ALBERT

Note: Contents: 1 Global Distribution of Lakes / M. MEYBECK. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Background Material and Approaches to Global Lake Census. - 2.1 Data Used. - 2.2 Approaches to Global Lake Census. - 3 General Laws of Lake Distribution. - 3.1 Lake Density . - 3.2 Limnic Ratio. - 4 Distribution of Lakes of Tectonic Origin. - 5 Lakes of Glacial Origin. - 5.1 Lake Densities. - 5.2 Global Deglaciated Area. - 5.3 Total Number of Glacial Lakes. - 6 Fluvial Lakes. - 7 Global Distribution of Crater Lakes. - 8 Global Distribution of Saline Lakes. - 8.1 Coastal Lagoons. - 8.2 Salinized Lakes due to Evaporation. - 9 Global Lake Distribution. - 9.1 Extrapolation Approach. - 9.2 Lake Type Approach. - 9.3 Climatic Typology Approach. - 9.4 Lake Distribution in Endorheic Areas. - 9.5 Global Dissolved Salt Distribution in Lakes. - 10 Major Changes in Global Lake Distribution in the Geological Past. - 10.1 Lake Ages. - 10.2 Historical Changes. - 10.3 Postglacial Changes. - 11 Discussion and Conclusions. - References. - 2 Hydrological Processes and the Water Budget of Lakes / T. C. WINTER. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Hydrological System with Regard to Lakes. - 2.1 Interaction of Lakes with Atmospheric Water. - 2.2 Interaction of Lakes with Surface Water. - 2.3 Interaction of Lakes with Subsurface Water. - 2.4 Change in Lake Volume. - 3 Summary. - References. - 3 Hydrological and Thermal Response of Lakes to Climate: Description and Modeling / S. W. HOSTETLER. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Hydrological Response. - 3 The Hydrological Budget. - 4 Hydrological Models. - 5 Thermal Response. - 5.1 Energy Budget and Energy Budget Models. - 5.2 Models and Modeling. - 6 Use of Models to Link Lakes with Climate Change. - 7 Input Data Sets. - 8 Sample Applications. - 9 Summary. - References. - 4 Mixing Mechanisms in Lakes / D. M. IMBODEN and A. WÜEST. - 1 Transport and Mixing. - 2 Lakes as Physical Systems. - 3 Fluid Dynamics: Mathematical Description of Advection and Diffusion. - 3.1 Equations of Fluid Motion. - 3.2 Turbulence, Reynolds' Stress, and Eddy Diffusion. - 3.3 Vertical Momentum Equation. - 3.4 Nonlocal Diffusion and Transilient Mixing. - 4 Density and Stability of Water Column. - 4.1 Equation of State of Water. - 4.2 Potential Temperature and Local Vertical Stability. - 5 Energy Fluxes: Driving Forces Behind Transport and Mixing. - 5.1 Thermal Energy. - 5.2 Potential Energy. - 5.3 Kinetic Energy. - 5.4 Turbulent Kinetic Energy Balance in Stratified Water. - 5.5 Internal Turbulent Energy Fluxes: Turbulence Cascade. - 6 Mixing Processes in Lakes. - 6.1 Waves and Mixing. - 6.2 Mixing in the Surface Layer. - 6.3 Diapycnal Mixing. - 6.4 Boundary Mixing. - 6.5 Double Diffusion. - 6.6 Isopycnal Mixing. - 7 Mixing and Its Ecological Relevance. - 7.1 Time Scales of Mixing. - 7.2 Reactive Species and Patchiness. - 7.3 Mixing and Growth: The Search for an Ecological Steering Factor. - References. - 5 Stable Isotopes of Fresh and Saline Lakes / J. R. GAT. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Isotope Separatio During Evaporation. - 2 Small-Area Lakes. - 2.1 Seasonal and Annual Changes. - 2.2 Deep Freshwater Lakes. - 2.3 Transient Surface-Water Bodies. - 3 Interactive and Feedback Systems. - 3.1 Network of Surface-Water Bodies. - 3.2 Recycling of Reevaporated Moisture into the Atmosphere. - 3.3 Large Lakes. - 3.4 Large-Area Lakes with Restricted Circulation. - 4 Saline Lakes. - 4.1 Isotope Hydrology of Large Salt Lakes. - 4.2 Ephemeral Salt Lakes and Sabkhas. - 5 Isotopie Paleolimnology. - 6 Conclusions: From Lakes to Oceans. - References. - 6 Exchange of Chemicals Between the Atmosphere and Lakes / P. VLAHOS, D. MACKAY, S. J. EISENREICH, and KC. HORNBUCKLE. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Air-Water Partitioning Equilibria. - 3 Diffusion Between Water and Air. - 4 Volatilization and Absorption: Double-Resistance Approach. - 5 Factors Affecting Mass-Transfer Coefficients. - 6 Partitioning of Chemical to Paniculate Matter in Air and Water. - 6.1 Air. - 6.2 Water. - 7 Atmospheric Deposition Processes. - 7.1 Dry Deposition. - 7.2 Wet Deposition. - 8 Specimen Calculation. - 8.1 Step 1: Physicochemical Properties. - 8.2 Step 2: Mass-Transfer Coefficients. - 8.3 Step 3: Sorption in Air and Water. - 8.4 Step 4: Equilibrium Status. - 8.5 Step 5: Volatilization and Deposition Rates. - 9 Role of Air-Water Exchange in Lake Mass Balances. - 10 Case Studies. - 10.1 Mass Balance on Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale. - 10.2 Mass Balance on Lake Superior. - 10.3 Air-Water Exchange in Green Bay, Lake Michigan. - 10.4 Air-Water Exchange in Lake Superior. - 11 Conclusions. - References. - 7 Atmospheric Depositions: Impact of Acids on Lakes / W. STUMM and J. SCHNOOR. - Abstract. - 1 Introduction: Anthropogenic Generation of Acidity. - 1.1 Genesis of Acid Precipitation. - 2 Acidity and Alkalinity: Neutralizing Capacities. - 2.1 Transfer of Acidity (or Alkalinity) from Pollution Through the Atmosphere to Ecosystems. - 3 Acidification of Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems. - 3.1 Disturbance of H+ Balance from Temporal or Spatial Decoupling of the Production and Mineralization of the Biomass. - 3.2 In Situ H+ Ion Neutralization in Lakes. - 3.3 Krug and Frink Revisited. - 4 Brønsted Acids and Lewis Acids: Pollution by Heavy Metals, as Influenced by Acidity. - 4.1 Cycling of Metals. - 4.2 Pb in Soils. - 5 Impact of Acidity on Ecology in Watersheds. - 5.1 Soils. - 5.2 Lakes. - 5.3 Nitrogen Saturation of Forests. - 6 Critical Loads. - 6.1 Critical Load Maps. - 6.2 Models for Critical Load Evaluation. - 7 Case Studies. - 7.1 Chemical Weathering of Crystalline Rocks in the Catchment Area of Acidic Ticino Lakes, Switzerland. - 7.2 Watershed Manipulation Project at Bear Brooks, Maine. - 8 Summary. - References. - 8 Redox-Driven Cycling of Trace Elements in Lakes / J. HAMILTON-TAYLOR and W. DAVISON. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Major Biogeochemical Cycles and Pathways. - 3 Iron and Manganese. - 3.1 Transformations and Cycling. - 3.2 Iron and Manganese Compounds as Carrier Phases. - 4 Sediment-Water Interface. - 4.1 Diffusive Flux from Sediments. - 4.2 Evidence of Little or No Diffusive Efflux from Sediments. - 4.3 Transient Remobilization. - 4.4 Diffusive Flux into Sediments. - 5 Pathways Involving Redox Reactions Directly: Case Studies. - 5.1 Arsenic. - 5.2 Chromium. - 5.3 239,240Pu. - 5.4 Selenium 6 Pathways Involving Redox Reactions Indirectly: Case Studies. - 6.1 137Cs. - 6.2 Stable Pb, 210Pb, and 210Po. - 6.3 Zinc. - 7 Summary and Conclusions. - References. - 9 Comparative Geochemistry of Marine Saline Lakes / F. T. MACKENZIE, S. VINK, R. WOLLAST, and L. CHOU. - 1 Introduction. - 2 General Characteristics of Marine Saline Lakes. - 3 Comparative Sediment-Pore-Water Reactions. - 3.1 Mangrove Lake, Bermuda. - 3.2 Solar Lake, Sinai. - 4 Conclusions. - References. - 10 Organic Matter Accumulation Records in Lake Sediments / P. A. MEYERS and R. ISHIWATARI. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Significance of Organic Matter in Lake Sediments. - 1.2 Origins of Organic Matter to Lake Sediments. - 1.3 Alterations of Organic Matter During Deposition. - 1.4 Similarities and Differences Between Organic Matter in Sediments of Lakes and Oceans. - 1.5 Dating of Lake-Sediment Records. - 2 Indicators of Sources and Alterations of Total Organic Matter in Lake Sediments. - 2.1 Source Information Preserved in C/N Ratios of Sedimentary Organic Matter. - 2.2 Source Information from Carbon-Stable Isotopic Compositions. - 2.3 Source Information from Nitrogen-Stable Isotopic Compositions. - 3 Origin and Alterations of Humic Substances. - 4 Sources and Alterations of Lipid Biomarkers. - 4.1 Alteration of Lipids During Deposition. - 4.2 Changes in Sources vs Selective Diagenesis. - 4.3 Effects of Sediment Grain Size on Geolipid Compositions. - 4.4 Source Records of Alkanes in Lake Sediments. - 4.5 Preserv

