron (1999)
    Oxford : Oxford Univ. Press | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 47
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    The political significance of Local Agenda 21 : the early stages of some European experience (1996)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-21
    Description: Sustainable development, as it emerged in Agenda 21 from the Rio conference in 1992, will only be meaningful when it touches the lives of ordinary people; then it becomes a reality. Local Agenda 21 (LA21) seeks to achieve that objective. This article assesses the origins of LA21, reviews its social and political significance, and considers its prospects in the light of case study experience emerging from the UK, Germany and Norway, focusing on the role of local government as a major stakeholder in Agenda 21 (A21). The range of response to LA21 has proved to be varied. A successful transformation to a more sustainable world will require visionary political leadership, supportive administrations, networks of experience sharing, alliances with non‐governmental organisations and local industry, and effective community mobilisation. All of that, in turn, requires equally supportive economic and social policy backing from national governments. This article will indicate that, not surprisingly, it is the domestic political context, nationally and locally, which in the main determines the speed and nature of response to LA21, now and in the future. By understanding and being aware of these contexts, factors impeding progress towards LA21 may be addressed, whilst at the same time retaining the diversity of response which is an essential part of local sustainability.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 48
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    Further development of the climate regime : targets and multilateral approach (1996)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 49
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    Global climate (1997)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 50
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    Sustainable Germany : a contribution to sustainable global development (1996)
    Berlin : Carl-Duisberg-Ges. | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
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  • 51
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    Is the Berlin approach sufficient for the climate protocol in Kyoto? (1997)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
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    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 52
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    Sustainable development (1997)
    Cheltenham : Elgar | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-12
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    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 53
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    The educational challenge of the environmental crisis (1997)
    Kiel : Inst. für die Pädagogik der Naturwissenschaften | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 54
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    Conclusion : a memorandum on globalization (1998)
    New York : Berghahn | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 55
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    "Success or Failure?" ask Reinhard Loske and Hermann Ott (1998)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 56
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    The environmental perspective (1998)
    Baden-Baden : Nomos-Verl.-Ges. | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 57
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    Local agenda 21 in Germany (1) : five years after Rio and its still uphill all the way? (1997)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-26
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 58
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    The proposed European directive on environmental assessment : evolution and evaluation (1998)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 59
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    Tax bads, not goods : Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker and Hermann E. Ott say that an ecological tax reform is the most effective way to meet the targets for reducing emissions of greenhouse gases (1998)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 60
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    Rules of the Kyoto Protocol for an emissions trading regime (1998)
    Bonn : Forum Umwelt & Entwicklung | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 61
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    Recognizing the problem but not the solution : the Dutch environment and the dilemma of economic growth (1999)
    Den Haag : Ministerie van Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 62
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    China and climate change (1997)
    Oslo : Scandinavian Univ. Press | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-26
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 63
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    Public awareness and education for strong climate policies : a review of the first national communications regarding the development and implementation of programmes under article 6 (a) (i) FCCC and a description of examples of good practice in three Annex I-countries (1997)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-26
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 64
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    Outline of EU climate policy in the FCCC : explaining the "EU-bubble" (1997)
    [S. l.] : Environment Agency of Japan | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 65
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    Requirements of a comprehensive strategic environmental assessment system (1999)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 66
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    Is adaptation cheaper than prevention? : The applicability of cost-benefit analysis to global warming (1999)
    Heidelberg : Physica-Verl. | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
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    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 67
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    Towards a new material based approach for sustainable development : western experiences (1999)
    Warsaw : Inst. for Sustainable Development | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
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    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 68
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    Climate protection and the economy (1998)
    Basel : Birkhäuser | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
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    Language: English
