ALBERT

Beschreibung: A future-oriented and sustainable "Leasing Society" is based on a combination of new and innovative serviceoriented business models, changed product and material ownership structures, increased and improved eco-design efforts, and reverse logistic structures. Together these elements have the potential to change the relationship between producers and consumers, and thereby create a new incentive structure in the economy regarding the use and re-use of resources. While the consumer in a leasing society buys a service (instead of a product), the producer in a leasing society retains the ownership of the product (instead of selling it) and sells the service of using the product. This creates producer incentives to re-use, remanufacture, and recycle products and materials and could become a cornerstone of the circular economy, depending on how the leasing society is implemented. While a predominantly positive picture of the success of a leasing society model and related business cases emerges from the bigger part of the available literature, this paper argues that the resource efficiency of respective business cases is highly dependent on the specific business case design. This paper develops a more cautious and differentiated definition of the leasing society by discussing relevant mechanisms and success factors of leasing society business cases. The leasing society is discussed from a micro business-oriented and a macro environment-oriented perspective complemented by a discussion of conditions for successful business models that reduce environmental impacts and resource footprints.

Beschreibung: Heating behavior of households is key for reducing domestic energy demand and mitigating climate change. Recently, various technical devices have been developed, providing households with feedback on their heating behavior and supporting energy conservation behavior. The impact of such devices on overall energy consumption depends on (1) the impact of a device within a household, (2) the diffusion of devices to other households and the number of adopters, and (3) the diffusion of the induced behavioral change beyond these households. While the first two processes are currently established in assessments of sustainable household devices, we suggest that adding behavior diffusion is essential when assessing devices that explicitly target behavioral change. We therefore propose an assessment framework that includes all three processes. We implement this framework in an agent-based model by combining two existing simulation models to explore the effect of adding behavior diffusion. In three simulation experiments, we identify two mechanisms by which behavior diffusion (1) spreads the effect of such devices from adopters to non-adopters and (2) increases the average speed of behavioral change of households. From these results we conclude that behavior diffusion should be included in assessments of behavior-changing feedback devices.

Beschreibung: It is not the scarcity of resources that constitutes environmental problems, but their use, the physical throughput of our economies. Material flows are a proxy for the totality of the unspecific environmental risks from human activities. As a strategic goal, an increase of the life-cycle-wide resource productivity by a factor 10 is suggested, including the materials bought and sold and the not-valued materials: we have to take into account the product itself and its "ecological rucksack". Material flows are best measured at the input side of the economy, where their number as well as the number of entry gates is limited. Thus here regulation and economic incentives can work more efficiently and less bureaucratically than today. The material intensity of products and services can be expressed as MIPS, the material input per unit of service, and as TMR, the total material requirement on the macro level, an important element in physical input–output tables.

Beschreibung: Umweltpolitik ist längst nicht mehr auf staatliche Regelsetzungen begrenzt. Auch Produzenten und Konsumenten, Umweltverbände, Consulting- und Planungsbüros bestimmen durch ihr Handeln direkt und indirekt das komplexe Wechselverhältnis zwischen Mensch und Umwelt. Es geht nicht mehr nur um den "Schadstoff der Woche" und den dazu passenden Filter, der als Exportschlager in jenen Ländern abgesetzt werden kann, welche die Wirtschaftsweise westlicher Länder nachholen wollen. Es geht immer mehr um die Möglichkeiten, unser Planen und Handeln so auszurichten, daß die Grundlagen unseres Wirtschaftens nicht zunehmend ausgehöhlt, sondern strukturell konsolidiert werden. Dieser Frage geht das Buch von Stefan Bringezu nach.

Beschreibung: How can renewable energy sources be efficiently integrated into the North African electricity systems? By using techno-economic modeling methods, this book explores optimized electricity system expansion pathways until the year 2030 for the five North African countries - Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt. The results indicate that renewable energy integration is actually a viable business case for the entire region, if wind and solar capacities are properly planned in conjunction with the conventional generation system and under consideration of the country-specific electricity supply-/demand patterns. Further aspects featured in this publication are the impact of renewable power on the transnational electricity transmission system and the question how decision making processes about renewable energy strategies can be improved in the North African context. The book is a contribution to the scientific literature about energy issues in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), but also seeks to address political and industrial practitioners concerned with the development of the region's renewable energy future.