Note: Pages 3-6, Introduction, Helmut Wilhelm, Walter Zürn, Hans-Georg Wenzel --- Pages 9-26, Tide-generating potential for the earth, Hans-Georg Wenzel --- Pages 27-57, Tidal response of the solid Earth, Rongjiang Wang --- Pages 59-75, Analysis of earth tide observations, Hans-Georg Wenzel --- Pages 77-94, Earth tide observations and interpretation, Walter Zürn --- Pages 95-109, The nearly-diurnal free wobble-resonance, Walter Zürn --- Pages 113-143, Ocean tides, Wilfried Zahel --- Pages 145-171, Earth tides and ocean tidal loading, Gerhard Jentzsch --- Pages 173-181, Ocean tides and earth rotation, Johannes Wünsch --- Pages 183-218, Chandler wobble and pole tide in relation to interannual atmosphere-ocean dynamics, Hans-Peter Plag --- Pages 221-246, Atmospheric tides, Hans Volland --- Pages 247-260, Long-period variations of solar irradiance, Helmut Wilhelm --- Pages 261-274, Geomagnetic tides and related phenomena, Nils Olsen --- Pages 277-291, Tides in water saturated rock, Hans-Joachim Kümpel --- Pages 293-309, Tidal triggering of earthquakes and volcanic events, Dieter Emter --- Pages 311-339, Tidal tilt modification along an active fault, Malte Westerhaus --- Pages 343-344, Satellite orbit perturbations induced by tidal forces, Peter Schwintzer --- Pages 345-377, Tides of io, Tilman Spohn --- Pages 379-380, Tidal effects in binary star systems, Gerhard Schäfer --- Pages 381-386, Tidal interactions between galaxies, Claus Möllenhoff

Note: In kyrill. Schr.

Note: Univ. of Western Australia, Diss. von D. Müller--Nedlands , Pages 1-2, Introduction --- Pages 3-10, Definitions and Nomenclature --- Pages 11-39, Tectonic settings of potassic igneous rocks --- Pages 41-64, Selected type-localities of potassic igneous rocks from the five tectonic settings --- Pages 65-84, Primary enrichment of precious metals in potassic igneous rocks --- Pages 85-134, Direct associations between potassic igneous rocks and gold-copper deposits --- Pages 135-158, Indirect associations between lamprophyres and gold-copper deposits --- Pages 159-171, Halogen contents of mineralized versus unmineralized potassic igneous rocks --- Pages 173-176, Implications for mineral exploration --- Pages 177-200, Characteristics of some gold-copper deposits associated with potassic igneous rocks

Note: Contents: Part I. Introduction to the Theory: 1. Generalising neoclassical economics: new tools and concepts ; 2. Property rights, agency and economic organisation ; 3. Explaining the rules ; Part II. Property Rights and Economic Outcomes: 4. The economics of exclusive rights ; 5. The ownership structure of firms and equilibrium outcomes ; Part III. Explaining Economic Organisation: 6. The contractual nature of the firm ; 7. The logic of economic organisation ; Part IV. Explaining Property Rights: 8. The emergence of property rights ; 9. property rights in stateless societies ; 10. The state in neoinstitutional economics.

Note: Contents: Preface and Acknowledgments ; A Note to the Reader ; 1. A Great Discovery - And a Mistake ; 2. Symbolic Dynamics ; 3. Collisions and Other Singularities ; 4. Stability ; 5. KAM Theory ; Notes ; Bibliography ; Index

Note: Potsdam, Univ., Diss., 1999 , Table of Contents: Acknowledgements. - Table of Contents. - Abstract. - Kurzfassung. - List of figures. - List of tables. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Study area. - 2.1. Late Pleistocene history and Holocene transition. - 2.2. Present climate and vegetation. - 2.3. Studied lakes. - 2.3.1. Basaltsø. - 2.3.2. Lake B1. - 2.3.3. Noa Sø. - 2.3.4. Lake N1. - 2.3.5. Raffles Sø. - 3. Methods. - 4. Holocene climate history of geographical Society Ø, East Greenland - evidence from lake sediments. - 4.1. Abstract. - 4.2. Introduction. - 4.3. Geographical setting. - 4.4. Material and methods. - 4.4.1. Subbottom profiling, coring and physical properties. - 4.4.2. Grain-size and biogeochemical analyses. - 4.4.3. Palynological and analyses and radiocarbon dating. - 4.5. Lithofacies classification and interpretation. - 4.6. Climate history. - 4.6.1. Pleistocene / Holocene transition. - 4.6.2. Early Holocene. - 4.6.3. Middle Holocene. - 4.6.4. Late Holocene. - 4.7. Conclusions. - 5. Holocene climatic and oceanic changes at East Greenland - evidences from seabird affected lake sediments on Raffles Ø. - 5.1. Abstract. - 5.2. Introduction. - 5.3. Geographical setting. - 5.4. Material and methods. - 5.5. Results and discussion. - 5.5.1. Lithology and chronology. - 5.5.2. Vegetation. - 5.5.3. Biogeochemistry. - 5.5.4. Ecology of seabirds. - 5.5.5. Climatic and oceanic implications. - 5.6. Conclusions. - 6. Deglaciation and Holocene marine transgression on western Ymer Ø, East Greenland. - 6.1. Abstract. - 6.2. Introduction. - 6.3. Study area. - 6.4. Material and methods. - 6.5. Results and discussion. - 6.5.1. History of Noa Sø. - 6.5.2. History of lake N1. - 6.5.3. Holocene marine transgression. - 6.6. Conclusions. - 7. Synthesis. - 7.1 The need of a multi-disciplinary approach for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. - 7.2. Reconstruction of the Holocene environmental history of East Greenland. - References.

