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  • Articles  (107)
  • English  (106)
  • Italian  (1)
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  • 2000-2004  (107)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1925-1929
  • 2003  (107)
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  • 2000-2004  (107)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2018-04-18
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:300
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    Language: English
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2018-11-21
    Description: Economy-wide material flow analysis (MFA) and derived indicators have been developed to monitor and assess the metabolic performance of economies, that is, with respect to the internal economic flows and the exchange of materials with the environment and with other economies. Indicators such as direct material input (DMI) and direct material consumption (DMC) measure material use related to either production or consumption. Domestic hidden flows (HF) account for unused domestic extraction, and foreign HF represent the upstream primary resource requirements of the imports. DMI and domestic and foreign HF account for the total material requirement (TMR) of an economy. Subtracting the exports and their HF provides the total material consumption (TMC). DMI and TMR are used to measure the (de-) coupling of resource use and economic growth, providing the basis for resource efficiency indicators. Accounting for TMR allows detection of shifts from domestic to foreign resource requirements. Net addition to stock (NAS) measures the physical growth of an economy. It indicates the distance from flow equilibrium of inputs and outputs that may be regarded as a necessary condition of a sustainable mature metabolism. We discuss the extent to which MFA-based indicators can also be used to assess the environmental performance. For that purpose we consider different impacts of material flows, and different scales and perspectives of the analysis, and distinguish between turnover-based indicators of generic environmental pressure and impact-based indicators of specific environmental pressure. Indicators such as TMR and TMC are regarded as generic pressure indicators that may not be used to indicate specific environmental impacts. The TMR of industrial countries is discussed with respect to the question of whether volume and composition may be regarded as unsustainable.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2018-11-21
    Description: The reductionist trend of equating sustainable development with sustained economic growth needs to be reversed. New accounts and balances help to operationalize the elusive notion of sustainability: they provide a coherent picture of the interaction between environment and economy. "Greened" national accounts measure economic sustainability in terms of (produced and natural) capital maintenance; balances of material flows assess ecological sustainability as the dematerialization of production and consumption. Both concepts aim to preserve environmental assets, but differ in scope, strength and evaluation of sustainability. First results for Germany indicate weak sustainability of the economy; strong sustainability is not in sight because of insufficient reduction of material throughput. Attaining sustainability through integrated policies needs the support of share- and stakeholders of sustainable development.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
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    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2018-04-18
    Keywords: ddc:330
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    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Graz : Inter-Univ. Research Centre for Technology, Work and Culture | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
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  • 9
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    Barcelona : Universidad Politécnica e Cataluña | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2021-05-04
    Keywords: ddc:320
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    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Barcelona : Universidad Politécnica e Cataluña | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
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  • 11
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    Milan : Edizioni Ambiente | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:300
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  • 12
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    London : Earthscan | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:380
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  • 13
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 14
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    Stockholm : Europ. Council for an Energy Efficient Economy | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2018-04-18
    Keywords: ddc:330
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  • 15
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    Stockholm : Europ. Council for an Energy Efficient Economy | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2018-04-18
    Keywords: ddc:330
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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  • 17
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    Copenhagen : Europ. Environment Agency | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 18
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    London : Earthscan | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:380
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  • 19
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    Stockholm : Europ. Council for an Energy Efficient Economy | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
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  • 20
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    Stockholm : Europ. Council for an Energy Efficient Economy | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2018-04-18
    Keywords: ddc:330
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  • 21
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:320
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  • 22
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    Heidelberg : Inst. für Energie- und Umweltforschung | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
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  • 23
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:380
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 25
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-08-23
    Keywords: ddc:320
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  • 26
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2018-04-30
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 27
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    London : Assoc. for Europ. Transport | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:380
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  • 28
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    Washington, DC : Center for Transatlantic Relations | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2018-04-18
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 30
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
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  • 31
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    Barcelona : Universidad Politécnica e Cataluña | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
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  • 32
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    Barcelona : Universidad Politécnica e Cataluña | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:320
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  • 33
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
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    Language: English
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  • 34
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2018-03-26
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 36
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2018-04-30
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 37
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: Italian
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:380
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 39
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    Stockholm : Europ. Council for an Energy Efficient Economy | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Energy labelling for household appliances has become an established instrument to promote energy efficiency. For heating systems, however, this approach has not been successfully implemented yet. This is partially due to the reluctance of industry. To find ways to motivate industry to participate in a labelling scheme, we carried out a survey among producers of heating systems. Respondents to our questionnaire and personal interviews cover together more than 30 percent of the EU market for heating systems. Thus the results provide a solid basis for conclusions. Our survey helps to draw a much better picture of the attitudes and expectations of the manufacturers with regard to a labelling scheme. The paper covers: Attitudes regarding potential effects of a label; Opinions on possible design of a label; Perceived effects of the labels for the companies; Perceived advantages and disadvantages of a label; And, as a conclusion, the potential effects on the companies and their probable relevance. As a result, industry representatives expect that customers will be able to make sounder purchasing decisions because of the availability of a label. Therefore they believe that energy savings will be achieved. What is more, respondents expect that a label could improve integration of the European market for heating systems and would rather improve their individual economic performance. The survey results in a clearer identification of industry's problems, needs and interests. It thus will help policy-makers to get industry to support energy efficiency labels and activities.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 40
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 41
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: This report includes the results and calculations of the HP case study within the Digital Europe project. This case study investigates the environmental effects of mobile computing devices as an element of the growing ICT infrastructure for applications such as ecommerce, egovernment and telework. Specifically, the resource intensity of a notebook computer and a handheld device will be analysed and discussed.
