ALBERT

Note: N.F. entfällt ab 57.2000. - Volltext auch als Teil einer Datenbank verfügbar , Ersch. ab 2000 in engl. Sprache mit dt. Hauptsacht.

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgements Crustal development: the craton Uplift history of the East Antarctic shield: constraints imposed by high-pressure experimental studies of Proterozoic mafic dykes / S.M. KUEHNER & D.H. GREEN The crustal evolution of some East Antarctic granulites / S.L. HARLEY Structural evolution of the Bunger Hills area of East Antarctica / P. DING & P.R. JAMES Structural geology of the early Precambrian gneisses of northern Fold Island, Mawson Coast, East Antarctica / P.R. JAMES, P. DING & L. RANKIN The intrusive Mawson charnockites: evidence for a compressional plate margin selling of the Proterozoic mobile belt of East Antarctica / D.N. YOUNG & D.J. ELLIS A review of the field relations, petrology and geochemistry of the Borgmassivet intrusions in the Grunehogna province, western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica / J.R. KRYNAUW, B.R. WATTERS, D.R. HUNTER & A.H. WILSON Volcanic rocks of the Proterozoic Jutulstraumen Group in western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica / B.R. WATTERS, J.R. KRYNAUW & D.R. HUNTER The timing and nature of faulting and jointing adjacent to the Pencksokket, western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica / G.H. GRANTHAM & D.R. HUNTER The tectonic and metamorphic evolution of H.U. Sverdrupfjella, western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica / A.R. ALLEN Granulites of northern H.U. Sverdrupfjella, western Dronning Maud Land: metamorphic history from garnet-pyroxene assemblages, coronas and hydration reactions / P.B. GROENEWALD & D.R. HUNTER A structural survey of Precambrian rocks, Heimefrontfjella, western Neuschwabenland, with special reference to the basic dykes / W. FIELITZ & G. SPAETH Reflection seismic measurements in western Neuschwabenland / A. HUNGELJNG & F. THYSSEN Geology and metamorphism of the Sør Rondane Mountains, East Antarctica / K. SHIRAISHI, M. ASAMI, H. ISHIZUKA, H. KOJIMA. S. KOJIMA, Y. OSANAI, T. SAKIYAMA, Y. TAKAHASHI, M. YAMAZAKI & S. YOSHIKURA Late Proterozoic paired metamorphic complexes in East Antarctica, with special reference to the tectonic significance of ultramafic rocks / Y. HIROI, K. SHIRAISHI & Y. MOTOYOSHI Petrographic and structural characteristics of a part of the East Antarctic craton, Queen Maud Land, Antarctica / M.K. KAUL, R.K. SINGH, D. SRIVASTAVA, S. JAYARAM & S. MUKERJI Structural and petrological evolution of basement rocks in the Schirmacher Hills, Queen Maud Land, East Antarctica (Extended abstract) / S. SENGUPTA Metamorphic evolution of granulites from the Rauer Group, East Antarctica: evidence for decompression following Proterozoic collision / S.L. HARLEY Fault tectonics and magmatic ages in the Jelly Oasis area, Mac. Robertson Land: a contribution to the Lambert Rift development / J. HOFMANN Major fracture trends near the western margin of East Antarctica / P.D. MARSH Mesozoic magmatism in Greater Antarctica: implications for Precambrian plate tectonics / T.S. BREWER & P.D. CLARKSON Crustal development: the Transantarctic Mountains Sedimentary palaeoenvironments of_the Riphaean Turnpike Bluff Group, Shackleton Range / H.-J. PAECH, K. HAHNE & P. VOGLER Precambrian ancestry of the Asgard Formation (Skelton Group): Rb-Sr age of basement metamorphic rocks in the Dry Valley region, Antarctica / C.J. ADAMS & P.F. WHITLA The Priestley Formation, Terra Nova Bay, and its regional significance / D.N.B. SKINNER The myth of the Nimrod and Beardmore orogenies / E. STUMP, R.J. KORSCH & D.G. EDGERTON Age of the metamorphic basement of the Salamander and Lanterman ranges, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / C.J. ADAMS & A. HOHNDORF Recovery and recrystallization of quartz and 'crystallinity' of illite in the Bowers and Robertson Bay terranes, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / W. BUGGISCH & G. KLEINSCHMIDT The boundary of the East Antarctic craton on the Pacific margin / N.W. ROLAND Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica: hybrid geological, aeromagnetic and Landsat-physiographic maps / B.K. LUCCHITTA, J.A. BOWELL, F. TESSENSOHN & J.C. BEHRENDT Setting and significance of the Shackleton Limestone, central Transantarctic Mountains / A.J. ROWELL & M.N. REES Lower-mid-Palaeozoic sedimentation and tectonic patterns on the palaeo-Pacific margin of Antarctica / M.G. LAIRD The pre-Devonian Palaeozoic elastics of the central Transantarctic Mountains: stratigraphy and depositional settings / M.N. REES & A.J. ROWELL The Devonian Pacific margin of Antarctica / M.A. BRADSHAW The palaeo-Pacific margin as seen from East Antarctica / J.W. COLLINSON Permo-Carboniferous glacial sedimentation in the central Transantarctic Mountains and its palaeotectonic implications (Extended abstract) / J.M.G. MILLER & B.J. WAUGH Clay mineralogy and provenance of fine-grained Permian elastics, central Transantarctic Mountains / L.A. KRISSEK & T.C. HORNER Evidence for a low-gradient alluvial fan from the palaeo-Pacific margin in the Upper Permian Buckley Formation, Beardmore Glacier area, Antarctica / J.L. ISBELL Provenance and tectonic implications of sandstones within the Permian Mackellar Formation, Beacon Supergroup of East Antarctica / R.S. FRISCH & M.F. MILLER Crustal development: Weddell Sea-Ross Sea region Evolution of the Gondwana plate boundary in the Weddell Sea area / Y. KRISTOFFERSEN & K. HINZ Petrology and palynology of Weddell Sea glacial sediments: implications for subglacial geology / J.B. ANDERSON, B.A. ANDREWS, L.R. BARTEK & E.M. TRUSWELL A multichannel seismic profile across the Weddell Sea margin of the Antarctic Peninsula: regional tectonic implications / P.F. BARKER & M.J. LONSDALE Verification of crustal sources for satellite elevation magnetic anomalies in West Antarctica and the Weddell Sea and their regional tectonic