ALBERT

Note: Armorican Massif --- R. S. D’Lemos, R. A. Strachan, and C. G. Topley: The Cadomian orogeny in the North Armorican Massif: a brief review / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 51:3-12, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.051.01.01 --- C. Guerrot and J. J. Peucat: U-Pb geochronology of the Upper Proterozoic Cadomian orogeny in the northern Armorican Massif, France / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 51:13-26, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.051.01.02 --- M. M. Shufflebotham: The geology of the Penthièvre crystalline massif: a reappraisal of the type-Pentevrian area, northern Brittany / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 51:27-39, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.051.01.03 --- R. A. Roach, G. J. Lees, and M. M. Shufflebotham: Brioverian volcanism and Cadomian tectonics, Baie de St Brieuc, Brittany: stages in the evolution of a late Precambrian ensialic basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 51:41-67, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.051.01.04 --- G. K. Taylor: A palaeomagnetic study of two Precambrian-Cambrian dyke swarms from the Armorican Massif / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 51:69-80, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.051.01.05 --- D. Rabu, J. Chantraine, J. J. Chauvel, E. Denis, P. Balé, and Ph. Bardy: The Brioverian (Upper Proterozoic) and the Cadomian orogeny in the Armorican Massif / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 51:81-94, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.051.01.06 --- J. P. Brun and P. Balé: Cadomian tectonics in northern Brittany / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 51:95-114, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.051.01.07 --- L. Dupret, E. Dissler, F Doré, F. Gresselin, and J. Le Gall: Cadomian geodynamic evolution of the northeastern Armorican Massif (Normandy and Maine) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 51:115-131, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.051.01.08 --- R. A. Strachan and R. A. Roach: Tectonic evolution of the Cadomian belt in north Brittany / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 51:133-150, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.051.01.09 --- P. J. Treloar and R. A. Strachan: Cadomian strike-slip tectonics in NE Brittany / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 51:151-168, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.051.01.10 --- D. Gapais and P. Balé: Shear zone pattern and granite emplacement within a Cadomian sinistral wrench zone at St Cast, N. Brittany / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 51:169-179, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.051.01.11 --- Michael Brown, G. M. Power, C. G. Topley, and R. S. D’Lemos: Cadomian magmatism in the North Armorican Massif / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 51:181-213, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.051.01.12 --- G. M. Power, T. S. Brewer, M. Brown, and W. Gibbons: Late Precambrian foliated plutonic complexes of the Channel Islands and La Hague: early Cadomian plutonism / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 51:215-229, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.051.01.13 --- Pierrick Graviou and Bernard Auvray: Late Precambrian M-type granitoid genesis in the Cadomian belt of NW France / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 51:231-244, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.051.01.14 --- C. G. Topley, M. Brown, R. S. D’Lemos, G. M. Power, and R. A. Roach: The Northern Igneous Complex of Guernsey, Channel Islands / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 51:245-259, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.051.01.15 --- G. M. Power, T. S. Brewer, and R. S. D’Lemos: The post-tectonic Cadomian plutonic complex of La Hague, Manche, N. France / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 51:261-272, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.051.01.16 --- G. J. Lees: The geochemical character of late Cadomian extensional magmatism in Jersey, Channel Islands / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 51:273-291, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.051.01.17 --- David Went and Michael Andrews: Post-Cadomian erosion, deposition and basin development in the Channel Islands and northern Brittany / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 51:293-304, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.051.01.18 --- J. Cogné: The Cadomian orogeny and its influence on the Variscan evolution of western Europe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 51:305-311, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.051.01.19 --- Related Areas --- Wes Gibbons and Jana Horák: Contrasting metamorphic terranes in northwest Wales / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 51:315-327, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.051.01.20 --- F. C. Murphy: Basement-cover relationships of a reactivated Cadomian mylonite zone: Rosslare Complex, SE Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 51:329-339, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.051.01.21 --- J. C. Pauley: Sedimentology, structural evolution and tectonic setting of the late Precambrian Longmyndian Supergroup of the Welsh Borderland, UK / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 51:341-351, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.051.01.22 --- Cecilio Quesada: Precambrian successions in SW Iberia: their relationship to ‘Cadomian’ orogenic events / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 51:353-362, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.051.01.23 --- R. Damian Nance: Late Precambrian-Early Palaeozoic evolution of part of the Avalon terrane in southern New Brunswick, Canada / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 51:363-382, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.051.01.24 --- J. B. Murphy, J. D. Keppie, J. Dostal, and A. J. Hynes: The geochemistry and petrology of the Late Precambrian Georgeville Group: a volcanic arc-rift succession in the Avalon terrane of Nova Scotia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 51:383-393, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.051.01.25 --- R. Damian Nance and J. Brendan Murphy: Kinematic history of the Bass River Complex, Nova Scotia: Cadomian tectonostratigraphic relations in the Avalon terrane of the Canadian Appalachians / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 51:395-406, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.051.01.26 --- Wes Gibbons: Transcurrent ductile shear zones and the dispersal of the Avalon superterrane / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 51:407-423, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.051.01.27

Note: Contents 1. Introductory Remarks on Remote Sensing / E. SCHANDA 1.1 Application Areas of Remote Sensing 1.2 Sensing Systems 1.3 Remote Sensing and Spectral Constraints 2. Aerospace Photography / A. E. SALERNO 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Characteristics of Photographic Process 2.2.1 Sensitometry General 2.2.2 The Characteristic Curve 2.2.3 Development Control 2.2.4 Exposure Control 2.2.5 Film Speed 2.2.6 Reciprocity Law Anomalies 2.2.7 Density Measurement 2.2.8 Measurement of Color 2.2.9 Tone Reproduction Theory 2.2.10 Spectral Sensitivity 2.2.11 Resolution 2.2.12 Granularity 2.2.13 Dimensional Stability and Mechanical Properties 2.3 Cameras and Films 2.3.1 Cameras (General) 2.3.2 Aerial Cameras — Common Features 2.3.3 Optical System 2.3.4 Calibration 2.3.5 Image Motion 2.3.6 Hand Held Cameras 2.3.7 Special Cameras 2.3.8 Film (General) 2.3.9 Aerial Photographic Materials 2.3.10 Black-and-White Camera Films 2.3.11 Color Camera Films 2.4 Photographic Attributes of Earth Sciences 2.4.1 Agriculture 2.4.2 Geography and Geology 2.4.3 Hydrology and Oceanography 2.4.4 Anomalies, Atmospheric 2.4.5 Factors Affecting the Photo Image 2.4.6 Image Formation on Color Film 2.4.7 Processing of Color Film 2.4.8 Photo Systems, Choice 2.4.9 Image Enhancement Procedure Bibliography 3. Infrared Sensing Methods / P. W. SCHAPER 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Infrared Radiation Field 3.3 Fundamentals of Measurement 3.4 Methods of Measurement 3.4.1 The Single Element Radiometer 3.4.2 Imaging Radiometers 3.4.3 Multi Wavelength Channel Radiometers 3.4.4 Spectrometers 3.4.5 Interferometers 3.5 Applications 3.6 Data Interpretation Error Sources 3.7 Expectations of the Near Future References 4. Laser Applications in Remote Sensing / R.T.H. COLLIS and P. B. RUSSELL 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Scope and Definitions 4.1.2 Technical Approaches 4.2 Fundamentals of Physical Processes Involved 4.2.1 Specular Reflection and Elastic (Non-resonant) Scattering 