    Keywords: ddc:600 ; ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 42
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: This report presents the calculations and findings as well as the resulting recommendations from the Barclays Plc case study within the Digital Europe project. Chapter 2 gives the background to the case study; chapter 3 investigates the environmental aspects; and chapter 4 highlights social aspects of different banking scenarios. Chapter 5 outlines future scenarios in the sector and chapter 6 finally makes recommendations for business and government.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 43
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: The paper explores a framework for analysing governance towards sustainable development. Departing from the thesis about a possible positive role for corporate action, it refers to recent theorizing about both market and government failures. Discussing externalities, public goods, information and adaptation deficits, as well as bureaucracies' self-interest, corruption and capture of the regulator, the paper stresses the importance of governance aiming at synergies between corporate and political governance. Concerning framework conditions, it outlines principles of regulated self-regulation. Following the thesis about a positive role, the paper adds recent insights about theories of the knowledge-based firm, which help to analyse market evolution. In this context, it outlines the concept of "responsible corporate governance". Because governance involves actors in their daily operations and certainly goes beyond setting a frame, the paper finally discusses innovation-inducing regulation, serving complementary functions to a framework and business operations. The conclusion is drawn that governments' main function is to facilitate learning processes, thus departing from states' function as known from welfare economics. Thus, governance will have to be explored as collective learning, involving business, governments, and civil societies’ actors.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 44
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: This study focuses on the economic, market-related context of consumption patterns and incorporates the regulatory settings and values. The aim is to systemise the influences on sustainable consumption patterns. Special attention is drawn to the question how existing niche markets could be extended to mass markets. This question is deepened by case studies on the green textile and the green power markets. The results emphasise the different key factors which influence the successful pathways for an extended green market volume. Looking at the case of the green power market it can be seen how important it is to create an economic and institutional context for adoption. Looking at the case of green textiles the importance of new lifestyles and cultural impacts are obvious. Looking at the interfaces between institutional settings, supply structure, societal values and consumers' decision-making, it can be seen that consumers' demands are not only a product of individual needs. Therefore sustainable consumption strategies will have to face not only the change of needs, but also the change of structures which influence individual choices.
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 45
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: This report focuses on the contribution of ICT to improvements in resource efficiency and transport intensity at the macro, meso and micro levels. It presents the research on environmental effects of e-business and e-work. The research strand explored the implication of ICT and its applications from the micro- (case study), meso- (different e-business types) and macro-level (macro-economic and policy level). The "macro-analysis-module" aimed at quantifying the potential contribution of e-business and ICT to dematerialisation and resource productivity. The analysis followed a top-down approach complementary to the case study based microanalyses. It compromised the analysis of energy-use and selected material flows (CO(2)) of three EU Member States to determine whether there is any macro-level evidence of dematerialization and increased resource productivity resulting from e-business and ICT. From a micro and meso level perspective, the research object has been the provision of new IT based applications instead of "traditional" products, services and customs (e-commerce and telework). The research quantified the resource- and transport efficiency of e-business in different case studies and identified key factors determining the impact on resource- and transport efficiency.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 46
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: The paper sketches out a theoretical framework for analysing the interplay between eco-efficiency, cognition and institutions. It derives from analytical shortfalls of the prevailing literature, which features strongly engineering and business economics, by using insights from New Institutional Economics, from Cognitive Science and, partly, from Evolutionary Economics. It emphasises the role cognition and institutions play in the adoption of "green" technologies by firms. A cognitive perspective derives from recent research on simple heuristics and context-based rationality; it is proposed that those findings can serve to analyse decision-making of individual actors respectively firms and, thus, should complement economic analysis. A second proposition is that eco-efficiency and normative rules such as a Factor Four strongly rely upon institutions, i.e. the ability of institutions to evolve over time and the development of those institutions that are most appropriate to enhance technological change. In this regard, business institutions and competition are crucial, but regulatory needs remain in order to safeguard continuity of knowledge creation. The framework allows for an analysis why overall adoption of eco-efficiency still can be considered relatively slow and why some markets and firms are far ahead. As a brief case study the article reflects upon German waste law's ability to enhance eco-efficiency.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: This report presents the findings and recommendations of the EMI case study undertaken as part of the Digital Europe project. Chapter 2 sets out the background to the case study; chapter 3 investigates the environmental impacts of digital music; and chapter 4 highlights the social impacts of digital music. Chapter 5 outlines future scenarios for the sector and chapter 6 draws recommendations for business and government.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 48