implications / M.E. GHIDELLA, C.A. RAYMOND & J.L. LABRECQUE Aeromagnetic studies of crustal blocks and basins in West Antarctica: a review / S.W. GARRETT Palaeomagnetic studies of Palaeozoic rocks from the Ellsworth Mountains, West Antarctica / M. FUNAKI. M. YOSHIDA & H. MATSUEDA Seismic reflection profiling of a sediment-filled graben beneath ice stream B, West Antarctica / S.T. ROONEY. D.D. BLANKENSHIP, R.B. ALLEY & C.R. BENTLEY The aeromagnetic survey of northern Victoria Land and the western Ross Sea during GANOVEX IV and a geophysical-geological interpretation / W. BOSUM, D. DAMASKE, J.C. BEHRENDT & R. SALTUS The Ross Sea rift system, Antarctica: structure, evolution and analogues / F. TESSENSOHN & G. WORNER Structural and depositional controls on Cenozoic and (?)Mesozoic strata beneath the western Ross Sea / A.K. COOPER, F.J. DAVEY & J.C. BEHRENDT Crustal extension and origin of sedimentary basins beneath the Ross Sea and Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica / A.K. COOPER, F.J. DAVEY & K. HINZ Chemical characteristics of greywacke and palaeosol of early Oligocene or older sedimentary breccia, Ross Sea DSDP Site 270 / A.B. FORD Extensive volcanism and related tectonism beneath the western Ross Sea continental shelf, Antarctica: interpretation of an aeromagnetic survey / J.C. BEHRENDT, H.J. DUERBAUM, D. DAMASKE, R. SALTUS, W. BOSUM & A.K. COOPER Geochemistry and tectonic implications of lower-crustal granulites included in Cenozoic volcanic rocks of southern Victoria Land / R.l. KALAMARIDES & J.H. BERG Geology, petrology and tectonic implications of crustal xenoliths in Cenozoic volcanic rocks of southern Victoria Land / J.H. BERG Geochemistry and petrology of ultramafic xenoliths of the Erebus volcanic province / F.M. MCGIBBON Lithospheric flexure induced by the load of Ross Archipelago, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / T.A. STERN, F.J. DAVEY & G. DELISLE The structure and seismic activity of Mount Erebus, Ross Island / K. KAMINUMA & K. SHIBUYA Crustal development: the Pacific margin Mid-Palaeozoic basement in eastern Graham Land and its relation to the Pacific margin of Gondwana / A.J. MILNE & l.L. MILLAR Basement gneisses in north-western Palmer Land: further evidence for pre-Mesozoic rocks in Lesser Antarctica / S.M. HARRISON & B.A. PIERCY Granitoids of the Ford Ranges, Marie Byrd Lan

Note: Contents: Symbols. - Preface. - Acknowledgements. - 1 PERIGLACIAL CONDITIONS. - 1.1 The significance of freezing in soils and rocks. - 1.2 Freezing and thawing in porous materials. - 1.3 Climate and ground freezing. - 1.3.1 Permafrost. - 1.3.2 Ephemeral freezing. - 1.4 Characteristics of permafrost. - 1.5 Manifestations of freezing and thawing of the ground. - 2 MORPHOLOGY OF PERMAFROST AND SEASONALLY FROZEN GROUND. - 2.1 Frozen ground as a geological material. - 2.2 Ice in the ground. - 2.2.1 Excess ice. - 2.2.2 Frost-heave ice: segregation ice. - 2.2.3 Intrusive ice; ice wedge ice, and other forms. - 2.2.4 Ice of external origin: buried glacier, snow, lake and river ice; icings. - 2.2.5 Age of ice in permafrost. - 2.2.6 Distribution of ground ice. - 2.2.7 Submarine frozen ground. - 2.2.8 Micromorphology of freezing soils. - 2.2.9 Pedology and soil freezing. - 2.3 Gas hydrates (clathrates). - 2.4 World distribution of permafrost. - 2.4.1 Land permafrost. - 2.4.2 Submarine distribution. - 2.5 Seasonal freezing. - 3 CLIMATE AND FROZEN GROUND. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Seasonal frost and permafrost. - 3.3 Climate and permafrost distribution. - 3.4 The importance of microclimates. - 3.5 The surface energy balance. - 3.5.1 The nature of surface interactions. - 3.5.2 A buffer layer model. - 3.5.3 Effects of surface changes. - 3.6 Possible effects of climatic change. - 3.7 Summary. - 4 THE GROUND THERMAL REGIME. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Heat flow in the ground. - 4.2.1 The heat conduction equation. - 4.3 Thermal properties. - 4.3.1 Thermal conductivity. - 4.3.2 Heat capacity. - 4.3.3 Thermal diffusivity. - 4.4 Ground thermal conditions. - 4.4.1 Geothermal heat flow and permafrost thickness. - 4.4.2 Effects of climatic change. - 4.4.3 Seasonal temperature variations. - 4.5 Lateral variations in ground temperatures. - 4.5.1 Influence of water bodies. - 4.6 Summary. - 5 THE FORMS OF THE GROUND SURFACE 1: SLOPES AND SUBSIDENCES. - 5.1 Freezing and thawing and displacements of the ground. - 5.2 Instability of soil on slopes: overview. - 5.3 The mystery of solifluction. - 5.3.1 Origin of small movements. - 5.3.2 Creep in the frozen state. - 5.4 Rock glaciers. - 5.5 Effects of thawing: landslides and slumps. - 5.5.1 Loss of cohesive strength. - 5.5.2 Soil consolation and strength during thaw. - 5.5.3 Thermokarst. - 5.6 The extent and variety of movements on slopes. - 6 THE FORMS OF THE GROUND SURFACE 2: STRUCTURES AND MICROTOPOGRAPHY OF LEVEL GROUND. - 6.1 Surface characteristics. - 6.2 Features characterised by accumulation of ice. - 6.2.1 Pingos. - 6.2.2 Palsa. - 6.2.3 Hydrolaccoliths. - 6.3 Differential freeze-thaw effects. - 6.3.1 Uplift of stones. - 6.3.2 Soil hummocks. - 6.3.3 Earth circles. - 6.3.4 Stone polygons and rings. - 6.4 Thermal contraction and cracking. - 6.4.1 Soil and ice wedges. - 7 THERMODYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF FROZEN SOILS. - 7.1 Soil: A porous system. - 7.1.1 'Freezing points' and latent heat. - 7.1.2 Proportions of ice and water. - 7.1.3 Water contents and thermal properties. - 7.2 Energy status, or potential, of soil water. - 7.2.1 Freezing point depression, potential, and free energy. - 7.2.2 Potential of water in freezing soils. - 7.3 Pressure and temperature relations. - 7.4 Origin of frost heave and frost heave pressures. - 7.5 Permeability of frozen soils. - 7.6 Frost heave as a thermodynamic-rheologic process. - 8 HYDROLOGY OF FROZEN GROUND. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Surface hydrology. - 8.2.1 Bank stability in permafrost regions. - 8.3 Groundwater. - 8.3.1 Icings and frost blisters. - 8.3.2 Water supply. - 8.4 Hydrodynamics of frozen ground. - 8.4.1 Unfrozen water content. - 8.4.2 Gradients of water potential due to freezing temperatures. - 8.4.3 Moisture transfer mechanisms. - 8.4.4 Moisture transport in saturated soils. - 8.4.5 Moisture transport in unsaturated soils. - 8.5 Ice segregation and frost heaving. - 8.5.1 Coupled heat and moisture flow at freezing temperatures. - 8.5.2 The hydrodynamic model. - 8.5.3 The rigid ice model. - 8.5.4 Extreme forms of ice segregation. - 8.6 Seasonal hydrodynamics in permafrost. - 8.6.1 Water migration beyond the fringe. - 8.6.2 Development of aggradational ice. - 9 THE MECHANICS OF FROZEN GROUND. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 The frozen soil system. - 9.2.1 Properties of the ice. - 9.2.2 The strength of soils. - 9.3 Deformation of frozen ground. - 9.3.1 Characteristics of creep. - 9.3.2 The origins of creep. - 9.4 Strength characteristics of frozen soils. - 9.4.1 Rates of strain and processes of deformation. - 9.5 Temperature dependence of creep rate and strength. - 9.6 Effect of soil composition. - 9.6.1 Size of soil particles. - 9.6.2 Ice content. - 9.6.3 Pore water salinity. - 9.7 Effect of normal and confining stresses on strength and deformation. - 9.7.1 Internal, thermodynamically controlled stresses. - 9.8 Field situations. - 9.8.1 Role of temperature and pressure variations. - 10 GEOCRYOLOGY PAST AND FUTURE. - 10.1 Geocryology and geotechnique. - 10.2 Energy exchange and climate instability. - 10.3 Thermodynamic and mechanical properties of frozen ground. - 10.4 Submarine and other extreme conditions for permafrost. - References. - Index.

Note: Contents: PART I - GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE EARTH AND THE EARTHLIKE PLANETS. - 1 What Is Geochemistry?. - 1.1 Early History. - 1.2 Geochemistry in the U.S.S.R. - 1.3 V. M. Goldschmidt. - 1.4 Modern Geochemistry. - References. - 2 In the Beginning. - 2.1 The Big Bang. - 2.2 Stellar Evolution. - 2.3 Nucleosynthesis. - 2.4 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 3 The Solar System. - 3.1 Origin of the Solar System. - 3.2 Origin of the Earthlike Planets. - 3.3 Satellites of the Outer Planets. - 3.4 Pictures of Our Solar System. - 3.5 Summary. - 3.6 Books on Planetary Geology. - References. - 4 The Electronic Structure of Atoms. - 4.1 The Atom of Thomson and Rutherford. - 4.2 Bohr's Theory of the Hydrogen Atom. - 4.3 Emission of X-rays - A Small Digression. - 4.4 Schrödinger's Model of the Atom. - 4.5 The Aufbau Principle. - 4.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 5 The Periodic Table and Atomic Weights. - 5.1 Mendeleev's Periodic Table. - 5.2 The Modern Periodic Table. - 5.3 Basic Principles of Atomic Physics. - 5.4 Atomic Weights. - 5.5 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 6 Chemical Bonds, Ionic Radii, and Crystals. - 6.1 Electron Donors Versus Acceptors. - 6.2 Measures of Metallic Character. - 6.3 Bonding in Molecules. - 6.4 Ionic Crystals. - 6.5 Ionic Radii. - 6.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 7 Ionic Substitution in Crystals. - 7.1 Goldschmidt's Rules of Substitution. - 7.2 Camouflage, Capture, and Admission. - 7.3 Coupled Substitution: Key to the Feldspars. - 7.4 Distribution Coefficients and Geothermometers. - 7.5 Geochemical Classification of the Elements. - 7.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 8 Isotopic Geochronometers. - 8.1 Decay Modes. - 8.2 Law of Radioactivity. - 8.3 Methods of Dating. - 8.4 Cosmogenic Radionuclides. - 8.5 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 9 Chemical Differentiation of the Solar System. - 9.1 The Sun. - 9.2 Meteorites. - 9.3 The Moon. - 9.4 Mars. - 9.5 Venus. - 9.6 Comets. - 9.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 10 Chemical Differentiation of the Earth. - 10.1 Internal Structure of the Earth. - 10.2 The Continental Crust: Major Elements. - 10.3 The Continental Crust: Trace Elements. - 10.4 Differentiation of Igneous Rocks. - 10.5 Differentiation of Sedimentary Rocks. - 10.6 Differentiation of the Hydrosphere. - 10.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - PART II - CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND THE STABILITY OF MINERALS. - 11 Acids and Bases. - 11.1 Chemical Reactions and Equilibria. - 11.2 The Law of Mass Action. - 11.3 Dissociation of Weak Acids and Bases. - 11.4 Solubility of Insoluble Bases. - 11.5 pH Control of Dissociation Equilibria. - 11.6 Solubility of Amorphous Silica. - 11.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 12 Salts and Their Ions. - 12.1 Solubility of Salts. - 12.2 Hydrolysis. - 12.3 Activities and Concentrations. - 12.4 Solubility of Calcium Carbonate. - 12.5 Chemical Weathering. - 12.6 Transformation of Potassium Feldspar to Kaolinite. - 12.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 13 Thermodynamics. - 13.1 Definitions. - 13.2 The First Law. - 13.3 Enthalpy. - 13.4 Heats of Reaction. - 13.5 Heat Capacity. - 13.6 The Second Law. - 13.7 Gibbs Free Energy. - 13.8 Derivation of the Law of Mass Action. - 13.9 Fugacity and Activity. - 13.10 The van't Hoff Equation. - 13.11 Solubility of Amorphous Silica Between 0 and 100 °C. - 13.12 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 14 Mineral Stability Diagrams. - 14.1 Chemical Weathering of Feldspars. - 14.2 Formation of Zeolites. - 14.3 Magnesium Silicates. - 14.4 Solubility Diagrams. - 14.5 Fugacity Diagrams. - 14.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 15 Clay Minerals. - 15.1 Crystal Structure. - 15.2 Classification and Chemical Composition. - 15.3 Gibbs Free Energies of Formation. - 15.4 Stability Diagrams. - 15.5 Colloidal Suspensions and Ion Exchange. - 15.6 Dating of Clay Minerals. - 15.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 16 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions. - 16.1 Balancing Equations of Oxidation- Reduction Reactions. - 16.2 The Electromotive Series. - 16.3 The Emf of Electrochemical Cells. - 16.4 Stability Limits of Water in Terms of Eh and pH. - 16.5 Stability of Iron Compounds. - 16.