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    Sustainability and urban policy in Germany : retrospect and prospect (1999)
    London : Routledge | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Operationalizing 'joint implementation' : organizational and institutional aspects of a new instrument in international climate policy (1998)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-21
    Description: "Joint Implementation" (JI) is considered by many participants in the international negotiations on aclimate protocol to be an important economic instrument for the implementation of greenhouse gas obligations. Apart from a wide range of problems that still have to be resolved on the project level, the institutional and procedural design of such a mechanism is of vital importance. Because JI has a "perverse incentive" to overstate results achieved by individual projects, careful reporting, monitoring and verification procedures are essential. Furthermore, the institutional structure must reconcile the sometimes conflicting demands of overall effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. This paper explores the possible design of a future international mechanism for JI and makes recommendations with regard to the institutional and procedural requirements.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Driving towards transformation? To what extent does global climate governance promote decarbonisation of land transport? (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-21
    Description: This article aims to analyse the potential for international climate governance to promote the decarbonisation of land transport. It first summarises challenges and barriers that impede the transformation of the sector. On this basis, the article discusses how international governance could potentially assist with overcoming these barriers and mobilising potentials. Subsequently, the article analyses to what extent existing international governance institutions deliver on the potential identified. The analysis finds that while there is a large number of international institutions trying to promote the decarbonisation of land transport, none of them emerge saliently as hubs or core institutions. There is a substantial amount of activity to generate and disseminate knowledge and learning, but the potential for providing guidance and signal, setting rules, providing transparency/accountability and means of implementation could be further exploited. The article concludes with suggestions on how international governance may be strengthened.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Guiding the transformation : the role of global climate governance as a facilitator of the transition of unsustainable socio-technical systems (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-18
    Description: Climate change is a transformation challenge. It requires the transformation of a patchwork of independent socio-technical systems. These complex systems have their own specific challenges and path dependencies. Lukas Hermwille introduces a perspective on socio-technical complexity to the study of global climate governance and asks what governance arrangements on the international level, in particular the United Nations Framework Convention of Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Paris Agreement, can offer to facilitate and foster the required transformational change. His work shows the importance of the discursive power of global climate governance, shifting the expectations and visions of the future of key actors and, as a corollary, changing their investment decisions of today towards a more sustainable future.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: doctoralthesis , doc-type:doctoralThesis
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    Towards sustainable Europe : the study (1995)
    Brussels : Friends of the Earth Europe | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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    Hardwired towards transformation? : Assessing global climate governance for power sector decarbonization (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-21
    Description: Fully decarbonising global power supply is essential to meet the objectives of the Paris Agreement. A wide range of inter- and transnational governance institutions exist that work towards the transformation of the power sector. But are these governance efforts sufficient to address the challenges? To address this question the article first identifies governance needs on the basis of systemic sector-specific transformation challenges and discusses the potential for international governance to address them. Second, the paper surveys existing inter- and transnational institutions and assess to what extent they exploit the potential of international governance. The analysis shows that many of the governance needs are already being satisfied to some extent, particularly with respect to the deployment of renewable energy. It also shows that a significant blind spot remains: the phase-out of fossil fuels for electricity generation. The detailed analysis enables us to identify options for enhancing the governance landscape.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Design options for the global stocktake : lessons from other review processes (2020)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-20
    Description: While the Paris Agreement (PA) has enshrined ambitious long-term objectives, the current actions of the Parties to the Agreement fall far short of these goals. The Global Stocktake (GST), established in Art. 14 of the PA, may help narrow this gap between ambition and action: its purpose is to review the implementation of the PA and to assess the collective progress of the international community towards Paris goals. While some general modalities on how to conduct the GST have been adopted, the details are still to be determined. The objective of this report is to analyze existing international regimes as regards their review processes, the contribution of these review processes to various governance functions and, finally, to derive lessons for the GST. Processes analyzed include: the design of the upcoming Global Stocktake itself, the Talanoa Dialogue (TD) which is the direct precursor of the GST, the Agenda 2030 High-Level Political Forum (HLPF), which features a regular stocktaking process focused on progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the review processes of the UN human rights system (UNHRS) and the review processes and assessment panels of the Montreal Protocol (MP). The analysis of each review process is organised in four section: (1) political background and context, (2) technical and organisational details of the processes, (3) interface between the political and technical processes, and (4) how the review processes contribute to achieving the objectives of the respective regime, particularly governance functions of the regime (guidance and signal, transparency and accountability, and knowledge and learning).
