ALBERT

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Note: Contents Acknowledgement 1 Russian-German Co-operation 2 Expedition Itinerary 2.1 Working areas 2.2 General logistics and transportation 2.3 Technical Report of the Station Samoylov 2.4 Time tables of Working group 2.4.1 Team 1 (Samoylov Island) 2.4.2 Team 2 (Arga Complex) 2.4.3 Team 3 (Bykovsky Peninsula) 2.5 Participants of expedition 2.6 Participating institutions 3 Modern Processes in Permafrost Affected Soils 3.1 Objectives 3.2 Methods and field experiments 3.3 Preliminary results 3.3.1 Recent soil studies 3.3.2 Methane emission 3.3.3 In situ studies on CH4-Fluxes 3.3.4 Permafrost and ice wedge coring 3.4 Further investigations 3.5 References 4 Biological Research in the Lena Delta 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Zooplankton from Tundra Water Basin the Lena Delta 4.3 Avifauna of northwestern Lena Delta 4.4 Genetics Diversity and Taxonomy of Artic Lemming 5 Shore Erosion and Sediment Flux from Eroded Islands 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Methods 5.3 Results 5.4 Discussion and conclusions 6 Investigation of Run Off in the Sardakh-Trofimovsky Bifurcation Point of the Lena River Delta 6.1 Objectives 6.2 Previous Research 6.3 Measurements of 2001 6.4 Conclusions 6.5 References 7 Coastal Processes and Methane Dynamics in the Northwestern Part of the Lena Delta 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Pecularities of coastal processes and shoreline dynamics of the accumulative-erosive coastal system 7.3 Bathymetric measurements 7.4 Methane-related investigations of soils and waters in the Sanga-Dzhie region 7.5 Bathymetry and biogeochemistry of Sanga-Dzhie lagoon and Sanga lake lagoon at the western coast of Arga Complex 7.6 References 8 Paleoecological and Permafrost Studies of the Ice Complex in the Laptev Sea area (Bykovsky Pensinsula) 8.1 Introduction. objectives and logistics 8.2 Methods and field measurements 8.3 Preliminary results 8.4 Further investigations 8.5 References 9 Appendix Table A3-1: Soil types of the central Lena Delta Table A3-2: Soil profiles descriptions Table A3-3: Classification of soils of Samoylov Island Table A3-4: Characteristics of soil subtypes Table A3-3 Table A3-5: List of soil and plant samples Table A3-6: List of sediment and water samples Table A3-7: List of ice wedge samples Table A3-8: List of permafrost sediment samples Table A3-9: List of gas samples Table A4-1 : List of birds and their status in the study area Table A4-2: List of trapped lemmings Table A7-1 : Water temperature vertical profiles Table A7-2: Active layer depth in the Arga region Table A7-3: Investigation sites in the Arga region Table A7-4: List of samples from Arga region Table A8-1: Description of sedimentary units and samples Table A8-2: List of macrofossil samples Table A8-3: List of sediment samples Table A8-4: Description of ice in the ice wedges transects Table A8-5: List of ice wedge samples for isotope study Table A8-6: List of mammal bones on Bykovsky Peninsula