Beschreibung: Water pumping systems powered by solar and wind energy are a clean, decentralized and economic alternative for the irrigation of crops. The intense droughts experienced in the last years in Northern Colombia due to particularly strong Nino Phenomena have reactivated the need of reliable water pumping irrigation systems in that region. This study aims to assess the techno economic feasibility of solar and wind based pumping irrigation system, taking as case study the Municipality of Piojo in the Atlantico department. In the first stage of the study the irrigation water requirements were determined by using the software CROPWAT based on two different crop patterns that represent existing feasible alternatives for small farmers of the region: i) a common crop pattern, which represent the current average distribution of crops for subsistence farming and ii) a fruit cash crop pattern that comprises crops for which well established markets in the region exist. Solar wind and diesel based pumping systems were sized based on the crop water demands for 1 ha. The unit irrigation costs of the three technologies, the two crop patterns and the three irrigation methods (surface, sprinkler and drip) were calculated and compared. The economical analysis was complemented with a cost-benefit analysis over 20 years. Our results show that both renewable energy based pumping systems (wind and solar) can cover the irrigation water demands of small farmers in the region. The economical analysis shows that windmills are the most cost effective solution followed by the solar pumping system. Diesel pumping system was the less cost effective, even though it does not comprise investment in water storage tank. The cost benefit analysis demonstrates that any irrigation system is financially unfeasible when providing water to a common crop pattern. In case of the fruit cash crop scenario the highest dividends were obtained by the wind pumping system and the lowest dividends by the diesel pumping system. The lowest payback period was obtained by the windmill after 7 years and could be even feasible after the fifth year if the surplus water would be used to irrigate larger areas. Dividends obtained in a fruit cash crop scenario with irrigation after 20 years were in the range of EUR 5200 and EUR 11200 higher than dividends obtained by the same crop pattern but without irrigation.

Beschreibung: Measuring progress towards sustainable development requires appropriate frameworks and databases. The System of Environmental-Economic Accounts (SEEA) is undergoing continuous refinement with these objectives in mind. In SEEA, there is a need for databases to encompass the global dimension of societal metabolism. In this paper, we focus on the latest effort to construct a global multi-regional input-output database (EXIOBASE) with a focus on environmentally relevant activities. The database and its broader analytical framework allows for the as yet most detailed insight into the production-related impacts and "footprints" of our consumption. We explore the methods used to arrive at the database, and some key relationships extracted from the database.

Beschreibung: Die Technologie der CO2-Abtrennung und -Speicherung (CCS) sowie die CO2-Nutzung (CCR) wird in diesem Fachbuch umfassend und aus unterschiedlicher Perspektive beleuchtet. Experten aus Forschung und Industrie stellen die CCS- und CCR-Technologie auf Basis der naturwissenschaftlichen und technischen Grundlagen vor und legen den Stand der Technik dar. Sie vergleichen Energiebilanzen für verschiedene Techniken und diskutieren rechtliche, wirtschaftliche und gesellschaftspolitische Aspekte. In Szenarioanalysen zeigen sie den möglichen zukünftigen Beitrag der Technologien auf und stellen die Sichtweisen der verschiedenen Stakeholder-Gruppen vor. Die Autoren haben den Anspruch, wertfrei zu informieren. Dabei legen sie die Kriterien für die Bewertung der einzelnen Sichtweisen offen.

Beschreibung: Consumption-based CO2 emissions, which are commonly calculated by means of environmentally extended input-output analysis, are gaining wider recognition as a way to complement territorial emission inventories. Although their use has increased significantly in the last years, insufficient attention has been paid to the methodological soundness of the underlying environmental extension. This should follow the internationally agreed accounting rules of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting, which addresses the activities undertaken by the residents of a country, independent from where these take place. Nonetheless, some footprint calculations use extensions that account for all the activities within the territory, which leads to methodological inconsistencies. Thus, this article introduces the most relevant conceptual differences between these accounting frameworks and shows the magnitude of the gap between them building on the data generated for the EXIOBASE model. It concludes that the differences are high for many countries and their magnitude is increasing over time.