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    A sectoral perspective on global climate governance : analytical foundation (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-21
    Description: This article develops a sectoral approach to the analysis of global climate governance. This approach advances the assessment of global climate governance by focusing on complexes of intergovernmental and transnational institutions co-governing key socio-technical sectoral systems. The actual and potential contribution of these sectoral institutional complexes to advancing decarbonization can be assessed according to five key governance functions: (1) providing guidance and signal to actors, (2) setting rules to facilitate collective action, (3) enhancing transparency and accountability, (4) offering support (finance, technology, capacity-building), and (5) promoting knowledge and learning. On this basis, we can assess the potential of international cooperation to address the challenges specific sectoral systems face in the climate transition as well as the extent to which existing sectoral institutional complexes deliver on this potential. This provides a solid starting point for developing options for filling identified gaps and enhancing the effectiveness of global climate governance.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Climate ambition and sustainable development for a new decade : a catalytic framework (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-28
    Description: This paper examines the Global Climate Action Agenda (GCAA) and discusses options to improve sub- and non-state involvement in post-2020 climate governance. A framework that stimulates sub- and non-state action is a necessary complement to national governmental action, as the latter falls short of achieving low-carbon and climate-resilient development as envisaged in the Paris Agreement. Applying design principles for an ideal-type orchestration framework, we review literature and gather expert judgements to assess whether the GCAA has been collaborative, comprehensive, evaluative and catalytic. Results show that there has been greater coordination among orchestrators, for instance in the organization of events. However, mobilization efforts remain event-driven and too little effort is invested in understanding the progress of sub- and non-state action. Data collection has improved, although more sophisticated indicators are needed to evaluate climate and sustainable development impacts. Finally, the GCAA has recorded more action, but relatively little by actors in developing countries. As the world seeks to recover from the COVID-19 crisis and enters a new decade of climate action, the GCAA could make a vital contribution in challenging times by helping governments keep and enhance climate commitments; strengthening capacity for sub- and non-state action; enabling accountability; and realizing sustainable development.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Enough? The role of sufficiency in European energy and climate plans (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-06
    Description: Energy sufficiency is one of the three energy sustainability strategies, next to energy efficiency and renewable energies. We analyse to what extent European governments follow this strategy, by conducting a systematic document analysis of all available European National Energy and Climate Plans (NECPs) and Long-Term Strategies (LTSs). We collect and categorise a total of 230 sufficiency-related policy measures, finding large differences between countries. We find most sufficiency policies in the transport sector, when classifying also modal shift policies to change the service quality of transport as sufficiency policies. Types of sufficiency policy instruments vary considerably from sector to sector, for instance the focus on financial incentives and fiscal instruments in the mobility sector, information in the building sector, and financial incentive/tax instruments in cross-sectoral application. Regulatory instruments currently play a minor role for sufficiency policy in the national energy and climate plans of EU member states. Similar to energy efficiency in recent decades, sufficiency still largely referred to as micro-level individual behaviour change or necessary exogenous trends that will need to take place. It is not treated yet as a genuine field of policy action to provide the necessary framework for enabling societal change.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Grounding social foundations for integrated assessment models of climate change (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2021-05-18
    Description: Integrated assessment models (IAMs) are commonly used by decision makers in order to derive climate policies. IAMs are currently based on climate-economics interactions, whereas the role of social system has been highlighted to be of prime importance on the implementation of climate policies. Beyond existing IAMs, we argue that it is therefore urgent to increase efforts in the integration of social processes within IAMs. For achieving such a challenge, we present some promising avenues of research based on the social branches of economics. We finally present the potential implications yielded by such social IAMs.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Vertical integration in a multi-level governance system using the example of the German resource efficiency programme (2020)
    Abingdon : Routledge
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-09
    Description: The ultimate goal of German Resource Efficiency Programme (ProgRess) is to make the extraction and use of natural resources more sustainable and reduce associated environmental pollution as much as possible. By doing this - also with responsibility towards future generations - the programme should create a prerequisite for securing a long-term high quality of life. To bring the policy approaches formulated in ProgRess to reality, efforts to implement resource efficiency measures have to be increased at all levels - from international to regional to local. The chapter intends to provide an impetus for the current debate on ProgRess policy development. The chapter identifies, analyses and describes deficits and possibilities of vertical integration of the German programme in particular and derives recommendations for action which may also serve as indications for other strategies. The following sections are based on results of the advisory report "Vertical integration of the national resource efficiency programme ProgRess (VertRess)", conducted by the German Institute of Urban Affairs (Difu) and the Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy on behalf of the German Environmental Agency (UBA) and the Federal Ministry of the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU).