4.2.2 Inelastic and Resonant Scattering 4.2.3 Resonant Absorption 4.2.4 Doppler Effects 4.2.5 Polarization 4.3 Instrumentation 4.3.1 System Concepts 4.3.2 System Configuration 4.3.3 Lasers 4.3.4 Photodetection 4.3.5 Eye Safety 4.3.6 Viewpoint of Remote Sensing 4.4 Applications 4.4.1 General 4.4.2 Backscattering Techniques - Non-resonant Elastic Scattering 4.4.3 Inelastic and Resonant Backscattering 4.4.4 Resonant Absorption 4.4.5 Doppler Techniques 4.4.6 Polarization References 5. Radar Methods / G.P. DE LOOR 5.1 General Aspects 5.1.1 Introduction 5.1.2 Resolution 5.1.3 Image Build-up; Flight Procedure 5.1.4 Parallax 5.1.5 Image Correction 5.1.6 Registration of the Radar Signals 5.2 Backgrounds 5.2.1 Introduction 5.2.2 The Radar Equation 5.2.3 Ground Returns 5.3 Applications 5.3.1 Introduction 5.3.2 Geography 5.3.3 Geology 5.3.4 Vegetation Studies 5.3.5 Sea, Coastal and Oceanographic Studies 5.4 Conclusion References 6. Passive Microwave Sensing / E. SCHANDA 6.1 Principles of Passive Microwave Remote Sensing 6.1.1 Physical Fundamentals of Microwave Radiometry 6.1.2 Semitransparent Media 6.1.3 The Effects of the Atmosphere 6.2 Instrumental Aspects of Microwave Radiometry 6.2.1 The Sensitivity of a Microwave Radiometer 6.2.2 Other Types of Radiometers 6.2.3 Angular Resolution and Range of Passive Microwave Sensing 6.2.4 Realisations of Microwave Radiometers 6.3 Emissive Properties of Materials on the Surface of the Earth 6.3.1 Plane Surfaces of Homogeneous Materials 6.3.2 Heterogeneous Media 6.3.3 Rough Surfaces 6.3.4 Various Investigations on Emissivities 6.4 Remote Determination of Atmospheric Constituents by Their Micro-wave Spectra 6.4.1 The Absorption Coefficients of the Line Spectra 6.4.2 Determinations of Height Profiles 6.5 Passive Microwave Remote Sensing of Water, Ice and Snow 6.5.1 Investigations of Water Surfaces 6.5.2 Investigations of Ice and Snow 6.6 Investigations of the Soil, Vegetation and Geological Features 6.7 Investigations of the Atmosphere and of Meteorological Features 6.7.1 Sounding of Atmospheric Constituents from Molecular Line Radiation 6.7.2 Observation of Meteorological Features References 7. Applications of Gamma Radiation in Remote Sensing / R.L. GRASTY 7.1 The Natural Gamma-radiation Field 7.2 Gamma-ray Detector Systems 7.3 Operational Procedures 7.3.1 Background Radiation 7.3.2 Height Correction 7.3.3 Calibration and Spectral Stripping 7.4 Applications 7.4.1 Mineral Exploration 7.4.2 Geological Mapping 7.4.3 Water-equivalent Snow Measurements 7.4.4 Soil Moisture Measurement 7.4.5 Monitoring Nuclear Facilities 7.5 Future Prospects References 8. Sonar Methods / D.J. CREASEY 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Propagation of Acoustic Energy 8.2.1 General 8.2.2 Absorption Losses in Water 8.2.3 Beam Bending in Water 8.2.4 Propagation in Air 8.3 The Sonar Equation 8.3.1 Transducers and Arrays 8.3.2 Noise and Reverberation 8.3.3 Signal to Noise Ratio and Signal to Reverberation Ratio 8.3.4 Interference Signals in Air 8.4 Factors Affecting Resolution in a Sonar System 8.4.1 General 8.4.2 Range Resolution 8.4.3 Bearing Resolution 8.4.4 Doppler Effect in Sonar 8.5 Applications 8.5.1 Echo Sounding 8.5.2 Sonars with Fixed Beams 8.5.3 Mechanically Rotated Sonar Array Systems 8.5.4 Side-scan Sonars 8.5.5 Sub-bottom Profiling Systems 8.5.6 Sonars with Sectors Scanned Electronically 8.5.7 Remote Sensing Application of Sonar in Air References 9. Digital Picture Processing / PH. HARTL 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 General Remarks 9.1.2 Relation between Image and Real Scene 9.1.3 Enhancement and Filtering 9.2 The Elements of an Image Data Processing and Analysis System 9.2.1 Data Acquisition Subsystem 9.2.2 Data Handling Subsystem 9.2.3 Data Preprocessing Subsystem 9.2.4 Data Storage and Retrieval Subsystem 9.3 Geometric Corrections 9.3.1 Linear Transformations 9.3.2 Quadratic and Higher Order Transformations 9.3.3 Reference Marks 9.3.4 Image Gridding 9.3.5 Image Registration 9.3.6 Geometric Correction Concepts 9.4 Image Enhancement and Filtering Processes 9.4.1 Enhancement Processes 9.4.2 Image Smoothing 9.4.3 Image Sharpening 9.4.4 Matched Filters 9.4.5 Ratio Mapping and Generalization of Image Combination Procedures 9.4.6 Pseudocolor Transformation 9.5 Feature Extraction and Classification 9.5.1 Spectral Features 9.5.2 Spatial Features 9.5.3 The Decision Process 9.5.4 The Decision Criteria 9.5.5 Unsupervised Classification 9.5.6 Recognizing of Bridges, Rivers, Lakes, and Islands 9.6 Appendix 1: The Image Signal in Spatial and Frequency Domain 9.6.1 Signals in the Spatial Domain 9.6.2 Signals in the Frequency Domain 9.7 Appendix 2: Numerical Example for Texture-context Features References Subject Index Color Plates

Note: Mervyn E. Jones and R. M. F. Preston: Introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:1-8, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.01 --- Part I: Theory and Experimental --- G. Owen: Deformation processes in unconsolidated sands / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:11-24, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.02 --- J. P. Gratier: Pressure solution-deposition creep and associated tectonic differentiation in sedimentary rocks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:25-38, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.03 --- G. Mandl and R. M. Harkness: Hydrocarbon migration by hydraulic fracturing / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:39-53, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.04 --- C. R. I. Clayton and M. C. Matthews: Deformation, diagenesis and the mechanical behaviour of chalk / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:55-62, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.05 --- R. J. Allison: Non-destructive determination of Young’s modulus and its relationship with compressive strength, porosity and density / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:63-69, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.06 --- Alex J. Maltman: A laboratory technique for investigating the deformation microstructures of water-rich sediments / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:71-76, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.07 --- Alex. J. Maltman: Shear zones in argillaceous sediments—an experimental study / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:77-87, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.08 --- Part II: Processes --- John R. Underhill and Nigel H. Woodcock: Faulting mechanisms in high-porosity sandstones; New Red Sandstone, Arran, Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:91-105, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.09 --- Jean-Pierre Petit and Edgard Laville: Morphology and microstructures of hydroplastic slickensides in sandstone / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:107-121, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.10 --- Michel Guiraud and Michel Séguret: Soft-sediment microfaulting related to compaction within the fluviodeltaic infill of the Soria strike-slip basin (northern Spain) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:123-136, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.11 --- Michael Leeder: Sediment deformation structures and the palaeotectonic analysis of sedimentary basins, with a case-study from the Carboniferous of northern England / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:137-144, NP, 145-146, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.12 --- Pierre Labaume: Syn-diagenetic deformation of a turbiditic succession related to submarine gravity nappe emplacement, Autapie Nappe, French Alps / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:147-163, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.13 --- S.A. Schack Pedersen: Comparative studies of gravity tectonics in Quaternary sediments and sedimentary rocks related to fold belts / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:165-179, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.14 --- S. G. Farrell and S. Eaton: Slump strain in the Tertiary of Cyprus and the Spanish Pyrenees. Definition of palaeoslopes and models of soft-sediment deformation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:181-196, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.15 --- P. M. Clifford, M. C. Rice, L. L. Pryer, and F. Fueten: Mass transfer in unmetamorphosed carbonates and during low-grade metamorphism of arenites / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:197-209, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.16 --- Part III: Descriptive --- K. T. Pickering: Wet-sediment deformation in the Upper Ordovician Point Leamington Formation: an active thrust-imbricate system during sedimentation, Notre Dame Bay, north-central Newfoundland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:213-218,NP,219-232,NP,234-239, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.17 --- Krzysztof Brodzikowski, Roman Gotowała, Ludwik Kasza, and Antonius J. Van Loon: The Kleszczów Graben (central Poland): reconstruction of the deformational history and inventory of the resulting soft-sediment deformational structures / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:241-254, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.18 --- K. Brodzikowski, R. Gotowała, A. Hałuszczak, D. Krzyszkowski, and A. J. Van Loon: Soft-sediment deformations from glaciodeltaic, glaciolacustrine and fluviolacustrine sediments in the Kleszczów Graben (central Poland) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:255-267, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.19 --- Krzysztof Brodzikowski, Dariusz Krzyszkowski, and Antonius J. Van Loon: Endogenic processes as a cause of penecontemporaneous soft-sediment deformations in the fluviolacustrine Czyżów Series (Kleszczów Graben, central Poland) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:269-278, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.20 --- Krzysztof Brodzikowski and Andrzej Hałuszczak: Flame structures and associated deformations in Quaternary glaciolacustrine and glaciodeltaic deposits: examples from central Poland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:279-286, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.21 --- Krzysztof Brodzikowski, Andrzej Hałuszczak, Dariusz Krzyszkowski, and Antonius J. Van Loon: Genesis and diagnostic value of large-scale gravity-induced penecontemporaneous deformation horizons in Quaternary sediments of the Kleszczów Graben (central Poland) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:287-298, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.22 --- Colin A. Davenport and Philip S. Ringrose: Deformation of Scottish Quaternary sediment sequences by strong earthquake motions / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:299-314, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.23 --- J. Alexander: Syn-sedimentary and burial related deformation in the Middle Jurassic non-marine formations of the Yorkshire Basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:315-324, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.24 --- Bill Fitches: Aspects of veining in the Welsh Lower Palaeozoic Basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:325-342, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.25

Note: Geophysics of the Caledonian-Appalachian Orogen --- R. T. Haworth, R. Hipkin, R. D. Jacobi, M. Kane, J. P. Lefort, M. D. Max, H. G. Miller, and F. Wolff: Geophysical framework and the Appalachian-Caledonide connection / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:3-20, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.01 --- F. A. Cook, D. H. Matthews, and A. W. B. Jacob: Crustal and upper mantle structure of the Appalachian-Caledonide orogen from seismic results / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:21-33, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.02 --- J. C. Briden, D. V. Kent, P. L. Lapointe, J. L. Roy, R. A. Livermore, A. G. Smith, M. K. Seguin, R. Van der Voo, and D. R. Watts: Palaeomagnetic constraints on the evolution of the Caledonian-Appalachian orogen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:35-48, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.03 --- J. P. Lefort, M. D. Max, and J. Roussel: Geophysical evidence for the location of the NW boundary of Gondwanaland and its relationship with two older satellite sutures / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:49-60, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.04 --- Pre-Arenig Activity in the Caledonian-Appalachian Orogen --- Derek Powell, T. B. Andersen, A. A. Drake, Jr, Leo Hall, and J. D. Keppie: The age and distribution of basement rocks in the Caledonide orogen of the N Atlantic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:63-74, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.05 --- Frederic L. Schwab, Johan P. Nystuen, and Linda Gunderson: Pre-Arenig evolution of the Appalachian-Caledonide orogen: sedimentation and stratigraphy / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:75-91, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.06 --- S. Conway Morris and A. W. A. Rushton: Precambrian to Tremadoc biotas in the Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:93-109, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.07 --- Nicholas Rast, B. A. Sturt, and A. L. Harris: Early deformation in the Caledonian-Appalachian orogen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:111-122, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.08 --- Ben Harte: Lower Palaeozoic metamorphism in the Moine-Dalradian belt of the British Isles / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:123-134, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.09 --- Inge Bryhni: Early Palaeozoic metamorphism in the Scandinavian Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:135-140, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.10 --- Jo Laird: Pre-Arenig metamorphism in the Appalachians / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:141-147, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.11 --- D. W. Rankin, Harald Furnes, A. C. Bishop, B. Cabanis, D. J. Milton, S. J. O’Brien, and R. S. Thorpe: Plutonism and volcanism related to the pre-Arenig evolution of the Caledonide-Appalachian orogen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:149-183, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.12 --- James W. Skehan: Evolution of the Iapetus Ocean and its borders in pre-Arenig times: a synthesis / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:185-229, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.13 --- Arenig-Wenlock Activity in the Caledonian-Appalachian Orogen --- R. A. Fortey and L. R. M. Cocks: Arenig to Llandovery faunal distributions in the Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:231-246, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.14 --- David L. Bruton and David A. T. Harper: Arenig-Llandovery stratigraphy and faunas across the Scandinavian Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:247-268, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.15 --- Robert B. Neuman: Palaeontological evidence bearing on the Arenig-Caradoc development of the Iapetus Ocean basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:269-274, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.16 --- C. J. Stillman: Ordovician to Silurian volcanism in the Appalachian—Caledonian orogen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:275-290, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.17 --- Leo M. Hall and David Roberts: Timing of Ordovician deformation in the Caledonian-Appalachian orogen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:291-309, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.18 --- Jo Laird: Arenig to Wenlock age metamorphism in the Appalachians / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:311-345, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.19 --- G. J. H. Oliver: Arenig to Wenlock regional metamorphism in the Paratectonic Caledonides of the British Isles: a review / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:347-363, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.20 --- R. D. Dallmeyer: Polyphase tectonothermal evolution of the Scandinavian Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:365-379, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.21 --- David R. Wones and A. K. Sinha: A brief review of early Ordovician to Devonian plutonism in the N American Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:381-388, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.22 --- W. E. Stephens: Granitoid plutonism in the Caledonian orogen of Europe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:389-403, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.23 --- W. S. McKerrow: The development of the Iapetus Ocean from the Arenig to the Wenlock / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:405-412, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.24 --- Wenlock to Mid-Devonian Activity in the Caledonian-Appalachian Orogen --- M. F. Thirlwall: Wenlock to mid-Devonian volcanism of the Caledonian-Appalachian orogen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:415-428, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.25 --- David Roberts: Timing of Silurian to middle Devonian deformation in the Caledonides of Scandinavia, Svalbard and E Greenland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:429-435, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.26 --- W.S. McKerrow: Wenlock to Givetian deformation in the British Isles and the Canadian Appalachians / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:437-448, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.27 --- P. H. Osberg: Silurian to Lower Carboniferous tectonism in the Appalachians of the USA / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:449-452, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.28 --- Peter Robinson, R. J. Tracy, D. S. Santallier, P.