ALBERT

Note: Contents: 1 Global Distribution of Lakes / M. MEYBECK. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Background Material and Approaches to Global Lake Census. - 2.1 Data Used. - 2.2 Approaches to Global Lake Census. - 3 General Laws of Lake Distribution. - 3.1 Lake Density . - 3.2 Limnic Ratio. - 4 Distribution of Lakes of Tectonic Origin. - 5 Lakes of Glacial Origin. - 5.1 Lake Densities. - 5.2 Global Deglaciated Area. - 5.3 Total Number of Glacial Lakes. - 6 Fluvial Lakes. - 7 Global Distribution of Crater Lakes. - 8 Global Distribution of Saline Lakes. - 8.1 Coastal Lagoons. - 8.2 Salinized Lakes due to Evaporation. - 9 Global Lake Distribution. - 9.1 Extrapolation Approach. - 9.2 Lake Type Approach. - 9.3 Climatic Typology Approach. - 9.4 Lake Distribution in Endorheic Areas. - 9.5 Global Dissolved Salt Distribution in Lakes. - 10 Major Changes in Global Lake Distribution in the Geological Past. - 10.1 Lake Ages. - 10.2 Historical Changes. - 10.3 Postglacial Changes. - 11 Discussion and Conclusions. - References. - 2 Hydrological Processes and the Water Budget of Lakes / T. C. WINTER. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Hydrological System with Regard to Lakes. - 2.1 Interaction of Lakes with Atmospheric Water. - 2.2 Interaction of Lakes with Surface Water. - 2.3 Interaction of Lakes with Subsurface Water. - 2.4 Change in Lake Volume. - 3 Summary. - References. - 3 Hydrological and Thermal Response of Lakes to Climate: Description and Modeling / S. W. HOSTETLER. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Hydrological Response. - 3 The Hydrological Budget. - 4 Hydrological Models. - 5 Thermal Response. - 5.1 Energy Budget and Energy Budget Models. - 5.2 Models and Modeling. - 6 Use of Models to Link Lakes with Climate Change. - 7 Input Data Sets. - 8 Sample Applications. - 9 Summary. - References. - 4 Mixing Mechanisms in Lakes / D. M. IMBODEN and A. WÜEST. - 1 Transport and Mixing. - 2 Lakes as Physical Systems. - 3 Fluid Dynamics: Mathematical Description of Advection and Diffusion. - 3.1 Equations of Fluid Motion. - 3.2 Turbulence, Reynolds' Stress, and Eddy Diffusion. - 3.3 Vertical Momentum Equation. - 3.4 Nonlocal Diffusion and Transilient Mixing. - 4 Density and Stability of Water Column. - 4.1 Equation of State of Water. - 4.2 Potential Temperature and Local Vertical Stability. - 5 Energy Fluxes: Driving Forces Behind Transport and Mixing. - 5.1 Thermal Energy. - 5.2 Potential Energy. - 5.3 Kinetic Energy. - 5.4 Turbulent Kinetic Energy Balance in Stratified Water. - 5.5 Internal Turbulent Energy Fluxes: Turbulence Cascade. - 6 Mixing Processes in Lakes. - 6.1 Waves and Mixing. - 6.2 Mixing in the Surface Layer. - 6.3 Diapycnal Mixing. - 6.4 Boundary Mixing. - 6.5 Double Diffusion. - 6.6 Isopycnal Mixing. - 7 Mixing and Its Ecological Relevance. - 7.1 Time Scales of Mixing. - 7.2 Reactive Species and Patchiness. - 7.3 Mixing and Growth: The Search for an Ecological Steering Factor. - References. - 5 Stable Isotopes of Fresh and Saline Lakes / J. R. GAT. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Isotope Separatio During Evaporation. - 2 Small-Area Lakes. - 2.1 Seasonal and Annual Changes. - 2.2 Deep Freshwater Lakes. - 2.3 Transient Surface-Water Bodies. - 3 Interactive and Feedback Systems. - 3.1 Network of Surface-Water Bodies. - 3.2 Recycling of Reevaporated Moisture into the Atmosphere. - 3.3 Large Lakes. - 3.4 Large-Area Lakes with Restricted Circulation. - 4 Saline Lakes. - 4.1 Isotope Hydrology of Large Salt Lakes. - 4.2 Ephemeral Salt Lakes and Sabkhas. - 5 Isotopie Paleolimnology. - 6 Conclusions: From Lakes to Oceans. - References. - 6 Exchange of Chemicals Between the Atmosphere and Lakes / P. VLAHOS, D. MACKAY, S. J. EISENREICH, and KC. HORNBUCKLE. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Air-Water Partitioning Equilibria. - 3 Diffusion Between Water and Air. - 4 Volatilization and Absorption: Double-Resistance Approach. - 5 Factors Affecting Mass-Transfer Coefficients. - 6 Partitioning of Chemical to Paniculate Matter in Air and Water. - 6.1 Air. - 6.2 Water. - 7 Atmospheric Deposition Processes. - 7.1 Dry Deposition. - 7.2 Wet Deposition. - 8 Specimen Calculation. - 8.1 Step 1: Physicochemical Properties. - 8.2 Step 2: Mass-Transfer Coefficients. - 8.3 Step 3: Sorption in Air and Water. - 8.4 Step 4: Equilibrium Status. - 8.5 Step 5: Volatilization and Deposition Rates. - 9 Role of Air-Water Exchange in Lake Mass Balances. - 10 Case Studies. - 10.1 Mass Balance on Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale. - 10.2 Mass Balance on Lake Superior. - 10.3 Air-Water Exchange in Green Bay, Lake Michigan. - 10.4 Air-Water Exchange in Lake Superior. - 11 Conclusions. - References. - 7 Atmospheric Depositions: Impact of Acids on Lakes / W. STUMM and J. SCHNOOR. - Abstract. - 1 Introduction: Anthropogenic Generation of Acidity. - 1.1 Genesis of Acid Precipitation. - 2 Acidity and Alkalinity: Neutralizing Capacities. - 2.1 Transfer of Acidity (or Alkalinity) from Pollution Through the Atmosphere to Ecosystems. - 3 Acidification of Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems. - 3.1 Disturbance of H+ Balance from Temporal or Spatial Decoupling of the Production and Mineralization of the Biomass. - 3.2 In Situ H+ Ion Neutralization in Lakes. - 3.3 Krug and Frink Revisited. - 4 Brønsted Acids and Lewis Acids: Pollution by Heavy Metals, as Influenced by Acidity. - 4.1 Cycling of Metals. - 4.2 Pb in Soils. - 5 Impact of Acidity on Ecology in Watersheds. - 5.1 Soils. - 5.2 Lakes. - 5.3 Nitrogen Saturation of Forests. - 6 Critical Loads. - 6.1 Critical Load Maps. - 6.2 Models for Critical Load Evaluation. - 7 Case Studies. - 7.1 Chemical Weathering of Crystalline Rocks in the Catchment Area of Acidic Ticino Lakes, Switzerland. - 7.2 Watershed Manipulation Project at Bear Brooks, Maine. - 8 Summary. - References. - 8 Redox-Driven Cycling of Trace Elements in Lakes / J. HAMILTON-TAYLOR and W. DAVISON. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Major Biogeochemical Cycles and Pathways. - 3 Iron and Manganese. - 3.1 Transformations and Cycling. - 3.2 Iron and Manganese Compounds as Carrier Phases. - 4 Sediment-Water Interface. - 4.1 Diffusive Flux from Sediments. - 4.2 Evidence of Little or No Diffusive Efflux from Sediments. - 4.3 Transient Remobilization. - 4.4 Diffusive Flux into Sediments. - 5 Pathways Involving Redox Reactions Directly: Case Studies. - 5.1 Arsenic. - 5.2 Chromium. - 5.3 239,240Pu. - 5.4 Selenium 6 Pathways Involving Redox Reactions Indirectly: Case Studies. - 6.1 137Cs. - 6.2 Stable Pb, 210Pb, and 210Po. - 6.3 Zinc. - 7 Summary and Conclusions. - References. - 9 Comparative Geochemistry of Marine Saline Lakes / F. T. MACKENZIE, S. VINK, R. WOLLAST, and L. CHOU. - 1 Introduction. - 2 General Characteristics of Marine Saline Lakes. - 3 Comparative Sediment-Pore-Water Reactions. - 3.1 Mangrove Lake, Bermuda. - 3.2 Solar Lake, Sinai. - 4 Conclusions. - References. - 10 Organic Matter Accumulation Records in Lake Sediments / P. A. MEYERS and R. ISHIWATARI. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Significance of Organic Matter in Lake Sediments. - 1.2 Origins of Organic Matter to Lake Sediments. - 1.3 Alterations of Organic Matter During Deposition. - 1.4 Similarities and Differences Between Organic Matter in Sediments of Lakes and Oceans. - 1.5 Dating of Lake-Sediment Records. - 2 Indicators of Sources and Alterations of Total Organic Matter in Lake Sediments. - 2.1 Source Information Preserved in C/N Ratios of Sedimentary Organic Matter. - 2.2 Source Information from Carbon-Stable Isotopic Compositions. - 2.3 Source Information from Nitrogen-Stable Isotopic Compositions. - 3 Origin and Alterations of Humic Substances. - 4 Sources and Alterations of Lipid Biomarkers. - 4.1 Alteration of Lipids During Deposition. - 4.2 Changes in Sources vs Selective Diagenesis. - 4.3 Effects of Sediment Grain Size on Geolipid Compositions. - 4.4 Source Records of Alkanes in Lake Sediments. - 4.5 Preserv