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    A sectoral perspective on international climate governance : key findings and research priorities (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-21
    Description: This concluding article derives six major findings from the contributions to this special issue. First, the barriers and challenges to decarbonisation vary significantly across sectoral systems. Second, and similarly, the need and potential for the five functions of international governance institutions to contribute to effective climate protection also vary widely. Third, while the pattern is uneven, there is a general undersupply of international climate governance. Fourth, the sectoral analyses confirm that the UNFCCC and Paris Agreement play an important overarching role but remain limited in advancing effective sectoral governance. Fifth, while non-environmental institutions may present important barriers to decarbonisation, more synergistic effects are possible. Sixth, our sectoral approach provides a sound basis on which to identify sector-specific policy options. The paper then offers reflections on the merits and limitations of the sectoral approach, before identifying avenues for future research to further advance the agenda.
    Keywords: ddc:320
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    Bridging the ambition gap : the situation-ambition approach for crediting baselines under article 6.4 (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-18
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Elastic Fault Interactions and Earthquake Rupture Along the Southern Hellenic Subduction Plate Interface Zone in Greece (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-27
    Description: The importance of splay-thrust faults in subduction seismogenesis is increasingly acknowledged; however, their elastic interaction with the plate interface remains unclear. Here, we use GPS velocities, constrained by millennial fault slip rates, to study elastic fault-interactions between the plate interface and its upper-plate splay-thrust faults from the southern Hellenic Subduction System (HSS). We find that, despite its largely aseismic character, the HSS plate interface zone is kinematically segmented, with slip rate deficits locally reaching ~85% and ~45% of the plate convergence rate on the western and eastern segments, respectively, and on structures different from those that ruptured historically. Although western Crete has been more active seismically during late Holocene, we find that the eastern HSS has higher seismic potential for large-magnitude (M 〉 6) earthquakes and its interface zone is closer to failure. Elastic fault interactions are responsible for both significant intersegment variability in strain accumulation and uniformity in earthquake rupture segmentation along the HSS over millennial timescales.
    Keywords: 551.22 ; subduction seismogenesis ; GPS ; locking degree ; fault interactions ; earthquake rupture segmentation
    Language: English
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    Temporal Modulation of the Local Microseism in the North Sea (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-12
    Description: Primary and secondary microseism originating in the world oceans and peaking at around 14 and 7 s, respectively, characterize the Earth's background noise in that frequency range. Microseism generated in marginal seas with partly shorter periods and higher spatial and temporal variability is less studied and requires stations in immediate proximity to the source to be observed. Such studies can help to elucidate the exact microseism generation areas and mechanisms in a constrained area. We analyze 15 years of broadband data recorded at the seismic station on Helgoland island in the marginal North Sea. In addition to remote primary (RPM) and secondary microseism (RSM) originating in the North Atlantic, we observe strong and dominant local secondary microseism (LSM) with on average higher frequencies above 0.2 Hz, in accordance with shorter wave periods of about 4–8 s in the shallow North Sea. During times with low RSM activity we observe local primary microseism (LPM) at frequencies in agreement with local ocean wave periods. The higher horizontal to vertical (H/V) ratio of LPM with respect to LSM indicates a major non-Rayleigh wave contribution. LSM and LPM show a strong modulation with local semidiurnal ocean tides and microseism energy maxima preceding the water level maximum by 2.5 and 1.5 hr, respectively. This time shift might be influenced by stronger currents during rising than falling tides. Active sources of tide-modulated microseism migrate along the North Sea coast in sync with the ocean tidal signal as evidenced by comparison of LSM maxima at stations distributed along the coast.
    Keywords: 551.22 ; ocean microseism ; seismic noise ; seismic noise sources ; ocean tides
    Language: English
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    Delayed and Sustained Remote Triggering of Small Earthquakes in the San Jacinto Fault Region by the 2014 Mw 7.2 Papanoa, Mexico Earthquake (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-03
    Description: We apply a move max matched-filter method to detect heightened seismicity triggered in the San Jacinto fault (SJF) zone, by the 2014 Mw 7.2 Papanoa, Mexico earthquake. The move max matched filter detects 5.4 and 1.7 times the number of earthquakes in the Southern California Seismic Network catalog and those detected by the matched-filter method, respectively. The seismicity rate increases significantly ~3.5 hr after the passage of the teleseismic waves and persists above the background level for about 1 week. This observation of delayed triggering may imply that dynamic stresses had initiated a time-dependent advance to failure or a secondary process. A highly active triggered patch is located ~10 km west of the SJF near Anza, on a previously unmapped fault. Focal mechanisms and a best fit plane suggest a normal fault perpendicular to the SJF. The unmapped fault may indicate higher seismic hazard in the surrounding areas if a large earthquake nucleated around the Anza seismic gap.
