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  • 1
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-80
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 80
    Description / Table of Contents: From the Introduction: During the last few years, there has been an increased interest in developing a rational explanation for the rather considerable variation in such bulk properties of sea ice as its strength, density, thermal conductivity, latent heat of melting, and coefficient of thermal expansion. Of these properties, sea-ice strength has received by far the most attention for practical reasons.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 30, A6, B10, C2, D5 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 80
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimentation Method of growing salt ice Strength test procedures Bulk properties of salt ice Phase relations Density and air content Strength results Strength of fresh-water ice Strength of NaCl ice as a function of brine volume Strength of NaCl· 2H2O ice as a function of the relative volume of solid salt Effect of thermal history on salt-ice strength Phase hysteresis Geometric hysteresis Effect of short-term cooling on the strength of fresh-water and NaCl·2H2O ice Effect of the volume of inclosed air on the strength of salt ice Conclusions NaCl ice Sea ice References Appendix A: Volume of brine and NaCl· 2H2O in NaCl ice as a function of salinity and temperature Appendix B: Ring test results Normal test sequences Appendix C: Ring test results Hysteresis test sequences Appendix .b: Ring test results Thermal history test sequences
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  • 2
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-85,2
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 85,2
    In: The frost behavior of soils : laboratory and field data for a new concept, Part II
    Description / Table of Contents: Laboratory experiments were performed with a specil closed-system side-freezing cabinet in which completely saturated soil samples were subjected to alternate freeze-thaw cycles without surcharge. A vertical or nearly vertical freezethaw plane was obtained in the side-freezing cabinet. The soil used was a straight graded noncohesive material with 14 finer than the No. 200 0.074 mm mesh sieve. According to frost criterion based only on gradation, the soil would be classified as a never frost-heaving moraine soil or non-frost-susceptible. All experiments were run for 20 and 22 cycles. Freezing rates used were as follows 30.0 mmhr 33.0 mmhr and 4 .0 mmhr. The initial dry density was approximately constant for each test at 1.8 gcm3 or 112.4 lbft3, and complete saturation was maintained in the tests.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 85,2
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-100
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 100
    Description / Table of Contents: From the Summary: During the summer of 1960, observations were made of ground fog on the Greenland Ice Cap and of sea fog in the Thule area in northwestern Greenland. A microscope-stage-fog impactor was designed, and its collection efficiency determined both empirically and by computation from the theoretical work of Langmuir and Blodgett (1946). The empirical efficiency was found to be considerably greater than the theoretical efficiency.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 100
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Method Design and operation of the impactor Collection efficiency Computation from theoretical values of Langmuir and Blodgett Empirical values Observations and results Fog on the ice cap Sea fog near Thule Discussion Conclusions References
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  • 4
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-101
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 101
    Description / Table of Contents: Partial Summary: This paper is a pilot study of interrelations between structural features readily observed in horizontal thin sections of sea ice under low magnification. The core studied was 31.4 cm in length and was collected from Elson Lagoon at Point Barrow, Alaska on 26 October 1960.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 101
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Petrographic characteristics Intercrystalline features Intracrystalline features References
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  • 5
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-103
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 103
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The effect of air flow on the thermal conductivity of snow was investigated. Steady-state temperature measurements were made along the edge and axis of a cylindrical bed of snow to determine the effective axial thermal conductivity of snow. Unconsolidated snow samples were used, with densities ranging from 0.376 to 0.472 g/cm^3 and corresponding snow particle sizes of 0.065 to 0.219 cm nominal diameter; the mass flow rates employed ranged from approximately 10-40 x 10^-4g/cm^2 sec. Snow density and sample size apparently have opposite effects on the effective thermal conductivity because of the flow of fluid in snow. The test apparatus is described in detail and is illustrated. The results of the experiments are tabulated, and a least square equation is given which represents the results well.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 14, A2 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 103
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Theory Apparatus and experimental procedure Results and discussion References Appendix A: Sample calculations of a and ke
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  • 6
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-107
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 107
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The formation of lake ice was studied during the winter of 1956-57 at Post Pond, Lyme, N. H. Tabular, columnar, granular, and crenulate textures of 36 blocks of ice observed are discussed in terms of relative growth velocity and shown in a classification chart. Ice structures are characterized by Forel striations, Tyndall figures, bubbles and strain shadows. Average crystal areas increased with ice thickness, the rate of increase being greater toward lake center, and ceased to enlarge when in a continuous bubble layer. The lake-ice sheet grew both from top and bottom, .downward growth resulting from crystals in a favorable vertical orientation of a-axes and upward growth coming about by water flowing on the original upper ice surface and freezing. Exception to this type of growth was found in the lake area which froze first, where individual crystal areas were larger at the surface and there was no upper surface ice accretion. Fabric diagrams of ice outside the anomolous area show a change of optic axis orientation from a high percentage of c-axes vertical near the surface to a high percentage horizontal at the bottom.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 22, A2, B1 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 107
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Description of the lake Cli rna te of the lake Methods of study Ice textures Crystal size Ice structures Crystal fabric studies Growth of an ice sheet References Appendix A: Weather data Appendix B: Sample data
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  • 7