Note: Contents: Selaginellaceae, Equisetaceae, Pteridaceae, Sinopteridaceae, Adiataceae, Hemionidaceae, Athyriaceae, Aspleniaceae, Onocleaceae, Woodsiaceae, Dryopteridaceae, Polypodiaceae, Drynariaceae, Pinaceae, Cupressaceae, Ephedraceae, Utricaceae / Mei Li-juan. - Salicaceae / Ding Tuo-ya. - Juglandaceae, Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Ulmaceae, Moraceae, Santalaceae, Loranthaceae, Polygonaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Cruciferae / Huang Rong-fu. - Caryophyllaceae, Ranunculaceae, Berberidaceae, Lauraceae, Papaveraceae / Zhou Li-hua. - Delineatores / Wang Ying, Yan Cui-lan, Liu Jin-jun, Zhang Gui-zhi, Feng Jin-huan, Zhou Qing-jun. , In chines. Schr. - Nomenklatur in lat. Schr.

Note: CONTENTS: Flight plan 1999. - LC130 schedule. - NGRIP 1999 schedule. - Overview of 1999 schedule. - lnfo for August1998 meeting. - Quartering and buildings. - Number of field participants. - NGRIP 1999 sub programs. - SITREP. - Term of reference for the NGRIP field work. - Accidents and illness. - Mail to NGRIP participants. - Cargo shipments to Greenland. - Personnel transport 1999. - Booze and drugs. - Vacation in Greenland. - Shipping boxes. - Welcome to the NGRIP camp. - List of participants. - NG RIP camp load. - Kangerlussuaq and the surrounding area. - Thule Air Base, Greenland, Base Operations. - Uplift 1998. - Typical specifications for LC-130 and Twin Otter. - Useful data. - Coordination of C-130 in Kangerlussuaq. - Aviation weather reports. - Typical communication plan and frequencies used. - Phonetic alphabet. - Personal field equipment. - Operation of Thrane & Thrane STDC telex terminal. - Operation of NERA lnmarsat M terminal. - Map of NGRIP camp. - NGRIP inclined pit and trenches. - Map of NGRIP Region. - Map of Greenland and North Greenland. - Map of skiway. - Ice divide North of NGRIP. - Map of the magnetic declination in Greenland. - Glycol specification. - Density vs temperature of hole liquid. - Positions in Greenland, distances and directions. - List of NGRIP addresses.

Note: CONTENTS: Flight plan 1996. - C130 schedule. - NGRIP 1996 Schedule. - Overview of 1996 schedule. - Camp Layout. - Buildings. - Number of field participants. - NGRIP 1996 Sub programs. - CARDS Radar test. - KMS Elevation measurements. - SITREP. - Terms of Reference during the field operation. - Accidents and Illness. - Mail to NGRIP participants. - Cargo shipments to Greenland. - Personnel transport 1996. - Booze and drugs. - Vacation in Greenland. - Shipping boxes. - Welcome to the NGRIP camp. - List of participants. - NGRIP camp load. - Kangerlussuaq and Surrounding Area. - Thule Air Base, Greenland, Base Operations. - Other useful information for Thule passengers. - Uplift 1996. - Typical specs for LC-130 and Twin Otter. - Useful data. - Coordination of C-130 in Kangerlussuaq. - Aviation weather reports. - Typical communication plan. - Summary of frequencies used in Greenland. - Phonetic alphabet. - Personal field equipment. - Map of GRIP camp. - NGRIP, Maps of one and two line set up. - NGRIP trenches. - Map of Greenland. - Map of north Greenland. - Map of ice divide north of GRIP. - Map of magnetic declination in Greenland. - Positions in Greenland. - Relevant distances and directions. - 1996 Twin Otter hours. - List of NGRIP addresses.

Note: Contents: 1. Personnel at DC. - 2. Summary timetable of events for EPICA personnel. - 3. Transport to/from DC for EPICA personnel. - 4. Building period. - 5. Scientific activity - equipment layout. - 6. Science processing line. - 7. Results from this season. - 8. General comments on communications, logistics and general status of the camp. - 9. Tasks that EPICA personnel need to do next season. - 10. Recommendations for 1998/99. - 11. Acknowledgements.

Note: CONTENT: Introduction / M. Latif. - Graphic & Design at the Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology / Norbert P. Noreiks. - Atmospheric Modelling. - First results from ECHAM-5 / Erich Roeckner. - QBO experiments with MA/ECHAM4 and ECHAMS / Marco A. Giorgetta. - Using prognosed sub-grid scale cloud variability in shortwave radiation code / Georg Bäuml, Adrian Tompkins, Erich Roeckner. - Using ClearCase for ECHAMS Development / Monika Esch. - Estimation of Systematic Errors Using ECHAM in Data Assimilation Mode / Ingo Kirchner. - Atmospheric data assimilation activities at MPI-M / Andreas Rhodin, Luis Komblueh. - Software Design / Uwe Schulzweida. - Ocean and Coupled Modelling. - On the status of the new global coupled atmosphere-ocean model and applications of a limited area model to tackle regional aspects of climate and socio-economic issues / Michael Botzet. - The C-HOPE Ocean Model: Status of the Model Development / Johann Jungclaus. - Simulating Variabilty of the North Atlantic Ocean / Helmut Haak. - Taking C-HOPE's temperature / Scott Johnson. - C-HOPE simulation of the Southern Ocean/sea ice coupled system / Simon Marsland. - Land Surface and Vegetation Modelling. - Hydrological Cycle in ERA-40 and a refined surface runoff/drainage formulation based on the ARNO scheme / Stefan Hagemann. - Land Surface and Biogeochemical Modelling in Hamburg and Jena - Status, Co-operation, Outlook / Wolfgang Knorr. - Towards an improved land surface scheme in ECHAM / Reiner Schnur. - Impact of vegetation feedback on climate variability in the coupled ECHAM -land-vegetation model / Karl-Georg Schnitzler. - Impact of dynamic vegetation on the carbon cycle / Marko Scholze. - Natural Climate Variability and Anthropogenic Climate Change Intraseasonal variability in the Tropics / Stefan Liess. - Study on Monsoon Predictability with ECHAM4.5 / Y. Zhao, L. Diimenil. - Simulation of the rainfall variability in West-Africa Project ,IMPETUS" / Jürgen Bader. - Influence of SST on the NAO Variability / Holger Pohlmann. - The impact of ENSO on tropical and extratropical storms as simulated in high resolution ECHAM4 experiments / Ute Merkel. - Low-frequency variability in the tropical Indian Ocean / Astrid Baquero Bernal. - Assimilation of altimeter and temperature data for ENSO hindcasting / Sigrid Schöttle. - The heat content of the world ocean in ECHAM4/0PYC3 and observations / Katja Lohmann. - Trends in daily precipitation characteristics: transient climate change simulations with a coupled A OGCM / Vladimir Semenov and Lennart Bengtsson.