    Keywords: 551.22 ; 557 ; Southern California ; San Jacinto Fault ; triggering ; move max matched-filter ; unmapped fault ; Anza gap
    Language: English
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    Erdbebenstationen und Seismogramme in Deutschland seit 1898 (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-03
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.22 ; seismogram ; earthquake ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German , English
    Type: presentation
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    Differences in climate change policy in Germany and the U.S. from a political science perspective (1998)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: International and national climate change policies may either mutually support or block each other. The international political debate can on the one hand be a driving force, mainly because of its "agenda-setting" power for the national political debate, but on the other hand the outcome of international climate change policy depends on the capability of national governments to formulate adequate political goals and programs, and to have the power for their realisation and implementation in the national political process. The following analysis will focus on the differences in climate change policy in Gerrnany and the United States. From a po1itical science perspective, it has to deal with the determinants and restrictions of the policy-making processes and their impact on policy formulation and implementation in both countries. Two kinds of determinants will be considered: structural "internal" determinants deriving from the specific setting and mode of operation of the political-administrative systems, and external determinants, such as public opinion, the role of the media. interest groups, and cultural values, which favour or restrict the process of a pro-active climate change policy.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Global climate (1998)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: This report will first provide a brief account of the political developments that led to the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol. Second, it will provide a preliminary analysis of the Kyoto Protocol itself, and, third, it will assess the prospects for the further development of international climate policy and law in 1998 and beyond. Developments outside of the Kyoto negotiations will be included to further elucidate the actual international negotiations.
    Keywords: ddc:320
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    Global climate (1999)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Applying Conservation of Energy to Estimate Earthquake Frequencies from Strain Rates and Stresses (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-06
    Description: Estimating earthquake occurrence rates from the accumulation rate of seismic moment is an established tool of seismic hazard analysis. We propose an alternative, fault-agnostic approach based on the conservation of energy: the Energy-Conserving Seismicity Framework (ENCOS). Working in energy space has the advantage that the radiated energy is a better predictor of the damage potential of earthquake waves than the seismic moment release. In a region, ENCOS balances the stationary power available to cause earthquakes with the long-term seismic energy release represented by the energy-frequency distribution's first moment. Accumulation and release are connected through the average seismic efficiency, by which we mean the fraction of released energy that is converted into seismic waves. Besides measuring earthquakes in energy, ENCOS differs from moment balance essentially in that the energy accumulation rate depends on the total stress in addition to the strain rate tensor. To validate ENCOS, we exemplarily model the energy-frequency distribution around Southern California. We estimate the energy accumulation rate due to tectonic loading assuming poroelasticity and hydrostasis. Using data from the World Stress Map and assuming the frictional limit to estimate the stress tensor, we obtain a power of 0.8 GW. The uncertainty range, 0.3–2.0 GW, originates mainly from the thickness of the seismogenic crust, the friction coefficient on preexisting faults, and models of Global Positioning System (GPS) derived strain rates. Based on a Gutenberg-Richter magnitude-frequency distribution, this power can be distributed over a range of energies consistent with historical earthquake rates and reasonable bounds on the seismic efficiency.
    Keywords: 551.22 ; conservation of energy ; linear poroelasticity ; seismicity model ; Southern California
    Language: English
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    Low-Frequency Seismicity at Villarrica Volcano: Source Location and Seismic Velocities (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-01
    Description: Villarrica Volcano (Chile) is one of the most active volcanoes in South America. Its low-frequency (≤5 Hz) seismicity consists of a continuous tremor, overlain by impulsive transient events of higher amplitude in 60-s intervals. This signal was recorded in March 2012 by an extensive local network, comprising 75 stations and including 6 subarrays. It allowed us to apply and compare three techniques to locate the origin of the seismicity: intersection of propagation directions determined by array analysis, mapping amplitudes, and modeling of amplitude decay. All methods yield almost identical, temporally stable, epicenters inside the summit crater, which confirms earlier attributions of the seismicity to volcanic activity inside the conduit. The discrete transients and the interevent tremor share the same source location. From the dominance of surface waves and the obvious scattering, we infer a source near the surface. For two arrays at the northern and western flank, a dispersion relation was derived, which allowed for the determination of S wave velocity-depth functions. At both locations, the velocity structure can be modeled by three layers with interfaces at 100 and 400m depths. The velocities (300 to 3,000 m/s) correspond to pyroclastic material at different states of consolidation. The modeling of the amplitude decay reveals a quality factor around 50.
