ALBERT

Note: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1996

Note: СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ РЕДАКТОРА ВВЕДЕНИЕ / (Шепелев В.В., Клuмовский И.В.) ОСНОВОПОЛОЖНИКИ И ОРГАНИЗАТОРЫ МЕРЗЛОТОВЕДЕНИЯ В ЯКУТИИ / (Шепелев В.В.) М.И. СУМГИН - ОСНОВОПОЛОЖНИК МЕРЗЛОТОВЕДЕНИЯ П.И. МЕЛЬНИКОВ - ОСНОВАТЕЛЬ АКАДЕМИЧЕСКОГО МЕРЗЛОТОВЕДЕНИЯ В ЯКУТИИ СТАНОВЛЕНИЕ АКАДЕМИЧЕСКОГО МЕРЗЛОТОВЕДЕНИЯ В ЯКУТИИ ЯКУТСКАЯ НАУЧНО-ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКАЯ МЕРЗЛОТНАЯ СТАНЦИЯ / (Анисимова Н.П.) СЕВЕРО-ВОСТОЧНОЕ ОТДЕЛЕНИЕ ИНСТИТУТА МЕРЗЛОТОВЕДЕНИЯ ИМ. В.А.ОБРУЧЕВА АН СССР / (Гаврилова М.К.) РАЗВИТИЕ ГЕОКРИОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ В ИНСТИТУТЕ МЕРЗЛОТОВЕДЕНИЯ СО РАН ИТОГИ ПЕРВОГО ДЕСЯТИЛЕТИЯ (1961-1971) / (Климовский И.В.) ОСНОВНЫЕ РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ ИНСТИТУТА ЗА 1971-1980 ГГ. Общая характеристика / (Заболотник С.И.) Региональная геокриология, криолитология и гидрогеология / (Заболотник С.И.) Геотеплофизические и геохимические исследования / (Балобаев В. Т., Федосеева В.И.) Инженерная геокриология / (Кузьмин Г.П.) КРАТКИЙ АНАЛИЗ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ИНСТИТУТА ЗА 1981-1995 ГГ. / (Алексеева О.И.) ОЧЕРКИ ОБ УЧЕНЫХ / (Анисимова Н.П., Шепелев В.В., Климовский И.В., Некрасов И.А., Катасонова Е.Г., Куницкий В.В., Кожевников Н.Н.) КАЧУРИН СЕРГЕЙ ПЕТРОВИЧ (1898-1969) ЦЫТОВИЧ НИКОЛАЙ АЛЕКСАНДРОВИЧ (1900-1984) ШВЕЦОВ ПЕТР ФИЛИМОНОВИЧ (1910-1989) БАРЫГИН ВАСИЛИЙ МИХАЙЛОВИЧ (1911-1970) КАТАСОНОВ ЕВГЕНИЙ МАРКОВИЧ (1921-1988) ТЫРТИКОВ АЛЕКСЕЙ ПАВЛОВИЧ (1922-1989) ВОТЯКОВ ИННОКЕНТИЙ НИКОЛАЕВИЧ (1923-1974) ИВАНОВ НИКОЛАЙ СЕРГЕЕВИЧ (1923-1991) МОЛОЧУШКИН ЕГОР НИКИТИЧ (1923-1976) НЕКРАСОВ ИГОРЬ АЛЕКСАНДРОВИЧ (1926-1989) О КОЛЛЕГАХ, НАУКЕ И О СЕБЕ НА ПУТИ В МЕРЗЛОТОВЕДЕНИЕ / (Соловьев П.А.) ЗАНИМАЯСЬ НАУКОЙ, ОСТАВАЛСЯ ЛИРИКОМ / (Ефимов А.И.) Я РОДОМ ИЗ КРАЯ ВЕЧНОЙ МЕРЗЛОТЫ / (Лукин Г.О.) Я ВЫПОЛНИЛА СВОЙ ДОЛГ ПЕРЕД НАУКОЙ / (Вельмина Н.А.) ДУШОИ Я НА СЕВЕРЕ / (Григорьев Н.Ф.) МОЯ ЖИЗНЬ В НАУКЕ / (Анисимова Н.П.) ВКЛАД АЛДАНСКОЙ НИМС В ИЗУЧЕНИЕ МЕРЗЛОТНЫХ И ГИДРОГЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ УСЛОВИЙ АЛДАНО-ЧУЛЬМАНСКОГО ГОРНОПРОМЫШЛЕННОГО РАЙОНА / (Фотиев С.М) ГЕОТЕРМИЯ КРИОЛИТОЗОНЫ: ПРОШЛОЕ, НАСТОЯЩЕЕ, БУДУЩЕЕ / (Балобаев, В. Т.) МЕРЗЛОТОВЕДЫ НА ПОЛЮСЕ ХОЛОДА СЕВЕРНОГО ПОЛУШАРИЯ / (Граве Н.А.) МЕНЯ СЧИТАЛИ СКЕПТИКОМ / (Войтковский К.Ф.) ВСПОМИНАЯ ПРОШЛОЕ / (Кутасов И.М.) ВО СНЕ И НАЯВУ - МЕРЗЛОТА / (Константинова Г.С.) С ОПТИМИЗМОМ СМОТРЮ В БУДУЩЕЕ / (Каменский Р.М) НА РАЗНЫХ ШИРОТАХ, ПО РАЗНЫМ МЕРИДИАНАМ / (Клuмовский И.В.) КЛИМАТ И МЕРЗЛОТА / (Гаврилова М.К.) МОЙ ПУТЬ В НАУКУ / (Алексеев В.Р.) Я СВЯЗАЛ СВОЮ СУДЬБУ С НАУКОИ / (Мандаров А.А.) МОИ УЧИТЕЛЯ И НАСТАВНИКИ / (Константинов И.Л.) КАК Я СТАЛ МЕРЗЛОТОВЕДОМ / (Заболотник С.И.) ПОСТОЯННАЯ ПРИВЯЗАННОСТЬ К ПРИРОДЕ И СТРЕМЛЕНИЕ ПОЗНАТЬ ЕЕ (Иванов М.С.) О МОИХ КОЛЛЕГ АХ ПЕРВЫХ ЛЕ~ РАБОТЫ В ИНСТИТУТЕ / (Кузьмин Г.Л.) МНЕ ОЧЕНЬ ПОВЕЗЛО С РАБОТОИ (Пигузова В.М) · · · · · СПАСИБО МОИМ НАСТАВНИКАМ И УЧИТЕЛЯМ (Чжан Р.В.) В ЛЮБОЕ ВРЕМЯ ГОДА, ЛЮБУЮ ПОГОДУ (Пудов ГГ.) МОИ НАСТАВНИКИ (Куницкий В.В.) . . · · · · ДВА НАИБОЛЕЕ ПАМЯТНЫХ ГОДА (Шепелев В.В.) · · · · · · · · СТАЦИОНАРНЫЕ ТЕПЛОБАЛАНСОВЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ (Скрябин П.Н.) НАТВОРИЛ И НАДЕЮСЬ ЕЩЕ НАТВОРИТЬ (Шац ММ) · · · · · · С ВЕЧНОЙ МЕРЗЛОТОЙ_ С ТРЕХНЕДЕЛЬНS,ГО ВОЗРАСТА (Горбунов АЛ.) УСТОЙЧИВОЕ, ДЕЛОВОЕ ВРЕМЯ - СПОКОИНАЯ АТМОСФЕРА (Гот: ;:ЗЬ,мья о ;,ВЕЧНОСТИ" и ВЕЧНОЙ МЕРЗЛОТЕ. (Шиш~и~ ю:п.J ·. КР~~ОГРАФИРОВАНИЕ МЕРЗЛОТНЫХ ЛАН~ФТОВ ЯКУТИИ (Федоров А.Н.) ~ СТУДЕНЧЕСКОГО КРУЖКА ДО БОЛЬШОИ НАУКИ (Константинов П.Я.) · · ПРОФЕССИЯ, СТАВШАЯ ДЕЛОМ ЖИЗНИ (Шестернев ДМ) · · · · · · · В ДРУЖНОЙ СЕМЬЕ МЕРЗЛОТОВЕДОВ (Кожевников Н.Н.) · · · · · АНКЕТНЫЕ дАННЫЕ ОБ УЧЕНЫХ ИНСТИТУТ А (Алексеева О.И, Егорова МА) ОСНОВНЫЕ ПЕЧАТНЫЕ ТРУДЫ ИНСТИТУТА ЗА 1941-1996 ГГ. (Александрова О.П. Егорова МА., Ившина Э.