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1. Introduction: Distributions and Inference for Categorical Data. - 1.1 Categorical Response Data. - 1.2 Distributions for Categorical Data. - 1.3 Statistical Inference for Categorical Data. - 1.4 Statistical Inference for Binomial Parameters. - 1.5 Statistical Inference for Multinomial Parameters. - Notes. - Problems. - 2. Describing Contingency Tables. - 2.1 Probability Structure for Contingency Tables. - 2.2 Comparing Two Proportions. - 2.3 Partial Association in Stratified 2 x 2 Tables. - 2.4 Extensions for I x J Tables. - Notes. - Problems. - 3. Inference for Contingency Tables. - 3.1 Confidence Intervals for Association Parameters. - 3.2 Testing Independence in Two-Way Contingency Tables. - 3.3 Following-Up Chi-Squared Tests. - 3.4 Two-Way Tables with Ordered Classifications. - 3.5 Small-Sample Tests of Independence. - 3.6 Small-Sample Confidence Intervals for 2 x 2 Tables. - 3.7 Extensions for Multiway Tables and Nontabulated Responses. - Notes. - Problems. - 4. Introduction to Generalized Linear Models. - 4.1 Generalized Linear Model. - 4.2 Generalized Linear Models for Binary Data. - 4.3 Generalized Linear Models for Counts. - 4.4 Moments and Likelihood for Generalized Linear Models. - 4.5 Inference for Generalized Linear Models. - 4.6 Fitting Generalized Linear Models. - 4.7 Quasi-likelihood and Generalized Linear Models. - 4.8 Generalized Additive Models. - Notes. - Problems. - 5. Logistic Regression. - 5.1 Interpreting Parameters in Logistic Regression. - 5.2 Inference for Logistic Regression. - 5.3 Logit Models with Categorical Predictors. - 5.4 Multiple Logistic Regression. - 5.5 Fitting Logistic Regression Models. - Notes. - Problems. - 6. Building and Applying Logistic Regression Models. - 6.1 Strategies in Model Selection. - 6.2 Logistic Regression Diagnostics. - 6.3 Inference About Conditional Associations in 2 x 2 x K Tables. - 6.4 Using Models to Improve Inferential Power. - 6.5 Sample Size and Power Considerations. - 6.6 Probit and Complementary Log-Log Models. - 6.7 Conditional Logistic Regression and Exact Distributions. - Notes. - Problems. - 7. Logit Models for Multinomial Responses. - 7.1 Nominal Responses: Baseline-Category Logit Models. - 7.2 Ordinal Responses: Cumulative Logit Models. - 7.3 Ordinal Responses: Cumulative Link Models. - 7.4 Alternative Models for Ordinal Responses. - 7.5 Testing Conditional Independence in I x J x K Tables. - 7.6 Discrete-Choice Multinomial Logit Models. - Notes. - Problems. - 8. Loglinear Models for Contingency Tables. - 8.1 Loglinear Models for Two-Way Tables. - 8.2 Loglinear Models for Independence and Interaction in Three-Way Tables. - 8.3 Inference for Loglinear Models. - 8.4 Loglinear Models for Higher Dimensions. - 8.5 The Loglinear_Logit Model Connection. - 8.6 Loglinear Model Fitting: Likelihood Equations and Asymptotic Distributions. - 8.7 Loglinear Model Fitting: Iterative Methods and their Application. - Notes. - Problems. - 9. Building and Extending Loglinear/Logit Models. - 9.1 Association Graphs and Collapsibility. - 9.2 Model Selection and Comparison. - 9.3 Diagnostics for Checking Models. - 9.4 Modeling Ordinal Associations. - 9.5 Association Models. - 9.6 Association Models, Correlation Models, and Correspondence Analysis. - 9.7 Poisson Regression for Rates. - 9.8 Empty Cells and Sparseness in Modeling Contingency Tables. - Notes. - Problems. - 10. Models for Matched Pairs. - 10.1 Comparing Dependent Proportions. - 10.2 Conditional Logistic Regression for Binary Matched Pairs. - 10.3 Marginal Models for Square Contingency Tables. - 10.4 Symmetry, Quasi-symmetry, and Quasiindependence. - 10.5 Measuring Agreement Between Observers. - 10.6 Bradley-Terry Model for Paired Preferences. - 10.7 Marginal Models and Quasi-symmetry Models for Matched Sets. - Notes. - Problems. - 11. Analyzing Repeated Categorical Response Data. - 11.1 Comparing Marginal Distributions: Multiple Responses. - 11.2 Marginal Modeling: Maximum Likelihood Approach. - 11.3 Marginal Modeling: Generalized Estimating