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  • Books  (37)
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  • Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory  (23)
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  • 1
    Call number: ZSP-201-81/6
    In: CRREL Report, 81-6
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: A procedure is described for monitoring the microfracturing activity in ice plates subjected to constant loads. Sample time records of freshwater ice plate deflections as well as corresponding total acoustic emission activities are presented. The linear elastic, as well as viscoelastic, response for a simply supported rectangular ice plate is given. Suggested future work using the above procedure is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-6
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Notation Introduction Experimental procedure and considerations Growth of the ice plate Support of the ice plate Acoustic emission monitoring system Displacement transducers and data recording Mechanical loading System Analysis Experimental results Thin section analysis Summary and discussion Literature cited Appendix A : Ice plate linear elastic response Appendix B: Acoustic emission system sensitivity Appendix C: Ice plate linear viscoelastic response Appendix D: Equipment list
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  • 2
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-81/9
    In: CRREL Report, 81-9
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: The calculation of the largest horizontal force a relatively thin floating ice plate may exert on a structure requires the knowledge of the buckling load for this floating plate. In the published literature on the stability of continuously supported beams and plates, it is usually assumed that this buckling force corresponds to the lowest bifurcation force Pcr. However, recent studies indicate that, generally, this is not the case, and this report clarifies the situation for floating ice plates. This problem is first studied on a simple model that exhibits the buckling mechanism of a floating ice plate but is amenable to an exact nonlinear analysis. This study shows that, depending on the ratio of the rigidities of the "liquid" and "plate," the post-buckling branch may rise or drop away from the bifurcation point. Thus, Pcr may or may not be the actual buckling load. It is also shown that when lift-off of "plate" from the "liquid" takes place the actual buckling load may drop substantially. This study is followed by an analysis of a floating compressed semi-infinite plate with a straight free edge, assuming that there is no lift-off. It is found that for this case there always exists a buckling load that is lower than Pcr. According to the obtained results, the value Pcr should be used with caution as a buckling load for floating ice plates. It is suggested that the buckling load be determined using the postbuckling equilibrium branch of the plate, taking into consideration the possibility of lift-off of the ice cover from the liquid base.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 7 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-9
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-81/22
    In: CRREL Report, 81-22
    Description / Table of Contents: Development of the hydropower potential of Bradley Lake, Alaska, would greatly increase winter freshwater discharge from the Bradley River into Kachemak Bay, which may result in increased ice formation and related ice-induced problems. The objectives of this investigation were to describe winter surface circulation in the bay and document ice distribution patterns for predicting where additional ice might be transported if it forms. Landsat MSS bands 5 and 7 and RBV imagery with 70% cloud cover or less, taken between 1 November and 30 April each year from 1972 to 1980, were analyzed. Surface circulation patterns inferred from suspended sediment patterns and ice distribution and movement were observed and mapped from the Landsat imagery. The generalized circulation patterns indicate that any additional ice formed due to future increased winter discharge from Bradley River would be likely to accumulate along Homer Spit and to be blown into the outer bay by the dominant northerly winter winds.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 43 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-22
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion factors Introduction Physical setting Hydrology Climate Bathymetry PhysIcal oceanography Wind effects on circulatIon Previous investigations Approach Imagery analyzed Wind and tidal data Results Suspended sediment patterns Ice distribution Generaltzed surface circulation Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Keys to Figures 2, 3 and 4 Appendix B. Observations made from usable Landsat Imagery Appendix C. Selected landsat images used to make observations and interpretations of surface water patterns and ice distribution
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  • 4
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-81/24
    In: CRREL Report, 81-24
    Description / Table of Contents: This report develops a method of analysis for heat transmission systems operating under district heating load conditions. The method accounts for the effects of heat source and load characteristics. The use of thermal energy storage systems is outlined and advantages are given. The transmission model itself considers the following technical aspects: (1) frictional pressure losses in piping system, (2) pump characteristics, (3) pump driver characteristics, and (4) heat losses from the buried piping. The capital costs considered are the piping system and necessary pumps. Operation and maintenance costs include cost of heat loss and cost of pumping energy input. Allowances are also made for system maintenance and repair over the assumed lifetime.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vii, 53 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-24
