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  • Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie  (240)
  • Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory  (24)
  • English  (264)
  • Undetermined
  • 2000-2004  (240)
  • 1960-1964  (24)
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  • 1
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Climatological means and extremes on the Greenland ice sheet (1961)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-78
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 78
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: This climatological study makes use of the temperature, wind, and precipitation records from 12 stations on the Greenland Ice Sheet. Many of these stations were not in operation for concurrent periods and records for a year or more were available from only a few of them. The mean, mean maximum, mean minimum, absolute maximum, and absolute minimum temperatures were computed from the records. The highest absolute maximum temperature reported was 44°F at Mint Julep in southwestern Greenland. The lowest absolute minimum was -94°F at Northice in northern Greenland. This study shows that the prevailing wind usually was from the direction of the high central area of the ice sheet. Stations on the west slope had prevailing winds with an easterly component whereas stations on the east slope had prevailing winds with a westerly component. The wind speed varied from 0 to approximately 60 kt, but was predominantly in the 0 to 20 kt range. At some of the stations on the ice sheet, precipitation was measured in precipitation gages, at others it was measured as surface accumulation. At many locations the annual accumulation was determined from stratigraphic studies of the snow profile. The number of days on which snow occurred, expressed as percent of total days of observation, was used as an index to the amount of snowfall. The mean annual accumulation shows precipitation to be heavier on the west slope of the ice sheet than in other areas. The precipitation records at Northice indicate that the annual precipitation in that part of northern Greenland may be very light. The means for the various climatological parameters covered in this study are presented in tables and on a climatological map which presents a cartographic picture of the overall climatology of the Greenland Ice Sheet.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 13, A5, B4 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 78
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5885
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Air temperature Wind direction and speed Precipitation and accumulation Climatological map for the Greenland Ice Sheet Appendix A: Temperature data Appendix B: Precipitation data
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  • 2
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    Series available for loan
    Studies of salt ice; I: the tensile strength of NaCl ice (1961)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-80
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 80
    Description / Table of Contents: From the Introduction: During the last few years, there has been an increased interest in developing a rational explanation for the rather considerable variation in such bulk properties of sea ice as its strength, density, thermal conductivity, latent heat of melting, and coefficient of thermal expansion. Of these properties, sea-ice strength has received by far the most attention for practical reasons.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 30, A6, B10, C2, D5 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 80
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5889
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimentation Method of growing salt ice Strength test procedures Bulk properties of salt ice Phase relations Density and air content Strength results Strength of fresh-water ice Strength of NaCl ice as a function of brine volume Strength of NaCl· 2H2O ice as a function of the relative volume of solid salt Effect of thermal history on salt-ice strength Phase hysteresis Geometric hysteresis Effect of short-term cooling on the strength of fresh-water and NaCl·2H2O ice Effect of the volume of inclosed air on the strength of salt ice Conclusions NaCl ice Sea ice References Appendix A: Volume of brine and NaCl· 2H2O in NaCl ice as a function of salinity and temperature Appendix B: Ring test results Normal test sequences Appendix C: Ring test results Hysteresis test sequences Appendix .b: Ring test results Thermal history test sequences
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  • 3
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    Equilibrium profile of ice caps (1961)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-84
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 84
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The law of sliding of ice over bedrock is generalized to include the effect of the presence of a longitudinal stress. The sliding velocity thus depends on both the shear stress acting at the bottom of an ice mass and the longitudinal stress. With this generalized law, it is still possible to make a one-dimensional analysis of the problem of calculating the profile of an ice cap or glacier, such as was carried out by Nye, and yet introduce the effect of large longitudinal stresses. As a result a profile can be calculated with two equations. One equation is applicable to the central region of an ice cap and the other equation (which was found by Nye) is valid elsewhere. By an appropriate joining of the profiles derived from these two equations, the complete profile of an ice cap can be obtained. From two sample calculations it is shown that, for a large ice cap, Nye's theory is valid practically everywhere, and there is no real need to bring in the modification. For a small ice cap, the modification to the profile is valid over an appreciable fraction of the total width of the ice cap. A very simple extension of the analysis of the ice cap profile allows for the effect of isostatic sinking of the bedrock surface under a large ice cap. (An initially flat bedrock surface was assumed. The analysis can be extended easily to allow for an arbitrarily shaped initial bedrock surface.)
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 84
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5893
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Theory Effective sliding velocity Estimate of stresses Surface profilecalculations Effect of the weight of ice on the bedrock base Sample calculations References
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  • 4
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    Series available for loan
    The frost behavior of soils : laboratory and field data for a new concept; Part I: vertical sorting (1961)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-85,1
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 85,1
    In: The frost behavior of soils : laboratory and field data for a new concept, Part I
    Description / Table of Contents: Partial summary: Laboratory experiments have been performed with special cabinets in which soil samples, under complete saturation and without surcharges, were subjected to alternate freezing and thawing cycles. Tests included series with both freezing and thawing from the top and with freezing from the bottom and thawing from the top. The soil materials used were well-graded, sandy gravels, the finest one with 14% finer than no. 200 mesh (0. 074 mm).