Equations Approach. - 11.4 Quasi-likelihood and Its GEE Multivariate Extension: Details. - 11.5 Markov Chains: Transitional Modeling. - Notes. - Problems. - 12. Random Effects: Generalized Linear Mixed Models for Categorical Responses. - 12.1 Random Effects Modeling of Clustered Categorical Data. - 12.2 Binary Responses: Logistic-Normal Model. - 12.3 Examples of Random Effects Models for Binary Data. - 12.4 Random Effects Models for Multinomial Data. - 12.5 Multivariate Random Effects Models for Binary Data. - 12.6 GLMM Fitting, Inference, and Prediction. - Notes. - Problems. 13. Other Mixture Models for Categorical Data. - 13.1 Latent Class Models. - 13.2 Nonparametric Random Effects Models. - 13.3 Beta-Binomial Models. - 13.4 Negative Binomial Regression. - 13.5 Poisson Regression with Random Effects. - Notes. - Problems. - 14. Asymptotic Theory for Parametric Models. - 14.1 Delta Method. - 14.2 Asymptotic Distributions of Estimators of Model Parameters and Cell Probabilities. - 14.3 Asymptotic Distributions of Residuals and Goodnessof-Fit Statistics. - 14.4 Asymptotic Distributions for Logit/Loglinear Models. - Notes. - Problems. - 15. Alternative Estimation Theory for Parametric Models. - 15.1 Weighted Least Squares for Categorical Data. - 15.2 Bayesian Inference for Categorical Data. - 15.3 Other Methods of Estimation. - Notes. - Problems. - 16. Historical Tour of Categorical Data Analysis. - 16.1 Pearson-Yule Association Controversy. - 16.2 R. A. Fisher's Contributions. - 16.3 Logistic Regression. - 16.4 Multiway Contingency Tables and Loglinear Models. - 16.5 Recent and Future? Developments. - Appendix A. Using Computer Software to Analyze Categorical Data. - A.1 Software for Categorical Data Analysis. - A.2 Examples of SAS Code by Chapter. - Appendix B. Chi-Squared Distribution Values. - References. - Examples Index. - Author Index. - Subject Index.

Note: Contents: Contributors. - Preface. - Introduction and Scientific Background / J.C.R. Hunt, J. Norbury and I. Roulstone. - 1. A view of the equations of meteorological dynamics and various approximations / A. A. White. - 2. Extended-geostrophic Euler-Poincare models for mesoscale oceanographic flow / J. S. Allen, D. D. Holm and P. A. Newberger. - 3. Fast singular oscillating limits of stably-stratified 3D Euler and Navier-Stokes equations and ageostrophic wave fronts / A. Babin, A. Mahalov and B. Nicolaenko. - 4. New mathematical developments in atmosphere and ocean dynamics, and their application to computer simulations / M. J. P. Cullen. - 5. Rearrangements of functions with applications to meteorology and ideal fluid flow / R. J. Douglas. - 6. Statistical methods in atmospheric dynamics: probability metrics and discrepancy measures as a means of defining balance / S. Baigent and J. Norbury.

Note: Contents Prologue Acknowledgments List of Symbols PART I Foundations 1 INTRODUCTION: The Basic Challenge 1.1 The Climate System 1.2 Some Basic Observations 1.3 External Forcing 1.3.1 Astronomical Forcing 1.3.2 Tectonic Forcing 1.4 The Ice-Age Problem 2 TECHNIQUES FOR CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTION 2.1 Historical Methods 2.1.1 Direct Quantitative Measurements 2.1.2 Descriptive Accounts of General Environmental Conditions 2.2 Surficial Biogeologic Proxy Evidence 2.2.1 Annually Layered Life Forms 2.2.2 Surface Geomorphic Evidence 2.3 Conventional Nonisotopic Stratigraphic Analyses of Sedimentary Rock and Ice 2.3.1 Physical Indicators 2.3.2 Paleobiological Indicators (Fossil Faunal Types and Abundances) 2.4 Isotopic Methods 