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Modes of heat transmission History and state of the art Technical aspects of heat transmission systems Heat sources Space heating loads Thermal energy storage Fluid dynamics considerations Pump drivers Buried piping systems Economic aspects of heat transmission systems Capital costs Operation and maintenance costs Problem formulation Criteria for the optimum solution The objective function Problem solution The response surface Methods of solution Sample results, conclusions and suggestions for future work Results from model calculations Conclusions and suggestions for future work Literature cited Appendix A: Computer program listing
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  • 5
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-81/26
    In: CRREL Report, 81-26
    In: Mechanics of cutting and boring, Part 7
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: This report deals with force, torque, energy and power in machines such as drills and boring devices, where the cutting head rotates about a central axis while penetrating parallel to that axis. Starting from a cosideration of the forces developed on individual cutting tools, or segments of cutters, the thrust and torque on a complete cutting head is assessed, and simple relationships between thrust and torque are derived. Similarly, the energy and power needed to drive the cutting head arc estimated and related to tool characteristics. Design characteristics of existing machines are compiled and analyzed to give indications of thrust, torque, power, effective tool forces, nominal thrust pressure, power density, and specific energy.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 38 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-26
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction Terminology Tool forces Parallel motion tools Indentation tools Head thrust, thrust per unit width, and nominal head pressure Power and power density Torque Specific energy Efficiency and performance index Power requirements for clearance of cuttings Minimum power requirements for lifting cuttings in a vertical hole Power consumption and efficiency in continuous-flight augers Air circulation Mud circulation Literature cited Appendix A: Vertical conveyance by continuous-fiight augers Appendix B: Surface areas on a helical flight and its stem
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  • 6
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-81/27
    In: CRREL Report, 81-27
    Description / Table of Contents: Existing classifications for deposits in the glacial environment are inadequate and inconsistent. Deposits should be classified both descriptively and genetically; adequate descriptive classifications already exist. A major problem for previous genetic classifications has been that glacial deposition and the resulting deposits' properties were poorly understood. On the basis of three criteria-sediment source, uniqueness to the glacial environment, and preservation of glacier-derived properties-deposits in the glacial environment result from either of two groups of processes: primary or secondary. Primary processes release the debris of the glacier directly and form deposits that may bear properties related to the glacier and its mechanics. Their deposits are classified genetically as till and are the only deposits indicative of glaciation. In contrast, secondary processes mobilize, rework, transport and resediment debris and deposits in the glacial environment. They develop new, nonglacial properties in their deposits, while destroying or substantially modifying glacier-derived properties. Interpretation of their properties may provide information on the depositional are classified genetically according to the depositional process just as they are in other sedimentary environments. This genetic classification differs from previous classifications in that not all diamictons deposited in the glacial environment are classified as till; it is based strictly on process-related criteria. The origin of properties of glacial deposits in relation to the glacier's mechanics and environment must be recognized if the mechanisms and depositional processes of former glaciers are to be precisely understood.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-27
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Criteria for process grouping Depositional processes Deposit groups-tills and nontills Comparison of melt-out and sediment flow Melt-out Sediment flow Classification of glacial deposits Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 7
    Call number: ZSP-201-81/1
    In: CRREL Report, 81-01
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: The formation of ice jams and their meteorological indicators were studied in detail for the winters of 1975-76, 1976-77 and 1977-78 on the Ottauquechee River at and east of Woodstock, Vermont. Meteorological data are presented for nearby National Weather Service Co-Operative Stations as well as for CRREL sites on the Ottauquechee River. The severity of each winter is discussed, as are the effects of a heavy rainfall on a high water equivalent snow cover. The resultant runoff and subsequent ice jamming that occurs is discussed. Continuous monitoring of water temperature before, during and immediately after an ice cover formed on the river during the winter of 1977-78 is included. The report includes a section on warm sewer outfall effects on the ice at and below a municipal treatment plant. Retrieved data will assist in future modeling studies to help predict ice formation, growth, decay and jamming of river ice covers.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-01