П.) • · · · · · · · · · МОНОГРАФИИ · · · · ·~ · · · · . . . СБОРНИКИ НАУЧНЬIХ СТА ТЕИ . . · · · · РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ И МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ ПУТЕВОДИТЕЛИ, ПРОСПЕКТЫ, ОБЗОРЫ КАРТЫ ... · · · · · ~· СПИСОК ПРИНЯТЫХ СОКРАЩЕНИИ · , Translation of Table of Contents EDITOR'S FOREWORD INTRODUCTION / (Shepelev V.V., Klimovsky I.V.) FOUNDERS AND ORGANIZERS OF PERMAFROST STUDIES IN YAKUTIA / (Shepelev V.V.) M.I. SUMGIN - THE FOUNDER OF PERMAFROST STUDIES P.I. MELNIKOV - FOUNDER OF ACADEMIC PERMAFROST STUDIES IN YAKUTIA FORMATION OF ACADEMIC PERMAFROST STUDIES IN YAKUTIA YAKUT RESEARCH PERMAFROST STATION / (Anisimova N.P.) NORTHEASTERN DEPARTMENT OF THE INSTITUTE OF PERMAFROST STUDIES NAMED AFTER V.A.OBRUCHEVA USSR Academy of Sciences / (Gavrilova M.K.) DEVELOPMENT OF GEOCRYOLOGICAL RESEARCH AT THE INSTITUTE OF PERMAFROST STUDIES OF THE SB RAS RESULTS OF THE FIRST DECADE (1961-1971) / (Klimovsky I.V.) MAIN RESEARCH RESULTS OF THE INSTITUTE FOR 1971-1980. General characteristics / (Zabolotnik S.I.) Regional geocryology, cryolithology and hydrogeology / (Zabolotnik S.I.) Geothermalphysical and geochemical studies / (Balobaev V.T., Fedoseeva V.I.) Engineering geocryology / (Kuzmin G.P.) BRIEF ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITIES OF THE INSTITUTE FOR 1981-1995. / (Alekseeva O.I.) ESSAYS ABOUT SCIENTISTS / (Anisimova N.P., Shepelev V.V., Klimovsky I.V., Nekrasov I.A., Katasonova E.G., Kunitsky V.V., Kozhevnikov N.N.) KACHURIN SERGEY PETROVICH (1898-1969) TSYTOVICH NIKOLAY ALEXANDROVICH (1900-1984) SHVETSOV PETER FILIMONOVICH (1910-1989) BARYGIN VASILY MIKHAILOVICH (1911-1970) KATASONOV EVGENY MARKOVICH (1921-1988) TYRTIKOV ALEXEY PAVLOVICH (1922-1989) VOTYAKOV INNOKENTY NIKOLAEVICH (1923-1974) IVANOV NIKOLAY SERGEEVICH (1923-1991) MOLOCHUSHKIN EGOR NIKITICH (1923-1976) NEKRASOV IGOR ALEXANDROVICH (1926-1989) ABOUT COLLEAGUES, SCIENCE AND ABOUT YOURSELF ON THE WAY TO PERMAFROST STUDIES / (Soloviev P.A.) WHILE DOING SCIENCE, HE REMAINED A LYRICIST / (Efimov A.I.) I COME FROM THE EDGE OF PERMAFROST / (Lukin G.O.) I HAVE FULFILLED MY DUTY TO SCIENCE / (Velmina N.A.) , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Physical characteristics of the Antarctic. - 1.2 A brief history of Antarctic meteorology. - 1.3 The role of the Antarctic atmosphere in the global climate system. - 2 Observations and instrumentation. - 2.1 Observing in the Antarctic. - 2.2 Instruments for meteorological measurements. - 2.3 Automatic weather stations. - 2.4 Drifting buoys. - 2.5 Surface-based remote sensing. - 2.6 Satellites, space-based observing systems and ground stations. - 2.7 The station network and communications. - 2.8 Data sets and data centres. - 3 Physical climatology. - 3.1 Radiation. - 3.2 Temperature and humidity. - 3.3 Pressure, geopotential and wind. - 3.4 Clouds and precipitation. - 3.5 Sea ice and the Southern Ocean environment. - 4 The large-scale circulation of the Antarctic atmosphere. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 The heat budget. - 4.3 Atmospheric circulation and the vorticity budget. - 4.4 The water vapour budget. - 4.5 Representation of the Antarctic atmosphere in general circulation models. - 5 Synoptic-scale weather systems and fronts. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 The role of depressions. - 5.3 Depressions in the Antarctic and over the Southern Ocean. - 5.4 Climatology. - 5.5 Preparation of operational analyses and forecasts. - 5.6 Future research needs. - 6 Mesoscale systems and processes. - 6.1 Local wind systems. - 6.2 Internal gravity waves. - 6.3 The atmospheric boundary layer. - 6.4 Blowing snow. - 6.5 Mesocyclones. - 7 Climate variability and change. - 7.1 Variations in the historical climate record. - 7.2 Interactions with the tropical and mid-latitude circulation. - 7.3 Future climate predictions - Antarctica in a 'greenhouse' climate. - Appendix A: A chronological list of stations that have made multi-year meteorological observations in the Antarctic and on the sub-Antarctic islands. - Appendix B: A chronological list of automatic weather stations that have been deployed in the Antarctic and on the sub-Antarctic Islands. - References. - Index.