2.4.1 Oxygen Isotopes 2.4.2 Deuterium and Beryllium in Ice Cores 2.4.3 Stable Carbon Isotopes 2.4.4 Strontium and Osmium Isotopes 2.5 Nonisotopic Geochemical Methods 2.5.1 Cadmium Analysis 2.5.2 Greenhouse Gas Analysis of Trapped Air in Ice Cores 2.5.3 Chemical and Biological Constituents and Dust Layers in Ice Cores 2.6 Dating the Proxy Evidence (Geochronometry) 3 A SURVEY OF GLOBAL PALEOCLIMATIC VARIATIONS 3.1 The Phanerozoic Eon (Past 600 My) 3.2 The Cenozoic Era (Past 65 My) 3.3 The Plio-Pleistocene (Past 5 My) 3.4 Variations during the Last Ice Age: IRD Events 3.5 The Last Glacial Maximum (20 ka) 3.6 Postglacial Changes: The Past 20 ky 3.7 The Past 100 Years 3.8 The Generalized Spectrum of Climatic Variance 3.9 A Qualitative Discussion of Causes 4 GENERAL THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS 4.1 The Fundamental Equations 4.2 Time Averaging and Stochastic Forcing 4.3 Response Times and Equilibrium 4.4 Spatial Averaging 4.5 Climatic-Mean Mass and Energy Balance Equations 4.5.1 The Water Mass Balance 4.5.2 Energy Balance 5 SPECIAL THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR PALEOCLIMATE: Structuring a Dynamical Approach 5.1 A Basic Problem: Noncalculable Levels of Energy and Mass Flow 5.2 An Overall Strategy 5.3 Notational Simplifications for Resolving Total Climate Variability 5.4 A Structured Dynamical Approach 5.5 The External Forcing Function, F 5.5.1 Astronomical/Cosmic Forcing 5.5.2 Tectonic Forcing 6 BASIC CONCEPTS OF DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS ANALYSIS: Prototypical Climatic Applications 6.1 Local (or Internal) Stability 6.2 The Generic Cubic Nonlinearity 6.3 Structural (or External) Stability: Elements of Bifurcation Theory 6.4 Multivariable Systems 6.4.1 The Two-Variable Phase Plane 6.5 A Prototype Two-Variable Model 6.5.1 Sensitivity of Equilibria to Changes in Parameters: Prediction of the Second Kind 6.5.2 Structural Stability 6.6 The Prototype Two-Variable System as a Stochastic-Dynamical System: Effects of Random Forcing 6.6.1 The Stochastic Amplitude 6.6.2 Structural Stochastic Stability 6.7 More Than Two-Variable Systems: Deterministic Chaos PART II Physics of the Separate Domains 7 MODELING THE ATMOSPHERE AND SURFACE STATE AS FAST-RESPONSE COMPONENTS 7.1 The General Circulation Model 7.2 Lower Resolution Models: Statistical-Dynamical Models and the Energy Balance Model 7.2.1 A Zonal-Average SDM 7.2.2 Axially Asymmetric SDMs 7.2.3 The Complete Time-Average State 7.3 Thermodynamic Models 7.3.1 Radiative-Convective Models 7.3.2 Vertically Averaged Models (the EBM) 7.4 The Basic Energy Balance Model 7.5 Equilibria and Dynamical Properties of the Zero-Dimensional (Global Average) EBM 7.6 Stochastic Resonance 7.7 The One-Dimensional (Latitude-Dependent) EBM 7.8 Transitivity Properties of the Atmospheric and Surface Climatic State: Inferences from a GCM 7.9 Closure Relationships Based on GCM Sensitivity Experiments 7.9.1 Surface Temperature Sensitivity 7.10 Formal Feedback Analysis of the Fast-Response Equilibrium State 7.11 Paleoclimatic Simulations 8 THE SLOW-RESPONSE "CONTROL" VARIABLES: An Overview 8.1 The Ice Sheets 8.1.1 Key Variables 8.1.2 Observations 8.2 Greenhouse Gases: Carbon Dioxide 8.3 The Thermohaline Ocean State 8.4 A Three-Dimensional Phase-Space Trajectory 9 GLOBAL DYNAMICS OF THE ICE SHEETS 9.1 Basic Equations and Boundary Conditions 9.2 A Scale Analysis 9.3 The Vertically Integrated Ice-Sheet Model 9.4 The Surface Mass Balance 9.5 Basal Temperature and Melting 9.6 Deformable Basal Regolith 9.7 Ice Streams and Ice