Beschreibung: The rising global demand for metals in a context of declining ore grades is driving the opening of new mines and the expansion of existing ones, disturbing substantial land areas (especially by open pits). However, how much land is currently disturbed globally? How much land could be disturbed by metal mining in 2050? This study investigates the global area disturbed by mining of iron, bauxite, copper, gold, and silver for the first time. The first part consists of the calculation of the specific land requirements, i.e. the area newly disturbed caused by the ore extraction at the mine site. The second part addresses the global area disturbed in the year 2011 whereas the third presents scenarios of how such area might evolve until 2050. The last part addresses the current and future pressures on global biodiversity by metal mines and shows possibilities for the future opening of new mines in low biodiversity areas, alleviating pressures in high biodiversity ones. This study presents the findings of the author´s dissertation hoping they are used as a frame to develop policies and incentives to reduce the amount of area directly disturbed by mines and their pressures on biodiversity.

Beschreibung: Als eine der energieintensivsten Branchen wird auch von der Stahlindustrie ein Beitrag zum Klimaschutz erwartet. Da die bestehenden kohlebasierten Verfahren der Stahlerzeugung kaum noch Verbesserungspotential besitzen, kann langfristig nur über neue Verfahren ein großer CO2-Minderungseffekt erzielt werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit bewertet drei innovative Verfahren der Stahlerzeugung im Vergleich zur etablierten Hochofenroute. Die vergleichende Bewertung schließt nicht nur technische und betriebswirtschaftliche Aspekte, sondern auch gesellschaftliche, sicherheitstechnische und ökologische Aspekte mit ein und soll so eine ganzheitliche Einschätzung der neuartigen Verfahren ermöglichen. Die untersuchten Verfahren sind die Hochofenroute in Kombination mit Kohlenstoffabscheidung und -speicherung (CCS), die Wasserstoff-Direktreduktion und die Eisenerzelektrolyse. Die ganzheitliche Bewertung der drei Verfahren zeigt eine kläre Präferenz für die Wasserstoff-Direktreduktion als Zukunftsverfahren am Standort Deutschland, knapp gefolgt von der Eisenerzelektrolyse. Unter Verwendung dieser innovativen Methode könnte auch langfristig Primärstahl zu wettbewerbsfähigen Konditionen am Standort Deutschland produziert werden. Spätestens ab 2050 werden politische Rahmenbedingungen, steigende Preise für fossile Energieträger und Rohstoffe, sowie ansteigende Kosten für CO2-Emissionen voraussichtlich dafür gesorgt haben, dass die konventionellen Verfahren der Stahlerzeugung unattraktiv werden. Wichtige Voraussetzungen für die rechtzeitige Einphasung der neuen Verfahren sind eine konsequente Umsetzung der Energiewende und international verbindliche Klimaschutzziele sowie damit korrespondierende Anreizmechanismen.

Beschreibung: The paper presents a case study of applying crowdsourcing to library deliveries. The trial was conducted in the city of Jyväskylä in Finland as part of the Resource Wise Communities program funded by The Finnish Innovation Fund Sitra. The city has a population of 120 000 inhabitants and is facing the shut-down of half of the public libraries in order to adapt its economy to lowered revenues and compulsory cost savings. The assumption was that the level of service for customers not able to settle for e-books would be lowered and/or customers would have to travel longer distances. However, a research pilot was carried out where - instead of lowering the level of service in the area - books and other library media were delivered to customers' homes by utilizing a novel crowdsourced delivery service called PiggyBaggy. Crowdsourced delivery means that citizens deliver goods to each other along their way. Ideally, the deliveries would be made with minimal detour, along the way, thus maximizing the reduction in natural resource use and related environmental impacts from the transport. However, the transport fuel forms only one part of the overall footprint and in practice rebound effects such as drivers travelling longer distances motivated by monetary compensation, can reduce the targeted environmental improvement. The objective of our study was to investigate whether an existing consumer service, in this case the library public service, can adopt crowdsourced deliveries quickly from scratch, and to whether consumers participate in the deliveries in a way that has real sustainability benefits. Despite prevailing regulative challenges, the study found that existing library deliveries can be successfully crowdsourced. Each crowdsourced delivery reduced an average of 1.6 kilometers driven by car, despite 80 percent of the deliveries being made within less than a five-kilometer distance. Mobility related footprint reduction potential for Finland is also estimated.