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 17 Isotope Fractionation. - 17.1 Principles of Isotope Fractionation. - 17.2 Mathematical Relations. - 17.3 Isotope Fractionation in the Hydrosphere. - 17.4 Oxygen Isotope Composition of Calcite. - 17.5 Oxygen and Hydrogen in Clay Minerals. - 17.6 Groundwater and Geothermal Brines. - 17.7 Isotope Fractionation of Carbon. - 17.8 Isotope Compositions of Strontium in Carbonate Rocks. - 17.9 Isotope Fractionation of Sulfur. - 17.10 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 18 Mixing and Dilution. - 18.1 Binary Mixtures. - 18.2 Dilution. - 18.3 Evaporative Concentration. - 18.4 Ternary Mixtures. - 18.5 Isotopic Mixtures of One Element. - 18.6 Isotopic Mixtures of Two Elements. - 18.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 19 Rates of Geochemical Processes. - 19.1 Rates of Chemical Reactions. - 19.2 Transport of Matter: Advection. - 19.3 Transport of Matter: Diffusion. - 19.4 Growth of Concretions During Diagenesis. - 19.5 Growth of Monomineralic Layers. - 19.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - PART Ill - APPLICATIONS OF GEOCHEMISTRY TO THE SOLUTION OF GLOBAL PROBLEMS. - 20 Consequences of Chemical Weathering. - 20.1 Changes in Chemical Composition of Rocks. - 20.2 Normative Mineral Composition of Weathering Products. - 20.3 Susceptibility of Minerals to Weathering. - 20.4 Formation of Placer Deposits. - 20.5 Provenance Determination by Isotopic Dating. - 20.6 Formation of Soils. - 20.7 Geomicrobiology. - 20.8 Food Production and Population Growth. - 20.9 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 21 Chemical Composition of Surface Water. - 21.1 Chemical Analysis of Water in Streams. - 21.2 Chemical Composition of Streams. - 21.3 Chemical Composition of Meteoric Precipitation. - 21.4 Normative Minerals from Water Compositions. - 21.5 Evaporative Concentration. - 21.6 Water Quality. - 21.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 22 Chemical Weathering of Mineral Deposits. - 22.1 Metallic Mineral Deposits. - 22.2 Oxidation of Iron Sulfides and the Role of Bacteria. - 22.3 Eh- pH Diagram for Copper Minerals. - 22.4 Supergene Enrichment of Fe-Cu Sulfide Deposits. - 22.5 Replacement of Pyrite by Chalcocite. - 22.6 Oxidation of Ore Minerals of Other Metals. - 22.7 Geochemical Exploration. - 22.8 Production and Consumption of Mineral Resources. - 22.9 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 23 Geochemical Cycles. - 23.1 The Principle of Mass Balance. - 23.2 Mass Balance for Major Elements in the Ocean. - 23.3 Mass Balance for Trace Elements in the Ocean. - 23.4 The Cycles of C-H-O-N. - 23.5 The Sulfur Cycle. - 23.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 24 Environmental Geochemistry: Disposal of Radioactive Waste. - 24.1 The Big Picture. - 24.2 High-Level Radioactive Waste. - 24.3 Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste. - 24.4 Geochemistry of Plutonium. - 24.5 Eh-pH Diagrams for Neptunium and Plutonium. - 24.6 Analog Studies: The Natural Reactors at Oklo, Gabon. - 24.7 Reactor Accidents: Chernobyl, U.S.S.R. - 24.8 Summary. - Problems. - References. - Appendix. - Standard Gibbs Free Energies (G°f) and Standard Enthalpies of Formation (H°f). - Author Index. - Subject Index.

Note: CONTENTS: 1 The Soil Solid Phase. - 1.1 Characteristics of the Primary Particles. - 1.1.1 Characterization of Particle Size. - 1.1.2 Classification of Textural Size Fractions. - 1.1.3 Chemical and Mineralogical Properties. - Sand and Silt Fraction. - Clay Fraction. - 1.1.4 Shape of Soil Particles. - 1.1.5 Surface Area of Soil Particles. - Relationship to Particle Size. - Relationship to Clay Mineralogy. - 1.1.6 Surface Properties of Clay Particles. - Density of Charge. - Ionic Adsorption. - Cation Adsorption. - Diffuse Double Layer. - Cation Exchange Equations. - Anion Adsorption. - Adsorption of Nonelectrolytes. - Ion Adsorption and Flocculation. - Adsorption Isotherms. - Adsorption of Gases. - Measurement of Specific Surface Area. - Measurement of Cation Exchange Capacity. - 1.2 Characteristics of Bulk Soil. - 1.2.1 Volume Fractions. - 1.2.2 Bulk and Mineral Densities. - Measurement of Bulk Density. - 1.2.3 Soil Structure. - Aggregation. - Aggregate Analysis. - Stability of Structure. - Problems. - 2 Water Retention in Soil. - 2.1 Properties of Water. - 2.1.1 Molecular Properties of Water. - 2.1.2 Fluid Properties of Water. - Thermal and Mechanical Properties. - Surface Tension and Interfacial Curvature. - Contact Angle. - Capillary Rise. - Viscosity. - Osmotic Pressure. - 2.1.3 Water Near Particle Surfaces. - 2.2 Soil Water Content. - 2.2.1 Definitions. - 2.2.2 Measurement of Soil Water Content. - Measurement of [Theta]g. - Measurement of [Theta]v by Mass and Volume Estimation. - Measurement of [Theta]v by Gamma Ray Attenuation. - Measurement of [Theta]v by Neutron Attenuation. - Measurement of [Theta]v by Time Domain Reflectometry. - 2.3 Energy State of Water in Soil. - 2.3.1 Potential Energy of Water in Soil. - 2.3.2 Reference or Standard State. - 2.3.3 Total Soil Water Potential. - 2.3.4 Components of Water Potential. - Gravitational Potential. - Solute Potential. - Tensiometer Pressure Potential. - Matric Potential. - Air Pressure Potential. - Hydrostatic Pressure Potential. - Overburden Pressure Potential. - Wetness Potential. - 2.4 Analysis of Systems at Equilibrium. - 2.5 Measurements of Components of Water Potential. - 2.5.1 Direct Measurement of Potential Components. - 2.5.2 Measurement Devices. - Piezometer Tube. - Tensiometer. - Soil Psychrometer. - 2.6 Water Characteristic Function. - 2.6.1 Measurement. - Hanging Water Column. - Pressure Plate. - Equilibration over Salt Solutions. - 2.6.2 Hysteresis in Water Content-Energy Relationships. - 2.7 Appendix: Gamma Ray Attenuation. - 2.7.1 