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Globalization has a credible future only if the borderless economy does not overstretch the resilience of the biosphere and frustrate demands for greater justice in the world. But what means environmental justice in a transnational context? In general, justice may have three different senses: justice as fairness, justice as equitable distribution, and justice as human dignity. In the first it is a question of organized procedures for the allocation of advantages and disadvantages that are fair to everyone involved; this is the procedural conception of justice. In the second it is a question of proportionate distribution of goods and rights among individuals or groups; this is the relational conception of justice. And in the third it is a question of the minimum goods or rights necessary for a dignified existence; this is the absolute or substantive conception of justice. This paper develops the theme of international environmental justice in the third sense, as a human rights issue. First, it outlines six typical situations in which patterns of resource use come into conflict with subsistence rights: namely, extraction of raw materials, alteration of ecosystems, reprogramming of organisms, destabilization as a result of climate change, pollution of urban living space, and effects of resource prices. It then introduces the debate on human rights and locates respect for subsistence rights as a component of economic, social and cultural human rights. Finally, it offers some markers for an environmental policy geared to human rights, the aim of which is to guarantee civil rights for all in a world with a finite biosphere. Neither power play between states nor economic competition, but the realization of human rights and respect for the biosphere, should be the defining feature of the emergent world society.
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 49
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    In:  IAG National Reports
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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  • 50
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    International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS)
    In:  IAHS Annual Report
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The Bohemian Massif (BM) is the largest coherent surface exposure of basement rocks in central Europe. It is a geodynamically active part of the Hercynian orogenic belt representing a collage of magmatic arcs and micro-continents caused by the collision of Laurasia (Laurentia-Baltica) and Africa (Gondwana). The general northwest direction of accretion is typical of the northern part of the Hercynian belt. Irregularly-shaped colliding blocks resulted in a very complicated structure of convergence, lithospheric subduction, and crustal shortening, followed by extensional processes and rifting. The western part of the Bohemian Massif is the well-known health and resort landscape of Bohemia, Saxonia, and Bavaria, with Karlovy Vary (Karlsbad) as the flagship of the famous spa towns of the region (Figure 1). Allegedly, the Emperor Charles IV founded the spa in the years 1347–1349 at the site, which was already well known for its hot springs. For centuries, 12 springs in Karlovy Vary ranging in temperatures between 42°C and 72°C have been exploited, especially for the treatment of digestive system disorders and metabolic diseases.
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  • 52
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    In:  Protokoll zum 20. Kolloquium „Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung“
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: We report about Self-Potential (SP) anomalies registered 150 m from the active lava dome of Merapi Volcano, which are associated with Ultra-Long-Period (ULP) seismic signals (periods 〉100 s). During a 5-month period of simultaneous SP and seismological measurements, 50 ULP events were detected seismologically. If SP time series corresponding to ULP events are aligned to the onset times of ULP-events and stacked, the resulting traces show anomalous SP with an amplitude of 5–20 mV/km and 40–60 min duration. In contrast, the anomalous signals were not present in ground temperature data nor in SP data recorded ≈1 km from the summit. SP anomalies associated with ULP-seismicity might be caused by electro-kinetic effect of fluid flow in subsurface. This result is consistent with the ULP-generation model based on seismological observations and adds new information towards the understanding of ULP-seismicity.
    Language: English
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  • 54
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    In:  Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: As part of Project International Deep Profiling of Tibet and the Himalaya III, a 400-km-long, densely spaced array of 57 broadband and short-period seismic stations was deployed in central Tibet from August 1998 through May 1999. Although originally designed to image the lithosphere with teleseismic events, the array also recorded numerous local and regional seismic events. More than 900 local and regional events were detected on at least 10 stations during the 1-year deployment, and we were able to locate 267 local earthquakes. A substantial number of the events were found to cluster in or near large grabens and along known strike-slip faults, while other events show no obvious correlation with known structures. In addition to spatial clustering, at least one of the large clusters also exhibits temporal clustering that may be associated with magmatic or geothermal activity in the upper crust. The average Vp and Vs are estimated to be 5.85 and 3.35 km/sec for the upper crust and 7.0 and 3.9 km/sec for the lower crust, respectively. The 50 focal mechanisms computed from this set of events are consistent with north–south shortening and east–west extension; there are no clear indications of significant local perturbations in the regional stress field induced by the collision between India and Eurasia. The majority of the focal mechanisms indicate normal and strike-slip faulting. At least six of the newly computed focal mechanisms, however, indicate thrust faulting, which is a phenomenon not well documented previously. Ninety-nine percent of the local earthquakes have focal depths shallower than 25 km, and the locations of the few deeper events are poorly constrained. The shallow earthquake focal depths are consistent with high temperatures and proposed ductile or aseismic behavior in the middle to lower crust of central Tibet.