-G. Andreasson, and J. I. Gil-Ibarguchi: Scandian-Acadian-Caledonian sensu strictu metamorphism in the age range 430–360 Ma / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:453-467, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.29 --- D. V. Kent and J. D. Keppie: Silurian-Permian palaeocontinental reconstructions and circum-Atlantic tectonics / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:469-480, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.30 --- N. J. Soper: Timing and geometry of collision, terrane accretion and sinistral strike-slip events in the British Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:481-492, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.31 --- J. Chaloupský: Caledonian folding in the Bohemian Massif / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:493-498, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.32 --- Robert D. Hatcher, Jr: The third synthesis: Wenlock to mid-Devonian (end of Acadian orogeny) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:499-504, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.33 --- Mid-Devonian-Permian Activity in the Caledonian-Appalachian Orogen --- Robert D. Hatcher, Jr: Basement-cover relationships in the Appalachian-Caledonian-Variscan orogen: mid-Devonian (end of Acadian orogeny) to end of Permian / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:507-514, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.34 --- William A. Thomas and Paul E. Schenk: Late Palaeozoic sedimentation along the Appalachian orogen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:515-530, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.35 --- K. C. Allen and D. L. Dineley: Mid-Devonian to mid-Permian floral and faunal regions and provinces / Geological Societ

Note: Role of Fluids in Rock Deformation --- N. L. Carter, A. K. Kronenberg, J. V. Ross, and D. V. Wiltschko: Control of fluids on deformation of rocks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:1-13, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.01 --- Richard H. Sibson: Conditions for fault-valve behaviour / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:15-28, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.02 --- James P. Evans: Textures, deformation mechanisms, and the role of fluids in the cataclastic deformation of granitic rocks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:29-39, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.03 --- Fracture and Faulting --- Susan M. Agar: Fracture evolution in the upper ocean crust: evidence from DSDP hole 504B / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:41-50, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.04 --- Martin Casey and Gilles Wust: The calculation of bulk rheologies of structured materials and its application to brittle failure in shear / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:51-55, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.05 --- S. J. D. Cox and L. Paterson: Damage development during rupture of heterogeneous brittle materials: a numerical study / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:57-62, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.06 --- S. J. D. Cox: Velocity-dependent friction in a large direct shear experiment on gabbro / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:63-70, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.07 --- Susan J. Hippler and Robert J. Knipe: The evolution of cataclastic fault rocks from a pre-existing mylonite / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:71-79, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.08 --- Ian G. Main, Philip G. Meredith, Peter R. Sammonds, and Colin Jones: Influence of fractal flaw distributions on rock deformation in the brittle field / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:81-96, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.09 --- G. Zulauf, G. Kleinschmidt, and O. Oncken: Brittle deformation and graphitic cataclasites in the pilot research well KTB-VB (Oberpfalz, FRG) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:97-103, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.10 --- Iain S. Stewart and Paul L. Hancock: Brecciation and fracturing within neotectonic normal fault zones in the Aegean region / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:105-110, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.11 --- Teng-Fong Wong: Mechanical compaction and the brittle—ductile transition in porous sandstones / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:111-122, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.12 --- Instabilities and Localization --- Russell K. Davies and Raymond C. Fletcher: Shear bands in a plastic layer at yield under combined shortening and shear: a model for the fault array in a duplex / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:123-131, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.13 --- H. W. Green II and P. C. Burnley: The failure mechanism for deep-focus earthquakes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:133-141, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.14 --- B. E. Hobbs, H.-B. Mühlhaus, and A. Ord: Instability, softening and localization of deformation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:143-165, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.15 --- Eva M. Klaper: Reaction-enhanced formation of eclogite-facies shear zones in granulite-facies anorthosites / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:167-173, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.16 --- David L. Olgaard: The role of second phase in localizing deformation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:175-181, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.17 --- A. Ord: Mechanical controls on dilatant shear zones / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:183-192, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.18 --- E. Carrio-Schaffhauser, S. Raynaud, H. J. Latière, and F. Mazerolle: Propagation and localization of stylolites in limestones / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:193-199, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.19 --- Flow Mechanisms and Flow Laws --- R. C. M. W. Franssen and C. J. Spiers: Deformation of polycrystalline salt in compression and in shear at 250–350°C / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:201-213, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.20 --- C. J. Spiers, P. M. T. M. Schutjens, R. H. Brzesowsky, C. J. Peach, J. L. Liezenberg, and H. J. Zwart: Experimental determination of constitutive parameters governing creep of rocksalt by pressure solution / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:215-227, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.21 --- Jane A. Gilotti and Joseph M. Hull: Phenomenological superplasticity in rocks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:229-240, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.22 --- Martin Burkhard: Ductile deformation mechanisms in micritic limestones naturally deformed at low temperatures (150–350°C) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:241-257, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.23 --- A. N. Walker, E. H. Rutter, and K. H. Brodie: Experimental study of grain-size sensitive flow of synthetic, hot-pressed calcite rocks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:259-284, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.24 --- J. H. P. De Bresser and C. J. Spiers: High-temperature deformation of calcite single crystals by r+ and f+ slip / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:285-298, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.25 --- M. S. Paterson and F. C. Luan: Quartzite rheology under geological conditions / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:299-307, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.26 --- David J. Prior, Robert J. Knipe, and Mark R. Handy: Estimates of the rates of microstructural changes in mylonites / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:309-319, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.27 --- Werner Skrotzki: Microstructure in hornblende of a mylonitic amphibolite / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:321-325, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.28 --- Joseph Clancy White: Albite deformation within a basal ophiolite shear zone / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:327-333, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.29 --- Rock Fabrics --- R.D. Law: Crystallographic fabrics: a selective review of their applications to research in structural geology / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:335-352, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.30 --- M. W. Jessell and G. S. Lister: A simulation of the temperature dependence of quartz fabrics / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:353-362, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.31 --- Jin-Han Ree: High temperature deformation of octachloropropane: dynamic grain growth and lattice reorientation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:363-368, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.32 --- Niels Ø. Olesen and Niels-Henrik Schmidt: The SEM/ECP technique applied on twinned quartz crystals / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:369-373, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.33 --- H. Schaeben, H. Siemes, S. Höfler, and G. Will: Practical application of entropy optimization in quantitative texture analysis / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:375-381, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.34 --- Deformation of Weak Sediments --- Daniel E. Karig: Experimental and observational constraints on the mechanical behaviour in the toes of accretionary prisms / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:383-398, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.35 --- N. A. Yassir: The undrained shear behaviour of fine-grained sediments / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:399-404, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.36 --- P.A.R. Nell: Deformation in an accretionary melange, Alexander Island, Antarctica / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 54:405-416, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.054.01.37 --- Kevin T. Pickering, Susan M. Agar, and David J. Prior: Vein structur

Note: Introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 48:vii-viii, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.048.01.01 --- Sedimentology --- Stefan M. Luthi: Sedimentary structures of clastic rocks identified from electrical borehole images / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 48:3-8,NP-NP-NP-NP,9-10, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.048.01.02 --- S. D. Harker, G. J. McGann, L. T. Bourke, and J. T. Adams: Methodology of Formation MicroScanner image interpretation in Claymore and Scapa Fields (North Sea) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 48:11-25, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.048.01.03 --- M. H. Rider: Gamma-ray log shape used as a facies indicator: critical analysis of an oversimplified methodology / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 48:27-37, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.048.01.04 --- J. C. Herweijer, C. F. W. Höcker, H. Williams, and K. M. Eastwood: The relevance of dip profiles from outcrops as reference for the interpretation of SHDT dips / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 48:39-43, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.048.01.05 --- D. E. King: Incorporating geological data in well log interpretation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 48:45-55, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.048.01.06 --- B. P. Moss: Stochastic reservoir description: a methodology / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 48:57-75, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.048.01.07 --- C. M. Griffiths: The language of rocks: an example of the use of syntactic analysis in the interpretation of sedimentary environments from wireline logs / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 48:77-94, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.048.01.08 --- R. Nurmi, M. Charara, M. Waterhouse, and R. Park: Heterogeneities in carbonate reservoirs: detection and analysis using borehole electrical imagery / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 48:95-111, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.048.01.09 --- M. H. Dorfman, J.-J. Newey, and G. R. Coates: New techniques in lithofacies determination and permeability prediction in carbonates using well logs / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 48:113-120, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.048.01.10 --- Stratigraphic Correlation --- P. F. Worthington: Sediment cyclicity from well logs / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 48:123-132, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.048.01.11 --- C. M. Griffiths and S. Bakke: Interwell matching using a combination of petrophysically derived numerical lithologies and gene-typing techniques / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 48:133-151, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.048.01.12 --- D. K. Buckley and D. Oliver: Geophysical logging of water exploration boreholes in the Deccan Traps, Central India / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 48:153-161, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.048.01.13 --- Mineralogy and Geochemistry --- M. M. Herron and S. L. Herron: Geological applications of geochemical well logging / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 48:165-175, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.048.01.14 --- R. N. Anderson, R. E. Dove, and E. Pratson: Geochemical well logs: calibration and lithostratigraphy in basaltic, granitic and metamorphic rocks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 48:177-184,NP-NP,185-194, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.048.01.15 --- T. S. Brewer, M. A. Lovell, P. K. Harvey, R. Pelling, B. P. Atkin, and A. Adamson: Preliminary geochemical results from DSDP/ODP Hole 504B: a comparison of core and log data / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 48:195-202, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.048.01.16 --- T. J. Primmer, S. A. Kerr, and K. J. Myers: Feasibility of in situ elemental analysis in mudrock evaluation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 48:203-210, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.048.01.17 --- Andrew Hurst: Natural gamma-ray spectrometry in hydrocarbon-bearing sandstones from the Norwegian Continental Shelf / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 48:211-222, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.048.01.18 --- B. Humphreys and G. K. Lott: An investigation into nuclear log responses of North Sea Jurassic sandstones using mineralogical analysis / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 48:223-240, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.048.01.19 --- A. E. Stocks and S. R. Lawrence: Identification of source rocks from wireline logs / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 48:241-252, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.048.01.20 --- Identification of Faults and Fractures --- W. H. Fertl: Circumferential acoustic logs detect natural fractures and determine their orientation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 48:255-262, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.048.01.21 --- Karl Audun Lehne: Fracture detection from logs of North Sea chalk / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 48:263-271, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.048.01.22 --- T. M. Rønningsland: Structural interpretation of dipmeter results in the Gullfaks Field / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 48:273-286, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.048.01.23 --- M. C. Devilliers and Ph. Werner: Example of fault identification using dipmeter data / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 48:287-295, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.048.01.24 --- D. Goldberg, D. Speed, C. Wilkinson, and E. Scholz: A correlation of hydraulic conductivity from pulse tests with sonic log amplitudes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 48:297-302, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.048.01.25 --- Physical Properties --- J. S. Bell: Investigating stress regimes in sedimentary basins using information from oil industry wireline logs and drilling records / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 48:305-325, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.048.01.26 --- C. J. Evans and N. R. Brereton: In situ crustal stress in the United Kingdom from borehole breakouts / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 48:327-338, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.048.01.27 --- M. A. Lovell and P. A. Pezard: Electrical properties of basalts from DSDP Hole 504B: a key to the evaluation of pore space morphology / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 48:339-345, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.048.01.28 --- D. C. Entwisle and D. M. McCann: An assessment of the use of Christensen’s equation for the prediction of shear wave velocity and engineering parameters / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 48:347-354, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.048.01.29

