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  • Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory  (53)
  • English  (53)
  • Russian
  • 1985-1989  (53)
  • 1900-1904
  • 1
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    Resilient modulus of freeze-thaw affected granular soils for pavement design and evaluation; Part 2: Field validation tests at Winchendon, Massachusetts, test sections (1986)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-86/12
    In: CRREL Report, 86-12
    Description / Table of Contents: Stress-deformation data for six granular soils ranging from sandy silt to dense-graded crushed stone were obtained from in-situ tests and laboratory tests. Surface deflections were measured in the in-situ tests, with repeated-load plate-bearing and falling-weight deflectometer equipment, when the six granular soils were frozen, thawed, and at various stages of recovery from thaw weakening. The measured deflections were used to judge the validity of procedures developed for laboratory triaxial tests to determine nonlinear resilient moduli of specimens in the frozen, thawed, and recovering states. The validity of the nonlinear resilient moduli, expressed as functions of externally applied stress and moisture tension, was confirmed by using the expressions to calculate surface deflections that were found to compare well with deflections measured in the in-situ tests. The tests on specimens at various stages of recovery are especially significant because they show a strong dependence of the resilient modulus on moisture tension, leading to the conclusion that predictions or in-situ measurements of moisture tension can be used to evaluate expected seasonal variation in the resilient modulus of granular soils.
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    Pages: v, 70 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-12
    URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11681/9326
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sampling of test section Laboratory tests Asphalt concrete Natural subgrade material Test soils Field tests Analysis of field-loading tests Discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Field data Appendix 8: Ground temperatures prevailing during plate-loading tests Appendix C: Measured surface deflections compared with deflections calculated by NELAPAV Appendix D: Resilient moduli and supporting data calculated by NELAPAV
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  • 2
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    Resilient modulus of freeze-thaw affected granular soils for pavement design and evaluation; Part 4: Field validation tests at Albany County Airport (1986)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-86/13
    In: CRREL Report, 86-13
    Description / Table of Contents: Stress-deformation data for six granular soils ranging from sandy silt to dense-graded crushedstone were obtained from in-situ tests and laboratory tests. Surface deflections were measured in the in-situ tests, with repeated-load plate-bearing and falling-weight deflectometer equipment, when the six granular soils were frozen, thawed, and at various stages of recovery from thaw weakening. The measured deflections were used to judge the validity of procedures developed for laboratory triaxial tests to determine nonlinear resilient moduli of specimens in the frozen, thawed, and recovering states. The validity of the nonlinear resilient moduli, expressed as functions of externally applied stress and moisture tension, was confirmed by using the expressions tocalculate surface deflections that were found to compare well with deflections measured in the in-situ tests. The tests on specimens at various stages of recovery are especially significant because they show a strong dependence of the resilient modulus on moisture tension, leading to the conclusion that predictions or in-situ measurements of moisture tension can be used to evaluate expected seasonal variation in the resilient modulus of granular soils.
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    Pages: iv, 148 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-13
    URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11681/9463
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test sections Installing instruments and sampling Laboratory tests Asphalt concrete Base, subbase and subgrade soils Data analysis for base, subbase and subgrade soils Field tests Analysis of plate loading tests Analytical approach Results Discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Field data Appendix B: Ground temperatures, moisture tension, water table and freezing iso-therms prevailing during plate loading tests Appendix C: Measured surface deflections compared with deflections calculated by NELAPAV Appendix D: Resilient moduli and supporting data calculated by NELAPA V at radius 0.0, taxiways A and B.