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgments. - Chapter 1 Data Acquisition and Recording. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Basic sampling requirements. - 1.2.1 Sampling interval. - 1.2.2 Sampling duration. - 1.2.3 Sampling accuracy. - 1.2.4 Burst sampling versus continuous sampling. - 1.2.5 Regularly versus irregularly sampled data. - 1.2.6 Independent realizations. - 1.3 Temperature. - 1.3.1 Mercury thermometers. - 1.3.2 The mechanical bathythermograph (MBT). - 1.3.3 Resistance thermometers (expendable bathythermograph: XBT). - 1.3.4 Salinity/conductivity-temperature-depth profilers. - 1.3.5 Dynamic response of temperature sensors 19 1.3.6 Response times of CTD systems. - 1.3.7 Temperature calibration of STD/CTD profilers. - 1.3.8 Sea surface temperature. - 1.3.9 The modern digital thermometer. - 1.3.10 Potential temperature and density. - 1.4 Salinity. - 1.4.1 Salinity and electrical conductivity. - 1.4.2 The practical salinity scale. - 1.4.3 Nonconductive methods. - 1.5 Depth or pressure. - 1.5.1 Hydrostatic pressure. - 1.5.2 Free-fall velocity. - 1.5.3 Echo sounding. - 1.5.4 Other depth sounding methods. - 1.6 Sea-level measurement. - 1.6.1 Tide and pressure gauges. - 1.6.2 Satellite altimetry. - 1.6.3 Inverted echo sounder (IES). - 1.6.4 Wave height and direction. - 1.7 Eulerian currents. - 1.7.1 Early current meter technology. - 1.7.2 Rotor-type current meters. - 1.7.3 Nonmechanical current meters. - 1.7.4 Profiling acoustic Doppler current meters (ADCM). - 1.7.5 Comparisons of current meters. - 1.7.6 Electromagnetic methods. - 1.7.7 Other methods of current measurement. - 1.7.8 Mooring logistics. - 1.7.9 Acoustic releases. - 1.8 Lagrangian current measurements. - 1.8.1 Drift cards and bottles. - 1.8.2 Modern drifters. - 1.8.3 Processing satellite-tracked drifter data. - 1.8.4 Drifter response. - 1.8.5 Other types of surface drifters. - 1.8.6 Subsurface floats. - 1.8.7 Surface displacements in satellite imagery. - 1.9 Wind. - 1.10 Precipitation. - 1.11 Chemical tracers. - 1.11.1 Conventional tracers. - 1.11.2 Light attenuation and scattering. - 1.11.3 Oxygen isotope: δ18O. - 1.11.4 Helium-3; helium/heat ratio. - 1.12 Transient chemical tracers. - 1.12.1 Tritium. - 1.12.2 Radiocarbon. - 1.12.3 Chlorofluorocarbons. - 1.12.4 Radon-222. - 1.12.5 Sulfur hexachloride. - 1.12.6 Strontium-90. - Chapter 2 Data Processing and Presentation. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Calibration. - 2.3 Interpolation. - 2.4 Data presentation. - 2.4.1 Introduction. - 2.4.2 Vertical profiles. - 2.4.3 Vertical sections. - 2.4.4 Horizontal maps. - 2.4.5 Map projections. - 2.4.6 Characteristic or property versus property diagrams. - 2.4.7 Time-series presentation. - 2.4.8 Histograms. - 2.4.9 New directions in graphical presentation. - Chapter 3 Statistical Methods and Error Handling. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Sample distributions. - 3.3 Probability. - 3.3.1 Cumulative probability functions. - 3.4 Moments and expected values. - 3.4.1 Unbiased estimators and moments. - 3.4.2 Moment generating functions. - 3.5 Common probability density functions. - 3.6 Central limit theorem. - 3.7 Estimation. - 3.8 Confidence intervals. - 3.8.1 Confidence interval for μ (σ known) 3.8.2 Confidence interval for μ (σ unknown) 3.8.3 Confidence interval for σ^2. - 3.8.4 Goodness-of-fit test. - 3.9 Selecting the sample size. - 3.10 Confidence intervals for altimeter bias estimates. - 3.11 Estimation methods. - 3.11.1 Minimum variance unbiased estimation. - 3.11.2 Method of moments. - 3.11.3 Maximum likelihood. - 3.12 Linear estimation (regression). - 3.12.1 Method of least squares. - 3.12.2 Standard error of the estimate. - 3.12.3 Multivariate regression. - 3.12.4 A computational example of matrix regression. - 3.12.5 Polynomial curve fitting with least squares. - 3.12.6 Relationship between least-squares and maximum likelihood. - 3.13 Relationship between regression and correlation. - 3.13.1 The effects of random errors on correlation. - 3.13.2 The maximum likelihood correlation estimator. - 3.13.3 Correlation and regression: cause and effect. - 3.14 Hypothesis testing. - 3.14.1 Significance levels and confidence intervals for correlation. - 3.14.2 Analysis of variance and the F-distribution. - 3.15 Effective degrees of freedom. - 3.1 5.1 Trend estimates and the integral time scale. - 3.16 Editing and despiking techniques: the nature of errors. - 3.16.1 Identifying and removing errors. - 3.16.2 Propagation of error. - 3.16.3 Dealing with numbers: the statistics of roundoff. - 3.16.4 Gauss-Markov theorem. - 3.17 Interpolation: filling the data gaps. - 3.17.1 Equally and unequally spaced data. - 3.17.2 Interpolation methods. - 3.17.3 Interpolating gappy records: practical examples. - 3.18 Covariance and the covariance matrix. - 3.18.1 Covariance and structure functions. - 3.18.2 A computational example. - 3.18.3 Multivariate distributions. - 3.19 Bootstrap and jackknife methods. - 3.19.1 Bootstrap method. - 3.19.2 Jackknife method. - Chapter 4 The Spatial Analyses of Data Fields. - 4.1 Traditional block and bulk averaging. - 4.2 Objective analysis. - 4.2.1 Objective mapping: examples. - 4.3 Empirical orthogonal functions. - 4.3.1 Principal axes of a single vector time series (scatter plot). - 4.3.2 EOF computation using the scatter matrix method. - 4.3.3 EOF computation using singular value decomposition. - 4.3.4 An example: deep currents near a mid-ocean ridge. - 4.3.S Interpretation of EOFs. - 4.3.6 Variations on conventional EOF analysis. - 4.4 Normal mode analysis. - 4.4.1 Vertical normal modes. - 4.4.2 An example: normal modes of semidiurnal frequency. - 4.4.3 Coastal-trapped waves (CTWs). - 4.5 Inverse methods. - 4.5.1 General inverse theory. - 4.5.2 Inverse theory and absolute currents. - 4.5.3 The IWEX internal wave problem. - 4.5.4 Summary of inverse methods. - Chapter 5 Time-series Analysis Methods. - 5.1 Basic concepts. - 5.2 Stochastic processes and stationarity. - 5.3 Correlation functions. - 5.4 Fourier analysis. - 5.4.1 Mathematical formulation. - 5.4.2 Discrete time series. - 5.4.3 A computational example. - 5.4.4 Fourier analysis for specified frequencies. - 5.4.5 The fast Fourier transform. - 5.5 Harmonic analysis. - 5.5.1 A least-squares method. - 5.5.2 A computational example. - 5.5.3 Harmonic analysis of tides. - 5.5.4 Choice of constituents. - 5.5.5 A computational example for tides. - 5.5.6 Complex demodulation. - 5.6 Spectral analysis. - 5.6.1 Spectra of deterministic and stochastic processes. - 5.6.2 Spectra of discrete series. - 5.6.3 Conventional spectral methods. - 5.6.4 Spectra of vector series. - 5.6.5 Effect of sampling on spectral estimates. - 5.6.6 Smoothing spectral estimates (windowing). - 5.6.7 Smoothing spectra in the frequency domain. - 5.6.8 Confidence intervals on spectra. - 5.6.9 Zero-padding and prewhitening. - 5.6.10 Spectral analysis of unevenly spaced time series. - 5.6.11 General spectral bandwidth and Q of the system. - 5.6.12 Summary of the standard spectral analysis approach. - 5.7 Spectral analysis (parametric methods). - 5.7.1 Some basic concepts. - 5.7.2 Autoregressive power spectral estimation. - 5.7.3 Maximum likelihood spectral estimation. - 5.8 Cross-spectral analysis. - 5.8.1 Cross-correlation functions. - 5.8.2 Cross-covariance method. - 5.8.3 Fourier transform method. - 5.8.4 Phase and cross-amplitude functions. - 5.8.S Coincident and quadrature spectra. - 5.8.6 Coherence spectrum (coherency). - 5.8.7 Frequency response of a linear system. - 5.8.8 Rotary cross-spectral analysis. - 5.9 Wavelet analysis. - 5.9.1 The wavelet transform. - 5.9.2 Wavelet algorithms. - 5.9.3 Oceanographic examples. - 5.9.4 The S-transformation. - 5.9.5 The multiple filter technique. - 5.10 Digital filters. - 5.10.1 Introduction. - 5.10.2 Basic concepts. - 5.10.3 Ideal filters. -