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  • 55
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    International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (IAMAS)
    In:  IAMAS Quadrennial Report
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Two fluid injection experiments were conducted at the German Continental Deep Drilling Site (KTB) in 1994 and 2000. Microseismicity occurred at different depth intervals. Hypocenter locations were precisely localized. Here, microseismicity is analyzed in terms of its spatio-temporal evolution characteristics. An approach is applied which assumes microseismicity to be triggered by a diffusive process of pore pressure relaxation. The method yields estimates of hydraulic parameters of rocks on large spatial scales. At the KTB site the method enables us to study hydraulic diffusivity at two different depth intervals. We observe significant variations in the evolution characteristics of the seismic activity at different depths. Estimates of hydraulic diffusivity for shallower parts of the crust seem to be much smaller than for deeper regions. To understand reasons for this, we have analyzed spatial relations of hypocenter locations to the distribution of intensities of seismic reflections. Low values of hydraulic diffusivity correlate with low reflection intensities and high diffusivities with large intensities, respectively. The analysis confirms the hypothesis that the process of pore pressure relaxation along pre-existing and critically stressed natural fractures is an important triggering factor for induced microseismicity.
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  • 57
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    IUGG Secretariat, CIRES Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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  • 58
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    In:  Protokoll zum 20. Kolloquium „Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung“
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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    IUGG Secretariat, CIRES Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado
    In:  IUGG Publications
    Publication Date: 2021-04-23
    Language: French , English
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The large-scale POLONAISE'97 seismic experiment investigated the velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle in the Trans-European suture zone (TESZ) region between the Precambrian east European craton (EEC) and Paleozoic platform that comprises terranes added during the Caledonian and Variscan orogenies (530–370 and 370–225 Ma, respectively). This experiment included 64 shots recorded by 613 seismic stations during two deployments. Very good quality data were recorded along five profiles, and the longest and most important one (P4) is the focus of this paper. Clear first arrivals and later phases of waves reflected/refracted in the crust and Moho were interpreted using two-dimensional (2-D) tomographic inversion and ray-tracing techniques. The crustal thickness along the profile varies from 30–35 km in the Paleozoic platform area to ∼40 km below and due northeast of the TESZ, to ∼43 km in the Polish part of the EEC, and to ∼50 km in Lithuania. The Paleozoic platform and EEC are divided by the Polish basin, so the upper crustal structure varies considerably. In the area of the Polish basin, the P wave velocity is very low (V P 〈 6.1 km/s) down to depths of 15–20 km, indicating that a very thick sedimentary sequence is present. We suggest two possible tectonic interpretations of the velocity models: (1) Baltica indented Avalonia, obducting its upper crust and underthrusting its lower crust in a tectonic flake structure and (2) a rifted margin of Baltica underlies the Polish basin. This model is similar to other interpretations of seismic profiles recorded in the Baltic Sea. The second model implies that the Paleozoic platform solely consists of Avalonian lithosphere and the EEC of Baltica lithosphere. It offers a simple explanation of the difference in crustal thickness of the two platforms. It also implies that the Caledonian and Variscan orogenies in this area were relatively “soft” collisions that left this continental margin largely intact.
    Language: English
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  • 61
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    IUGG Secretariat, CIRES Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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  • 62
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    International Association of Geodesy (IAG) Office at Deutsches Geodätisches Forschungsinstitut
    In:  IAG Traveux
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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  • 63
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    In:  Protokoll zum 20. Kolloquium „Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung“
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Late Miocene to Quaternary volcanic rocks from the frontal arc to the back-arc region of the Central Volcanic Zone in the Andes show a wide range of δ11B values (+4 to −7 ‰) and boron concentrations (6 to 60 ppm). Positive δ11B values of samples from the volcanic front indicate involvement of a 11B-enriched slab component, most likely derived from altered oceanic crust, despite the thick Andean continental lithosphere, and rule out a pure crust-mantle origin for these lavas. The δ11B values and boron concentrations in the lavas decrease with increasing depth of the Wadati-Benioff Zone. This across-arc variation in δ11B values and decreasing B/Nb ratios from the arc to the back-arc samples are attributed to the combined effects of boron-isotope fractionation during progressive dehydration in the slab and a steady decrease in slab-fluid flux toward the back arc, coupled with a relatively constant degree of crustal contamination as indicated by similar Sr, Nd and Pb isotope ratios in all samples. Three-component mixing calculations for slab-derived fluid, the mantle wedge and the continental crust based on B, Sr and Nd isotope data indicate that the slab-fluid component dominates the boron composition of the fertile mantle and that the primary arc magmas were contaminated by an average addition of 15 to 30% crustal material. Modeling of fluid-mineral boron-isotope fractionation as a function of temperature shows that dehydration reactions liberate continuously changing fluid compositions from the slab during progressive subduction. A combination of a boron-isotope fractionation model and a temperature model for the Central Andean subduction zone fits the across-arc variation in δ11B and we conclude that the boron-isotope composition of arc volcanic rocks, especially in island arcs, is dominated by changing δ11B-composition of boron-rich slab-fluids during progressive dehydration. Owing to the decrease in slab-derived fluid flux crustal contamination becomes more important toward the back-arc. Because of the boron-isotope fractionation effect, across-arc variations in δ11B need not necessarily reflect different mixing proportions between boron derived from the slab-fluid and the mantle wedge.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 65