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 1 INTRODUCTION AND SURVEY OF RADIOANALYSIS 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Principles of radioanalysis 1.2.1 General 1.2.2 Glossary of basic terms and concepts 1.3 Scope and contents References 2 SAMPLING AND PRECONCENTRATION 2.1 Survey and principles 2.1.1 Sampling 2.1.2 From sample to aliquot 2.1.2 .1 General 2.1.2.2 Granular material 2.1.2.3 Water 2.2 Sampling procedures 2.2.1 Rocks 2.2.2 Sediments and pore water 2.2.2.1 Sediments 2.2.2.2 Pore water 2.2.3 Fresh and ground water and related particulate matter 2.2.3.1 Fresh water 2.2.3.2 Ground water 2.2.4 Sea- and estuarine water and related particulate matter and sediments 2.2.4.1 Water 2.2.4.2 Particulate matter 2.2.4.3 Sediment cores 2.2.5 Rainwater and dry deposition 2.2.5.1 Rainwater 2.2.5.2 Dry deposition 2.3 Preconcentration 2.3.1 General 2.3.2 Fresh water and rainwater 2.3.3 Seawater 2.3.3.1 Survey 2.3.3.2 Scavenging procedures 2.3.3.3 Ion-exchange and solvent extraction procedures for Th, U and Pu 2.4 Reference materials 2.4.1 Principle 2.4.2 Survey of reference materials and SRM's 2.4.3 Use of reference materials and SRM's 2.4.3.1 Reference materials 2.4.3.2 SRM's 2.4.4 Reference materials for environmental radioactivity and isotopic ratio measurements References 3 INSTRUMENTAL RADIOANALYSIS OF GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS 3.1 Survey 3.1.1 Activation analysis 3.1.2 Photon activation analysis 3.1.3 Charged particle activation analysis (CPAA and HIAA) 3.1.4 Prompt techniques 3.1.4.1 Neutron induced prompt capture y-ray measurement (PGAA) 3.1.4.2 Proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) 3.2 Principles 3.2.1 Principles of instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) 3.2.1.1 Activation 3.2.1.2 Standardization and flux monitoring 3.2.1.3 Count rate 3.2.1.4 Counting result 3.2.1.5 Sensitivity 3.2.1.6 Characteristic parameters of the three types of neutron activation 3.2.2 Delayed neutron counting 3.2.3 Activation analysis with high-energy photons 3.2.4 Principles of charged particle activation analysis (CPAA) 3.2.5 Principles of prompt techniques 3.2.5.1 Prompt capture gamma-ray measurements (PGAA) 3.2.5.2 Proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) 3.3 Practical aspects of INAA, IPAA and PIXE 3.3.1 The radioanalytical laboratory 3.3.2 Irradiation facilities for NAA 3.3.2.1 Nuclear reactors 3.3.2.2 Rabbit systems 3.3.2.3 Epithermal activation 3.3.2.4 Neutron generators 3.3.2.5 Delayed neutron counting 3.3.3 Routing of INAA 3.3.4 Practical aspects of IPAA 3.3.5 Practical aspects of CPAA 3.3.6 Practical aspects of PGAA 3.3.7 Practical aspects of PIXE and PIGE 3.3.7.1 Proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) 3.3.7.2 Proton induced prompt gamma emission (PIGE) 3.3.8 The error-budget 3.4 Multielement determination by INAA based on gamma-ray spectrometry 3.4.1 General 3.4.2 A practical procedure for INAA of silicates based on thermal neutrons 3.4.2.1 Preparation of sample and standards for irradiation 3.4.2.2 Irradiation and measurements 3.4.2.3 Conclusion 3.4.3 Rocks and ores 3.4.4 Meteorites 3.4.5 Sediments 3.4.6 Air-dust 3.4.7 Coal and ash 3.5 Instrumental neutron activation analysis of the lanthanides 3.6 Instrumental neutron activation analysis of uranium 3.7 Applications of instrumental neutron activation analysis with an isotopic neutron source and a 14.5 MeV neutron generator 3.7.1 Survey 3.7.2 INAA with isotopic neutron sources in the radiochemical laboratory 3.7.3 INAA with the neutron generator in the radiochemical laboratory 3.7.4. Conclusion 3.8 Applications of IPAA to silicates 3.9 Applications of IPAA to silicates 3.10 Applications of prompt techniques 3.10.1 Applications of PGAA and PIGE 3.10.2 Applications of PIXE References 4 NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS INCLUDING CHEMICAL SEPARATION OF GEOLOGICAL SAMPLES 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Dissolution procedures and separation schemes 4.3 Lanthanides 4.3.1 General 4.3.2 Present procedures 4.4 Noble metals 4.4.1 General 4.4.2 Separation schemes 4.4.3 Single element determinations 4.5 Uranium and thorium 4.5.1 General 4.5.2 Procedures 4.5.2.1 Uranium 4.5.2.2 Thorium 4.6 Other elements 4.6.1 General 4.6.2 Alkali metals 4.6.3 Earth alkali metals 4.6.4 Copper and zinc 4.6.5 Mercury 4.6.6 Indium 4.6.7 Thallium 4.6.8 Tin 4.6.9 Elements with volatile halides and hydrides: Ga, Ge, As, Se, Sb, Te 4.6.9.1 Survey 4.6.9.2 Procedures 4.6.10 Vanadium and tantalum 4.6.11 Chromium 4.6.12 Molybdenum andtungsten 4.6.13 Halogens References 5 RADIOANALYSIS OF WATER 5.1 Survey 5.2 Elemental analysis of fresh water 5.2.1 Survey 5.2.2 Routine elemental analysis of rainwater 5.2.2.1 Sampling and sample treatment 5.2.2.2 Irradiation and processing of aliquots 5.2.2.3 Results 5.2.3 Special elemental analysis of rainwater 5.2.3.1 Bromine and iodine by isotopic exchange 5.2.3.2 Iodate by anion-exchange 5,2.3.3 Silver by cation-exchange and subsequent INAA 5.2.4 Routine elemental analysis of surface and ground water 5.2.4,1 General 5.2.4.2 Routine procedures 5.3 Elemental analysis of seawater 5.3.1 Survey 5.3.2 Routine elemental analysis of seawater by preconcentration on a "Chelex"-column and INAA 5.3.3 Routine elemental analysis of seawater by preconcentration on active carbon 5.3.3,1 General 5.3.3.2 Arsenic and antimony 5,3.3.3 Vanadium, iodine, tellurium and uranium 5.3.3.4 Total antimony, molybdenum and tungsten 5,3.3.5 Chromate, cobalt, nickel and tetravalent selenium 5.3.3,6 Mercury 5.3.4 Special elemental analysis of seawater 5.3.4.1 General 5.3.4.2 Rubidium and cesium 5.3.4.3 Strontium 5.3.4.4 Manganese and zinc 5,3,4.5 Tin 5.3.4.6 Nickel 5.3.4.7 Noble metals 5.3.4.8 Mercury References 6 RADIOTRACER EXPERIMENTS IN THE LABORATORY 6.1 Survey 6.2 Basic equations of radiotracer experiments in closed systems 6.3 Isotopic exchange in solution 6.4 Isotopic exchange between a solution and a solid 6.5 Reactions in solution 6.6 Reaction between a solution and a solid 6.6.1 Dissolution 6.6. 2 Leaching 6.6.3 Diffusion from solids 6.6.4 Sorption 6.7 Migration studies in solid-liquid systems 6.7.1 General 6.7.2 The determina tion of distribution coefficients in seawater 6.7.3 Radioecological column experiments in the laboratory 6.7.4 Laboratory experiments on very slow migration; the case of the actinides References 7 RADIOTRACER EXPERIMENTS IN THE FIELD 7.1 Survey 7.2 Principles of (radio)tracer experiments in open systems with flow in one direction 7.2.1 Basic concepts 7.2.2 Measurement of linear velocity and flow rate 7.2.3 Measurement of axial dispersion 7.2.4 Measurement of sedimentation rates 7.2.4.1 General 7.2.4.2 Lead-210 7.2.4.3 Cesium-137 7.2.5 Measurement of the degree of sediment mixing 7.2.6 Measurement of filtration velocity in case of horizontal groundwater flow 7.2.7 Measurement of groundwater flow in the unsaturated zone by radiocarbon 7.3 Principles of (radio)tracer experiments in open systems with flow in various directions 7.3.1 Survey 7.3.2 Measurement of sand or silt flow rates on the sea floor 7.3.3 Radiotracer measurements in water movement in the saturated zone 7.3.4 Radiotracer measurement on water movement in the unsaturated zone 7.4 Practical aspects of radiotracer experiments in the field 7.4.1 Preparation 7.4.2 Performance 7.4.3 Calculations References 8 MEASUREMENT OF NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY 8.1 General 8.1.1 Survey 8.1.2 Concentrations 8.1.3 Detection by direct measurement ofradiation 8.1.3.1 In situ measurements of uranium and thorium 8.1.3.2 Laboratory measurements 8.1.4 Detection by secundary effects 8.2 Measurement of low-level gamma-activities 8.2.1 General 8.2.2 A low background system (LBS) 8.2.2.1 Set-up 8.2.2.2 Limits of detection and determination 8.2.2.3 Processing of data 8.2.3. Anti-coincidence (AC)-counting 8.3 Measurements in rocks and sediments 8.3.1 General 8.3.2 Radon measurements (emanometry) 8.3.3 Age dating by measurement of disequilibrium in the natural decay-series 8.3.3.1 General 8.3.3.2 234U-230Th 8.3.3.3 235U-231Pa 8.3.3.4 232Th-230Th 8.3.3.5 230Th-231Pa 8.3.4 Environmental laboratory measurements on naturally occurring radionucl