Beschreibung: Rund ein Drittel der weltweiten energiebezogenen CO2-Emissionen sind auf den Verbrauch durch Gebäude zurückzuführen. Ohne eine sogenannte Gebäudewende sind die notwendigen CO2-Einsparungen nicht zu ereichen. Eine Internetplattform bündelt das weit verstreute Wissen zu diesem Thema und bietet Orientierung.

Beschreibung: Sustainable development is the globally embraced paradigm for integrating environment and development policies. Agreement ends with attempts at operationalizing the elusive notion of sustainability. A contentious debate among "environmentalists" and "environmental economists" has brought about a confusing proliferation of indicators and policy advice on sustainable development. Greening the monetary national accounts could moderate the debate by generating concepts and indicators which translate environmental concerns into the language of widely used economic variables. The implementation of sustainable growth and development requires more. "Eco-nomic" instruments of environmental cost internalization need to be combined with environmental legislation and regulation. Such reconciliation of environmental and economic policies should be supported by a "social compact" between government and civil society. The sustained implementation of sustainable development depends on it.

Beschreibung: In this paper the results of an analysis of the material intensity of advanced composite materials are presented. The analysis is based on the MIPS-concept of the Wuppertal Institute which allows the calculation of the overall material intensity of products and services. It can be shown that the production of one kg of E-Glass fibers is connected with the consumption of 6.2 kg materials, 95 kg water and 2.1 kg oxygen which is of similar size compared to the inputs required in steel production. Material inputs required to produce one kg of p-aramid are 37 kg of materials and 19.6 kg air. Values for carbon fibers are even higher yielding to 61.1 kg of abiotic materials and 33.1 kg of air. Similarly, the production of epoxy resins is connected with larger material flows than the production of polyester resins. Of core materials, inputs per kg for PVCfoam exceed those in PUR-foam production by a factor of 1.4 in water to 2.3 in abiotic material consumption. However, ecologically decisive are not the inputs per kg but the material input per service unit. Therefore, the material input per service unit computed for the body of a passenger ship and a robot arm are compared with alternative steel and aluminium versions. Both examples show that in the case of significant inputs during the user phase of products, even a more material intensive investment in the production phase can yield significant ecological benefits over the whole life-cycle compared to metal versions. Improvements can easily reach a factor of two albeit significant potential for engine optimizations have still been neglected. Results already include the actual recycling quota of metals whereas for composites only virgin material has been calculated as any form of real recycling does not actually exist but only certain types of downrecycling. Of those treatment options, first material recycling and second the use in blast furnaces would lead to better results in resource productivity than incineration and landfills. The paper finally draws some conclusions about the potential advantages of material substitution in the automotive industry. Due to the rather short real operation time of cars during their user phase - around six months - an investment in advanced composite materials in car production only results in a significant improvement of the overall eco-efficiency of cars if it allows a substantial weight reduction of the overall vehicle.

Beschreibung: Im Auftrag des Bundesforschungsministeriums hat das Wuppertal Institut eine Studie zur systemischen Betrachtung und Modellierung der Bioökonomie erstellt. Sie zeigt Wege auf, die komplexen sozio-ökonomischen Zusammenhänge und Umweltauswirkungen der Bioökonomie zu erfassen und soll als Grundlage für den Aufbau eines kontinuierlichen Monitorings dienen. Die Autor(inn)en erfassten Indikatoren und Modellierungsmethoden mit Bezug zur Bioökonomie und weisen auf bestehende Lücken hin: Diese finden sich vor allem bei der Erfassung neuer technologiegetriebener Sektoren, der systemischen Betrachtung eines nachhaltigen Konsums und bei der Modellierung der Zusammenhänge zwischen Innovationen, Wirtschaftswachstum und Ressourcenverbrauch (insbesondere die Landnutzung). Zur Umsetzung eines systemischen Monitorings empfiehlt die Studie das folgende Vorgehen: Unter Zuhilfenahme des DPSIR-Konzeptes (Analyse von Wirkungsbeziehungen nach Driving forces, Pressures, States, Impacts und Responses) sollten Schlüsselindikatoren und Nachhaltigkeitsziele in einem Indikatoren-"Dashboard" zusammengeführt werden. Benötigt wird zudem ein Werkzeugkasten von Methoden, der vor allem integrierte Analyse- und Bewertungsmodelle sowie ein systemisch konzipiertes Metamodell umfasst.