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    In:  Protokoll zum 20. Kolloquium „Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung“
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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  • 66
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    In:  Protokoll zum 20. Kolloquium „Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung“
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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  • 67
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    In:  IAG National Reports
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Using data of two GPS campaigns as well as two ERS-1/2 Single Look Complex (SLC) datasets, we studied the distribution of co-seismic and post-earthquake surface deformation of the major (moment magnitude Mw=8.1) Antofagasta (Chile) event of 30 July 1995. Earthquake-related fault dimensions and inter-seismic surface deformation patterns were achieved by comparing results from the GPS and interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) investigations and by applying interpretative forward dislocation modelling. SAR data post-dating the major earthquake suggest a change in deformation directions after the earthquake within the first 50–80 km normal to the Chilean coast and show opposite signs when comparing results of the western part of the study area with those of the eastern part. We propose that this change in direction might be indicative of a superposition of relatively rapid post-seismic slip along a deeper section of the fault zone and/or distributed relaxation of the lower crust/upper mantle and seismic loading along the coastal part of the fore-arc. Assuming that the Antofagasta earthquake ruptured the entire seismogenic interface, we used the derived depth distribution of the interplate fault for the estimation of seismic moment rates. Taking into account the rate and size distribution of teleseismic events from the USGS and recently derived plate convergence rates, we constrained the size of the maximum earthquake and approximated the apparent recurrence intervals of events similar to the Antofagasta event in the area.
    Language: English
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  • 69
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    In:  Protokoll zum 20. Kolloquium „Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung“
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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  • 70
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    In:  IAG National Reports
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: To understand the evolution of the Alpine orogen, knowledge of the actual structure of the lithosphere-asthenosphere system is important. We perform high-resolution teleseismic tomography with manually picked P wave arrival times from seismograms recorded in the greater Alpine region. The resulting data set consists of 4199 relative P wave arrivals and 499 absolute P wave arrivals from 76 teleseismic events, corrected for the contribution of the Alpine crust to the travel times. The three-dimensional (3-D) crustal model established from controlled-source seismology data for that purpose represents the large-scale Alpine crustal structure. Absolute P wave arrival times are used to compute an initial reference model for the inversion. Tests with synthetic data document that the combination of nonlinear inversion, high-quality teleseismic data, and usage of an a priori 3-D crustal model allows a reliable resolution of cells at 50 km × 50 km × 30 km. Hence structures as small as two cells can be resolved in the upper mantle. Our tomographic images illuminate the structure of the uppermost mantle to depth of 400 km. Along strike of the Alps, the inversion reveals a high-velocity structure that dips toward the SE beneath the Adriatic microplate in the western and central Alps. In the eastern Alps we observe a northeastward dipping feature, subducting beneath the European plate. We interpret this feature in the western and central Alps as subducted, mainly continental European lower lithosphere. For the east, we propose that parts of the Vardar oceanic basin were subducted toward the NE, forcing continental Adriatic lower lithosphere to subduct northeastward beneath the European plate.
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Group and phase velocities of fundamental mode Rayleigh waves, in the period range of 10 to 70 s, are obtained for southern and northern Tibet. Significant variations in crustal velocity structure are found. The group velocity minimum for Tibet occurs at ∼33 s and the minimum is ∼0.12 km/s lower for southern Tibet than for northern Tibet. At periods greater than 50 s, however, group velocities are up to 0.2 km/s faster in southern Tibet. The group and phase velocities are inverted for layered S wave models. The dispersion observations in southern Tibet can only be fit with a low-velocity layer in the middle crust. In contrast, the velocity models for northern Tibet do not require any low-velocity zone in the crust. The S wave velocity of the lower crust of southern Tibet is ∼0.2 km/s faster than the lower crust of northern Tibet. In southern Tibet the sub-Moho velocity increases with a positive gradient that is similar to a shield, while there is no velocity gradient beneath northern Tibet. The high-velocity lower crust of southern Tibet is consistent with the underthrusting of Indian continental lithosphere. The most plausible explanation of the mid-crustal low velocity zone is the presence of crustal melt resulting from H2O-saturated melting of the interplate shear zone between the underthrusting Indian crust and overflowing Asian crust. The lack of a pronounced crustal low-velocity zone in northern Tibet is an indication of a relatively dry crust. The low S wave velocity in the lower crust of northern Tibet is interpreted to be due to a combination of compositional differences, high temperatures, presumably caused by a high mantle heat flux, and possibly small amounts of partial melt. Combined with all available observations in Tibet, the new surface wave results are consistent with a hot and weak upper mantle beneath northern Tibet.