    Keywords: 551.22 ; volcano seismology ; beamforming ; amplitude decay ; source location ; scattering ; S wave velocity structure
    Language: English
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    Governance policies for a "just transition" : a case study in the Rhineland lignite mining district (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-10
    Description: This paper develops policy measures for a "just transition" based on a case study conducted in Germany's Rhineland lignite mining district. Semi-structured guided interviews served as the methodological approach. Expert interviews were conducted with representatives of citizen initiatives, trade unions and the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia. The results reveal the need for policy measures in different areas: First, employees working for subcontractors of the lignite industry have a high risk of losing their jobs because there are virtually no support policies for them. Second, there needs to be more input by civic initiatives regarding the process of structural change. And last, land needs to be prevented from becoming a scarce resource in the Rhineland area due to current mining legislation. We use an actor-centred institutionalist framework to derive governance approaches in line with the needs of various stakeholders.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Caught in between : credibility and feasibility of the voluntary carbon market post-2020 (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-11
    Description: On the one hand, a large number of companies have committed to achieve net zero emissions and many of them foresee to offset some remaining emissions with carbon credits, suggesting a surge of future demand. Yet, the supply side of the voluntary carbon market is struggling to align its business model with the new legal architecture of the Paris Agreement. This article juxtaposes these two perspectives. It provides an overview of the plans of 482 major companies with some form of neutrality/net zero pledge and traces the struggle on the supply side of the voluntary carbon market to come up with a viable business model that ensures environmental integrity and contributes to achieving the objectives of the Paris Agreement. Our analysis finds that if carbon credits are used to offset remaining emissions against neutrality objectives, these credits need to be accounted against the host countries' Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to ensure environmental integrity. Yet, operationalizing this approach is challenging and will require innovative solutions and political support. Key policy insights: There is a growing mismatch between the faith placed in carbon credits by private sector companies and the continued quest for a common position of the main suppliers of the voluntary carbon market. The voluntary carbon market has not yet found a way to align itself with the new legal architecture of the Paris Agreement in a credible and legitimate way. Public policy support at the national and international level will be needed to operationalize a robust approach for the market’s future activities.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Presentation of the 5Ds in energy policy : a policy paper to show how Germany can regain its role as a pioneer in energy policy (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-11-11
    Description: The widely recognised Energiewende, ("energy transition") in Germany has lost its original momentum. We therefore address the question of how the transition process to a new energy system can be reignited. To do so, we developed the "5Ds approach", which lays the groundwork for a process analysis and the identification of important catalysts and barriers. Focusing on the five major fields required for the energy transition, we analyse the effects of: (1) Decarbonisation: How can efficiency and renewable energies be expanded successfully? (2) Digitalisation: Which digital solutions facilitate this conversion and would be suitable as sustainable business models? (3) Decentralisation: How can potential decentralised energy and efficiency opportunities be developed? (4) Democratisation: How can participation be strengthened in order to foster acceptance (and prevent "yellow vest" protests, etc.)? (5) Diversification of service: Which services can make significant contributions in the context of flexible power generation, demand-side management, storage and grids? Our paper comes to the conclusion that German policy efforts in the "5D" fields have been implemented very differently. Particularly with regard to democratisation, the opportunities for genuine participation among the different social actors must be further strengthened to get the Energiewende back on track. New market models are needed to meet the challenges of the energy transition and to increase the performance of "5D" through economic incentives.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Evidence-based narratives in European research programming (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-11-11
    Description: The article introduces and exemplifies the approach of evidence-based narratives (EBN). The methodology is a product of co-design between policy-making and science, generating robust intelligence for evidence-based policy-making in the Directorate General for Research and Innovation of the European Commission (DG RTD) under the condition of high uncertainty and fragmented evidence. The EBN transdisciplinary approach tackles practical problems of future-oriented policy-making, in this case in the area of programming for research and innovation addressing the Grand Societal Challenge related to climate change and natural resources. Between 2013 and 2018, the EU-funded RECREATE project developed 20 EBNs in a co-development process between scientists and policy-makers. All EBNs are supported with evidence about the underlying innovation system applying the technological innovation systems (TIS) framework. Each TIS analysis features the innovation, its current state of market diffusion and a description of the innovation investment case. Indicators include potential future market sizes, effects on employment and environmental and social benefits. Based on the innovation and TIS function analyses, the EBNs offer policy recommendations. The article ends with a critical discussion of the EBN approach.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Hyperspectral outcrop models for palaeoseismic studies (2021)