Shelves 9.8 Bedrock Depression 9.9 Sea Level Change and the Ice Sheets: The Depression-Calving Hypothesis 9.10 Paleoclimatic Applications of the Vertically Integrated Model 9.11 A Global Dynamical Equation for Ice Mass 10 DYNAMICS OF ATMOSPHERIC CO2 10.1 The Air-Sea Flux, Q↑ 10.1.1 Qualitative Analysis of the Factors Affecting Q↑ 10.1.2 Mathematical Formulation of the Ocean Carbon Balance 10.1.3 A Parameterization for Q↑ 10.2 Terrestrial Organic Carbon Exchange, W↑G 10.2.1 Sea Level Change Effects 10.2.2 Thermal Effects 10.2.3 Ice Cover Effects 10.2.4 Long-Term Terrestrial Organic Burial, W↓G 10.2.5 The Global Mass Balance of Organic Carbon 10.3 Outgassing Processes, V↑ 10.4 Rock Weathering Downdraw, W↓ 10.5 A Global Dynamical Equation for Atmospheric CO2 10.6 Modeling the Tectonically Forced CO2 Variations, µˆ : Long-Term Rock Processes 10.6.1 The Long-Term Oceanic Carbon Balance 10.6.2 The GEOCARB Model 10.7 Overview of the Full Global Carbon Cycle 11 SIMPLIFIED DYNAMICS OF THE THERMOHALINE OCEAN STATE 11.1 General Equations 11.1.1 Boundary Conditions 11.2 A Prototype Four-Box Ocean Model 11.3 The Wind-Driven, Local-Convective, and Baroclinic Eddy Circulations 11.3.1 The Wind-Driven Circulation: Gyres and Upwelling 11.3.2 Local Convective Overturnings and Baroclinic Eddy Circulations 11.4 The Two-Box Thermohaline Circulation Model: Possible Bimodality of the Ocean State 11.4.1 The Two-Box System 11.4.2 A Simple Model of the TH Circulation 11.4.3 Meridional Fluxes 11.4.4 Dynamical Analysis of the Two-Box Model 11.5 Integral Equations for the Deep Ocean State 11.5.1 The Deep Ocean Temperature 11.5.2 The Deep Ocean Salinity 11.6 Global Dynamical Equations for the Thermohaline State: θ and Sφ PART III Unified Dynamical Theory 12 THE COUPLED FAST- AND SLOW-RESPONSE VARIABLES AS A GLOBAL DYNAMICAL SYSTEM: Outline of a Theory of Paleoclimatic Variation 12.1 The Unified Model: A Paleoclimate Dynamics Model 12.2 Feedback-Loop Representation 12.3 Elimination of the Fast-Response Variables: The Center Manifold 12.4 Sources of Instability: The Dissipative Rate Constants 12.5 Formal Separation into Tectonic Equilibrium and Departure Equations 13 FORCED EVOLUTION OF THE TECTONIC-MEAN CLIMATIC STATE 13.1 Effects of Changing Solar Luminosity and Rotation Rate 13.1.1 Solar Luminosity (S) 13.1.2 Rotation Rate (Ω) 13.2 General Effects of Changing Land-Ocean Distribution and Topography (h) 13.3 Effects of Long-Term Variations of Volcanic and Cosmic Dust and Bolides 13.4 Multimillion-Year Evolution of CO2 13.4.1 The GEOCARB Solution 13.4.2 First-Order Response of Global Ice Mass and Deep Ocean Temperature to Tectonic CO2 Variations 13.5 Possible Role of Salinity-Driven Instability of the Tectonic-Mean State 13.6 Snapshot Atmospheric and Surficial Equilibrium Responses to Prescribed y-Fields Using GCMs 14 THE LATE CENOZOIC ICE-AGE DEPARTURES: An Overview of Previous Ideas and Models 14.1 General Review: Forced vs. Free Models 14.1.1 Models in Which Earth-Orbital Forcing Is Necessary 14.1.2 Instability-Driven (Auto-oscillatory) Models 14.1.3 Hierarchical Classification in Terms of Increasing Physical Complexity 14.2 Forced Ice-Line Models (Box 1, Fig. 14-1) 14.3 Ice-Sheet Inertia Models 14.3.1 The Simplest Forms (Box 2) 14.3.2 More Physically Based Ice-Sheet Models: First Applications 14.3.3 Direct Bedrock Effects (Box 3) 14.3.4 Bedrock-Calving Effects (Box 4) 14.3.5 Basal Meltwater and Sliding (Box 5) 14.3.6 Ice Streams and Ice Shelf Effects 14.3.7 Continental Ice-Sheet Movement (Box 6) 14.3.8 Three-Dimensional (λ, φ, hI) Ice-Sheet Models 14.4 The Need for Enhancement of the Coupled Ice-Sheet/Atmospheric Climate Models 14.5 Ice-Sheet Variables Coupled with Additional Slow-Response Variables 14.5.1 Regolith Mass, mr (Box 7) 14.5.2 The Deep Ocean Te