Note: J. C. Goff and B. P. J. Williams: Introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 34:NP, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.034.01.01 --- Section 1: Fluid Flow in Compacting Basins --- Richard E. Chapman: Fluid flow in sedimentary basins: a geologist’s perspective / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 34:3-18, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.034.01.02 --- Kinji Magara: Fluid flow due to sediment loading—an application to the Arabian Gulf region / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 34:19-28, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.034.01.03 --- Section 2: Fluid Flow in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin --- Brian Hitchon, S. Bachu, C. M. Sauveplane, and A. T. Lytviak: Dynamic basin analysis: an integrated approach with large data bases / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 34:31-44, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.034.01.04 --- J. Tóth and T. Corbet: Post-Palaeocene evolution of regional groundwater flow systems and their relation to petroleum accumulations, Taber Area, southern Alberta, Canada / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 34:45-77, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.034.01.05 --- F. W. Jones and J. A. Majorowicz: Some aspects of the thermal regime and hydrodynamics of the western Canadian sedimentary basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 34:79-85, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.034.01.06 --- Harry J. Bradbury and Grant R. Woodwell: Ancient fluid flow within foreland terrains / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 34:87-102, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.034.01.07 --- Section 3: Fluid Flow in United Kingdom Groundwater Basins --- R. A. Downing, W. M. Edmunds, and I. N. Gale: Regional groundwater flow in sedimentary basins in the U.K. / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 34:105-125, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.034.01.08 --- A. H. Bath, A. E. Milodowski, and G. E. Strong: Fluid flow and diagenesis in the East Midlands Triassic sandstone aquifer / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 34:127-140, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.034.01.09 --- Michael Price: Fluid flow in the Chalk of England / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 34:141-156, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.034.01.10 --- N. P. Wilson and M. N. Luheshi: Thermal aspects of the East Midlands aquifer system / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 34:157-169, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.034.01.11 --- Section 4: Fluid Flow in Low Permeability and Fractured Media --- J. Alexander, J. H. Black, and M. A. Brightman: The role of low-permeability rocks in regional flow / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 34:173-183, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.034.01.12 --- J. H. Black: Flow and flow mechanisms in crystalline rock / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 34:185-200, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.034.01.13 --- David A. Brown: The flow of water and displacement of hydrocarbons in fractured chalk reservoirs / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 34:201-218, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.034.01.14

Note: Contents: 1 Introduction. - 2 Time Scales and Ages. - 2.1 Absolute Time Scales. - 2.2 Relative Time Scales. - 2.3 Physical and Chemical Time Scales. - 3 Selection, Collection, Packing, Storage, Transport,and Description of the Samples. - 3.1 Selection and Collection of the Samples. - 3.2 Packing, Storage, and Transport of the Samples. - 3.3 Sample Description. - 4 Treatment and Interpretation of the Raw Data. - 4.1 Suitability of a Sample for Dating and Reliabilityof the Dates. - 4.1.1 Soft-Rock Dating. - 4.1.2 Hard-Rock Dating. - 4.1.3 Isotope Geochemistry. - 4.2 Mathematical Evaluation of Physical and Chemical Age Data. - 4.2.1 Rules for Simple Calculations with the Dating Results; Statistical Tests. - 4.2.2 Comparison of Age Values. - 4.2.3 Numerical and Graphical Evaluation of Age Values. - 4.3 Publication of the Age Values. - 5 Physical Dating Methods. - 5.1 Principles. - 5.2 Sample Treatment and Measurement Techniques. - 5.2.1 Sample Treatment. - 5.2.1.1 Hard-Rock Samples. - 5.2.1.2 Soft-Rock Samples. - 5.2.2 Radioactivity Measurements: Decay Counting Methods. - 5.2.2.1 Gas-Filled Proportional and Geiger-Müller Counters. - 5.2.2.2 Scintillation Counters. - 5.2.2.3 Semiconductor Detectors. - 5.2.3 Measurement of Stable and Long-Lived Isotopes: Atom Counting Methods. - 5.2.3.1 Mass Spectrometry (MS). - 5.2.3.2 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). - 5.2.3.3 Resonance-Ionization Spectrometry (RIS). - 5.2.4 Other Analytical Techniques. - 5.2.4.1 Isotope Dilution Analysis (ID). - 5.2.4.2 Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA). - 5.2.4.3 Flame Photometry, Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AA) and Inductive Coupled Plasma Analysis (ICP). - 5.2.4.4 Ion-Microprobe (IMP) and Laser Microprobe Mass Analysis (LAMMA). - 5.2.4.5 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis (XRF) . - 6 Radiometric Dating Methods. - 6.1 Parent/Daughter Isotope Ratios as a Geochronometer. - 6.1.1 Potassium/Argon (40K/40Ar) Method. - 6.1.1.1 Conventional Potassium/Argon (40K/40Ar) Method. - 6.1.1.2 Argon/Argon (39Ar/40Ar) Method. - 6.1.2 Potassium/Calcium (40K/40Ca) Method. - 6.1.3 Rubidium/Strontium (87Rb/87Sr) Method. - 6.1.4 Lanthanum/Cerium (138La/138Ce) Method. - 6.1.5 Lanthanum/Barium (138La/138Ba) Method. - 6.1.6 Samarium/Neodymium (147Sm/143Nd) Method. - 6.1.7 Lutetium/Hafnium (176Lu/176Hf) Method. - 6.1.8 Rhenium/Osmium (187Re/187Os) Method. - 6.1.9 Uranium/Thorium/Lead Methods (238U/206Pb, 235U/207Pb and 232Th/208Pb Methods). - 6.1.10 Common Lead Method. - 6.1.11 Lead/Lead (207Pb/206Pb) Method. - 6.1.12 Chemical Lead Method. - 6.1.13 Lead/Alpha Method (Larsen Method). - 6.1.14 Krypton/Krypton (Krsf/Krn) Method. - 6.1.15 Xenon Methods. - 6.1.15.1 Uranium/Xenon (U/Xesf) Method. - 6.1.15.2 Xenon/Xenon (Xesf/Xen) Method. - 6.2 Dating with Cosmogenic Radionuclides. - 6.2.1 Radiocarbon (14C) Method. - 6.2.2 Tritium (3H) Methods. - 6.2.2.1 Classical Tritium (3H) Method. - 6.2.2.2 Tritium/Helium-3 (3H/3He) and Helium-3 (3He)Methods. - 6.2.3 Beryllium-10 (10Be) Method. - 6.2.4 Sodium-22 (22Na) Method. - 6.2.5 Aluminium-26 (26Al) Method. - 6.2.6 Silicon-32 (32Si) Method. - 6.2.7 Chlorine-36 (36Cl) Method. - 6.2.8 Argon-39 (39Ar) Method. - 6.2.9 Calcium-41 (41Ca) Method. - 6.2.10 Manganese-53 (53Mn) Method. - 6.2.11 Krypton-81 (81Kr) Method. - 6.2.12 Iodine-129 (129I) Method. - 6.2.13 Aluminium-26/Beryllium-10 (26Al/10Be) Method. - 6.2.14 Beryllium-10/Chlorine-36 (10Be/36Cl) Method. - 6.3 Dating Based on Radioactive Disequilibrium of the Uranium, Thorium, and Protactinium Decay Series: The Uranium/Thorium/Protactinium Methods. - 6.3.1 230Th/234U Method. - 6.3.2 231Pa/235U Method. - 6.3.3 231Pa/230Th Method. - 6.3.4 234U/238U Method. - 6.3.5 230Th-excess Method. - 6.3.6 231Pa-excess Method. - 6.3.7 230Th-excess/232Th or 230Th/238U Method. - 6.3.8 231Pa-excess/23Th-excess Method. - 6.3.9 234Th-excess Method. - 6.3.10 228Th-excess/232Th Method. - 6.3.11 Dating Methods Based on Supported 226Ra and Unsupported 226Ra. - 6.3.12 224Ra and 228Ra Methods. - 6.3.13 210Pb Method. - 6.3.14 Uranium/Helium (U/He) Method. - 6.3.15 Radium/Radon Method. - 6.4 Age Determination Using Radiation Damage. - 6.4.1 Thermoluminescence (TL) Method. - 6.4.2 Optical Dating (OSL) Method. - 6.4.3 Electron Spin Resonance (ESR or EPR) Method. - 6.4.4 Exo-Electron Method (TSEE Method). - 6.4.5 Thermally Stimulated Current (TSC) Method. - 6.4.6 Differential Thermoanalysis (DTA). - 6.4.7 Fission Track Method (FT Method). - 6.4.8 Alpha-Recoil Track Method. - 6.4.9 Age Determination Using Pleochroic Haloes. - 6.5 Dating Meteorites and Lunar Rocks. - 6.5.1 Introduction. - 6.5.2 Sample Preparation and Measurement. - 6.5.3 Formation Interval. - 6.5.4 Solidification Ages. - 6.5.5 Gas Retention Ages. - 6.5.6 Cosmic Ray Exposure Ages. - 6.5.7 Terrestrial Ages of Meteorites. - 7 Chronostratigraphic Methods Using Global Time Markers. - 7.1 Paleomagnetic Dating Methods. - 7.2 Chronostratigraphic Time-Scale Using [Delta] 18O Values. - 7.3 Chronostratigraphic Time-Scale Using [Delta] 34S and [Delta] 13C Values and 87Sr/86Sr Ratios. - 7.4 Artificial Radionuclides as Time Markers. - 7.5 Geochemical Time Markers. - 7.6 Chemical Pollution as Time Markers. - 8 Chemical Dating Methods. - 8.1 Amino-Acid Racemization Method (AAR). - 8.2 Amino-Acid Degradation Method. - 8.3 Dating of Bones Using the Nitrogen or Collagen Content. - 8.4 Chemical Electron-Spin-Resonance (ESR) Dating. - 8.5 Molecular (Protein and DNA) Clocks. - 8.6 Obsidian Hydration Method. - 8.7 Dating of Man-Made Glass. - 8.8 Calcium Diffusion and Cation-Ratio Methods. - 8.9 Dating of Bones Using the Fluorine or Uranium Content. - 9 Phanerozoic Time-Scale. - 9.1 Objectives and History of Geochronolgy. - 9.2 Geological Time-Scales. - 9.3 The Future. - 10 Literature. - 10.1 Journals that Frequently Publish Geochronological Papers. - 10.2 Geochronology Textbooks. - 10.3 References. - Acknowledgments. - Appendix A: Geochronology Glossary. - Appendix B: Radioactive and Stable Isotopes in Geochronology. - Appendix C: List of Addresses. - Subject Index. - Foldout Table: Dating Methods, Ranges, and Materials.