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  • 3
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    Prototype drill for core sampling fine-grained perennially frozen ground (1985)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-85/1
    In: CRREL Report, 85-1
    Description / Table of Contents: An expensive drill has been modified to provide researchers with the ability to auger an open hole or to acquire continuous, undisturbed 76-mm-diam core samples of a variety of perennially frozen materials that are suitable for chemical and petrographic analysis. It was developed by field testing in support of research from 1980 to 1983. Operation of the drill is based mainly on using a minimum of power to cut through frozen ground with tungsten carbide cutters on a CRREL coring auger. The ice content, temperature and grain size of the frozen sediments are important variables determining the sampling depth. Perennially frozen sediments with temperatures in the range of -0.5 C to -8.5 C have been continuously cored with this drill. Drilling and sampling are most efficiently conducted when ambient air temperatures are below freezing and the active layer is frozen. The self-contained lightweight drill is readily transportable off-road by helicopter or tracked vehicle, or by towing over roads. It is locally self-mobile by use of a winch. Total cost of the drill and modifications is estimated at approximately $10,000.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 34 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-1
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA152388
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9352
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background on development Drill development and configuration Equipment Modifications Operations Assembly and disassembly Field transport and movement Typical operating procedures Effect of material properties, weather and water Depth and hole completion time Summary Literature cited
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  • 4
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    Effect of nonuniform size on internal stresses in a rapid, simple shear flow of granular materials : Part 2. Multiple grain sizes (1985)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-85/3
    In: CRREL Report, 85-3
    Description / Table of Contents: In the past all theoretical analyses for rapidly sheared granular flows assumed that the granular solids are either disks or spheres and are uniform in size. However, natural materials that create these granular flows are in general irregular in shape and have various spectra of sizes. The stress and rate of energy dissipation levels in granular flows are significantly influenced by the size distribution. In part 1 of this report series (AD-A154 045), the formulation of the constitutive equations considering a two-size granular mixture is presented, where the ratio of the two sizes is nearly one. In part 2, the constitutive equations for a two-size mixture are extended to include a general size ratio. In addition, a complete spectrum of size distribution is incorporated, which allows the quantification of the size distribution effect in the most general way. In analyzing the stresses, intergranular collision is assumed to be the major dynamic activity at the microscopic level. Because of the present limited knowledge of testing shape effects, the analysis is confined to the flow of either disks or spheres. The result of this work provides necessary information for a more realistic analysis of natural and industrial granular flow. Keywords: Granular flow, and Particle size distribution.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 29 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-3
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA154046
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9350
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Constitutive equations for a two-size mixture Limiting case of the two-size mixture Complete spectrum analysis for spheres and disks Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Derivation of collision frequency between neighboring spheres that follow the mean shear flow without fluctuations
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  • 5
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    Development of an airborne sea ice thickness measurement system and field test results (1989)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-89/19
    In: CRREL Report, 89-19
    Description / Table of Contents: Recent efforts to improve airborne electromagnetic induction- measurement technology and to downsize the related helicopter-towed antenna assembly from about 7.5 m long to about 3.5 m long for use in airborne measurement of sea ice thickness are discussed, as are the results from arctic field testing. Also outlined are the system noise and drift problems encountered during arctic field evaluation, problems that adversely affected the quality of the sounding data. The sea ice sounding results indicate that it should be possible to determine thickness to within 5% for ice floes with moderate relief but that, because of sounding footprint size and current model algorithm constraints, steepsided pressure ridge keels cannot be well defined. The findings also indicate that routine sea ice thickness profiling from an airborne platform is close at hand with further system improvement, as is the apparent capability to determine the conductivity of the sea ice, from which an assessment of sea ice strength can be made.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 54 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 89-19
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a224867.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9083
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Pre-field-deployment activities Software development System optimization Improvements of the calibration procedure Real-time processing Small bird design and implementation Other improvements Field activities Snow, ice and seawater data AEM surveys Calibration AEM data processing Post-survey results Processing problem Ground truth data Floe freeboard vs thickness analysis AEM sounding results Concluding remarks Literature cited Appendix A: Blowup of Figure 28
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  • 6
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    Definition of research needs to address airport pavement distress in cold regions (1989)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-89/10
    In: CRREL Report, 89-10
    Description / Table of Contents: In early fall 1984, a questionnaire was sent to over 325 general aviation airports in cold regions. The results from over 200 responses were compiled and evaluated and over 20 airport managers were contacted for additional details. Site visits were made to 36 airports to obtain additional information. The most common pavement problems identified in the study were associated with non-traffic-related phenomena and include 1) pre-existing cracks reflecting through asphalt concrete overlays (in two years less), 2) thermal cracking, and 3) longitudinal cracking (at a construction joint). Most of the airports experienced 1) water pumping up through cracks and joints in the pavements during spring thaw, or 2) additional roughness due to differential frost heave in the winter, or both problems. Many airport managers reported that debris was generated at cracks during the winter and spring. Many pavement problems can be traced to the evolutionary history of general aviation airports and the lack of consideration for site drainage. Based on the recognition of these problems, several future research programs are identified.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 147 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 89-10
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a212238.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9056
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Statement of the problem Purpose and scope Background - the physical environment and airport pavements Physical environment of study area Comparison of highway and general aviation airport pavements Types of pavements and surface treatments Pavement distress and condition rating Surveys of airport pavement distress Airport pavement performance problems in cold regions Cracking Distortion and pavement faulting Disintegration Inadequate skid resistance Improper maintenance Stripping Statement of research needs Basis for statement of research needs Performance of overlays Recycling/reconstructing airport pavements Drainage of airport pavement structures Eliminating/accommodating differential frost heave Evaluation of adequacy of design procedures Maintenance products and performance Control of transverse cracking Additives for asphalt concrete Performance documentation Wildlife conservation vs aircraft safety Literature cited Appendix A: Questionnaire and listing of airports contacted Appendix B: Summary listing of questionnaire responses Appendix C: Narrative summary of site visits
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  • 7
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    Atmospheric icing and broadcast antenna reflections (1988)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/11
    In: CRREL Report, 88-11
    Description / Table of Contents: This study assesses the effects of atmospheric icing on broadcast transmission reflections on two mountains- Mount Mansfield in northern Vermont and Mount Washington in New Hampshire. Experience and theory suggest that antenna ice accretions produce large signal reflections. Correlations between reflection coefficients and ice accretions on Rosemount ice detectors adjacent to antennas were low and occasionally negative. The unexpected correlations may be due to factors not measured, such as antenna tuning, ice type and ice location on the antenna system. Other confounding factors may include ice detector performance and methods used to compute antenna ice accretions from the ice detectors.