Note: CONTENTS: Foreword / Klaus Hasselmann. - GROUP HASSELMANN. - Improving the SIAM Economy Module / Volker Barth. - A Nonlinear Impulse Response Model of the Coupled Carbon Cycle-Ocean-Atmosphere Climate System / Georg Hooß. - Potential Impact of Uncertainty and Natural Climate Variability in the Design of Optimal Climate Protection Policies / Victor Ocaña. - Climate Change Detection for the Annual Cycle of Temperature and Precipitation / Reiner Schnur. - Estimating the Sensitivity of a Regional Atmospheric Model to a Sea State Dependent Roughness Using Ensemble Calculations / Ralph Weisse, Hauke Heyen, and Hans von Storch. - CLIMATE MODEL AND DATA SECTION DKRZ. - Modellbetreuungsgruppe - An Update / Ulrich Cubasch. - Prediction of Global Change Using Different Models: An Intercomparison / Ulrich Cubasch. - The ECHO-G Coupled Climate Model on the NEC SX-4 / Stephanie Legutke. - Data Group Activities and Status / Hans Luthardt. - GROUP GRAF. - The Possible Effect of Biomass Burning on Local Precipitation and Global Climate / Hans-F. Graf. - The Leading Variability Mode of the Coupled Troposphere-Stratosphere Winter Circulation in Different Climate Regimes / Judith Perlwitz. - Numerical Simulation of Scavenging Processes in Explosive Volcanic Eruption Clouds / Christiane Textor. - Three-dimensional Simulation of Stratospheric Aerosol / Claudia Timmreck. - GROUP LATIF. - Oceanic Control of Decadal North Atlantic Sea Level Pressure Variability in Winter / Mojib Latif, Klaus Arpe, and Erich Roeckner. - Climatology and Variability in the Tropical Pacific in the Coupled GCM ECHO-G / Astrid Baquero. - Large-scale Air-sea Interactions in the Midlatitudes / Dietmar Dommenget. - ENSO Prediction Experiments with the Coupled GCM ECHO-G / Anselm Grötzner, Mojib Latif, and Stephan Venzke. - Simulating the Response of an Ocean General Circulation Model to North Atlantic Oscillation-type Forcing / Helmuth Haak. - The Role of Indian Ocean Sea Surface Temperature in Forcing East African Climate Anomalies / Mojib Latif, Dietmar Dommenget, and Mihai Dima. - A Circulation Model for Paleoclimate Studies: Model Description and First Applications / Gerrit Lohmann. - Southern Ocean Investigations with the HOPE Model / Simon J. Marsland. - The Atmospheric Response to SST Anomalies in Midlatitudes / Ute Merkel. - Equatorial Pacific Thermocline Circulation and Decadal Climate Variability / Keith Rodgers. - Ocean Model Intercomparison Project / Frank Röske. - Assimilation of Topex/Poseidon Altimeter Data into an Ocean GCM to Improve ENSO Forecasts / Sigrid Schöttle. - GROUP MIKOLAJEWICZ. - Development of the new C-HOPE OGCM / Uwe Mikolajewicz. - The Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation: Large Scale and Small Scale Aspects / Johann Jungclaus. - The Global Ocean Assimilation System GOAS / Detlev Müller. - Study of the Climate Variability in the Northern European and Arctic Seas Using Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models / Dmitry Sein. - GROUP MAIER-REIMER. - Modeling of Marine Biogeochemistry / Ernst Maier-Reimer. - (1) Optimisation of a Marine Silicon Cycle Model and (2) Artificial Sediment Cores / Christoph Heinze. - Modeling Stable Water Isotopes and Vapor Source Regions over Greenland and Antarctica / Martin Werner. - OTHERS. - Ongoing Work in the Bengtsson Department / Marco Giorgetta. - E-journals and Databases for MPG Scientists: How to's / Carola Kauhs. - INDEX OF AUTHORS. -

Note: Contents: Introduction / P. J. le B. Williams. - The management and behaviour of the Mesocosms / P. J. le B. Williams and J. K. Egge. - Evolution of phytoplankton pigments in Mesocosm experiments / R. G. Barlow, R. F. C. Mantoura, D. G. Cummings, D. W. Pond and R. P. Harris. - Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) gene expression and photosynthetic activity in nutrient-enriched Mesocosm experiments / M. Wyman, J. T. Davies, K. Weston, D. W. Crawford and D. A. Purdie. - Bacterial response to blooms dominated by diatoms and Emiliania huxleyi in nutrient-enriched Mesocosms / R. Sanders and D. A. Purdie. - Population dynamics of phytoplankton and viruses in a phosphate-limited Mesocosm and their effect on DMSP and DMS production / W. H. Wilson, S. Turner and N. H. Mann. - Microplanktonic polyunsaturated fatty acid markers: a Mesocosm trial / D. W. Pond, M. V. Bell, R. P. Harris and J. R. Sargent.

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Theory Effective sliding velocity Estimate of stresses Surface profilecalculations Effect of the weight of ice on the bedrock base Sample calculations References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimental Materials Apparatus Experimental results Ice/metal interface Ice/quartz interface Discussion References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Soil material Soil Preparation of the soil material Containers Temperature and humidity of the air Moisture content and dry density of the soil Experimental procedures and results General procedures Definition of the characteristics of cracking of soil Cracking moisture content Size of cells made by cracking of the soil Length of cracks Number of sides of cells Development of cracks Additional experiments Interfacial fracture markings Method of auxilliary tests on physical properties of the soil Elastic constants of the soil Shrinkage of soil due to desiccation Tests of the adhesion between the soil and the bottom material Results of auxiliary tests Elastic constants of the soil Free shrinkage process of the soil due to desiccation Adhesion between the soil and glass or wood Mechanism of crack formation due to the desiccation of soil Geometric interpretation Mechanical interpretation Conclusions References Appendix: Table of experiments

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Comments on the shear hypothesis Appearance of the debris layers The possibility of cold ice scraping up debris The shear across a debris layer The geometry of the debris layers Freezing model Theory Discussion Conclusion References

Note: Contents Editor's Foreword Contributors' Forewords Acknowledgments Chapter 1 lntroduction and historical background / Grethe R. Hasle and Carmelo R. Tomas Chapter 2 Marine Diatoms / Grethe R. Hasle and Erik E. Syvertsen Introduction General Characteristics Life Cycles Morphology and Terminology Classification Genera Represented in Marine Plankton Centric Diatoms Pennate Diatoms Identification Content Description of Taxa Centric Diatoms Pennate Diatoms Methodology Collection and Concentration Unialgal Cultures as a Means for Species Identification Preservation and Storage Preparation for Light Microscopy Preparation for Electron Microscopy Microscopy What to Look for-General Hints for Identification and Preparation Taxonomic Appendix New Genus New Names Validation of Names New Nomenclatural Combinations Common Diatom Synonyms Index of Diatom Taxa References Chapter 3 Dinoflagelates / Karen A. Steidinger in Collaboration with Karl Tangen Introduction General Characteristics Dinoflagellates: Eukaryotic Unicells Terminology and Morphology Morphological Types General Cell Terms Microanatomy Characters Used in Identifying Prorocentroid Desmokont Cells Characters Used in Identifying Dinokont Cells Identification of Species Techniques for Preparation of Dinoflagellates for Identification Common Dinoflagellate Synonyms Index of Dinoflagellate Taxa References Chapter 4 Introduction / Carmelo R. Tomas Chapter 5 The Planktonic Marine Flagellates / Jahn Throndsen Introduction General Considerations Algal Flagellate Characteristics Flagellate Terminology Phytoflagellate Taxanomy Phytoflagellate Systematics Chromophyta Cryptophyceae Raphidophyceae Chrysophyceae Dictyochophyceae Prymnesiophyceae-Haptophyceae (Exclusive of Coccolithophorids) Chlorophyta Euglenophyceae Prasinophyceae Chlorophyeae Zooflagellates (Phylum Zoomastigophora) Choanoflagellidea Kinetoplastidea Ebriidea Techniques Preparing Samples for Observation Cultivation for Identification Preparation of Samples for Further Studies Specific Problems to Avoid Common Flagellate Synonyms Glossary Index of Flagellate Taxa References Chapter 6 Modern Coccolithophorids / Berit R. Heimdal Introduction General Characteristics Terminology and Morphology Problems in Studying Recent Coccolithophorids Classification Outline for Classification and Arrangement of Genera Systematic Descriptions Holococcolithophorids Heterococcolithophorids Common Coccolithophorid Synonyms Index of Coccolithophorid Taxa References Glossary General Index