Transmission through a Pure Substance i. - 2.7.2 Transmission through a Heterogeneous Material. - 2.7.3 Transmission through Soil. - Problems. - 3 Water Movement in Soil. - 3.1 Water Flow in Capillary Tubes. - 3.1.1 Poiseuille's Law. - 3.2 Water Flow in Saturated Soil. - 3.2.1 Darcy's Law. - 3.2.2 Measurement of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity. - 3.2.3 Calculation of Hydrostatic Pressure in Soil Columns. - 3.2.4 Water Flow in Saturated Layered Soil. - 3.3 Water Flow in Unsaturated Soil. - 3.3.1 Buckingham-Darcy Flux Law. - 3.3.2 Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity. - 3.3.3 Capillary Tube Model of Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity. - 3.3.4 Steady-State Water Flow Problems. - Integral Form of Darcy's Law. - Evaporation from a Water Table. - Steady-State Downward Water Flow. - Measurement of Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity. - 3.3.5 Water Conservation Equation. - 3.3.6 Richards Equation for Transient Water Flow. - Water Content Form of Richards Equation. - Matric Potential Form of Richards Equation. - Water Diffusivity Function Dw([Theta]). - Water Capacity Function Cw([Theta]). - 3.3.7 Model Functional Forms. - 3.3.8 Water Flow Calculations in Unsaturated Soil. - Steady-State Water Flow through a Crop Root Zone. - Water Flow through Unsaturated Layered Soil. - 3.4 Multidimensional Flow. - 3.5 Appendix: Solution of First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations. - 3.5.1 Method 1: Separation of Variables. - 3.5.2 Method 2: Integrating Factors. - Problems. - 4 The Field Soil Water Regime. - 4.1 Field Water Balance. - 4.1.1 Analysis of Field Water Content and Matric Potential Profiles. - 4.1.2 Equilibrium and Steady-State Profiles. - 4.1.3 Transient Flow Processes in the Field. - 4.2 Infiltration. - 4.2.1 Empirical Infiltration Models. - Kostiakov Equation. - Horton Equation. - 4.2.2 Green-Ampt Infiltration Model. - 4.2.3 Philip Infiltration Model. - Horizontal Infiltration. - Vertical Infiltration. - 4.2.4 Infiltration into Nonhomogeneous Soil Profiles. - 4.2.5 Infiltration When RainfallIs Limiting. - 4.2.6 Two- and Three-Dimensional Infiltration. - 4.3 Redistribution. - 4.3.1 Redistribution of Water in Soil Profiles. - 4.3.2 Field Capacity Concept. - 4.4 Field Measurement of Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity. - 4.5 Water Flow through Structural Voids. - 4.6 Evaporation. - Problems. - 5 The Soil Thermal Regime. - 5.1 Atmospheric Energy Balance. - 5.1.1 Extraterrestrial Radiation. - Stefan-Boltzmann Law. - Energy-Wavelength Laws. - 5.1.2 Solar Radiation. - Interactions with Atmosphere. - Net Radiation. - 5.1.3 Physical Factors Affecting Solar Radiation. - Albedo. - Latitude. - Exposure. - Distribution of Land and Water. - Vegetation. - 5.2 Soil Surface Energy Balance. - 5.2.1 Energy Balance Equation. - Components of Energy Balance. - 5.2.2 Measurement of Evapotranspiration. - Aerodynamic Transport Equations. - Penman Combination Equation. - 5.3 Heat Flow in Soil. - 5.3.1 Heat Flux Equation. - 5.3.2 Heat Conservation Equation. - 5.3.3 Thermal Properties of Soil. - Heat Capacity. - Thermal Conductivity. - Measurement of Thermal Conductivity. - 5.3.4 Applications of Heat Flow Equation. - Steady-State Heat Flow Problems. - Annual Temperature Changes in Soil. - 5.3.5 Soil Temperature Observations. - Diurnal Variations. - Annual Variations. - Problems. - 6 Soil Aeration. - 6.1 Composition of Soil Air. - 6.2 Gas Reactions In Soil. - 6.2.1 CO2 Production in Soil. - 6.2.2 O2 Consumption in Soil. - 6.3 Gas Transport through Soil. - 6.3.1 Gas Conservation Equation. - 6.3.2 Gas Convection in Soil. - Temperature Effects. - Barometric Pressure Effects. - Wind Effects. - Rainfall Effects. - Mass Flow of Gases into Buildings. - 6.3.3 Gas Diffusion. - Measurement of Gas Diffusion Coefficients in Soil. - Measurement of Gas Flux in Field. - 6.3.4 Gas Transport Equation. - 6.4 Gas Transport Modeling in Soil. - 6.4.1 Steady-State O2 Transport and Consumption. - 6.4.2 Steady-State and Transient CO2 Transport and Evolution. - 6.4.3 O2 Depletion at the Plant Root Interface. - 6.5 Flow of Water Vapor through Soil. - 6.5.1 Water Vapor Flux Equation. - 6.5.2 Approximate Water Vapor Flux Law. - 6.6 Measurement of O2 Diffusion and Consumption in Soil. - Problems. - 7 Solute Transport in Soil. - 7.1 Solute Conservation Equation. - 7.1.1 Solute Storage in Soil. - 7.1.2 Solute Flux through Soil. - 7.1.3 Convection-Dispersion Model of Hydrodynamic Dispersion. - 7.2 Convection-Dispersion Equation. - 7.2.1 Transport of Inert, Nonadsorbing Solutes. - Breakthrough Time. - Effect of Dispersion. - Drainage Breakthrough Curves. - Transport of Pulses through Soil. - 7.2.2 Transport of Inert, Adsorbing Chemicals. - Adsorption Isotherms. - Breakthrough Time. - Effect of Dispersion. - 7.2.3 Effect of Soil Structure on Transport. - Mobile-Immobile Water Model. - 7.2.4 Reactions of Chemicals in Soil. - First-Order Decay. - Convection-Dispersion Equation and First-Order Decay. - Piston Flow Model and First-Order Decay. - 7.2.5 Transport of Volatile Organic Compounds through Soil. - Phase Partitioning Laws. - Linear Partitioning Laws. - Effective Liquid-Vapor Diffusion. - Total Solute Flux. - Volatilization of Chemicals from Soil. - 7.3 Transfer Function Model of Solute Transport through Soil. - 7.3.1 Solute Transport Volume. - 7.3.2 Solute Lifetime and Travel Time Distribution Functions. - 7.3.3 Transfer Function Equation. - 7.3.4 Measurement of Transfer Function Parameters. - 7.3.5 Model Distribution Func

Note: Contents: 44. Selaginellaceae / P. J. Stafford. - 45. Oleaceae / W. Punt, J. A. A. Bos and P. P. Hoen. - 46. Geraniaceae / P. J. Stafford and S. Blackmore. - 47. Juglandaceae / J. A. A. Bos and W. Punt. - 48. Cornaceae / P. J. Stafford and G. L. A. Heath. - 49. Globulariaceae / W. Punt and A. Marks. - 50. Buxaceae / W. Punt and A. Marks. - 51. Ranunculaceae / G. C. S. Clarke, W. Punt and P. P. Hoen. - Index.