Beschreibung: Im Rahmen einer strategischen Partnerschaft zwischen Deutschland und Brasilien verfolgt die Zusammenarbeit für Nachhaltige Entwicklung (ZnE) das beidseitige Interesse, die Klima- und Biodiversitätsziele Brasiliens zu erreichen. Die Schwerpunkte der deutsch-brasilianischen Zusammenarbeit liegen auf den Bereichen Schutz und nachhaltige Nutzung der brasilianischen Tropenwälder und Erneuerbaren Energien und Energieeffizienz. Im Schwerpunkt Energie kooperieren GIZ und KfW im Auftrag des BMZ seit 2009 mit brasilianischen Partnern. Die Zusammenarbeit beruht hierbei auf zentralen Hypothesen bezüglich zu erwartender Wirkungen im Hinblick auf die brasilianische Energiematrix, die Reduktion von Treibhausgasemissionen, die Schaffung geeigneter Rahmenbedingungen für erneuerbare Energien und Energieeffizienz, sowie die Entstehung neuer Märkte. Ziel ist, mit den von deutscher Seite eingesetzten Ressourcen einen höchstmöglichen Mehrwert in den Bereichen Klimaschutz und Biodiversität zu erreichen. Ein zusätzlicher Aspekt der Zusammenarbeit ist die Förderung neuer Märkte für international wettbewerbsfähige Zweige der deutschen und europäischen Wirtschaft. Inwieweit die unternommenen Maßnahmen zu den erwarteten Wirkungen beitragen, und wie sie weiterentwickelt werden könnten, wurde im Rahmen dieser Studie in Zusammenarbeit mit dem brasilianischen Partnerinstitut COPPE der Universität Rio de Janeiro anhand von ausgewählten Projekten aus verschiedenen Technologiebereichen untersucht. Diese Studie dient neben der kritischen Betrachtung von abgeschlossenen und laufenden Vorhaben der ZnE auch der künftigen strategischen Ausrichtung der technischen und finanziellen Zusammenarbeit zwischen Deutschland und Brasilien.

Beschreibung: Objective: The aim of the present article is to conduct an integrated assessment in order to explore whether CCS could be a viable technological option for significantly reducing future CO2 emissions in China. Methods: In this paper, an integrated approach covering five assessment dimensions is chosen. Each dimension is investigated using specific methods (graphical abstract). Results: The most crucial precondition that must be met is a reliable storage capacity assessment based on site-specific geological data. Our projection of different trends of coal-based power plant capacities up to 2050 ranges between 34 and 221 Gt of CO2 that may be captured from coal-fired power plants to be built by 2050. If very optimistic assumptions about the country’s CO2 storage potential are applied, 192 Gt of CO2 could theoretically be stored as a result of matching these sources with suitable sinks. If a cautious approach is taken, this figure falls to 29 Gt of CO2. In practice, this potential will decrease further with the impact of technical, legal, economic and social acceptance factors. Further constraints may be the delayed commercial availability of CCS in China; a significant barrier to achieving the economic viability of CCS due to a currently non-existing nation-wide CO2 pricing scheme that generates a sufficiently strong price signal; an expected life-cycle reduction rate of the power plant's greenhouse gas emissions of 59-60%; and an increase in most other negative environmental and social impacts. Conclusion and practice implications: Most experts expect a striking dominance of coal-fired power generation in the country's electricity sector, even if the recent trend towards a flattened deployment of coal capacity and reduced annual growth rates of coal-fired generation proves to be true in the future. In order to reduce fossil fuel-related CO2 emissions to a level that would be consistent with the long-term climate protection target of the international community to which China is increasingly committing itself, this option may require the introduction of CCS. However, a precondition for opting for CCS would be finding robust solutions to the constraints highlighted in this article. Furthermore, a comparison with other low-carbon technology options may be useful in drawing completely valid conclusions on the economic, ecological and social viability of CCS in a low-carbon policy environment. The assessment dimensions should be integrated into macro-economic optimisation models by combining qualitative with quantitative modelling, and the flexible operation of CCS power plants should be analysed in view of a possible role of CCS for balancing fluctuating renewable energies.