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimental facilities Experimental in-place measurements Density and homogeneity of processed snow Ram hardness Temperature measurements Mechanical properties Unconfined compressive strength Stress-strain relationships in unconfined compress ion Creep in unconfined compression Tensile strength Discussion of results References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Method Design and operation of the impactor Collection efficiency Computation from theoretical values of Langmuir and Blodgett Empirical values Observations and results Fog on the ice cap Sea fog near Thule Discussion Conclusions References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Description of the lake Cli rna te of the lake Methods of study Ice textures Crystal size Ice structures Crystal fabric studies Growth of an ice sheet References Appendix A: Weather data Appendix B: Sample data

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Notation Stress analysis Analysis of densification process Non-Newtonian densification Equation for hyperbolic sine densification law Determination of parameters Discussion Glaciological engineering aspects References Appendix A: Example of calculation Appendix B: Snow density profiles

Note: CONTENTS VOLUME 2 Section 6 GULLY DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES Chapter 31 Thresholds of Channel Initiation in Historical and Holocene Times, Southeastern Australia / I. P. Prosser Chapter 32 The Role of Sideslope Gullies in the Production andDelivery of Sediment to Contemporary Terraces, Rambla del Hornillo, Southern Spain / H. Faulkner Chapter 33 Holocene Hillslope Gully Systems in the Howgill Fells, Cumbria / A. M. Harvey Chapter 34 Unsaturated Strength and Preferential Flow as Controls on Gully Head Development / A. J. C. Collison Section 7 SLOPE STABILITY Chapter 35 Landslides and Stability in the Nepalese Middle Hills under Seasonal and Agricultural Land-Use Change Scenarios / K. Wu and J. B. Thornes Chapter 36 Developments in Slope Hydrology-Stability Modelling for Tropical Slopes / M. G. Anderson, A. J. C. Collison, J. Hartshorne, D. M. Lloyd and A. Park Chapter 37 The Mechanics and Landforms of Deep-Seated Landslides / D. Petley Chapter 38 The Assessment and Modelling of Hydrological Failure Conditions of Landslides in the Puriscal Region (Costa Rica) and the Manizales Region (Colombia) / M. T. J. Terlien, P. G. B. De Louw, Th. W. J. Van Asch and R. A. A. Hetterschijt Chapter 39 The Effects of Grass Roots on the Shear Strength of Colluvial Soils in Nepal / C. J. Lawrance, R. J. Rickson and J. E. Clark Chapter 40 Development of an Episodic Landform Change Model based upon the Black Ven Mudslide, 1946-1995 / D. Brunsden and J. H. Chandler Chapter 41 Coastal Slope Development: Temporal and Spatial Periodicity in the Holderness Cliff Recession / J. Pethick Section 8 TROPICAL HILLSLOPE PROCESSES Chapter 42 A New Approach towards the Quantification of Runoff and Eroded Sediment from Bench Terraces in Humid Tropical Steeplands and its Application in South-Central Java, Indonesia / L. A. Bruijnzee/ and W. R. S. Critchley Chapter 43 Hydrological Pathways and Water Chemistry in Amazonian Rain Forests / H. Elsenbeer and A. Lack Chapter 44 Observations on Slope Processes in a Tropical Rain Forest Environment Before and After Forest Plantation Establishment / A. Maimer Chapter 45 Tectonics and Relief in Tropical Forested Mountains: The Gipfelflur Hypothesis Revisited / A. P. Dykes and J. B. Thornes Section 9 SEMI-ARID HILLSLOPE PROCESSES Chapter 46 Hillslope Response to Extreme Storm Events: The Example of the Vaison-La-Romaine Event / J. Wainwright Chapter 47 Geomorphological Implications of Vegetation Patchiness on Semi-arid Slopes / J. Puigdefabregas and G. Sanchez Chapter 48 Runoff and Erosion on Semi-arid Hillslopes / A. J. Parsons, J. Wainwright and A. D. Abrahams Chapter 49 Cuesta Scarp Forms and Processes in Different Attitudinal Belts of the Colorado Plateau as Indicators of Climatic Change / K.-H. Schmidt and P. Meitz Chapter 50 Modelling the Complexity of Land Surface Response to Climatic Variability in Mediterranean Environments / M. Mulligan Section 10 PERIGLACIAL HILLSLOPE PROCESSES Chapter 51 Processes of Thaw-Induced Mass Movement in Non-cohesive Soils: Results of an Instrumented Slope Simulation Experiment / C. Harris and M. C. R. Davies Chapter 52 Paraglacial Slope Adjustment during Recent Deglaciation and Its Implication for Slope Evolution in Formerly Glaciated Environments / C. K. Ballantyne and D. I. Benn Chapter 53 Paraglacial or Periglacial? The Sedimentology of Slope Deposits in Upland Northumberland / S. Harrison Chapter 54 Slow Mass Movements and Climatic Relationships, 1972-1994, Kapp Linné, West Spitzbergen / H. J. Akerman Chapter 55 Rock Weathering and the Formation of Summit Blockfield Slopes in Norway: Examples and Implications / B. R. Rea, W. B. Whalley and E. M. Porter Author Index Subject Index

Note: Contents Summary Introduction Material and Methods 2.1 Experimental Approach and Concept 2.2 Cold Chamber Experiments 2.2.1 Packed Sand Columns 2.2.2 Undisturbed Soil Monolith 2.3 Tracer Extraction and Determination of Tracer Concentrations 2.4 Digital Image Analysis 2.4.1 Photographic Recording 2.4.2 Image Analysis 2.4.3 Statistical Regression Analysis 2.5 Fluorescence Imaging 2.6 Low-Temperature SEM and X-Ray Analysis 2.7 Numerical Simulation 2.7.1 Model Description 2.7.2 Model Application 3 Results From Cold Chamber Experiments 3.1 Packed Sand Columns (Experiment I-III) 3.1.1 Infiltration Behaviour (Experiment I-III) 3.1.2 Dye Tracer Distribution (Experiment III) 3.1.3 Mass Recovery of Dye Tracers (Experiment III) 3.1.4 Vertical Distribution of Dye Tracers Determined From Large Sections (Experiment III) 3.2 Undisturbed Soil Monolith (Experiment IV) 3.2.1 Infiltration Behaviour 3.2.2 Dye Tracer Distributions 3.2.3 Mass Recovery of all Tracers Determined From Large Sections 3.2.4 Vertical Distribution of all Tracers Determined From Large Sections 4 Results From Low-Temperature SEM and X-Ray Analysis 4.1 Dry Sand and Loam 4.2 Wet Sand 4.3 Wet Loam 5 Modelling Results 5.1 Thermal Regime 5.2 Water Content Profile Before the Irrigation 5.3 Infiltration Behaviour 5.4 Water Content Profile After the Irrigation 5.5 Solute Transport 5.6 Energy Exchange at the Surface 6 Conclusions 6.1 Conclusions About the Methods 6.2 Conclusions About the Water Infiltration in Frozen Soil List of Figures List of Tables Bibliography