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-117
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 117
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: An experiment was designed to investigate operator-variance in the determination of the plastic limit of cohesive soils, independent of sample preparation and hydration time. A standard sample was prepared by dry-mixing commercial clay, "Grundite", with a pure silt. After the sample was hydrated for 3 weeks, five random samples were taken and five replicates performed on each sample. Analysis of variance (AOV) shows that there is no reason to doubt that the sample is homogeneous at the 0.05 level of significance. Random samples were then distributed to five zones of operators, where a zone is defined as a group of operators with similar backgrounds and engineering interests. Two operators from each group performed five replicates. The AOV model used in the analysis is mixed with the upper level fixed and the two lower levels random. The estimated "within" and "between" operator variances are 0. 45 and 4. 18 respectively. The estimated "between zones" contribution to the total sum of squares is negative. No correlation was found between an operator's internal variance and his deviation from the grand mean. On the basis of this experiment, no reason-exists to doubt that an "untrained" operator can obtain results comparable to those of professional operators. The major factor contributing to the total sample variance is the inconsistency between the individual operators who, although able to duplicate their own determinations, do not call the same end point. To minimize between operator variance, a readily prepared standard sample is suggested with which any operator can calibrate his plastic limit determinations against the expected national average.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 8 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 117
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary ­Introduction Sample preparation Sample homogeneity Distribution of samples Analysis Conclusions and suggested standardization References
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  • 8
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-119
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 119
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: An experimental investigation of stress-wave propagation in snow and ice is described. Seven types of Greenland snow were investigated to determine the extent to which the variation in dynamic response of the snow is a function of snow types, and were compared with results of similar Michigan snow experiments. A low-density explosive charge was detonated, sending a steep-fronted shock wave through a metal transfer plate and into the snow sample, compressing the snow and setting it in motion. Measurements were made on shock waves with amplitudes of less than 200 atm. Density and pressure behind the wave fronts were determined by simultaneous measurement of wave-propagation and particle velocity as limited by the fast elastic wave and the slow plastic wave of the two-front structure. Values calculated by the Rankine-Hugoniot jump conditions determined the points at which the material behaves plastically or hydrodynamically. The maximum stable pressure-volume states that snow can reach under shock loading are also shown. Sources of scatter in the results from variations in snow type and errors in data reduction and geometry changes are pointed out.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 25, A11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 119
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Test area description Experimental techniques Explosive initiation system Grid lines on snow Grid lines on driving plates The streak camera Synchronization of camera and event Synchronization of flash bulb and event Timing-light generator High-speed framing camera
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  • 9
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-79
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 79
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The theory of a plate on an elastic foundation will closely predict the radial cracks observed in loading tests on floating ice sheets. However, the plate theory does not predict accurately the circumferential crack which forms ultimately with increased loading. The wedge theory is developed in an attempt to better predict the location and magnitude of the stresses causing the circumferential crack. The results obtained can be applied to help predict the ultimate bearing capacity of an ice sheet, provided the modulus of elasticity and flexural strength of the ice are known.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: Getrennte Zählung , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 79
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Solution Applications Conclusions References Appendix A Computer program Graphs of nev functions, derivatives, and integrals Tables of nev functions, derivatives, and integrals
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  • 10
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-78
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 78
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: This climatological study makes use of the temperature, wind, and precipitation records from 12 stations on the Greenland Ice Sheet. Many of these stations were not in operation for concurrent periods and records for a year or more were available from only a few of them. The mean, mean maximum, mean minimum, absolute maximum, and absolute minimum temperatures were computed from the records. The highest absolute maximum temperature reported was 44°F at Mint Julep in southwestern Greenland. The lowest absolute minimum was -94°F at Northice in northern Greenland. This study shows that the prevailing wind usually was from the direction of the high central area of the ice sheet. Stations on the west slope had prevailing winds with an easterly component whereas stations on the east slope had prevailing winds with a westerly component. The wind speed varied from 0 to approximately 60 kt, but was predominantly in the 0 to 20 kt range. At some of the stations on the ice sheet, precipitation was measured in precipitation gages, at others it was measured as surface accumulation. At many locations the annual accumulation was determined from stratigraphic studies of the snow profile. The number of days on which snow occurred, expressed as percent of total days of observation, was used as an index to the amount of snowfall. The mean annual accumulation shows precipitation to be heavier on the west slope of the ice sheet than in other areas. The precipitation records at Northice indicate that the annual precipitation in that part of northern Greenland may be very light. The means for the various climatological parameters covered in this study are presented in tables and on a climatological map which presents a cartographic picture of the overall climatology of the Greenland Ice Sheet.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 13, A5, B4 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 78
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Air temperature Wind direction and speed Precipitation and accumulation Climatological map for the Greenland Ice Sheet Appendix A: Temperature data Appendix B: Precipitation data
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