Note: Table of contents 1. Introduction: Perceptions of weather and climate 1.1 Meteorology and/or climatology? 1.2 Perceptions of reality: schools of thought 1.3 Inadequacies in schools of thought, and associated problems 1.4 The approach ofthis book Part I GENERAL CIRCULATION IN THE TROPOSPHERE 2. Radiation 2.1 Processes of radiation 2.2 The greenhouse effect 2.3 The shape and motions of the Earth 2.4 The geographical factor 2.5 Conclusion 3. Circulation in the lower layers of the troposphere 3.1 Circulation in high and mid-latitudes: MPHs Perception of circulation in high and mid-latitudes The existence of mobile anticyclones Mobile Polar Highs (MPHs) The polar thermal deficit The birth of MPHs MPH trajectories The MPH-associated wind field 3.2 Anticyclonic agglutinations (AAs) A look at the so-called "subtropical" high-pressure areas Meridional transport by MPHs and anticyclonic agglutination (AA) Oceanic and continental anticyclonic agglutinations 3.3 Tropical circulation A look at tropical circulation Pressure and wind fields over the tropics The trade wind Trade winds The monsoon Monsoons 4. General circulation 4.1 General circulation: evolution of ideas 4.2 Areas of circulation in the lower layers 4.3 General circulation in the troposphere The mean tropospheric picture Seasonal variation in circulation Aerological stratification 4.4 Zonal "Walker" circulation: myth or reality? 4.5 General circulation: conclusion Part II DYNAMICS OF THE WEATHER: PERTURBATIONS 5. Pluviogenesis 5.1 Precipitation potential 5.2 Origin of an updraft The thermal factor The dynamical factor 5.3 Structuralconditions 6. Dynamics of weather in polar and temperate regions: MPHs 6.1 Perception of the "perturbed field" in high and mid-latitudes 6.2 The MPH: pressure field and wind field 6.3 Weather associated with an MPH 6.4 MPHs and the ''polar front" 6.5 Interactions between MPHs 6.6 Dynamics of weather in North America 6.7 Dynamics of weather in France MPHs and relief Winter dynamics Summer dynamics 6.8 Dynamics of weather in temperate and polar regions: conclusion 7. MPHs at tropical margins 7.1 The temperate-tropical boundary 7.2 Mechanisms 7.3 North and Central America 7.4 South America 7.5 Nmthern Africa, Arabia and India 7.6 Southern Africa 7.7 Eastern Asia 7.8 Australia 7.9 Conclusion 8. Pulses in trades and monsoons 8 1 Trade winds and "easterly waves" 8.2 Vertical structure of the trades 8.3 Pulses in the trades Maritime trades The continental trade wind 8.4 Pulses in the monsoon 9. The meteorological equator 9.1 The meteorological equator: the evolution of a concept 9.2 The inclined meteorological equator (IME) 9.3 IME activity: squall line.s (SL) 9.4 The vertical meteorological equator (VME) 9.5 The meteorological equator over continents: IME and VME 10. Tropical cyclones 10.1 Cyclone structure and associated weather 10.2 Conditions for cyclogenesis 10.3 The geography of tropical cyclones Part III DYNAMICS OF CLIMATE: CLIMATIC EVOLUTION The global climatic system 11. Causes of climatic variations 11.1 Variations in solar activity The sunspot cycle Solar activity and climate 11.2 Orbital parameters of radiation Variation of the Earth-Sun distance, or eccentricity of the Earth's orbit Variation of the angle of inclination of the Earth's polar axis Variation of the direction of the polar axis, or precession of the equinoxes Orbital parameters and climatic evolution 11.3 Volcanism and climate Volcanic emissions and ejecta (silicates and sulphates) Optical radiative and thermal effects 11.4 The anthropic greenhouse effect The anthropic greenhouse effect: predictions from models Predictions and observations Recent climatic change does not conform to the "greenhouse effect"scenario Conclusion on the causes of climatic change 12. Palaeoclimatic variations and modes of general circulation 12.1 A Palaeoenvironments in Africa Present-day dynamics of climate in Africa The palaeoenvironment of Africa at the time of the LGM (18- 15 kyr BP) The palaeoenvironment of Africa at the time of the HCO (9-6 kyr BP) Palaeometeorological interpretation 12.2 Variations in insolation and in modes of general circulation Variations in insolation at high latitudes Rapid general circulation Slow general circulation Glaciation and deglaciation Palaeocirculations over Africa Circulation at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum Circulation at the time of the Holocene Climatic Optimum Conclusion 13. Recent climatic evolution Recent climatic evolution in France 13.1 Dynamics of the great Sahel drought Sahelian pluviogenesis Causes of the great drought The southward movement of pluviogenetic structures 13.2 Climatic evolution in the North Atlantic/Europe/Mediterranean space Recent regional climatic evolutions Dynamics of weather and climate in the North Atlantic space Conclusion Polar and Alpine glaciers 13. 3 Dynamics of the Pacific space - El Niño Aerological dynamics of the North Pacific space The "El Niño phenomenon" The components of El Niño in the eastern Pacific The origin of torrential rains in northern Peru The components of El Niño in the tropical Pacific The increasing frequency of the El Niño phenomenon 13.4 The expansion of the northern meteorological hemisphere Climatic consequences in the tropics Lack of rainfall at norhern tropical margins The inverse relationship between northern and southern tropical rainfall Greatly increased cyclonic activity south of the equator "Global warning"? Climatic perspectives 14. General conclusion Bibliography Index

Note: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1996

Note: Contents: Preface to the Second Edition. - Preface to the First Edition. - 1. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND. - History. - The Discovery of X-Rays. - The Discovery of X-Ray Diffraction. - History of Clay Mineralogy. - The Importance of Clay Mineralogy. - Box 1.1 Clay Minerals as Catalysts. - The Literature of Clay Mineralogy. - Summary. - References. - 2. NATURE AND PRODUCTION OF X-RAYS. - Box 2.1 Other Methods. - Safety and Protection. - Box 2.2 Defining a Dose of Radiation. - The Nature or X-Rays. - Continuous or White Radiation. - Characteristic Radiation. - General Absorption of X-Rays. - Characteristic Absorption. - Equipment for Producing and Recording X-Rays. - Stabilizing the Voltage. - Generating X-Rays. - The Diffractometer. - Step-Scanning with Automated Diffractometers. - The Single-Crystal Monochromator. - The Detector. - Signal Processing Circuitry. - The Strip-Chart Recorder. - An Example of a Checklist for Operating XRD Equipment. - Summary. - References. - 3. X-RAY DIFFRACTION. - Scattering. - Interference. - Scattering from a Row of Atoms. - Scattering from a Three-Dimensional Array of Atoms. - Bragg's Law. - Box 3.1 Diffraction and Reflection. - The Arithmetic of Scattering. - The Summation of Scattering Amplitudes. - The Structure Factor F. - Information from Intensity. - The Reciprocal Lattice. - Real versus Idealized Peaks on XRD Tracings. - The Interference Function F: Diffraction from a Crystal. - Whose Unit Cell Has a Unitary Scattering Factor. - The Lorentz-Polarization Factors. - Putting It All Together—Building an 001 Diffraction Pattern. - Exercise: Calculation of the Intensity from d(001) for