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Meteorological data retrieval and measurements Meteorological effects on river ice cover Winter 1975-76 Winter 1976-77 Winter 1977-78 Analysis of ice formation and decay Mechanism of ice formation Ice growth and decay on the Ottauquechee River, 1975-76, 1976-77, 1977-78 Influence of warm sewage effluent on river water temperatures and ice conditions Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Climatological observations Appendix B: Ice conditions, field remarks and pertinent photography
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  • 8
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-81/17
    In: CRREL Report, 81-17
    Description / Table of Contents: Environmental conditions are described for the continental shelf of the western Arctic, and for the shelf of Labrador and Newfoundland. Special emphasis is given to the gouging of bottom sediments by ice pressure ridges and icebergs, and an approach to systematic risk analysis is outlined. Protection os subsea pipelines and cables by trenching and direct embedment is discussed, touching on burial depth, degree of protection, and environmental impact. Conventional land techniques can be adapted for trenching across the beach and through the shallows, but in deeper water special equipment is required. The devices discussed include hydraulic dredges, submarine dredges, plows, rippers, water jets, disc saws and wheel ditchers, ladder trenchers and chain saws, routers and slot millers, ladder dredges, vibratory and percussive machines, and blasting systems. Consideration is given to the relative merits of working with seabed vehicles, or alternatively with direct surface support from vessels or from the sea ice
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 38 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-17
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction The western Arctic of North America The continental shelf of Newfoundland and Labrador Burial depth for pipes and cables Degree of protection offered by burial Environmental impact Trenching the beach and the shallows in the western Arctic Trenching beyond the shallows Suction, or hydraulic, dredging Bottom-t raveling cutterhead dredges Plows Rippers Water jets Subsea disc saws and wheel ditchers Subsea ladder trenchers and chain saws Subsea routers and slot millers Bucket ladder trenchers Vibratory and percussive devices Hard rock excavation under water Control and monitoring of subsea machines Vessels and vehicles Trenching from the sea ice Costs of subsea trenching Reference Appendix: Description of waters off Alaska and Newfoundland
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  • 9
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-81/3
    In: CRREL Report, 81- 3
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: A 1:24 scale hydraulic model study of water intake under frazil ice conditions is presented. The intake, located 9 m below the surface of the St. Lawrence River in Massena, New York,has a through flow of 0.14 m^3/s. The model study, conducted in the refrigerated flume facility of the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, investigated methods of minimizing the frazil ice blockage on the intake. Two protective structures were modeled and the relative benefits of each are presented. The additional cross-sectional area provided by the protective structures lowered the vertical velocity component of the intake water to 0.0027 m/s. At this velocity the buoyant force acting on the frazil ice particle is larger than the downward drag force, causing the particle to rise. The results demonstrate that under certain low flow conditions a protective structure can minimize frazil ice blockage problems.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-03
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-81/2
    In: CRREL Report, 81-2
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: Many hyperbolic reflections have been observed on marine seismic records obtained during oil exploration in the Beaufort Sea, and on USGS seismic sub-bottom profiles from the Prudhoe Bay vicinity. A hyperbolic projection system was designed to rapidly measure seismic velocities from the curves on the records. The velocities observed were approximately the velocity of sound in water. The hyperbolic signals also showed dispersion properties similar to acoustic normal modes in shallow water. These observations indicate that the signals responsible for the hyperbolic reflections propagate as normal modes within the water layer, with very limited penetration of the seabed. Determinations of the dominant frequency of these signals indicate that the penetration into the seabed has a characteristic attenuation depth (skin depth) of about 1.5 m for the sub-bottom profiles and 12 m for the marine records. It therefore appears that some hyperbolic reflections may be generated by variations in materials that occur near the seabed. There is some evidence of linearity of the anomalies, possibly related to sediment-filled or open ice gouges, or other changes in material properties at shallow depths.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-2
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Methods of analysis Marine seismic records Seismic sub-bottom profiles Results and discussion Distribution of hyperbolic reflections Hyperbolas on oil exploration records Hyperbolas on sub-bottom profiles Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Hyperbola projector
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