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    Pages: iii, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-11
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a200378.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9069
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Data sources Study location and icing conditions Icing data Antenna reflection data Data preparation Analyses Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 8
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    On the pressure drop through a uniform snow layer (1988)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/14
    In: CRREL Report, 88-14
    Description / Table of Contents: An experimental study covering a mass flow rate ranging from 1.62 to 67.45 g/cm2-s and snow density varying from 0.377 to 0.472 g/cm3 has been conducted. Pressure drops ranging from 0.012 to 2.868 gf/cm2 were recorded. A plot of the friction factor fp vs Rep (defined as the classical Reynolds number Re for fluid flow through conduits) showed a good representation of all the experimental data. The least-squares analysis resulted in an expression of f sub p = 118/Rep to the 1.095 power for snow, in comparison with the expression f sub p = 64/Rep developed for fluid flow through porous media of randomly packed metallic and nonmetallic materials of spherical and nonspherical shapes.
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    Pages: iv, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-14
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a201045.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9070
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental setup and procedure Experimental results Discussion and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 9
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    Comparison of soil freezing curve and soil water curve data for Windsor sandy loam (1988)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/16
    In: CRREL Report, 88-16
    Description / Table of Contents: Unfrozen water content as a function of temperature was measured in the laboratory using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for a Windsor sandy loam soil. The data were related to previously measured soil moisture retention data through the modified Clapeyron equation with suitable adjustment for surface tension. The results show the usefulness of extending the soil freezing curve to temperatures only slightly below freezing and the soil water curve to very great suction.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 42 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-16
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a202365.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9072
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Soil variable ø SWC and SFC similarity Mathematical representation of SWC and SFC data NMR measurement of unfrozen water content Characterization of SWC Discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Soil freezing curve data Appendix B: Error analysis Appendix C: Soil water curve data
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  • 10
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    Profile properties of undeformed first-year sea ice (1988)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/13
    In: CRREL Report, 88-13
    Description / Table of Contents: In many sea ice engineering problems the ice sheet has been assumed to be a homogeneous plate whose mechanical properties are estimated from the bulk salinity and average temperature of the ice sheet. Typically no regard has been given to the vertical variation of ice properties in the ice sheet or to the time of ice formation. This paper first reviews some of the mechanical properties of sea ice, including the ice tensile, flexural and shear strengths, as well as the ice modulus. Equations for these properties are given as functions of the ice brine volume, which can be determined from the ice salinity and temperature. Next a numerical, finite difference model is developed to predict the salinity and temperature profiles of a growing ice sheet. In this model ice temperatures are calculated by performing an energy balance of the heat fluxes at the ice surface. The conductive heat flux is used to calculate the rate of ice growth and ice thickness by applying the Stefan ice growth equation. Ice salinities are determined by considering the amount of initial salt entrapment at the ice/water interface and the subsequent brine drainage due to brine expulsion and gravity drainage. Ice salinity and temperature profiles are generated using climatological data for the Central Arctic basin. The predicted salinity and temperature profiles are combined with the mechanical property data to provide mechanical property profiles for first-year sea ice of different thicknesses, grown at different times of the winter. The predicted profiles give composite plate properties that are significantly different from bulk properties obtained by assuming homogeneous plates. In addition the failure strength profiles give maximum strength in the interior of the sheet as contrasted with the usual assumption of maximum strength at the cold, upper ice surface. Surprisingly the mechanical property profiles are only a function of the ice thickness, independent of the time of ice formation.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 63 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-13
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA213087
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9071
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Structure Composition Mechanical properties Strength Elastic constants The temperature-salinity model Temperature profiles Salinity profiles Composite plate properties Results Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Details of the equations for ice surface temperature and conductive heat flux Appendix B: Calculated profile and bulk properties of an ice sheet of varying thickness Appendix C: Calculated profile and bulk properties of 30- and 91-cm-thick ice sheets
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