Beschreibung: Jordan's electricity system has and continues to experience considerable pressures for reform due to continuous increase of electricity demand combined with high dependency on imported fossil fuels and a partially subsidised electricity market. In this paper we use the transitions pathways to examine and analyse pressures on the regime in relation to plausible future developments of particular niches such as renewable energy technologies. Our analysis is methodologically distinct in that we explicitly identify mechanisms operating in the system and relate those to existing scenarios to assess future developments. Currently, we see future developments being sensitive to the actions of key regime actors.

Beschreibung: The Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project (DDPP) is a collaborative global initiative led by IDDRI and SDSN that aims to demonstrate how individual countries can transition to a low-carbon economy preferably consistent with the internationally agreed target of limiting the increase in global temperature to less than 2°C. Achieving this target will require a profound transformation of energy systems by mid-century, a "deep decarbonization". The project comprises 16 research teams composed of leading institutions from the world's largest GHG emitting countries: Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, United Kingdom, and United States. Each team is exploring what is required to achieve this transformation in their own country's economy while taking into account socio-economic conditions, development aspirations, infrastructure stocks, natural resource endowments, and other relevant factors. The DDPP country study for Germany explores what is required to achieve deep decarbonization in Germany. It has been conducted by the Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy, with the support of Stiftung Mercator. The study discusses how the German government's target of reducing domestic GHG emissions by 80 to 95% by 2050 (versus 1990) can be reached.

Beschreibung: Die Energieeinsparverordnung (EnEV) adressiert die Energieeffizienz sowohl der Gebäudehülle als auch der Anlagentechnik - die Anlagen ihrerseits werden mit Energieträgern betrieben, die mittels Primärenergiefaktoren (PEF) untereinander vergleichbar gemacht werden. Im Rahmen der EnEV müssen bestimmte Grenzwerte bei den Bauteilen und / oder beim Primärenergiebedarf des Gesamtgebäudes eingehalten werden. Da die Primärenergiefaktoren einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Größe des zu berechnenden Jahres-Primärenergiebedarfs haben, hat ihre Festlegung Auswirkung auf die Wahl von Heizungstechnologien und deren Energieträger bzw. auf das Binnenverhältnis von Maßnahmen zur Steigerung der Energieeffizienz bei Gebäudehülle und Anlagentechnik. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden in der Studie die Definition und Bedeutung der Primärenergiefaktoren sowie ihre Steuerungswirkung in Richtung Klimaschutzziele (CO2) und weiterer Ziele untersucht. Das Ergebnis der Studie zeigt, dass insbesondere aus den folgenden beiden Gründen eine Neujustierung beim PEF im Rahmen der EnEV erforderlich scheint: 1) Der Primärenergiefaktor ist in vielen Fällen kein geeignetes Maß zur Bestimmung der Treibhausgasemissionen eines Heizungssystems oder eines Endenergieträgers und hat damit in Bezug auf den Klimaschutz nur eine bedingte Lenkungswirkung. 2) Primärenergiefaktoren (PEFne), die Null betragen (Beispiel Fernwärme), nahe Null liegen (Beispiel Holz) oder perspektivisch gegen Null laufen (Beispiel Strom), verlieren ihre Steuerungswirkung für die Energieeffizienz von Gebäuden. Auch wenn dadurch die formalen Ansprüche an die Bilanzierung von Gebäuden erfüllt werden, werden doch andere wichtige Aspekte wie z. B. die Ressourcenverfügbarkeit und Importabhängigkeit von Energieträgern oder andere mit der Primärenergiebereitstellung verbundene Effekte vernachlässigt. In dem Diskussionspapier werden daher erste Ansätze skizziert, wie der PEF in der EnEV methodisch sinnvollerweise weiterentwickelt werden könnte bzw. ob ggf. weitere oder andere Indikatoren zur Charakterisierung der ökologischen Performance von Gebäuden herangezogen werden sollten.