    Language: English
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Two passive seismic experiments have been carried out across the Trans European Suture Zone (TESZ) from northern Germany to southern Sweden (TOR) and across the Proterozoic-Archaean suture in Finland (SVEKALAPKO) to improve our understanding of the processes involved in the creation of the European continent. Teleseismic earthquakes recorded by the studies of the crust-mantle, and upper mantle seismic discontinuities with the receiver function method. Along the TOR network the depth to the Moho increases from 30 km at the southern edge of the profile to 40 km at the Elbe Line. Between the Elbe Line and TESZ the Moho branches off and whereas the deeper branch continues at 40 km depth to the TESZ a second branch appears at 30.35 km depth. The upper branch descends north of the TESZ to below 55 km under the northern end of the TOR profile. The crustal thickening north of the TESZ is accompanied by an increase in average Vp/Vs values, appearance of intracrustal conversion zones and north dipping features which we interpret as remnants of the subduction and subsequent collision between Avalonia and Baltica. In southern Finland beneath the SVEKALAPKO network the Moho starts in the south at the depth of 40-45 km, plunges to about 65 km depth south of the Archaean-Proterozoic suture. This deepening of the Moho is coincident with a north dipping intracrustal structure apparently related to the subduction and collision and of the Proterozoic and Archaean provinces in Proterozoic. North of the line of the suture the Moho rises smoothly to 45-50 km depth in the Archaean province. Along the TOR profile, 410 and 660 discontinuities were hard to detect. However, manyfold stacking of receiver functions revealed that the conversions from the two discontinuities arrive more or less accordingto IASP91 predicted time. Across the SVEKALAPKO network 410 and 660 discontinuities arrive markedly earlier than IASP91 theoretical arrival times. In particular north of the Archaean-Proterozoic suture in Finland the 410 and 660 km conversions arrive about 2s earlier, indicating about 5 per cent higher average upper mantle velocities and lower temperatures than what IASP91 global model predicts. Test
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 74
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    In:  Protokoll zum 20. Kolloquium „Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung“
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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  • 75
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    International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA)
    In:  IAGA Annual Report
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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  • 76
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    In:  IAG National Reports
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  • 77
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    In:  IAG National Reports
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: We consider various cases of seismicity, induced by artificial fluid injections in boreholes. Like many other authors, we support the hypothesis that to a large extent the triggering of this seismicity is caused by a diffusive process of the pore pressure relaxation in porous (or fractured), saturated rocks. We show that if this hypothesis is correct, then the spatio-temporal distributions of the seismic events must have several specific features related to the effective permeability of the rock. As a rule the fluid injection-induced seismicity obeys such features. These features can be indications of the diffusive and even hydraulic nature of the seismicity triggering process.¶From this point of view we analyze the spatio-temporal distribution of the late aftershocks of the Antofagasta (northern Chile) 1995 earthquake. These aftershocks were concentrated in a plane, an approximately 3 km-thick spatial zone. This thin seismogenic layer is a part of the South American subduction zone. The time-distance distribution of the aftershocks along this layer indicates that they could be triggered by a diffusion-like process. Possibly, such a process is the relaxation of the pressure perturbation caused in the pore fluid by the main Antofagasta event. We estimated the permeability required to explain the spatio-temporal distribution of the aftershocks by such a triggering mechanism. The obtained value, 60 mD, is very large. However, it is realistic for a long-time existing and large-scale fault zone.