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 22 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 85,1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5895
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction to the problem Laboratory data Preliminary experiments Vertical sorting and volume changes produced by cyclic freeze -thaw Volume increase by sorting in straight graded samples without freezing and thawing Field data Vertical sorting of the active layer Correlation between laboratory and field data Conclusion and recommendations References
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  • 5
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    Series available for loan
    Analysis of data from a snow profile (1962)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-90
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 90
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: A new method is presented for extracting more meaningful information from snow profile data which will simplify the study of the permeability of snow. Earlier analyses normally employed statistical methods to determine property variations with depth, with the line of mean values established by the method of least squares. The mean curves derived in this manner may not represent properly the true nature of the snow pack, or aid in understanding the dynamic processes which are in action. The new graphical methods described distinguish the separate effects of densification and thermal metamorphism on permeability, permitting future advances in the analysis. Profile data obtained in 1954 and 1960 are reanalyzed using the new techniques. For a natural polar pack under conditions when no melting occurs and the accumulation is assumed continuous, the following conclusions may be made: permeability for a given density of snow increases with depth and time except possibly near the surface or at depths below 30 m; the rate of permeability change with depth for given densities decreases in a calculable way relative to the density; and, mean permeability changes with depth in a complex manner.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 14, A3, B2, C2 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 90
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5875
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Standard methods of data presentation- A class interval method of data presentation Interpretation of the numerical data Interpretation of thin sections Conclusions References Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C
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  • 6
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    Mechanism for the formation of inner moraines found near the edge of cold ice caps (1962)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-94
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 94
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: A new mechanism is described which explains the formation of moraines in the ablation areas of cold ice caps. The mechanism involves the freezing of water onto the bottom surface of an ice cap. This water comes from regions of the bottom surface where the combination of the geothermal heat and the heat produced by sliding of ice over the bed is sufficient to melt ice. A number of criticisms are made of the shear hypothesis, which has been advanced to explain moraines occurring on Baffin Island and near Thule, Greenland. It is concluded that this older hypothesis may be inadequate to account for these moraines. Although in theory the mechanism proposed here undoubtedly would lead to the formation of moraines, the existing field data are insufficient to prove conclusively that actual moraines have originated in this way.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 94
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5876
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Comments on the shear hypothesis Appearance of the debris layers The possibility of cold ice scraping up debris The shear across a debris layer The geometry of the debris layers Freezing model Theory Discussion Conclusion References
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  • 7
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    Petrographic characteristics of young sea ice, Point Barrow, Alaska (1962)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-101
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 101
    Description / Table of Contents: Partial Summary: This paper is a pilot study of interrelations between structural features readily observed in horizontal thin sections of sea ice under low magnification. The core studied was 31.4 cm in length and was collected from Elson Lagoon at Point Barrow, Alaska on 26 October 1960.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 101
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5910
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Petrographic characteristics Intercrystalline features Intracrystalline features References
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  • 8
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    Effective thermal conductivity of ventilated snow (1963)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-103
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 103
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The effect of air flow on the thermal conductivity of snow was investigated. Steady-state temperature measurements were made along the edge and axis of a cylindrical bed of snow to determine the effective axial thermal conductivity of snow. Unconsolidated snow samples were used, with densities ranging from 0.376 to 0.472 g/cm^3 and corresponding snow particle sizes of 0.065 to 0.219 cm nominal diameter; the mass flow rates employed ranged from approximately 10-40 x 10^-4g/cm^2 sec. Snow density and sample size apparently have opposite effects on the effective thermal conductivity because of the flow of fluid in snow. The test apparatus is described in detail and is illustrated. The results of the experiments are tabulated, and a least square equation is given which represents the results well.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 14, A2 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 103
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5850
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Theory Apparatus and experimental procedure Results and discussion References Appendix A: Sample calculations of a and ke
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  • 9
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    Vertical migration of particles in front of a moving freezing plane (1963)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-105
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 105
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: A principle of particle segregation by freezing is presented. It is demonstrated experimentally by using a transparent freezing cabinet in which a sample of distilled water freezes from the bottom upward. In this way the freezing front line travels vertically and the particles are carried against gravity. By using the same material with different shapes (glass beads and broken quartz or glass) it is demonstrated that an important factor in particle migration is the shape of the particle or its contact area with the interface. By testing other materials with different shapes and sizes, it is demonstrated that another important factor is particle size and rate of freezing. Fine particles migrate under a wide range of rates of freezing; coarser ones migrate at lower and more limited ranges of rates of freezing. It is suggested that, for determining frost behavior of soils in permafrost regions, freezing from the bottom upward is a more reliable test than freezing from the top down. Freezing from the bottom more closely approximates freezing of the active layer above permafrost; also, friction with the cylinder testing wall is eliminated. The implication of this principle in engineering and studies of soil genesis in cold regions is emphasized.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 8 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 105
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5848
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimental procedure Experimental results Conclusions and recommendations References
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  • 10
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    Formation of lake ice in a temperate climate (1963)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-107
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 107
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The formation of lake ice was studied during the winter of 1956-57 at Post Pond, Lyme, N. H. Tabular, columnar, granular, and crenulate textures of 36 blocks of ice observed are discussed in terms of relative growth velocity and shown in a classification chart. Ice structures are characterized by Forel striations, Tyndall figures, bubbles and strain shadows. Average crystal areas increased with ice thickness, the rate of increase being greater toward lake center, and ceased to enlarge when in a continuous bubble layer. The lake-ice sheet grew both from top and bottom, .downward growth resulting from crystals in a favorable vertical orientation of a-axes and upward growth coming about by water flowing on the original upper ice surface and freezing. Exception to this type of growth was found in the lake area which froze first, where individual crystal areas were larger at the surface and there was no upper surface ice accretion. Fabric diagrams of ice outside the anomolous area show a change of optic axis orientation from a high percentage of c-axes vertical near the surface to a high percentage horizontal at the bottom.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 22, A2, B1 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 107
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5847
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Description of the lake Cli rna te of the lake Methods of study Ice textures Crystal size Ice structures Crystal fabric studies Growth of an ice sheet References Appendix A: Weather data Appendix B: Sample data
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