Note: Abstract Résumé Acknowledgments Welcome to Yellowknife Part I: The landscape and the people Geological evolution of the landscape Bedrock geology Surficial geology Climate and vegetation History of Yellowknife From gold to government Significant events Part II: Living with frozen ground Permafrost Regional distribution Permafrost occurrence in Yellowknife Significance of peat Significance of moisture Ice lenses Thaw stable and thaw unstable ground Thaw settlement Frost heave Development Buildings Roads Utilities Thermosyphons Climate change - an uncertain future for permafrost Climate and permafrost history Air temperature trends over the last century Response of air temperatures to doubling of greenhouse gases Effect of climate warming on permafrost in Yellowknife Impacts of climate warming Part III: Guide to field stops Introduction The Capital Tour - Capital Site to Bowling Green building Stop 1. The Capital Site - a profusion of peat Stop 2. Legislative Assembly - design with nature Stop 3. Legislative Assembly roadway - perils of paving peat Stop 4. Walking path - tipping trails Stop 5. Legislative Assembly parking lot - preserving permafrost Stop 6. Frame Lake - Yellowknife's aquatic centrepiece Stop 7. National Defence building - seeking solid ground Stop 8. Visitors Centre - rocking and rolling Stop 9. 49 Street thermosyphons - keeping it cool Stop 10. Bowling Green building - swallowing sidewalks The City Tour - 49 Avenue to Niven Lake Stop 11. 49 and 49 intersection - rolling roadways Stop 12. 49 Avenue - sagging sidewalks Stop 13. Downtown Yellowknife - safe on sand Stop 14. Gold Range Hotel - making things work Stop 15. Centre Square Mall - stemming shifting sands Stop 16. Boston Pizza - fast food on a slab Stop 17. Royal Oak Mines Inc. houses - half a century later Stop 18. 52 Avenue - up, up, and ... away Stop 19. 49 Street hill - leaving good ground Stop 20. 54 Avenue - frozen dangers underfoot Stop 21. Rockcliffe Apartments - creeping crawl space Stop 22. School Draw subdivision - houses on the move Stop 23. School Draw Park - from basements to basketballs Stop 24. Rock outcrop - on the shores of glacial Lake McConnell Stop 25. Detah ice road - crystal highway Stop 26. Old Town - doing things the old-fashioned way Stop 27. Franklin Avenue - whither frozen ground? Stop 28. Fritz Theil Park - from dump to diamond I Stop 29. Old sewage line - pipes and peat Stop 30. Niven Lake - a subarctic oasis I Part IV: The Niven Lake Trail Introduction Stop 1. A biological magnet for waterbirds Stop 2. The land of little sticks Stop 3. The wonder of wetlands Stop 4. Niven Lake -urban oasis for wildlife Stop 5. Peat, beautiful peat Stop 6. Honolulu north? Stop 7. Home sweet home -all year round Stop 8. Those mud-slinging, bug-poking shorebirds Glossary of terms Selected references List of field guides for Yellowknife

Note: Zum Teil in kyrillischer Schrift. , Text in russischer, englischer und französischer Sprache