Illite. - Points to Remember. - References. - 4. STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES: GENERAL TREATMENT. - General Structural Features. - Tetrahedral Sheets. - Octahedral Sheets. - Dioctahedral and Trioctahedral. - Joining the Sheets. - Stacking the Layers. - Properties. - Total Charge, Layer or Permanent Charge, and Variable Charge. - Electric Double Layer. - Exchangeable Ions or Cation-Exchange Capacity. - Interaction of Water with Clay Mineral Surfaces. - Interaction with Organic Compounds. - Classification. - Box 4.1 Nomenclature. - References. - 5. STRUCTURE, NOMENCLATURE, AND OCCURRENCES OF CLAY MINERALS. - The Individual Clay Minerals. - The 1:1 Layer Type. - Serpentine minerals. - Berthierine. - Odinite. - Kaolin minerals. - Box 5.1 Uses of Kaolinite. - Allophane and imogolite. - The 2:1 Layer Type, x = 0. - The 2:1 Layer Type, x ~ 1. - The trioctahedral subgroup. - The dioctahedral subgroup. - The 2:1 Layer Types with x 〈 1. - Illite. - Glauconite. - Smectite. - Box 5.2 Alteration of Ash-Fall Layers. - Vermiculite. - Chlorite. - Mixed-Layered Clay Minerals. - Mixed-layering, interlayering, and interstratification. - Illite/smectite (I/S). - Box 5.3 Reichweite or Ordering. - Models for smectite-to-illite transition. - MacEwan crystallite model. - Fundamental particle model. - Two-solid-solution model. - Chlorite/smectite (C/S). - Serpentine/chlorite. - Kaolinite/expandables (K/E). - Sepiolite and Palygorskite. - The Origin of Clay Minerals. - Summary. - Exercise: Calculating Structural Formulas. - Exercise: Making Structural Models of Layer Silicates. - References. - 6. SAMPLE PREPARATION TECHNIQUES FOR CLAY MINERALS. - Evaluating the Sample. - Disaggregating the Rock. - Separating Clay Minerals from Clastic Rocks. - Separating Clay Minerals from Carbonate Rocks. - Separating Clay Minerals from Sulfate Rocks. - Separating Clay Minerals from Unconsolidated Materials. - Box 6.1 Glacial Deposits, North American Interior. - Chemical Pretreatments. - Removal of Iron Oxides. - Removal of Organic Materials. - Saturating the Clay Minerals with Different Cations. - Particle-Size Separation. - Preparing the Oriented Clay Mineral Aggregates. - The Glass Slide Method. - The Smear Mount Method. - The Millipore® Filter Transfer Method. - The Centrifuged Porous Plate Method. - Dealing with Curlers or Peelers. - Making the Random Powder Mount. - Everyday random powder packs. - Freeze-dried random powder packs. - Ethylene Glycol Solvation. - Final Note. - References. - IDENTIFICATION OF CLAY MINERALS AND ASSOCIATED MINERALS. - Clay Mineral Identification—General Principles. - Illite and Glauconite. - Chlorite and Kaolinite. - Vermiculite. - Smectite. - Sepiolite, Palygorskite, and Halloysite. - 060 Reflections. - The Use of hkl Reflections for the Determination of Polytypes. - Chlorite Polytypes. - The Kaolin Polytypes. - The Micas, Illite, and Glauconite. - Nonclay Minerals. - Silica Minerals. - Feldspar. - Zeolites. - Carbonates. - Apatite, Pyrite, and Jarosite. - Gypsum, Anhydrite, Celestite, and Barite. - Lepidocrocite, Goethite, Gibbsite, and Anatase. - Summary. - References. - 8. IDENTIFICATION OF MIXED-LAYERED CLAY MINERALS. - Méring's Principles and Mixed-Layered Nomenclature. - The Q Rule, a Broadening Descriptor. - Mixed-Layered Clay Minerals. - Illite/Smectite. - Chlorite/Smectite and Chlorite/Vermiculite. - Kaolinite/Smectite. - Serpentine/Chlorite. - Mica/Vermiculite. - Summary. - References. - 9. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS. - Required Sample Characteristics. - Sample Length. - Sample Thickness. - Sample Position. - Homogeneity of the Sample. - Equations for Quantitative Analysis. - Basic Quantitative Diffraction Equation. - Derivation of a Working Form of the Equation for Analysis. - The Method of the Orienting Internal Standard. - Mineral Reference Intensities. - General Comments. - Calculated Mineral Reference Intensities. - Practical Examples of the Application of Reference. - Intensities. - Measurement of Peak Intensity. - Comments and Summary. - References. - 10. DISORDER IN SMECTITE, ILLITE/SMECTITE, AND ILLITE. - Small Crystals in Reciprocal Space. - Turbostratic Disorder. - Theory. - Smectite. - Illite/Smectite. - Rotational Disorder in Illite and Illite/Smectite. - Cis-Vacant Elite and Interstratified Cis- and Trans-Vacant. - Illite/Smectite. - Conclusions. - References. - APPENDIX: MODELING ONE-DIMENSIONAL X-RAY PATTERNS. - The Input Variables. - Simulating the Instrument. - Describing the Clay Mineral. - Theory. - Structures of the Component Layers. - Advanced Techniques. - Pure Minerals. - Compositional Superstructures. - Layer Types Not Specifically Included. - Atom Types Not Incorporated in the Model. - Defect Broadening. - References. - INDEX.

Note: Table of Contents: CHAPTER 1: THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPES: Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology. - Stable Isotopes: Standards and Measurement. - Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. - Radioisotopes. - Isotope Fractionation. - Isotope Fractionation (a), Enrichment (e), and Separation (D). - CHAPTER 2: TRACING THE HYDROLOGIGICAL CYCLE: Craig's Meteoric Relationship in Global Fresh Waters. - Partitioning of Isotopes Through the Hydrological Cycle. - Condensation, Precipitation, and the Meteoric Water Line. - A Closer Look at Rayleigh Distillation. - Effects of Extreme Evaporation. - CHAPTER 3: PRECIPITATION: The T - d18O Correlation in Precipitation. - Local Effects on T - d18O. - Ice Cores and Paleotemperature. - CHAPTER 4: GROUNDWATER: Recharge in Temperate Climates. - Recharge in Arid Regions. - Recharge from River-Connected Aquifers. - Hydrograph Separation in Catchment Studies. - Groundwater Mixing. - CHAPTER 5: TRACING THE CARBON CYCLE: Evolution of Carbon in Groundwaters. - Carbonate Geochemistry. - Carbon-13 in the Carbonate System. - Dissolved Organic Carbon. - Methane in Groundwaters. - Isotopic Composition of Carbonates. - CHAPTER 6: GROUNDWATER QUALITY: Sulphate, Sulphide and the Sulphur Cycle. - Nitrogen Cycles in Rural Watersheds. - The "Fuhrberger Feld" Study. - Source of Chloride Salinity. - Landfill Leachates. - Degredation of Chloro-organics and Hydrocarbon. - Sensitivity of Groundwater to Contamination. - Summary of Isotopes in Contaminant Hydrology. - CHAPTER 7: IDENTIYING AND DATING MODERN GROUNDWATERS: The "Age" of Groundwater. - Stable Isotopes. - Tritium in Precipitation. - Dating Groundwaters with Tritium. - Groundwater Dating with 3H -3He. - Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). - Thermonuclear 36Cl. - Detecting Modern Groundwaters with 85Kr . - Submodern Groundwater. - CHAPTER 8: AGE DATING OLD GROUNDWATERS: Stable Isotopes and Paleogroundwaters. - Groundwater Dating with Radiocarbon. - Correction for Carbonate Dissolution. - Some Additional Complications to 14C Dating. - 14C Dating with Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC). - Case Studies for 14C dating with DOC and DIC. - Chlorine-36 and Very Old Groundwater. - The Uranium Decay Series. - CHAPTER 9: WATER-ROCK INTERACTION: Mechanisms of Isotope Exchange. - High Temperature Systems. - Low Temperature Water-Rock Interaction. - Strontium Isotopes in Water and Rock. - Isotope Exchange in Gas-Water Reactions. - High pH Groundwaters-The Effect of Cement Reactions. - CHAPTER 10: FIELD METHODS FOR SAMPLING: Groundwater. - Water in the Unsaturated Zone. - Precipitation. - Gases. - Geochemistry. - References. - Subject Index. - Each chapter has Problems sections.