Beschreibung: Brasiliens Nachfrage nach Strom ist in den vergangenen Jahren stark gewachsen. Auch für die kommenden Jahre ist mit einer weiteren Steigerung von jährlich etwa 3,5 Prozent der Nachfrage zu rechnen. Dies stellt das Land vor eine große Herausforderung. Zusätzlich steht die auf Wasserkraft basierende Stromerzeugung des Landes aufgrund geringer Niederschläge und Wasserstandsmengen vor einem Engpass. Deshalb kommen fossilthermische Reservekraftwerke insbesondere seit dem vergangenen Jahr verstärkt zum Einsatz und verteuern die Stromerzeugung erheblich. Auch der Ausbau nicht-konventioneller Erneuerbarer Energien zur Diversifizierung der Strommatrix läuft in Brasilien nur sehr langsam an. Eine Planung zur systematischen Integration verschiedener Erneuerbarer Energieträger findet bislang aber nicht statt. Ziel der Studie ist es deshalb, das zusätzliche THG-Einsparpotenzial durch die systematische Integration von Erneuerbaren Energien, gegenüber dem Business as Usual Szenario (Ausbau der Erneuerbaren ohne systematische Integration) zu ermitteln und in einer Broschüre für ein breites Publikum aufzuarbeiten.

Beschreibung: China is very active in the research and development of CO2 capture and storage technologies (CCS). However, existing estimates for CO2 storage capacity are very uncertain. This uncertainty is due to limited geological knowledge, a lack of large-scale research on CO2 injection, and different assessment approaches and parameter settings. Hence storage scenarios represent a method that can be used by policy makers to demonstrate the range of possible storage capacity developments, to help interpret uncertain results and to identify the limitations of existing assessments. In this paper, three storage scenarios are developed for China by evaluating China-wide studies supplemented with more detailed site- and basin-specific assessments. It is estimated that the greatest storage potential can be found in deep saline aquifers. Oil and gas fields may also be used. Coal seams are only included in the highest storage scenario. In total, the scenarios presented demonstrate that China has an effective storage capacity of between 65 and 1551 Gt of CO2. Furthermore, the authors emphasise a need for action to harmonise storage capacity assessment approaches due to the uncertainties involved in the capacity assessments analysed in this study.

Beschreibung: The climate impact of the iron and steel industry can be mitigated through increased energy efficiency, emission efficiency, material efficiency, and product use efficiency resulting in reduced product demand. For achieving ambitious greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation targets in this sector all measures could become necessary. The current paper focuses on one of those four key measures: emission efficiency via innovative primary steelmaking technologies. After analysing their techno-economical potential until 2100 in part A of this publication, the current research broadens the evaluation scope for the crucial year 2050, based on a Multicriteria-Analysis (MCA). 12 criteria from five different categories ("technology", "society and politics", "economy", "safety and vulnerability" and "ecology") are used to assess the same four future steelmaking technologies in a systematic and holistic way in Germany, as one possible location. The technologies in focus are the blast furnace route (BF-BOF), blast furnace with carbon capture and storage (BF-CCS), hydrogen direct reduction (H-DR), and iron ore electrolysis (EW). These four technologies have been selected, as explained in part A of this paper, because they are the most commonly discussed technological options under discussion by policymakers and the iron and steel industry. The results of the current work should provide decision makers in industry and government with a long-term guidance on technological choices. In 2050 the MCA shows significantly higher preference scores for the two innovative routes H-DR and EW compared to the blast furnace based routes. The main reasons being higher scores in the economical and environmental criteria. BF-CCS shows its greatest weakness in the social acceptance and the safety and vulnerability criteria. BF-BOF has the lowest economy and ecology score of all assessed routes, which is due to the projected high cost for carbon dioxide emission and increasing prices for fossil fuels. A first indicative trend assessment from today towards 2050 shows that H-DR is the preferred MCA option from today on. Three exemplary weighting distributions (representing the perspectives of the steel industry, environmental organisations and the government), used to simulate different stakeholder angle of view, don't have a strong influence on the overall evaluation of the steelmaking routes. The results remain very similar, with the highest scores for the innovative routes (H-DR and EW). This leads to the conclusion that EW and in particular H-DR can be identified as the preferred future steelmaking technology across different perspectives. Specific innovation efforts and dedicated programs are necessary to minimize the time until marketability and to share the development burden. The similarity of the MCA results from different perspectives indicates a great opportunity to reach a political consensus and to work together towards a common future goal. Regarding the pressing time horizon a concentrated engagement for one (or few) technological choices would be highly recommended.