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  • 79
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    In:  Protokoll zum 20. Kolloquium „Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung“
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The GLATIS project (Greenland Lithosphere Analysed Teleseismically on the Ice Sheet) with collaborators has operated a total of 16 temporary broadband seismographs for periods from 3 months to 2 years distributed over much of Greenland from late 1999 to the present. The very first results are presented in this paper, where receiver-function analysis has been used to map the depth to Moho in a large region where crustal thicknesses were previously completely unknown. The results suggest that the Proterozoic part of central Greenland consists of two distinct blocks with different depths to Moho. North of the Archean core in southern Greenland is a zone of very thick Proterozoic crust with an average depth to Moho close to 48 km. Further to the north the Proterozoic crust thins to 37–42 km. We suggest that the boundary between thick and thin crust forms the boundary between the geologically defined Nagssugtoqidian and Rinkian mobile belts, which thus can be viewed as two blocks, based on the large difference in depth to Moho (over 6 km). Depth to Moho on the Archean crust is around 40 km. Four of the stations are placed in the interior of Greenland on the ice sheet, where we find the data quality excellent, but receiver-function analyses are complicated by strong converted phases generated at the base of the ice sheet, which in some places is more than 3 km thick.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: We study the azimuthal velocity variation of Pg waves in the Bohemian Massif using data collected during Central European Lithospheric Experiment Based on Refraction (CELEBRATION) 2000. We analyze travel times of waves generated by 28 shots and recorded by 256 portable and 19 permanent seismic stations deployed on the territory of the Czech Republic and in adjacent areas. We use recording offset ranging from 30 to 190 km with azimuths covering the whole interval of angles. The observed travel times are inverted for parameters of a velocity model formed by an isotropic low-velocity subsurface layer with a varying depth lying on a homogeneous transversely isotropic half-space with a horizontal axis of symmetry. The recovered velocity displays a systematic azimuthal variation indicating a regional-scale intrinsic or effective anisotropy in the Bohemian Massif. The mean, minimum and maximum values of the velocity are vmean = 6.03 km/s, vmin = 5.98 km/s, vmax = 6.10 km/s, respectively, indicating an anisotropy of 1.5–2.5%. The direction of the maximum propagation velocity is ∼N35°E being approximately perpendicular to the present maximum compression in the Earth crust in central Europe. The observed anisotropy cannot be induced by stress-aligned cracks in the crust, because the crack models predict azimuthal velocity variations completely inconsistent with the observed one. Therefore we suggest the crustal anisotropy to be induced by a preferred orientation of rock-forming minerals and large-scale intrusion fabrics developed during a tectonic evolution of the Bohemian Massif.
    Language: English
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: During the VARNET-96 seismic experiment three seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection profiles were acquired in order to examine the crustal structure in the southwest of Ireland. A total of 170 seismic stations were used on 300 recording sites. The shotpoint geometry was designed to allow for inline and offline fan shot recordings on the three profiles, using a total of 34 shots. Results from 3-D ray-trace and inversion modelling illustrate the pervasive lateral heterogeneity of the crust south of the Shannon Estuary. About 5 km of interpreted Palaeozoic sediment at the south coast was associated with the sedimentary infill of the Munster and South Munster Basins. This sedimentary layer, which thins to approximately 2 km in the northern Munster Basin, is significantly thinner than previously estimated from geological field studies. High-velocity zones beneath Dingle Bay and the Kenmare River region may be associated with the deep traces of the Killarney–Mallow Fault Zone and the Cork–Kenmare line. A zone of high-velocity upper crust (6.4–6.6 km s−1) beneath the South Munster Basin is found in the area between the Kenmare–Killarney and the Leinster Granite gravity lows. The depth to the Moho varies from approximately 28–29 km at the south coast to approximately 32–33 km in the Dingle–Shannon Basin. The interpretation of the 2-D and 3-D velocity models suggests that Variscan deformation is confined to sedimentary and upper crustal structures in the southwest of Ireland.
    Language: English
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  • 83
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    Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ
    In:  Scientific Technical Report STR
    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Description: After a gap of nearly two decades since the Magsat mission in 1980, the dedicated low-orbit potential field mission CHAMP is now in the third of its seven year mission. Already, the new magnetic total intensity and vector data have yielded maps of the global crustal field of unprecedented accuracy and resolution. Here, we assess the value of these maps to infer deep crustal structure of regions overlain by younger cover. A GIS based modelling technique has been developed to model the various geological units of the continents starting from the geological map of the world. Depending upon the known rock types of the region, they are assigned a standard susceptibility value and using the global seismic crustal structure, a vertically integrated susceptibility (VIS) model is computed at each point of the region. Starting with this initial VIS model, the vertical field anomaly is computed at a satellite altitude of 400 km and compared with the corresponding CHAMP vertical field anomaly map. The first comparison is carried out against a model using the lateral extent of a cratonic region as given by published tectonic maps. In the subsequent modelling step, depending upon the extent of the observed anomaly pattern of that region, the surface geology is extended beneath the sediments until the recomputed map fits the observed magnetic anomaly map. Here, we focus on modelling results for the selected few provinces of the world where the initial model does not agree with the observed anomaly map. Similar modelling of CHAMP satellite magnetic anomalies can constrain the subsurface structure hidden by Phanerozoic cover in many parts of the world.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2021-08-08
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
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  • 85
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    International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS)
    In:  IAHS Quadrennial Report
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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  • 88
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    In:  Protokoll zum 20. Kolloquium „Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung“
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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  • 89
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    In:  Protokoll zum 20. Kolloquium „Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung“
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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  • 90
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    In:  Geophysical Journal International