Note: Contents: Contribution to the geology of Western Dronning Maud Land: present knowledge, latest results and unsolved problems / Hans-Jürgen Paech, Anatoliy Andreyevich Laiba, Oleg Germanovich Shulyatin, Nikolaj Dmitrievich Aleksashin, Vladimir Vladimirovich Traube. - Results on geological mapping in the Nunataks Area South of the Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica / Hans-Ulrich Wetzel, Werner Stackebrandt, Knut Hahne. - Contribution to the weathering-controlled removal of chemical elements from the active debris layer of the Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica / Jörg Balke, Dietmar Haendel, Wolfgang Krüger. - Sedimentological and tectonical results on sedimentary rocks outcropping at the southern flank of the Shackleton Range, Antarctica / Hans-Jürgen Paech, Knuth Hahne, Ingeborg Maass. - Carbon isotope geothermometry of graphite-bearing marbles from Central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica / Ulrich Wand, Karl Mühle. - Preliminary geochemical study of microcrystalline quartz varieties occurring in volcanic rocks from King George Islands, South Shetland Islands, West Antarctica / Hans-Joachim Blankenburg, Ulrich Wand. - Microfossils in proterozoic sediments from the southern Shackleton Range, Antarctica: a preliminary report / Bernd Weber. - Petrography and geochemistry of lamprophyres from the Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica / Ulrich Wand, Martin Geisler, Dietmar Korich. - A lead isotope study of pegmatitic k-feldspars from the Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica / Karl-Heinz Bielicki, Heide Hiller, Ulrich Wand. - Die Hoch- und Mittelterassen der Zwickauer Mulde, der Chemnitz und der Zschopau im Vorerzgebirgsbecken und im Granulitgebirge (Teil II) / Ludwig Wolf. - Untersuchungen an Tektikten und tektitführenden Sedimenten der Lausitz / Jan-Michael Lange, Manfred Störr. - Nowakia holymensis Bouček 1964 aus den Wissenbacher Schiefern des Braunesumpf-Sattels/Elbingeröder Komplex und deren stratigraphische Beziehung zur Unter-/Mitteldevongrenze / Anke Nagel. - Buchbesprechungen. , Zsfassung der Beitr. in dt. und engl. Sprache , Beitr. teilw. dt., teilw. engl.

Note: Contents: 1. The Regional Geology of Archaen and Proterozoic Rocks in Antarctica / R. J. Tingey 2. The Late Proterozoic-Middle Palaeozoic Rocks of Antarctica / Malcolm G. Laird 3. The Devonian to Triassic Beacon Supergroup of the Transantarctic Mountains and Other Correlatives in Other Parts of Antarctica / P. J. Barrett 4. Mesozoic Tholeiitic Igneous Rocks in Antarctica: The Ferrar (Super) Group and Related Rocks / R. J. Tingey 5. Geology and Crystallization of the Dufek Intrusion / Arthur B. Ford and Glen R. Himmel 6. Tectonic Development of the Scotia Arc Region / Peter F. Barker, Ian W.D. Dalziel, and Bryan C. Storey 7. The Marie Byrd Land Volcanic Province and Its Relation to the Cainozoic West Antarctic Rift System / Wesley E. LeMasurier and D.C. Rex 8. The Antarctic Continental Shelf: Results From Marine Geological and Geophysical Investigations / John B. Anderson 9. Configuration and Structure of the Subglacial Crust / Charles R. Bentley 10. Cainozoic History of the Antarctic Ice Sheet / George H. Denton, Michael L. Prentice, and Lloyd H. Burckle 11. The Cainozoic Glacial Record in South Victoria Land - A Geological Evaluation of the McMurdo Sound Drilling Projects / B.C. McKelvey 12. Palaeozoic Invertebrates of Antarctica / Roger A. Cooper and John H. Shergold 13. Antarctic Invertebrate Fossils: The Mesozoic-Cainozoic Record / M.R.A. Thompson 14. Antarctica: A History of Terrestrial Vegetation / Elizabeth M. Truswell 15. Fossil Fishes From Antarctica /G.C. Young 16. Mesozoic and Cainozoic Tetrapod Fossils from Antarctica / Edwin H. Colbert 17. Scientific Studies Relevant to the Question of Antarctica's Petroleum Resource Potential / John C. Behrendt 18. Metallic and Non-Metallic Mineral Resources of Antarctica / Peter D. Rowley, Paul L. Williams, and Douglas E. Pride 19. Meteorites from Antarctica / W.A. Cassidy

Note: Contents: Acknowledgements. - lntroduction. - 1 Russian policy in the far North 1897-1917. - Introduction. - Bear Island and Spitsbergen. - The Kara Sea and Novaya Zemlya. - Polar exploration. - Exploitation of the North. - 2 Soviet sovereignty in the Arctic and the advent of flying 1917-32. - Arctic flying and its legal consequences. - Canada's choice between sector theory and effective occupation. - Shenandoah: the United States reject a sectorial division. - No theoretical alternatives to the sector theory. - Norge: the Soviet Union adopts the sector theory. - Trans-Arctic air routes: the sector becomes a 'historical reality'. - 3 The Stalinization of Arctic exploration. - The Krasin affair. - Soviet expeditions after the Krasin. - The Krasin: increasing public attention for the Arctic. - The first communist books about the Arctic. - Vize: the 'founding father' of Arctic history in the Soviet Union. - Vize's first book. - Samoylovich as a historian. - 4 In Stalin's time 1932-53. - The Northern Sea Route as a legitimation for the Soviet sector?. - The Chelyuskin: Stalin discovers the propaganda value of the Arctic. - Consequences for Arctic historiography and shipping. - 1937: the first Soviet air expedition. - Soviet criticism of the sector theory. - The Northern Sea Route in 1937. - 5 Arctic policy