Note: СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Предисловие Предисловие к английскому изданию Введение ШПИЦБЕРГЕН Схема структурной истории Шпицбергена / В. Б. Харланд ГРЕНЛАНДИЯ Обзор геологии северной и восточной Гренландии Докембрийские и нижнепалеозойские структурные элементы и осадконакопление в северной и восточной Гренландии / Л. Кох Каролиниды: орогенический пояс позднедокембрийского возраста в северо-восточной Гренландии / Дж. Халлер Нижний палеозой Гренландии / Дж. Коуи Значение каледонской орогении в Гренландии / Дж. Халлер Девонские отложения центральной части восточной Гренландии / Х. Бютлер Континентальные иаменноугольные и нижнепермские отложения центральной части восточной Гренландии / Х. Бютлер Пермь Гренландии / В. Майнц Триас восточной Гренландии / Р. Трюмпи Юрские отложения восточной Гренландии / Дж. Х. Калломон Меловые отложения восточной Гренландии / Д. Т. Донован Третичные отложения Гренландии / Э. Венк Стратиграфия позднего докембрия восточной Гренландии / Х. Р. Кац О хронологии докембрия западной Гренландии / А. Бертельсен КАНАДА Структурная истории Канадского арктического архипелага с докембрийского времени / Р. Topcтeйнccoн, Е. T. Тозер Общий обзор геологии докембрии арктической части Канады / Р. Г. Блакадар, Дж. А. Фрейзер Стратиграфия нижнего палеозоя Канадского арктического архипелага / Р. Торетейнссон Общий очерк стратиграфии мезозойских и третичных отложений Канадского арктического архипелага / Е. T. Тозер Соотношение дислокаций складчатого пояса островов Парри и корнуоллисских складчатых структур на востоке острова Батерст Канадского арктического архипелага / Э. Н. Мак-Нейр Геологическая интерпретация аэромагнитных профилей, проведенных через Канадский арктический архипелаг / А. Ф. Грегори, М. Е. Бауэр, Л. В. Морлей Тектоническое строение северной Канады / Л. Дж. Мартин Каледонские или акадийские граниты северной части территории Юкон / Х. Бадегард, Р. И. Фолинеби, Дж. Липсон Стратиграфия девона района среднего течения реки Макензи, Северо-Западные территории, Канада / Х. Г. Бacceт Стратиграфия девонских отложений района Нориан-Уэлс / Т. Cтopu АЛЯСКА Изучение тектоники Аляски / Г. Грик Корреляция палеозойских пород Аляски / Дж. Т. Дутромл Новые данные о распространении верхнетретичных континентальных отложений на Аляске и в северо-западной Канаде / В. С. Бениннгхоф, Г. В. Холмс, Д. М. Гопкинс АРКТИЧЕСКИЙ БАССЕЙН Истории геологических знаний о происхождении Арктинеского бассейна / А. Дж. Ирдли Срединно-океанический хребет и его продолжение через Арктический бассейн / Б. К. Хейзен, М. Юииг Продолжение горных цепей в Арктике в прошлом / Дж. T. Вилъсон Сейсмическое исследование дна Арктического океана / К. Ханкинс Гальки, поднятые при драгировании в центральной части Северного Ледовитого океана / В. Шварцахер, К. Ханкинс Батиметрия моря Бофорта / А. Дж. Kapcoла, Р. Л. Фишер, К. Дж. Шипек, Г. Шамвей Предварительные результаты исследований арктической дрейфующей станции Чарли / В. Дж. Кроми Геофизические исследования на дрейфующей станции МГГ Браво, Т-3, 1958-1959 гr. / Д. Плоуфф, Г. В. Келлер, Ф. Ц, Фришкнехт, Р. Р. Уол Морские геологические наблюдения в Баренцовом море / Х. Игнатиус Морская геология и батиметрия шельфа Чукотского моря в районе Оготорук-Крик, северо-западная Аляска / Д. В. Схолл, К. Л. Сайнсбери Геоморфология Арктического бассейна / Р. Дитц, Дж. Шамвей Предметный указатель Указатель географических названий , Translation of Content Preface Preface to the English edition Introduction SPITSBERGEN Scheme of the structural history of Spitsbergen / W. B. Harland GREENLAND Review of the geology of northern and eastern Greenland Precambrian and Lower Paleozoic structural elements and sedimentation in northern and eastern Greenland / L. Koch Carolinids: Late Precambrian orogenic belt in northeastern Greenland / J. Haller Lower Paleozoic of Greenland / J. Cowie The significance of the Caledonian orogeny in Greenland / J. Haller Devonian deposits of the central part of eastern Greenland / H. Bütler Continental Carboniferous and Lower Permian deposits of the central part of eastern Greenland / H. Bütler Perm Greenland / V. Mainz Triassic of eastern Greenland / R. Trumpy Jurassic deposits of eastern Greenland / J. H. Callomon Cretaceous deposits of eastern Greenland / D. T. Donovan Tertiary deposits of Greenland / E. Wenk Late Precambrian stratigraphy of eastern Greenland / H. R. Katz On the chronology of the Precambrian of western Greenland / A. Bertelsen CANADA Structural history of the Canadian Arctic archipelago since Precambrian time / R. Topsteinson, E. T. Tozer General overview of the Precambrian geology of the Canadian Arctic / R. G. Blakadar, J. A. Fraser Stratigraphy of the Lower Paleozoic of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago / R. Thoreteinsson General outline of the stratigraphy of Mesozoic and Tertiary deposits of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago / E. T. Tozer The relationship between the dislocations of the Parry Islands fold belt and the Cornwallis fold structures in the east of Bathurst Island in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago / E. N. McNair Geological interpretation of aeromagnetic profiles drawn through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago / A. F. Gregory, M. E. Bauer, L. V. Morley Tectonic structure of northern Canada / L. J. Martin Caledonian or Acadian granites of the northern Yukon Territory / H. Badegard, R. I. Folineby, J. Lipson Devonian stratigraphy of the middle Mackenzie River region, Northwest Territories, Canada / H. G. Basset Stratigraphy of Devonian deposits of the Norian-Wells region / T. Stopu ALASKA Study of Alaska tectonics / G. Grik Correlation of Paleozoic Rocks of Alaska / J. T. Dutroml New data on the distribution of Upper Tertiary continental sediments in Alaska and northwestern Canada / V. S. Beninghof, G. W. Holmes, D. M. Hopkins ARCTIC POOL Stories of geological knowledge about the origin of the Arctic Basin / A. J. Eardley Mid-ocean ridge and its continuation through the Arctic basin / B. K. Hazen, M. Huig The continuation of mountain ranges in the Arctic in the past / J. T. Wilson Seismic exploration of the Arctic ocean floor / K. Hankins Pebbles raised during dredging in the central part of the Arctic Ocean / V. Schwarzacher, K. Hankins Bathymetry of the Beaufort Sea / A. J. Kapcola, R. L. Fisher, K. J. Shipek, G. Shumway Preliminary results of studies of the Arctic drifting station Charlie / W. J. Cromie Geophysical research at the drifting station MGG Bravo, T-3, 1958-1959. / D. Plouffe, G. W. Keller, F. Z, Frischknecht, R. R. Wahl Marine geological observations in the Barents Sea / H. Ignatius Marine geology and bathymetry of the Chukchi Sea shelf in the Ogotoruk Creek area, northwestern Alaska / D. W. Scholl, K. L. Sainsbury Geomorphology of the Arctic Basin / R. Dietz, J. Shumway Subject index Index of geographical names , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents Foreword Preface Contributors I Introduction 1 The Development of Climate Research / by ANTONIO NAVARRA 1.1 The Nature of Climate Studies 1.1.1 The Big Storm Controversy 1.1.2 The Great Planetary Oscillations 1.2 The Components of Climate Research 1.2.1 Dynamical Theory 1.2.2 Numerical Experimentation 1.2.3 Statistical Analysis 2 Misuses of Statistical Analysis in Climate Research / by HANS VON STORCH 2.1 Prologue 2.2 Mandatory Testing and the Mexican Hat 2.3 Neglecting Serial Correlation 2.4 Misleading Names: The Case of the Decorrelation Time 2.5 Use of Advanced Techniques 2.6 Epilogue II Analyzing The Observed Climate 3 Climate Spectra and Stochastic Climate Models / by CLAUDE FRANKIGNOUL 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Spectral Characteristics of Atmospheric Variables 3.3 Stochastic Climate Model 3.4 Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies 3.5 Variability of Other Surface Variables 3.6 Variability in the Ocean Interior 3.7 Long Term Climate Changes 4 The Instrumental Data Record: Its Accuracy and Use in Attempts to Identify the "CO2 Signal" / by PHIL JONES 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Homogeneity 4.2.1 Changes in Instrumentation, Exposure and Measuring Techniques 4.2.2 Changes in Station Locations 4.2.3 Changes in Observation Time and the Methods Used to Calculate Monthly Averages 4.2.4 Changes in the Station Environment 4.2.5 Precipitation and Pressure Homogeneity 4.2.6 Data Homogenization Techniques 4.3 Surface Climate Analysis 4.3.1 Temperature 4.3.2 Precipitation 4.3.3 Pressure 4.4 The Greenhouse Detection Problem 4.4.1 Definition of Detection Vector and Data Used 4.4.2 Spatial Correlation Methods 4.5 Conclusions 5 Interpreting High-Resolution Proxy Climate Data - The Example of Dendr о climatology / by KEITH R. BRIFFA 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Background 5.3 Site Selection and Dating 5.4 Chronology Confidence 5.4.1 Chronology Signal 5.4.2 Expressed Population Signal 5.4.3 Subsample Signal Strength 5.4.4 Wider Relevance of Chronology Signal 5.5 "Standardization" and Its Implications for Judging Theoretical Signal 5.5.1 Theoretical Chronology Signal 5.5.2 Standardization of "Raw" Data Measurements 5.5.3 General Relevance of the "Standardization" Problem 5.6 Quantifying Climate Signals in Chronologies 5.6.1 Calibration of Theoretical Signal 5.6.2 Verification of Calibrated Relationships 5.7 Discussion 5.8 Conclusions 6 Analysing the Boreal Summer Relationship Between World wide Sea-Surface Temperature and Atmospheric Variability / by M. NEIL WARD 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Physical Basis for Sea-Surface Temperature Forcing of the Atmosphere 6.2.1 Tropics 6.2.2 Extratropics 6.3 Characteristic Patterns of Global Sea Surface Temperature: EOFs and Rotated EOFs 6.3.1 Introduction 6.3.2 SST Data 6.3.3 EOF method 6.3.4 EOFs p^→1 - p^→3 6.3.5 Rotation of EOFs 6.4 Characteristic Features in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with the SST Patterns p^→2, p ^→3 and p^→2R in JAS 6.4.1 Data and Methods 6.4.2 Patterns in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with EOF p^→2 6.4.3 Patterns in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with EOF p^→3 6.4.4 Patterns in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with Rotated EOF p^→2R 6.5 JAS Sahel Rainfall Links with Sea-Surface Temperature and Marine Atmosphere 6.5.1 Introduction 6.5.2 Rainfall in the Sahel of Africa 6.5.3 High Frequency Sahel Rainfall Variations 6.5.4 Low Frequency Sahel Rainfall Variations 6.6 Conclusions III Simulating and Predicting Climate 7 The Simulation of Weather Types in GCMs : A Regional Approach to Control-Run Validation / by KEITH R. BRIFFA 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Lamb Catalogue 7.3 An "Objective" Lamb Classification 7.4 Details of the Selected GCM Experiments 7.5 Comparing Observed and GCM Climates 7.5.1 Lamb Types 7.5.2 Temperature and Precipitation 7.5.3 Relationships Between Circulation Frequencies and Temperature and Precipitation 7.5.4 Weather-Type Spell Lengths and Storm Frequencies 7.6 Conclusions 7.6.1 Specific Conclusions 7.6.2 General Conclusions 8 Statistical Analysis of GCM Output / by CLAUDE FRANKIGNOUL 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Univariate Analysis 8.2.1 The i-Test on the Mean of a Normal Variable 8.2.2 Tests for Autocorrelated Variables 8.2.3 Field Significance 8.2.4 Example: GCM Response to a Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly 8.3 Multivariate Analysis 8.3.1 Test on Means of Multidimensional Normal Variables 8.3.2 Application to Response Studies 8.3.3 Application to Model Testing and Intercomparison 9 Field Intercomparison / by ROBERT E . LIVEZEY 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Motivation for Permutation and Monte Carlo Testing 9.2.1 Local vs. Field Significance 9.2.2 Test Example 9.3 Permutation Procedures 9.3.1 Test Environment 9.3.2 Permutation (PP) and Bootstrap (BP) Procedures 9.3.3 Properties 9.3.4 Interdependence Among Field Variables 9.4 Serial Correlation 9.4.1 Local Probability Matching 9.4.2 Times Series and Monte Carlo Methods 9.4.3 Independent Samples 9.4.4 Conservatism 9.5 Concluding Remarks 10 The Evaluation of Forecasts / by ROBERT E. LIVEZEY 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Considerations for Objective Verification 10.2.1 Quantification 10.2.2 Authentication 10.2.3 Description of Probability Distributions 10.2.4 Comparison of Forecasts 10.3 Measures and Relationships: Categorical Forecasts 10.3.1 Contingency and Definitions 10.3.2 Some Scores Based on the Contingency Table 10.4 Measures and Relationships: Continuous Forecasts 10.4.1 Mean Squared Error and Correlation 10.4.2 Pattern Verification (the Murphy-Epstein Decomposition) 10.5 Hindcasts and Cross-Validation 10.5.1 Cross-Validation Procedure 10.5.2 Key Constraints in Cross-Validation 11 Stochastic Modeling of Precipitation with Applications to Climate Model Downscaling / by DENNIS LETTENMAIER 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Probabilistic Characteristics of Precipitation 11.3 Stochastic Models of Precipitation 11.3.1 Background 11.3.2 Applications to Global Change 11.4 Stochastic Precipitation Models with External Forcing 11.4.1 Weather Classification Schemes 11.4.2 Conditional Stochastic Precipitation Models 11.5 Applications to Alternative Climate Simulation 11.6 Conclusions IV Pattern Analysis 12 Teleconnections Patterns / by ANTONIO NAVARRA 12.1 Objective Teleconnections 12.2 Singular Value Decomposition 12.3 Teleconnections in the Ocean-Atmosphere System 12.4 Concluding Remarks 13 Spatial Patterns: EOFs and CCA / by HANS VON STORCH 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Expansion into a Few Guess Patterns 13.2.1 Guess Patterns, Expansion Coefficients and Explained Variance 13.2.2 Example: Temperature Distribution in the Mediterranean Sea 13.2.3 Specification of Guess Patterns 13.2.4 Rotation of Guess Patterns 13.3 Empirical Orthogonal Functions 13.3.1 Definition of EOFs 13.3.2 What EOFs Are Not Designed for 13.3.3 Estimating EOFs 13.3.4 Example: Central European Temperature 13.4 Canonical Correlation Analysis 13.4.1 Definition of Canonical Correlation Patterns 13.4.2 CCA in EOF Coordinates 13.4.3 Estimation: CCA of Finite Samples 13.4.4 Example: Central European Temperature 14 Patterns in Time : SSA and MSSA / by ROBERT VAUTARD 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Reconstruction and Approximation of Attractors 14.2.1 The Embedding Problem 14.2.2 Dimension and Noise 14.2.3 The Macroscopic Approximation 14.3 Singular Spectrum Analysis 14.3.1 Time EOFs 14.3.2 Space-Time EOFs 14.3.3 Oscillatory Pairs 14.3.4 Spectral Properties 14.3.5 Choice of the Embedding Dimension 14.3.6 Estimating Time and Space-Time Patterns 14.4 Climatic Applications of SSA 14.4.1 The Analysis of Intraseasonal Oscillations 14.4.2 Empirical Long-Range Forecasts Using MSSA Predictors 14.5 Conclusions 15 Multivariate Statistical Modeling : POP-Model as a First Order Approximation / by JIN-SONG VON STORCH 15.1 Introduction 15.2 The Cross-Covariance Matrix and the Cross-Spectrum Matrix 15.3 Multivariate AR(1) Process and its Cross-Covariance and Cross-Spectrum Matrices 15.3.1 The System Matrix A and its POPs 15.3.2 Cross-Spectrum Matrix in POP-Basis: Its Matrix Formulation 15.3.3 Cross-Spectrum Matrix in POP-Basis: Its Diagonal Components