Beschreibung: Energy systems with high shares of renewable electricity are feasible, but require balancing measures such as storage, grid exchange or demand-side management to maintain system stability. The demand for these balancing options cannot be assessed separately since they influence each other. Therefore, a model was developed to analyze these mutual dependencies by optimizing a concerted use of balancing technologies. This model is presented here. It covers the European electricity system in hourly resolution. Since this leads to a large optimization problem, several options for reducing system complexity are presented. The application of the model is illustrated with a case study outlining the effects of pumped hydro storage and controlled charging of electric vehicles in central Europe.

Beschreibung: Vor dem Hintergrund der aktuellen Ressourcenschutzdiskussion wird im Beitrag erläutert, wie Ressourcenschutzbelange in den bestehenden UVPG-Schutzgütern, aber auch darüber hinaus in der Umweltprüfung stärker berücksichtigt werden können. In diesem Zusammenhang stellen die räumlichen und zeitlichen Systemgrenzen der Umweltprüfung eine besondere Herausforderung dar. Es werden erste Ansätze dargestellt, wie ressourcenbezogene Umweltwirkungen und stoffliche und energetische Inanspruchnahmen in die Planungspraxis übernommen werden können.

Beschreibung: The EU has set itself ambitious targets with regards to a significant reduction of its greenhouse gas emissions and has presented roadmaps depicting an overall decarbonisation of its economy by the middle of the century. In this context European policymakers and stakeholders are currently discussing the targets and the level of ambition of the 2030 climate and energy policy framework. The Commission is expected to present its own vision for the further development of the energy and climate policy framework in its White Paper "For a 2030 climate and energy policy framework". At this decisive point in the political debate the Wuppertal Institute presents a brief working paper that analyses some of the analytical work - particularly the underlying energy and GHG emission scenarios - behind the Commission's proposals to be presented in the forthcoming White Paper.

Beschreibung: Die zunehmende Abkehr vom ursprünglichen EEG-Vergütungssystem mit einer festen Einspeisevergütung hin zu einer mehr und mehr marktorientierten Ausrichtung führt zu der Frage, ob die Umstrukturierung des EEG am Ende zu einer neuen Phase der Energiewende führt, der Neo-EEG-Phase. Im vorliegenden Artikel werden die Veränderungen und Entwicklungsphasen des EEG mit besonderem Blick auf die Akteure des Stromsystems analysiert. Im Kontext der Energiewende können die zu beobachtenden und teils deutlich einschneidenden Veränderungen für alle Akteure des Systems durchaus als "Akteurswende" verstanden werden.

Beschreibung: The main objective of AIRP-SD was to address the urgent need to stimulate innovation in Research, Technological development and Demonstration (RTD) processes in order to enhance the prospects of RTD contributing positively to processes and strategies leading to radical improvements in the sustainability of production-consumption systems. This Milestone One Report was the first of three status reports, summarising the interim findings of the first three work packages since the start of the project in January 2002.

Beschreibung: Die Energiewende stellt einen ambitionierten und zugleich hochkomplexen Transformationsprozess dar. Der vorliegende Artikel stellt acht Thesen auf, die dabei helfen können, die Herausforderungen besser zu verstehen und Ansatzpunkte für zukünftiges Handeln zu identifizieren sowie Forschungsbedarf aufzuzeigen.