Note: Contents: Preface to first edition. - Preface to second edition. - Acknowledgements. - 1 Some basic ideas. - 1.1 Planetary atmospheres. - 1.2 Equilibrium temperatures. - 1.3 Hydrostatic equation. - 1.4 Adiabatic lapse rate. - 1.5 Sandström's theorem. - Problems. - 2 A radiative equilibrium model. - 2.1 Black-body radiation. - 2.2 Absorption and emission. - 2.3 Radiative equilibrium in a grey atmosphere. - 2.4 Radiative time constants. - 2.5 The greenhouse effect. - Problems. - 3 Thermodynamics. - 3.1 Entropy of dry air. - 3.2 Vertical motion of saturated air. - 3.3 The tephigram. - 3.4 Total potential energy of an air column. - 3.5 Available potential energy. - 3.6 Zonal and eddy energy. - Problems. - 4 More complex radiation transfer. - 4.1 Solar radiation: its modification by scattering. - 4.2 Absorption of solar radiation by ozone. - 4.3 Absorption by single lines. - 4.4 Transmission of an atmospheric path. - 4.5 The integral equation of transfer. - 4.6 Integration over frequency. - 4.7 Heating rate due to radiative processes. - 4.8 Cooling by carbon dioxide emission from upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere. - 4.9 Bandmodels. - 4.10 Continuum absorption. - 4.11 Global radiation budget. - Problems. - 5 The middle and upper atmospheres. - 5.1 Temperature structure. - 5.2 Diffusive separation. - 5.3 The escape of hydrogen. - 5.4 The energy balance of the thermosphere. - 5.5 Photochemical processes. - 5.6 Breakdown of thermodynamic equilibrium. - Problems. - 6 Clouds. - 6.1 Cloud formation. - 6.2 The growth of cloud particles. - 6.3 The radiative properties of clouds. - 6.4 Radiative transfer in clouds. - Problems. - 7 Dynamics. - 7.1 Total and partial derivatives. - 7.2 Equations of motion. - 7.3 The geostrophic approximation. - 7.4 Cyclostrophic motion. - 7.5 Surfaces of constant pressure. - 7.6 The thermal wind equation. - 7.7 The equation of continuity. - Problems. - 8 Atmospberic waves. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Sound waves. - 8.3 Gravity waves. - 8.4 Rossby waves. - 8.5 The vorticity equation. - 8.6 Three dimensional Rossby-type waves. - Problems. - 9 Turbulence. - 9.1 The Reynolds number. - 9.2 Reynolds stresses. - 9.3 Ekman's solution. - 9.4 The mixing-length hypothesis. - 9.5 Ekman pumping. - 9.6 The spectrum of atmospheric turbulence. - Problems. - 10 The general circulation. - 10.1 Labaratory experiments. - 10.2 A symmetric circulation. - 10.3 Inertial Instability. - 10.4 Barotropic instability. - 10.5 Baroclinic instability. - 10.6 Sloping convection. - 10.7 Energy transport. - 10.8 Transport of angular momentum. - 10.9 The general circulation of the middle atmosphere. - Problems. - 11 Numerical modelling. - 11.1 A barotropic model. - 11.2 Baroclinic models. - 11.3 Primitive equation models. - 11.4 Inclusion of orography. - 11.5 Convection. - 11.6 Moist processes. - 11.7 Radiation transfer. - 11.8 Inclusion of clouds. - 11.9 Sub grid scale processes. - 11.10 Transfer across the surface. - 11.11 Forecasting models. - 11.12 Other models. - Problems. - 12 Global observation. - 12.1 What Observations are required?. - 12.2 ConventionaJ observations. - 12.3 Remote sounding from satellites. - 12.4 Remote sounding of atmospheric temperature. - 12.5 Remote measurements of composition. - 12.6 Other remote sounding observations. - 12.7 Observations from remote platforms. - 12.8 Achieving global coverage. - Problems. - 13 Atmospheric predictability and climatic change. - 13.1 Short-term predictability. - 13.2 Variations of climate. - 13.3 Atmospheric feedback processes. - 13.4 Different kinds of predictability. - 13.5 Jupiter's Great Red Spot. - 13.6 The challenge of climate research. - Problems. - Appendices. - 1 Some useful physical constants and data on dry air. - 2 Properties of water vapour. - 3 Atmospheric composition. - 4 Relation of geopotential to geometric height. - 5 Model atmospheres (0-105 km). - 6 Mean reference atmosphere (110- 500 km). - 7 The Planck function. - 8 Solar radiation. - 9 Absorption of solar radiation by oxygen and ozone. - 10 Spectral band information. - Bibliography. - References to works cited in the text. - Answers to problems and hints to their solution. - Index.

Note: Contents List of contributors Preface Introduction Guidelines and codes of conduct for Arctic tourism: implementation and evaluation of an operator program / Margaret E. Johnston and David G. Twynam Drafting tourism codes for the Arctic / Peter Mason The importance of an overall visitor education program - experiences with tour operators in the Antarctic / Debra J. Enzenbacher Mechanisms for promoting and monitoring compliance with Arctic tourism guidelines / Debra J. Enzenbacher Polar ship-borne tourism: do guidelines and codes of conduct work? / Bernard Stonehouse The conservation perspective on Antarctic tourism / Cassandra Phillips Tourism regulation - cultural norms or legislation? Outdoor life and tourism regulation in Finnmark and on Svalbard / Arvid Viken Opportunities and problems associated with the development of Arctic tourism: a case study from Svalbard / Reidar Hindrum Mechanisms and organisational structures for implementing Arctic tourism guidelines / Tutta May Endresen Report on the IUCN and tourism-related activities in the Arctic / Jeanne Pagnan Planning for ecotourism in Kangerlussuaq - Søndre Strømfjord, Greenland / Jeppe Mordhorst Whale-watching guidelines: a special case / Cassandra Phillips Guidelines for whale-watching in Norway / Tiu Similä The frame conditions for ecologically acceptable tourism and its guidelines on Svalbard / Andreas Umbreit Appendices

Note: Preface Acknowledgements Part S Basic topics Chapter I Introduction: Why nonlinear methods? Chapter 2 Linear tools and general considerations 2.1 Stationarity and sampling 2.2 Testing for stationarity 2.3 Linear correlations and the power spectrum 2.3.1 Stationarity and the low-frequency component in the power spectrum 2.4 Linear filters 2.5 Linear predictions Chapter 3 Phase space methods 3.1 Determinism: Uniqueness in phase space 3.2 Delay reconstruction 3.3 Finding a good embedding 3.4 Visual inspection of data 3.5 Poincare surface of section Chapter 4 Determinism and predictability 4.1 Sources of predictability 4.2 Simple nonlinear prediction algorithm 4.3 Verification of successful prediction 4.4 Probing stationarity with nonlinear predictions 4.5 Simple nonlinear noise reduction Chapter 5 Instability: Lyapunov exponents 5.1 Sensitive dependence on initial conditions 5.2 Exponential divergence 5.3 Measuring the maximal exponent from data Chapter 6 Self-similarity: Dimensions 6.1 Attractor geometry and fractals 6.2 Correlation dimension 6.3 Correlation sum from a time series 6.4 Interpretation and pitfalls 6.5 Temporal correlations, nonstationarity, and space time separation plots 6.6 Practical considerations 6.7 A useful application: Determination of the noise level Chapter 7 Using nonlinear methods when determinism is weak 7.1 Testing for nonlinearity with surrogate data 7.1.1 The null hypothesis 7.1.2 How to make surrogate data sets 7.1.3 Which statistics to use 7.1.4 What can go wrong 7.1.5 What we have learned 7.2 Nonlinear statistics for system discrimination 7.3 Extracting qualitative information from a time series Chapters Selected nonlinear phenomena 8.1 Coexistence of attractors 8.2 Transients 8.3 Intermittency 8.4 Structural stability 8.5 Bifurcations 8.6 Quasi-periodicity Part 2 Advanced topics Chapter 9 Advanced embedding methods 9.1 Embedding theorems 9.1.1 Whitney's embedding theorem 9.1.2 Takens's delay embedding theorem 9.2 The time lag 9.3 Filtered delay embeddings 9.3.1 Derivative coordinates 9.3.2 Principal component analysis 9.4 Fluctuating time intervals 9.5 Multichannel measurements 9.5.1 Equivalent variables at different positions 9.5.2 Variables with different physical meanings 9.5.3 Distributed systems 9.6 Embedding of interspike intervals Chapter 10 Chaotic data and noise 10.1 Measurement noise and dynamical noise 10.2 Effects of noise 10.3 Nonlinear noise reduction 10.3.1 Noise reduction by gradient descent 10.3.2 Local projective noise reduction 10.3.3 Implementation of locally projective noise reduction 10.3.4 How much noise is taken out? 10.3.5 Consistency tests 10.4 An application: Foetal ECG extraction Chapter ! 