during the Cold War. - The Northern Sea Route as a theme. - The Passage as a regular sea route. - The Cold War: the Soviet Union falls back on the sector theory. - The sector, the Antarctic and Russo-American relations. - The revision of the sector theory by the Soviet Union. - The North: the historic waters doctrine. - The historic waters doctrine and the West. - 6 Historiography in the Cold War. - The influence of the historic waters doctrine on historiography. - The Zaliv Simsa findings. - First attempts to develop an early history of Arctic Russia. - The professionalization of Arctic studies. - Belov's early work: Semen Dezhnev. - Belov's first major work: Volume I. - Pinkhenson's Volume II: theoretical framework and implications. - Lenin's influence. - Classics of polar literature. - Literature about high-latitude expeditions. - 7 The age or the nuclear submarine. - The nuclear submarine: the doctrine in practice. - The Soviet reaction. - The doctrine and the Law of the Sea. - Support from Canada. - Alternative theories. - 8 Arctic shipping since 1953. - Destalinization and sea power. - Expansion of Arctic shipping. - Specialization. - 9 The western-section: winter navigation. - Introduction. - The Noril' sk mines. - Soviet attempts. - 10 The season of 1983. - The eastern section. - 'Arktika-1983'. - Shipping used on the eastern section. - 11 Arctic studies since 1953. - Broadening the field. - Archaeological expeditions. - Historical monuments. - The early nineteenth century: a success story. - Volume IV. - General works and new lines of enquiry after Belov. - New topics. - Conclusion. - Appendix. - Glossary. - Bibliography. - Index.

Note: Contents Preface 1 Mean Boundary Layer Characteristics 1.1 A boundary-layer definition 1.2 Wind and flow 1.3 Turbulent transport 1.4 Taylor's hypothesis 1.5 Virtual potential temperature 1.6 Boundary layer depth and structure 1.7 Micrometeorology 1.8 Significance of the boundary layer 1.9 General references 1.10 References for this chapter 1.11 Exercises 2 Some Mathematical and Conceptual Tools: Part 1. Statistics 2.1 The significance of turbulence and its spectrum 2.2 The spectral gap 2.3 Mean and turbulent parts 2.4 Some basic statistical methods 2.5 Turbulence kinetic energy 2.6 Kinematic flux 2.7 Eddy flux 2.8 Summation notation 2.9 Stress 2.10 Friction velocity 2.11 References 2.12 Exercises 3 Application of the Governing Equations to Turbulent Flow 3.1 Methodology 3.2 Basic governing equations 3.3 Simplifications, approximations, and scaling arguments 3.4 Equations for mean variables in a turbulent flow 3.5 Summary of equations, with simplifications 3.6 Case studies 3.7 References 3.8 Exercises 4 Prognostic Equations for Turbulent Fluxes and Variances 4.1 Prognostic equations for the turbulent departures 4.2 Free convection scaling variables 4.3 Prognostic equations for variances 4.4 Prognostic equations for turbulent fluxes 4.5 References 4.6 Exercises 5 Turbulence Kinetic Energy, Stability, and Scaling 5.1 The TKE budget derivation 5.2 Contributions to the TKE budget 5.3 TKE budget contributions as a function of eddy size 5.4 Mean kinetic energy and its interaction with turbulence 5.5 Stability concepts 5.6 The Richardson number 5.7 The Obukhov length 5.8 Dimensionless gradients 5.9 Miscellaneous scaling parameters 5.10 Combined stability tables 5.11 References 5.12 Exercises 6 Turbulence Closure Techniques 6.1 The closure problem 6.2 Parameterization rules 6.3 Local closure - zero and half order 6.4 Local closure - first order 6.5 Local closure - one-and-a-half order 6.6 Local closure - second order 6.7 Local closure - third order 6.8 Nonlocal closure - transilient turbulence theory 6.9 Nonlocal closure - spectral diffusivity theory 6.10 References 6.11 Exercises 7 Boundary Conditions and External Forcings 7.1 Effective surface turbulent flux 7.2 Heat budget at the surface 7.3 Radiation budget 7.4 Fluxes at interfaces 7.5 Partitioning of flux into sensible and latent portions 7.6 Flux to and from the ground 7.7 References 7.8 Exercises 8 Some Mathematical and Conceptual Tools: Part 2. Time Series 8.1 Time and space series 8.2 Autocorrelation 8.3 Structure function 8.4 Discrete Fourier transform 8.5 Fast Fourier Transform 8.6 Energy spectrum 8.7 Spectral characteristics 8.8 Spectra of two variables 8.9 Periodogram 8.10 Nonlocal spectra 8.11 Spectral decomposition of the TKE equation 8.12 References 8.13 Exercises 9 Similarity Theory 9.1 An overview 9.2 Buckingham Pi dimensional analysis methods 9.3 Scaling variables 9.4 Stable boundary layer similarity relationship lists 9.5 Neutral boundary layer similarity relationship lists 9.6 Convective boundary layer similarity relationship lists 9.7 The log wind profile 9.8 Rossby-number similarity and profile matching 9.9 Spectral similarity 9.10 Similarity scaling domains 9.11 References 9.12 Exercises 10 Measurement and Simulation Techniques 10.1 Sensor and measurement categories 10.2 Sensor lists 10.3 Active remote sensor observations of morphology 10.4 Instrument platforms 10.5 Field experiments 10.6 Simulation methods 10.7 Analysis methods 10.8 References 10.9 Exercises 11 Convective Mixed Layer 11.1 The unstable surface layer 11.2 The mixed layer 11.3 Entrainment zone 11.4 Entrainment velocity and its parameterization 11.5 Subsidence and advection 11.6 References 11.7 Exercises 12 Stable Boundary Layer 12.1 Mean Characteristics 12.2 Processes 12.3 Evolution 12.4 Other Depth Models 12.5 Low-level (nocturnal) jet 12.6 Buoyancy (gravity) waves 12.7 Terrain slope and drainage winds 12.8 References 12.9 Exercises 13 Boundary Layer Clouds 13.1 Thermodynamics 13.2 Radiation 13.3 Cloud entrainment mechanisms 13.4 Fair-weather cumulus 13.5 Stratocumulus 13.6 Fog 13.7 References 13.8 Exercises 14 Geographic Effects 14.1 Geographically generated local winds 14.2 Geographically modified flow 14.3 Urban heat island 14.4 References 14.5 Exercises Appendices A. Scaling variables and dimensionless groups B. Notation C. Useful constants, parameters and conversion factors D. Derivation of virtual potential temperature Subject Index