Note: Introduction --- K. W. Glennie: Desert sediments: ancient and modern / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:1-4, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.01: Fluvial Sediments: Process and Form --- A. P. Schick, J. Lekach, and M. A. Hassan: Vertical exchange of coarse bedload in desert streams / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:7-16, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.02 --- S. Grossman and R. Gerson: Fluviatile deposits and morphology of alluvial surfaces as indicators of Quaternary environmental changes in the southern Negev, Israel / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:17-29, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.03 --- J. K. Maizels: Plio-Pleistocene raised channel systems of the western Sharqiya (Wahiba), Oman / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:31-50, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.04 --- Tectonism, Climatic Change and Fluviatile Desert Sediments --- L. E. Frostick and I. Reid: Tectonic control of desert sediments in rift basins ancient and modern / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:53-68, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.05 --- H. Olsen: Ancient ephemeral stream deposits: a local terminal fan model from the Bunter Sandstone Formation (L. Triassic) in the Tønder-3, -4 and -5 wells, Denmark / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:69-86, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.06 --- A. M. Harvey: Alluvial fan dissection: relationships between morphology and sedimentation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:87-103, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.07 --- M. A. J. Williams, P. I. Abell, and B. W. Sparks: Quaternary landforms, sediments, depositional environments and gastropod isotope ratios at Adrar Bous, Tenere Desert of Niger, south-central Sahara / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:105-125, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.08 --- Aeolian Sediments: Dust Dynamics and Deposits --- W. B. Whalley, B. J. Smith, J. J. McAlister, and A. J. Edwards: Aeolian abrasion of quartz particles and the production of silt-size fragments: preliminary results / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:129-138, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.09 --- K. Pye and H. Tsoar: The mechanics and geological implications of dust transport and deposition in deserts with particular reference to loess formation and dune sand diagenesis in the northern Negev, Israel / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:139-156, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.10 --- R. Gerson and R. Amit: Rates and modes of dust accretion and deposition in an arid region—the Negev, Israel / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:157-169, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.11 --- H. Vine: Wind-blown materials and W African soils: an explanation of the ‘ferrallitic soil over loose sandy sediments’ profile / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:171-183, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.12 --- Dune Dynamics and Deposits --- A. Gunatilaka and S. Mwango: Continental sabkha pans and associated nebkhas in southern Kuwait, Arabian Gulf / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:187-203, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.13 --- A. Warren and S. Kay: Dune networks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:205-212, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.14 --- L. B. Clemmensen: Complex star dunes and associated aeolian bedforms, Hopeman Sandstone (Permo-Triassic), Moray Firth Basin, Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:213-231, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.15 --- B. P. J. Williams, E. K. Wild, and R. J. Suttill: Late Palaeozoic cold-climate aeolianites, southern Cooper Basin, South Australia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:233-249, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.16 --- R. A. Carruthers: Aeolian sedimentation from the Galtymore Formation (Devonian), Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:251-268, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.17 --- Grain Size, Process and Dune Environment --- E. C. Flenley, N. R. J. Fieller, and D. D. Gilbertson: The statistical analysis of ‘mixed’ grain size distributions from aeolian sands in the Libyan Pre-Desert using log skew Laplace models / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:271-280, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.18 --- I. Livingstone: Grain-size variation on a ‘complex’ linear dune in the Namib Desert / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:281-291, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.19 --- D. S. G. Thomas: Discrimination of depositional environments using sedimentary characteristics in the Mega Kalahari, central southern Africa / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:293-306, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.20 --- Chemical Sediments --- D. A. Hendry: Silica and calcium carbonate replacement of plant roots in tropical dune sands, SE India / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:309-319, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.21 --- C. R. Roberts and C. W. Mitchell: Spring mounds in southern Tunisia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:321-334, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.22 --- Remote Sensing of Desert Sediments --- C. S. Breed, J. F. McCauley, and P. A. Davis: Sand sheets of the eastern Sahara and ripple blankets on Mars / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:337-359, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.23 --- M. M. Ashour: Surficial deposits of Qatar Peninsula / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:361-367, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.24 --- A. C. Millington, A. R. Jones, N. Quarmby, and J. R. G. Townshend: Remote sensing of sediment transfer processes in playa basins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:369-381, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.25

Note: Chapter 1. Merging the Geological and Biological Sciences: An Integrated Approach to the Study of Mineral-Induced Pulmonary Diseases by George D. Guthrie, Jr. and Brooke T. Mossman, p. 1 - 6 Chapter 2. Rocks, Minerals, and a Dusty World by Cornelius Klein, p. 7 - 60 Chapter 3. Mineralogy of Amphiboles and 1:1 Layer Silicates by David R. Veblen and Ann G. Wylie, p. 61 - 138 Chapter 4. Mineralogy of Clay and Zeolite Dusts (Exclusive of 1:1 Layer Silicates) by David L. Bish and George D. Guthrie, Jr., p. 139 - 184 Chapter 5. Structure and Chemistry of Silica, Metal Oxides, and Phosphates by Peter J. Heaney and Jillian A. Banfield, p. 185 - 234 Chapter 6. Preparation and Purification of Mineral Dusts by Steve J. Chipera, George D. Guthrie, Jr., and David L. Bish, p. 235 - 250 Chapter 7. Mineral Characterization in Biological Studies by George D. Guthrie, Jr., p. 251 - 274 Chapter 8. Surface Chemistry, Structure, and Reactivity of Hazardous Mineral Dust by Michael F. Hochella, Jr., p. 275 - 308 Chapter 9. Limitations of the Stanton Hypothesis by Robert P. Nolan and Arthur M. Langer, p. 309 - 326 Chapter 10. The Surface Thermodynamic Properties of Silicates and Their Interactions with Biological Materials by Rossman F. Giese, Jr. and Carel J. van Oss, p. 327 - 346 Chapter 11. Epidemiology and Pathology of Asbestos-Related Diseases by Agnes B. Kane, p. 347 - 360 Chapter 12. Health Effects of Mineral Dusts Other Than Asbestos by Malcolm Ross, Robert P. Nolan, Arthur M. Langer, and W. Clark Cooper, p. 361 - 408 Chapter 13. Asbestos Lung Burden and Disease Patterns in Man by Andrew Churg, p. 409 - 426 Chapter 14. Defense Mechanisms Against Inhaled Particles and Associated Particle-Cell Interactions by Bruce E. Lehnert, p. 427 - 470 Chapter 15. In Vivo Assays to Evaluate the Pathogenic Effects of Minerals in Rodents by John M. G. Davis, p. 471 - 488 Chapter 16. In Vitro Evaluation of Mineral Cytotoxicity and Inflammatory Activity by Kevin E. Driscoll, p. 489 - 512 Chapter 17. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Disease by Brooke T. Mossman, p. 513 - 522 Chapter 18. Biological Studies on the Carcinogenic Mechanisms of Quartz by Umberto Saffiotti, Lambert N. Daniel, Yan Mao, A. Olufemi Williams, M. Edward Kaighn, Nadera Ahmed, and Alan D. Knapton, p. 523 - 544 Chapter 19. Regulatory Approaches to Reduce Human Health Risks Associated with Exposures to Mineral Fibers by V. T. Vu, p. 545 - 554

Note: Contents: Acknowledgements. - 1. Introduction. - Soviet climatological thought. - Content and organization of this volume. - References and further reading. - 2. General analysis of climatic controls. - Atmospheric circulation over the U.S.S.R. - Fronts, cyclones, and anticyclones. - Winter. - Summer. - Air masses and regionalization. - References and further reading. - 3. European U.S.S.R. and Western Siberia. - Definition of the region. - Circulation features. - Cyclogenesis and cyclone tracks. - Synoptic situations and associated air masses. - Air flows. - Air masses. - Moisture flux. - Subregions. - The south. - Nature of the region, Air masses, Cloudiness and precipitation, Wind, Weather types. - The central region. - Carpathians, Weather types. - The European northwest. - The European northeast. - The Urals. - Western Siberia. - The tundra zone, The forest zone, The steppe zone. - References and further reading. - 4. Eastern Siberia. - Definition of the region. - Pressure systems and weather. - Winter. - Spring. - Summer. - Autumn. - Regional description. - References and further reading. - 5. Far East. - Introduction. - Atmospheric circulation and precipitation processes. - Climatic regions. - The southwestern region. - The northeastern region. - References and further reading. - 6. Central Asia. - Definition of the region. - General atmospheric flow and synoptic processes. - Cyclonic storms. - Local winds. - Moisture conditions. - Precipitation regime. - Snow and ice. - Thunderstorms and hail. - Clouds and fog. - Thermal conditions. - References and further reading. - 7. The Caucasus. - Topography. - Atmospheric circulation. - Local circulations and associated weather. - Precipitation. - Sunshine, clouds, and precipitation frequencies. - Fog, snow, glaze, and thunderstorms. - Radiation and temperature. - Climatic regions of the Caucasus. - Northern Caucasus. - The high mountain zone of the Great Caucasus. - Western Transcaucasus. - Eastern Transcaucasus. - The Talysh region. - The Armenian Plateau and the Lesser Caucasus. - References and further reading. - 8. The thermal factor. - Radiation components. - Global radiation. - Direct and scattered radiation. - Reflectivity, absorption, and terrestrial radiation. - Heat balance at the earth's surface. - Radiation balance. - Heat expended on evaporation. - Turbulent heat exchange. - Heat advection. - Latent heat. - Sensible heat. - Temperature. - Temperature means. - Temperature anomalies. - Temperature variations. - Critical temperatures. - References and further reading. - 9. The moisture factor. - Atmospheric moisture content and moisture flux. - Moisture content and moisture flux over European U.S.S.R. - Humidity. - Clouds and fog. - Fog. - Precipitation. - Frequency, intensity, and duration. - Variability. - Precipitation type. - Thunderstorms and hail, Snow, Glaze and rime. - Water losses. - Evaporation. - Stream runoff. - Moisture balance, drought, and sukhovey. - References and further reading. - 10. Wind. - References and further reading. - 11. Climate distribution. - Classification schemes. - The Grigor'yev-Budyko scheme. - Moisture distribution. - Thermal distribution. - Climatic regions. - References and further reading. - Appendix - climatic tables. - Reference Index. - Geographical index. - Subject index.