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    Publication Date: 2021-11-10
    Description: The traditional study of palaeoseismic trenches, involving logging, stratigraphic and structural interpretation, can be time consuming and affected by biases and inaccuracies. To overcome these limitations, a new workflow is presented that integrates infrared hyperspectral and photogrammetric data to support field-based palaeoseismic observations. As a case study, this method is applied on two palaeoseismic trenches excavated across a post-glacial fault scarp in northern Finnish Lapland. The hyperspectral imagery (HSI) is geometrically and radiometrically corrected, processed using established image processing algorithms and machine learning approaches, and co-registered to a structure-from-motion point cloud. HSI-enhanced virtual outcrop models are a useful complement to palaeoseismic field studies as they not only provide an intuitive visualisation of the outcrop and a versatile data archive, but also enable an unbiased assessment of the mineralogical composition of lithologic units and a semi-automatic delineation of contacts and deformational structures in a 3D virtual environment. Résumé L'étude traditionnelle des tranchées paléosismiques, impliquant l'enregistrement des coupes et l'interprétation stratigraphique et structurelle, peut prendre beaucoup de temps et être entachée de biais et d'inexactitudes. Pour surmonter ces limites, une nouvelle méthodologie est présentée, intégrant des données photogrammétriques et hyperspectrales infrarouges en appui aux observations paléosismiques de terrain. Comme étude de cas, cette méthode est appliquée à deux tranchées paléosismiques creusées à travers un escarpement de faille post-glaciaire dans le nord de la Laponie finlandaise. L'imagerie hyperspectrale (HSI) est corrigée géométriquement et radiométriquement, traitée à l'aide d'algorithmes classiques de traitement d'images et d'apprentissage machine, et recalée sur un nuage de points photogrammétrique. Les modèles virtuels d'affleurements améliorés par HSI constituent un complément utile aux études paléosismiques de terrain, car ils fournissent non seulement une visualisation intuitive de l'affleurement et une archive de données facile d'emploi, mais permettent également une évaluation non biaisée de la composition minéralogique d'unités lithologiques ainsi qu'une délimitation semi-automatique des contacts et des structures de déformation dans un environnement virtuel 3D.
    Keywords: 551.22 ; geology ; hyperspectral imaging ; outcrop models ; palaeoseismology ; remote sensing ; SfM photogrammetry
    Language: English
    Type: map
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    Harnessing international climate governance to drive a sustainable recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2021-11-23
    Description: The impacts of the COVID-19 crisis and the global response to it will co-determine the future of climate policy. The recovery packages responding to the impacts of the pandemic may either help to chart a new sustainable course, or they will further cement existing high-emission pathways and thwart the achievement of the Paris Agreement objectives. This article discusses how international climate governance may help align the recovery packages with the climate agenda. For this purpose, the article investigates five key governance functions through which international institutions may contribute: send guidance and signals, establish rules and standards, provide transparency and accountability, organize the provision of means of implementation, and promote collective learning. Reflecting on these functions, the article finds that the process under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), together with other international institutions, could promote sustainable recovery in several ways.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Unlocking green financing for building energy retrofit : a survey in the western China (2020)
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    Publication Date: 2021-12-07
    Description: Energy service companies (ESCOs) play crucial role in building energy efficiency retrofit sector. However limited access to green financing has prevented ESCOs in their expansions in China. This paper, based on a survey of 469 samples and on-site visiting to and interviewing relevant 50 actors of ESCOs, financial institutions and local housing authorities, identifies main barriers of accessing to green financing at both systemic policy level and operational meso and micro level in China, and analyzes good practices at local level that overcome the barriers. The paper concludes that, although there are barriers existing at the policy level in China, substantial attentions and priorities should be given to take actions for overcoming the barriers existed at the operational meso and micro level. The paper suggests that the good practices of capacity building for ESCOs and local financial sector, intensifying participation of intermediate organizations or facilitators and diversifying financial sources and funding mechanisms and models that emerge from the local level should be disseminated in China.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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