Note: Translation of Table of Contents: INTRODUCTION Chapter 1. REVIEW OF GEOCRYOLOGICAL RESEARCH Chapter 2. NATURAL CONDITIONS Chapter 3. GENERAL GEOCRYOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND LANDSCAPE ZONING OF THE REGION Chapter 4. CONDITION OF PERMAFROST ROCKS ALONG THE ROUTE OF POWER LINES SVETLOGORSK - IGARKA - SNEZHNOGORSK 4.1. Forested areas 4.2. Treeless areas 4.3. Areas with close rock formations 4.4. Talik areas in the hall. Sigovom Khantaiskoe Reservoir Chapter 5. PERMAFROST ROCKS OF THE LEFT AND RIGHT BANK OF THE YENISEY RIVER NEAR THE CITY OF IGARKA Chapter 6. CHANGES IN GEOCRYOLOGICAL CONDITIONS ON THE “DEAD” RAILROAD ROUTE Chapter 7. FORMATION OF PERMAFROST ROCKS AT THE BOTTOM OF A DRY LAKE. PIKE Chapter 8. GENESIS AND DYNAMICS OF DEVELOPMENT OF ICE MOUNTAIN Chapter 9. TERMOKARST IN THE YENISEI NORTH CONCLUSION LITERATURE , ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ ВВЕДЕНИЕ Глава 1. ОБЗОР ГЕОКРИОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ Глава 2. ПРИРОДНЫЕ УСЛОВИЯ Глава 3. ОБЩАЯ ГЕОКРИОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА И ЛАНДШАФТНОЕ РАЙОНИРОВАНИЕ РЕГОИНА Глава 4. СОСТОЯНИЕ МНОГОЛЕТНЕМЕРЗЛЫХ ПОРОД ПО ТРАССЕ ЛЭП СВЕТЛОГОРСК - ИГАРКА - СНЕЖНОГОРСК 4.1. Залесенные участки 4.2. Безлесные участки 4.3. Участки с близким залеганием скальных пород 4.4. Таликовые участки в зал. Сиговом Хантайскоrо водохранилища Глава 5. МНОГОЛЕТНЕМЕРЗЛЫЕ ПОРОДЫ ЛЕВО- И ПРАВОБЕРЬЯ Р. ЕНИСЕЯ БЛИЗ Г. ИГАРКИ Глава 6. ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ ГЕОКРИОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ УСЛОВИЙ НА ТРАССЕ "МЕРТВОЙ" ЖЕЛЕЗНОЙ ДОРОГИ Глава 7. ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ МНОГОЛЕТНЕМЕРЗЛЫХ ПОРОД НА ДНЕ ОСУШЕННОГО ОЗ. ЩУЧЬЕГО Глава 8. ГЕНЕЗИС И ДИНАМИКА РАЗВИТИЯ ЛЕДЯНОЙ ГОРЫ Глава 9. ТЕРМОКАРСТ НА ЕНИСЕЙСКОМ СЕВЕРЕ ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ ЛИТЕРАТУРА , In kyrillischer Schrift