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The 9.1 km deep KTB (Kontinentale Tiefbohrung, Germany) drilling hole is one of the best investigated deep-drilling sites in the world. Among other parameters, in situ measurements revealed continuous profiles of principal stresses, pore fluid pressure and fracture geometry in the vicinity of the borehole. The present study combines these parameters with hydraulic and seismicity data obtained during fluid-injection experiments conducted at the KTB to derive a conceptual model for fluid-injection-induced seismicity at the KTB. This model rests on the well constrained assumptions that (1) the crust is highly fractured with a permeable fracture network between 9 km depth and the Earth's surface and (2) the crust is in near-failure equilibrium, whereby a large number of fracture planes are under near-critical condition. During the injection experiment, the elevated pore fluid pressure remained well below the least principal stress and thus was too small to cause hydraulic opening of existing fractures. Consequently, the geometry of the fracture network was assumed to have not changed during fluid injection with induced seismicity occurring solely as a result of lowering of the effective normal stress, consistent with observed source mechanisms. The key parameter in the present model is the fracture permeability, which exhibits large spatial and directional variations. These variations are proposed to primarily control fluid migration paths and associated propagation of elevated fluid pressure during fluid injection. In contrast with common models based on isotropic fluid diffusion or spatially averaged permeability, highly permeable branches of the fracture network strongly affect the propagation of fluid pressure and prohibit the concept of a smooth ‘pressure front’. We find evidence that major fluid flow exists at comparatively low fluid pressure (below the critical pressure required to cause seismic failure) without being detected seismically. This might also explain the difference between 1011 J of hydraulic energy inserted into the system during fluid injection and ∼108 J of seismic energy: a major part of the hydraulic energy might be converted to potential energy of the ground water level caused by upward migrating fluid. From the fluid level response to changes of injection rate observed in a second borehole we estimate fluid signal velocities to be as large as 300 m d−1. Importantly, the suggested model also accounts for the occurrence of repeating earthquakes (multiplets), a large number of which were observed during the injection experiment. The present model also suggests that coseismic changes of the stress field caused by tectonic shear stress release are very local and of small magnitude. This is consistent with the observation that none of the larger induced events is followed by aftershock series that would be expected if coseismic processes had noticeably perturbed the local stress field.
    Language: English
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Assessment of contributions from shallow lithosphere to teleseismic wave front distortion is a prerequisite for high-resolution regional teleseismic tomography. Several methods have been proposed in the past for the correction of these effects, e.g. application of station correction terms. We propose an approach that is independent of the subsequent inversion and uses the available a priori knowledge of the crustal structure to calculate crustal traveltime effects of teleseismic wave fronts. Our approach involves the construction of a 3-D crustal model based on controlled source seismology data and calculation of the associated traveltime anomalies for incoming teleseismic wave fronts. The model for central Fennoscandia shows a maximum crustal thickness of 64 km and includes a high-velocity lower crust as derived for parts of the study area by previous authors. Traveltimes calculated using finite differences for teleseismic waves travelling through this crustal model are compared with those from the standard reference model IASP91 and the residuals are used to correct observed teleseismic arrival times at the SVEKALAPKO array. To test the performance of this approach, in a second part of the study a synthetic traveltime data set is obtained by tracing wave fronts through a mantle structure with known velocity anomalies and the 3-D crustal model. This data set is inverted with and without correction for crustal effects. The 3-D crustal effects alone with a homogeneous mantle are also inverted and the results show that the crustal effects propagate down to 450 km. The comparison of the inversion results demonstrates the need to apply appropriate 3-D crustal corrections in high-resolution regional tomography for upper-mantle structure beneath the Baltic Shield.
    Language: English
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  • 92
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    In:  Protokoll zum 20. Kolloquium „Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung“
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2021-01-27
    Language: English
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2020-04-08
    Language: English
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2021-01-20
    Description: This paper describes the analysis of built-up areas using fully polarimetric interferometric SAR data at L-band. This approach uses a polarimetric interferometric segmentation to determine the number of dominant scattering mechanisms required by an interferometric phase estimation using ESPRIT method.
    Language: English
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  • 98
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    Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ
    In:  Scientific Technical Report STR
    Publication Date: 2021-08-24
    Description: A Databank was created using data from 25 local catalogues and 30 special studies of earthquakes in central, northern and northwestern Europe. Event types were discriminated, fake events and duplets eliminated, and different magnitudes and intensities converted to Mw. The conversions require the establishment of regression equations. The Catalogue contains tectonic events from the Databank within the area 44°N-72°N, 25°W-32°E and the time period 1300-1993 which have Mw magnitudes of 3.50 and larger. The area is covered by different polygons. Within each polygon only data from one or a small number of the local catalogues, supplemented by data from special studies, enter the Catalogue. If there are two or more such catalogues or studies providing a solution for an event, a priority algorithm selects one entry for the Catalogue. Then Mw is calculated from one of the magnitude types, or from macroseismic data, given by the selected entry according to another priority scheme. The origin time, location, Mw magnitude and reference are specified for each entry of the Catalogue. So is the epicentral intensity, I0, if provided by the original source. Following these criteria, a total of about 5,000 earthquakes constitute the Catalogue. Although originally derived for the purpose of seismic hazard calculation within GSHAP, the Catalogue provides a data base for many types of seismicity and seismic hazard studies.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
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  • 99
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    In:  Protokoll zum 20. Kolloquium „Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung“
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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  • 100
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    In:  Protokoll zum 20. Kolloquium „Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung“
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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