Note: CONTENTS: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. - 1. INTRODUCTION. - 1.1. Background. - 1.2. Definition of the coastal zone. - 1.3. Modelling for marine pollution studies. - 2. MODELLING FRAMEWORK. - 2.1. lntroduction. - 2.2. Questions to be answered. - 2.3. Other model dependencies on the nature of the questions. - 2.3.1. Near-field models. - 2.3.2. Far-field models. - 2.4. Conceptual model of contaminant dispersion. - 2.4.1. Description of water column processes. - 2.4.2. Description of the sea bed processes. - 2.4.3. Sources and sinks. - 2.5. Selection of components of the conceptual model. - 3. MODEL CONSTRUCTION. - 3.1. Modelling approach. - 3.1.1. Deterministic modelling approach. - 3.1.2. Stochastic modelling. - 3.2. Hydrodynamic model. - 23.2.1. From simple to complex models . - 3.2.2. Model complexity and predictability. - 3.2.3. Dealing with the problern of open boundaries. - 3.3. Sub-models. - 3.3.1. Sediment transport model. - 3.3.2. Biological transport model. - 3.3.3. Benthic transport model. - 4. MODEL FORMULATION AND PARAMETERIZATION OF PROCESSES. - 4.1. lntroduction. - 4.1.1. Philosophy. - 4.1.2. Levels of parameterization. - 4.2. Parameterization in transport models. - 4.2.1. Hydrodynamical model. - 4.2.2. Pollutant transport model: advection-diffusion equation. - 4.2.3. Sediment transport models. - 4.2.4. Biological transport models. - 4.3. Contaminant transport model: couplings between transport models. - 4.3.1. Biota-water interactions. - 4.3.2. Biota-particle interactions. - 4.3.3. Particle-water interactions. - 4.4. Decay and production. - 4.5. Parameterization in transport models for the sea bed. - 4.6. Characterizing source terms. - 5. CASE STUDIES. - 5 .1. Introduction. - 5.2. Cadmium in an estuary. - 5.2.1. Statement of the management problem. - 5.2.2. Model construction. - 5.2.3. Example calculations. - 5.2.4. Additional comments. - 5.3. Monazite sand dregded from an estuary. - 5.3.1. Statement of the management problern. - 5.3.2. Model construction. - 5.3.3. Specific examples. - 5.4. Impact of the disposal of titanium dioxide wastes into coastal waters. - 5.4.1. Statement of the management problem. - 5.4.2. Model construction. - 5.4.3. Example calculations. - 5.4.4. Additional comments. - 5.5. Nutrient inputs to Osaka Bay. - 5.5.1. Statement of the management problem. - 5.5.2. Model construction. - 5.5.3. Example calculations. - 5.5.4. Additional comments. - 5.6. Sewage discharge near a beach. - 5.6.1. Statement of the management question. - 5.6.2. Model construction. - 5.6.3. Example calculations. - 5.6.4. Additional comments. - 5.7. Model for the Dutch North Sea water quality management plan. - 5. 7 .1. Statement of the management problem. - 5.7.2. Model construction. - 5.7.3. Example calculations. - 5.7.4. Additional comments. - 5.8. Radioactive discharges from a nuclear reprocessing plant. - 5.8.1. Statement of the management problem. - 5.8.2. Model construction. - 5.8.3. Additional comments. - 5.9. Overall observations. - 6. QUALITY ASSURANCE PROCEDURES. - 6.1. Introduction. - 6.2. Verification. - 6.3. Sensitivity analysis. - 6.4. Validation. - 7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. - REFERENCES. - ANNEX I. COASTAL REGIMES. - A1.1. Estuaries. - A1.1.1 Stratified estuaries. - A1.1.2. Partially-mixed and well-mixed estuaries. - A1.1.3. Fjords. - A1.1.4. Hybrid estuaries. - A1.1.5. Transverse characteristics of estuaries. - A1.2. Inshore embayments. - A1.3. Open continental shelf. - A1.3.1. Example of a wide shelf. - A1.3.2. Example of a narrow shelf. - A1.4. Marginal seas. - A1.4.1. Example of a marginal sea with a sill: the Baltic Sea. - A1.4.2. Example of a marginal semi-constrained sea: the North Sea. - A1.5. The Arctic shelves. - References to Annex 1. - ANNEX 2. DETAILS ON PARAMETERIZATION OF PROCESSES. - A2.1. Introduction. - A2.2. Hydrodynamic transport models: momentum transfer. - A2.3. Sediment transport models. - A2.3.1. Bed-load transport. - A2.3.2. Suspended sediment transport. - A2.3.3. Grain size distributions. - A2.3.4. Gravitational settling. - A2.3.5. Critical bed shear stress. - A2.4. Biological transport models. - A2.5. Benthic transport models. - A2. 6. Coupling between transport models. - A2.6.1. Biota-water interactions. - A2.6.2. Sediment-water interactions. - A2.7. Diagenesis: water-sediment interactions. - A2.8. Parameterization of the source term. - A2.8.1. Nature of source. - A2.8.2. Bulk sources. - A2.8.3. Disposal procedure. - A2.8.4. Specific chemical compounds. - References to Annex 2. - LIST OF WORKING GROUP MEMBERS, SECRETARIAT AND MEETINGS. - GESAMP REPORTS AND STUDIES.