1 More about invariant quantities 11.1 Ergodicity and strange attractors 11.2 Lyapunov exponents II 11.2.1 The spectrum of Lyapunov exponents and invariant manifolds 11.2.2 Flows versus maps 11.2.3 Tangent space method 11.2.4 Spurious exponents 11.2.5 Almost two-dimensional flows 11.3 Dimensions II 11.3.1 Generalised dimensions, multifractals 11.3.2 Information dimension from a time series 11.4 Entropies 11.4.1 Chaos and the flow of information 11.4.2 Entropies of a static distribution 11.4.3 The Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy 11.4.4 Entropies from time series data 11.5 How things are related 11.5.1 Pesin's identity 11.5.2 Kaplan-Yorke conjecture Chapter 12 Modelling and forecasting 12.1 Stochastic models 12.1.1 Linear filter 12.1.2 Nonlinear filters 12.1.3 Markov models 12.2 Deterministic dynamics 12.3 Local methods in phase space 12.3.1 Almost model free methods 12.3.2 Local linear fits 12.4 Global nonlinear models 12.4.1 Polynomials 12.4.2 Radial basis functions 12.4.3 Afeura/ networks 12.4.4 Wfcat to do in practice 12.5 Improved cost functions 12.5.1 Overfitting and model costs 12.5.2 The errors-in-variables problem 12.6 Model verification Chapter 13 Chaos control 13.1 Unstable periodic orbits and their invariant manifolds 13.1.1 Locating periodic orbits 13.1.2 Stable/unstable manifolds from data 13.2 OGY-control and derivates 13.3 Variants of OGY-control 13.4 Delayed feedback 13.5 Chaos suppression without feedback 13.6 Tracking 13.7 Related aspects Chapter 14 Other selected topics 14.1 High dimensional chaos 14.1.1 Analysis of higher dimensional signals 14.1.2 Spatially extended systems 14.2 Analysis of spatiotemporal patterns 14.3 Multiscale or self-similar signals, wavelets 14.3.1 Dynamical origin of multiscale signals 14.3.2 Scaling laws 14.3.3 Wavelet analysis Appendix A Efficient neighbour searching Appendix B Program listings Appendix C Description of the experimental data sets References Index

Note: Zugl.: Braunschweig, Univ., Diss., 1996

Note: CONTENTS: Preface page. - Conventions and Notation. - Chapter 1. The Physical Properties of Fluids. - 1.1 Solids, liquids and gases. - 1.2 The continuum hypothesis. - 1.3 Volume forces and surface forces acting on a fluid. - Representation of surface forces by the stress tensor. - The stress tensor in a fluid at rest. - 1.4 Mechanical equilibrium of a fluid. - A body 'floating' in fluid at rest. - Fluid at rest under gravity. - 1.5 Classical thermodynamics. - 1.6 Transport phenomena. - The linear relation between flux and the gradient of a scalar intensity. - The equations for diffusion and heat conduction in isotropic media at rest, Molecular transport of momentum in a fluid. - 1.7 The distinctive properties of gases. - A perfect gas in equilibrium. - Departures from the perfect-gas laws. - Transport coefficients in a perfect gas. - Other manifestations of departure from equilibrium of a perfect gas. - 1.8 The distinctive properties of liquids. - Equilibrium properties. - Transport coefficients. - 1.9 Conditions at a boundary between two media. - Surface tension. - Equilibrium shape of a boundary between two stationary fluids. - Transition relations at a material boundary. - Chapter 2. Kinematics of the Flow Field. - 2.1 Specification of the flow field. - Differentiation following the motion of the fluid. - 2.2 Conservation of mass. - Use of a stream function to satisfy the mass-conservation equation. - 2.3 Analysis of the relative motion near a point. - Simple shearing motion. - 2.4 Expression for the velocity distribution with specified rate of expansion and vorticity. - 2.5 Singularities in the rate of expansion. Sources and sinks. - 2.6 The vorticity distribution. - Line vortices. - Sheet vortices. - 2.7 Velocity distributions with zero rate of expansion and zero vorticity. - Conditions for Δϕ to be determined uniquely. - lrrotational solenoidal flow near a stagnation point. - The complex potential for irrotational solenoidal flow in two dimensions. - 2.8 Irrotational solenoidal flow in doubly-connected regions of space. - Conditions for Δϕ to be determined uniquely. - 2.9 Three-dimensional flow fields extending to infinity. - Asymptotic expressions for ue and uv. - The behaviour of ϕ at large distances. - Conditions for Δϕ to be determined uniquely. - The expression of ϕ as a power series. - Irrotational solenoidal flow due to a rigid body in translational motion. - 2.10 Two-dimensional flow fields extending to infinity. - lrrotational solenoidal flow due to a rigid body in translational motion. - Chapter 3. Equations Governing the Motion of a Fluid. - 3.1 Material integrals in a moving fluid. - Rates of change of material integrals. - Conservation laws for a fluid in motion. - 3.2 The equation of motion. - Use of the momentum equation in integral form. - Equation of motion relative to moving axes. - 3.3 The expression for the stress tensor. - Mechanical definition of pressure in a moving fluid. - The relation between deviatoric stress and rate-of-strain for a Newtonian fluid. - The Navier-Stokes equation. - Conditions on the velocity and stress at a material boundary. - 3.4 Changes in the internal energy of a fluid in motion. - 3.5 Bernoulli's theorem for steady flow of a frictionless non-conducting fluid. - Special forms of Bemoulli's theorem. - Constancy of H across a transition region in one-dimensional steady flow. - 3.6 The complete set of equations governing fluid flow. - Isentropic flow. - Conditions for the velocity distribution to be approximately solenoidal. - 3.7 Concluding remarks to chapters 1, 2 and 3. - Chapter 4. Flow of a Uniform Incompressible Viscous Fluid. - 4.1 Introduction. - Modification of the pressure to allow for the effect of the body force. - 4.2 Steady unidirectional flow. - Poiseuille flow. - Tubes of non-circular cross-section. - Two-dimensional flow. - A model of a paint-brush. - A remark on stability. - 4.3 Unsteady unidirectional flow. - The smoothing-out of a discontinuity in velocity at a plane. - Plane boundary moved suddenly in a fluid at rest. - One rigid boundary moved suddenly and one held stationary. - Flow due to an oscillating plane boundary. - Starting flow in a pipe. - 4.4 The Ekman layer at a boundary in a rotating fluid. - The layer at a free surface. - The layer at a rigid plane boundary. - 4.5 Flow with circular streamlines. - 4.6 The steady jet from a point source of momentum. - 4.7 Dynamical similarity and the Reynolds number. - Other dimensionless parameters having dynamical significance. - 4.8 Flow fields in which inertia forces are negligible. - Flow in slowly-varying channels. - Lubrication theory. - The Hele-Shaw cell. - Percolation through porous media. - Two-dimensional flow in a corner. - Uniqueness and minimum dissipation theorems. - 4.9 Flow due to a moving body at small Reynolds number. - A rigid sphere. - A spherical drop of a different fluid. - A body of arbitrary shape. - 4.10 Oseen's improvement of the equation for flow due to moving bodies at small Reynolds number. - A rigid sphere. - A rigid circular cylinder. - 4.11 The viscosity of a dilute suspension of small particles. - The flow due to a sphere embedded in a pure straining motion. - The increased rate of dissipation in an incompressible suspension. - The effective expansion viscosity of a liquid containing gas bubbles. - 4.12 Changes in the flow due to moving bodies as R increases from 1 to about 100. - Chapter 5. Flow at Large Reynolds Number: Effects of Viscosity. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Vorticity dynamics. - The intensification of vorticity by extension of vortex-lines. - 5.3 Kelvin's circulation theorem and vorticity laws for an inviscid fluid. - The persistence of irrotationality. - 5.4 The source of vorticity in motions generated from rest. - 5.5 Steady flows in which vorticity generated at a solid surface is prevented by convection from diffusing far away from it. - (a) Flow along plane and circular walls with suction through the wall. - (b) Flow toward a 'stagnation point' at a rigid boundary. - (c) Centrifugal flow due to a rotating disk. - 5.6 Steady two-dimensional flow in a converging or diverging channel. - Purely convergent flow. - Purely divergent flow. - Solutions showing both outflow and inflow. - 5.7 Boundary layers. - 5.8 The boundary layer on a flat plate. - 5.9 The effects of acceleration and deceleration of the external stream. - The similarity solution for an external stream velocity proportional to x^m. - Calculation of the steady boundary layer on a body moving through fluid. - Growth of the boundary layer in initially irrotational flow. - 5.10 Separation of the boundary layer. - 5.11 The flow due to bodies moving steadily through fluid. - Flow without separation. - Flow with separation. - 5.12 Jets, free shear layers and wakes. - Narrow jets. - Free shear layers. - Wakes. - 5.13 Oscillatory boundary layers. - The damping force on an oscillating body. - Steady streaming due to an oscillatory boundary layer. - Applications of the theory of steady streaming. - 5.14 Flow systems with a free surface page. - The boundary layer at a free surface. - The drag on a spherical gas bubble rising steadily through liquid. - The attenuation of gravity waves. - 5.15 Examples of use of the momentum theorem. - The force on a regular array of bodies in a stream. - The effect of a sudden enlargement of a pipe. - Chapter 6. Irrotational Flow Theory and its Applications. - 6.1 The role of the theory of flow of an inviscid fluid. - 6.2 General properties of irrotational flow. - Integration of the equation of motion. - Expressions for the kinetic energy in terms of surface integrals. - Kelvin's minimum energy theorem. - Positions of a maximum of q and a minimum of p. - Local variation of the velocity magnitude. - 6.3 Steady flow : some applications of Bernoulli's theorem and the momentum theorem. - Efflux from a circular orifice in an open vessel. - Flow over a weir. - Jet of liquid impinging on a plane wall. - lrro

Note: Contents: Preface. - Water masses and mixing near the Antarctic slope front. - Observations and modelling of Antarctic downslope flows : a review. - On the interaction of the Katabatic-Land-Sea Wind system of Antarctica with the high latitude Southern Ocean. - Thermohaline variability of the waters overlying the West Antarctica Peninsula Continental Shelf. - Oceanic erosion of a floating Antarctic Glacier in the Amundsen Sea. - Winter atmospheric forcing of the Ross Sea Polynya. - Interannual ocean and sea ice variability in the Ross Sea. - On the Origin and influence of Adélie Land bottom water. - Ocean-Ice shelf interaction and possible bottom water formation in Prydz Bay, Antarctica. - Acoustical techniques in Antarctic Oceanography. - Transport and water masses of the Antarctic slope front system in the Eastern Weddell Sea. - Western Weddell Sea thermohaline stratification. - Transient tracer observations from the western Weddell Sea during the drift and recovery of ice station Weddell. - Interactions between floating ice platelets and ocean water in the Southern Weddell Sea. - Impact of grounded icegergs on the hydrographic conditions near the Filchner Ice shelf. - Physical controls on ocean circulation beneath ice shelves revealed by numerical models. - Ocean circulation beneath the Western Ronne Ice Shelf, as derived from in situ measurements of water currents and properties. - Marine ice beneath Filchner Ice Shelf : evidence from a multi-disciplinary approach. - Tides in the Weddell Sea. - The new bathymetric charts of the Weddell Sea : AWI BCWS

Note: CONTENTS: The Antarctic Research Series / Board of Associate Editors. - Preface / John C. Priscu. - Section 1: Physical and Hydrological Environment. - The Composite Glacial Erosional Landscape of the Northern McMurdo Dry Valleys: Implications for Antarctic Tertiary Glacial History / Michael L. Prentice, Johan Kleman, and Arjen P. Stroeven. - Solar Radiation in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica / Gayle L. Dana, Robert A. Wharton Jr., and Ralph Dubayah. - Glaciers of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / Andrew G. Fountain, Gayle L. Dana, Karen J. Lewis, Bruce H. Vaughn, and Diane M. McKnight. - Geochemical Linkages Among Glaciers, Streams, and Lakes Within the Taylor Valley, Antarctica / W. Berry Lyons, Kathy A. Welch, Klaus Neumann, Jeffrey K. Toxey, Robyn McArthur, Changela Williams, Diane M. McKnight, and Daryl Moorhead. - Section 2: Stream Environment. - Hydrologic Processes Influencing Streamflow Variation in Fryxell Basin, Antarctica / Peter A. Conovitz, Diane M. McKnight, Lee H. MacDonald, Andrew G. Fountain, and Harold R. House. - Longitudinal Patterns in Algal Abundance and Species Distribution in Meltwater Streams in Taylor Valley, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / Diane M. McKnight, Alex Alger, Cathy M. Tate, Gordon Shupe, and Sarah Spaulding. - Primary Production Processes in Streams of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica / Ian Howes and Clive Howard-Williams. - Modeling Nitrogen Transformations in Dry Valley Streams, Antarctica / Daryl L. Moorhead, Diane M. McKnight, and Cathy M. Tate. - Section 3: Lake Environment. - Physical Limnology of the McMurdo Dry Valley Lakes / Robert H. Spigel and John C. Priscu. - Optical Properties of the McMurdo Dry Valley Lakes, Antarctica / Clive Howard-Williams, Anne-Maree Schwarz, Ian Hawes, and John C. Priscu. - Cobalt Cycling and Fate in Lake Vanda / William J. Green, Donald E. Canfield, and Philip Nixon. - The Abundance of Ammonium-Oxidizing Bacteria in Lake Bonney, Antarctica, Determined by Immunofluorescence, PCR, and in Situ Hybridization / Mary A. Voytek, Bess B. Ward, and John C. Priscu. - Pigment Analysis of the Distribution, Succession, and Fate of Phytoplankton in the McMurdo Dry Valley Lakes of Antarctica / Michael P. Lizotte and John C. Priscu. - Fluorescence Quenching in Phytoplankton of the McMurdo Dry Valley Lakes (Antarctica): Implications for the Structure and Function of the Photosynthetic Apparatus / Patrick J. Neale and John C. Priscu. - Protozooplankton and Microzooplankton Ecology in Lakes of the Dry Valleys, Southern Victoria Land / Mark R. James, Julie A. Hall, and Johanna Laybourn-Parry. - Permanent Ice Covers of the McMurdo Dry Valleys Lakes, Antarctica: Liquid Water Contents / Christian H. Fritsen, Edward E. Adams, Christopher P. McKay, and John C. Priscu. - Permanent Ice Covers of the McMurdo Dry Valley Lakes, Antarctica: Bubble Formation and Metamorphism / Edward E. Adams, John C. Priscu, Christian H. Fritsen, Scott R. Smith, and Steven L. Brackman. - Section 4: Soil Environment. - The Soil Environment of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica / Iain B.Campbell, Graeme G. C. Claridge, David I. Campbell, and Megan R. Balks. - Soil Biodiversity and Community Structure in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica / Diana Wall Freckman and Ross A. Virginia. - Section 5: Summary. - Science and Environmental Management in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / Colin M. Harris. - The McMurdo Dry Valley Ecosystem: Organization, Controls, and Linkages / Daryl L. Moorhead and John C. Priscu. - Section 6: CDROM. - Digital Geospatial Datasets Pertaining to the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica: The SOLA/AGU CDROM / Jordan Towner Hasting.