Note: Chapter 1. New Developments in Deformation Studies: High-Strain Deformation by Stephen J. Mackwell and Mervyn S. Paterson, p. 1 - 20 Chapter 2. New Developments in Deformation Experiments at High Pressure by William B. Durham, Donald J. Weidner, Shun-ichiro Karato, and Yanbin Wang, p. 21 - 50 Chapter 3. Deformation of Granitic Rocks: Experimental Studies and Natural Examples by Jan Tullis, p. 51 - 96 Chapter 4. Laboratory Constraints on the Rheology of the Upper Mantle by Greg Hirth, p. 97 - 120 Chapter 5. Partial Melting and Deformation by David L. Kohlstedt, p. 121 - 136 Chapter 6. Dislocations and Slip Systems of Mantle Minerals by Patrick Cordier, p. 137 - 180 Chapter 7. Instability of Deformation by Harry W. Green II and Chris Marone, p. 181 - 200 Chapter 8. Brittle Failure of Ice by Erland M. Schulson, p. 201 - 525 Chapter 9. Seismic Wave Attenuation: Energy Dissipation in Viscoelastic Crystalline Solids by Reid F. Cooper, p. 253 - 290 Chapter 10. Texture and Anisotropy by Hans-Rudolf Wenk, p. 291 - 330 Chapter 11. Modeling Deformation of Polycrystalline Rocks by Paul R. Dawson, p. 331 - 352 Chapter 12. Seismic Anisotropy and Global Geodynamics by Jean-Paul Montagner and Laurent Guillot, p. 353 - 386 Chapter 13. Theoretical Analysis of Shear Localization in the Lithosphere by David Bercovici and Shun-ichiro Karato, p. 387 - 420

Note: Chapter 1. Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry of Beryllium: An Introduction and List of Beryllium Minerals by Edward S. Grew, p. 1 - 76 Chapter 2. Behavior of Beryllium During Solar System and Planetary Evolution: Evidence from Planetary Materials by Charles K. Shearer, p. 77 - 120 Chapter 3. Trace-Element Systematics of Beryllium in Terrestrial Materials by Jeffrey G. Ryan, p. 121 - 146 Chapter 4. Rates and Timing of Earth Surface Processes From In Situ-Produced Cosmogenic Be-10 by Paul R. Bierman, Marc W. Caffee, P. Thompson Davis, Kim Marsella, Milan Pavich, Patrick Colgan, and David Mickelson, p. 147 - 206 Chapter 5. Cosmogenic Be-10 and the Solid Earth: Studies in Geomagnetism, Subduction Zone Processes, and Active Tectonics by Julie D. Morris, John Gosse, Stefanie Brachfeld, and Fouad Tera, p. 207 - 270 Chapter 6. Environmental Chemistry of Beryllium-7 by James M. Kaste, Stephen A. Norton, and Charles T. Hess, p. 271 - 290 Chapter 7. Environmental Chemistry of Beryllium by J. Vesely, S. A. Norton, P. Skrivan, V. Majer, P. Kram, T. Navr·til, and J. M. Kaste, p. 291 - 318 Chapter 8. Beryllium Analyses by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry by Richard L. Hervig, p. 319 - 332 Chapter 9. The Crystal Chemistry of Beryllium by Frank C. Hawthorne and Danielle M. C. Huminicki, p. 333 - 404 Chapter 10. Mineralogy of Beryllium in Granitic Pegmatites by Petr Cerny, p. 405 - 444 Chapter 11. Beryllium in Silicic Magmas and the Origin of Beryl-Bearing Pegmatites by David London and Joseph M. Evensen, p. 445 - 486 Chapter 12. Beryllium in Metamorphic Environments (Emphasis on Aluminous Compositions) by Edward S. Grew, p. 487 - 550 Chapter 13. Be-Minerals: Synthesis, Stability, and Occurrence in Metamorphic Rocks by Gerhard Franz and Giulio Morteani, p. 551 - 590 Chapter 14. Non-pegmatitic Deposits of Beryllium: Mineralogy, Geology, Phase Equilibria and Origin by Mark D. Barton and Steven Young, p. 591 - 691