Note: Berlin (Ost), Univ., Diss., 1972

Note: Pages 3-6, Introduction, Helmut Wilhelm, Walter Zürn, Hans-Georg Wenzel --- Pages 9-26, Tide-generating potential for the earth, Hans-Georg Wenzel --- Pages 27-57, Tidal response of the solid Earth, Rongjiang Wang --- Pages 59-75, Analysis of earth tide observations, Hans-Georg Wenzel --- Pages 77-94, Earth tide observations and interpretation, Walter Zürn --- Pages 95-109, The nearly-diurnal free wobble-resonance, Walter Zürn --- Pages 113-143, Ocean tides, Wilfried Zahel --- Pages 145-171, Earth tides and ocean tidal loading, Gerhard Jentzsch --- Pages 173-181, Ocean tides and earth rotation, Johannes Wünsch --- Pages 183-218, Chandler wobble and pole tide in relation to interannual atmosphere-ocean dynamics, Hans-Peter Plag --- Pages 221-246, Atmospheric tides, Hans Volland --- Pages 247-260, Long-period variations of solar irradiance, Helmut Wilhelm --- Pages 261-274, Geomagnetic tides and related phenomena, Nils Olsen --- Pages 277-291, Tides in water saturated rock, Hans-Joachim Kümpel --- Pages 293-309, Tidal triggering of earthquakes and volcanic events, Dieter Emter --- Pages 311-339, Tidal tilt modification along an active fault, Malte Westerhaus --- Pages 343-344, Satellite orbit perturbations induced by tidal forces, Peter Schwintzer --- Pages 345-377, Tides of io, Tilman Spohn --- Pages 379-380, Tidal effects in binary star systems, Gerhard Schäfer --- Pages 381-386, Tidal interactions between galaxies, Claus Möllenhoff

Note: Oglavlenie: Predislovie. - 1. Detstvo i junost'. Pervye šagi v nauke (1880-1906 gg.). - 2. Pervaja grenlandskaja ėkspedicija (1906-1908 gg.). - 3. Pervyj marburgskij period. Roždenie gipotezy peremeščenija kontinentov (1908-1912 gg.). - 4. Vtoraja grenlandskaja ėkspedicija (1912-1913 gg.). - 5. Vtoroj marburgskij period (1913-1918 gg.). Pervaja mirovaja vojna. - 6. Tretij marburgskij i gamburgskij periody (1919-1924 gg.). Proischoždenie lunnych kraterov i luny. Razvitie gipotezy peremeščenija kontinentov i klimaty geologičeskogo prošlogo v ee svete. - 7. Sčastlivye gody professury v grace (1924-1930 gg.). - 8. Tret'ja grenlandskaja ėkspedicija Vegenera i ego tragičeskaja smert' (1929-1930 gg.). - 9. Mobilistskaja koncepcija Vegenera i ee pol' v chode razvitija nauk o zemle v XX v. - Literatura. - Osnovnye daty žizni i dejatel'nosti Vegenera. - Ukazatel' imen. , In kyrill. Schr

Note: In kyrill. Schr.

Note: Univ. of Western Australia, Diss. von D. Müller--Nedlands , Pages 1-2, Introduction --- Pages 3-10, Definitions and Nomenclature --- Pages 11-39, Tectonic settings of potassic igneous rocks --- Pages 41-64, Selected type-localities of potassic igneous rocks from the five tectonic settings --- Pages 65-84, Primary enrichment of precious metals in potassic igneous rocks --- Pages 85-134, Direct associations between potassic igneous rocks and gold-copper deposits --- Pages 135-158, Indirect associations between lamprophyres and gold-copper deposits --- Pages 159-171, Halogen contents of mineralized versus unmineralized potassic igneous rocks --- Pages 173-176, Implications for mineral exploration --- Pages 177-200, Characteristics of some gold-copper deposits associated with potassic igneous rocks

Note: Contents: Part I. Introduction to the Theory: 1. Generalising neoclassical economics: new tools and concepts ; 2. Property rights, agency and economic organisation ; 3. Explaining the rules ; Part II. Property Rights and Economic Outcomes: 4. The economics of exclusive rights ; 5. The ownership structure of firms and equilibrium outcomes ; Part III. Explaining Economic Organisation: 6. The contractual nature of the firm ; 7. The logic of economic organisation ; Part IV. Explaining Property Rights: 8. The emergence of property rights ; 9. property rights in stateless societies ; 10. The state in neoinstitutional economics.

Note: Contents: Preface and Acknowledgments ; A Note to the Reader ; 1. A Great Discovery - And a Mistake ; 2. Symbolic Dynamics ; 3. Collisions and Other Singularities ; 4. Stability ; 5. KAM Theory ; Notes ; Bibliography ; Index

Note: Section 1. Weather rankings -- Section 2. Major storm events -- Section 3. State chapters -- Section 4. Appendices.

Note: In kyrill. Schr.

Note: Potsdam, Univ., Diss., 1999 , Table of Contents: Acknowledgements. - Table of Contents. - Abstract. - Kurzfassung. - List of figures. - List of tables. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Study area. - 2.1. Late Pleistocene history and Holocene transition. - 2.2. Present climate and vegetation. - 2.3. Studied lakes. - 2.3.1. Basaltsø. - 2.3.2. Lake B1. - 2.3.3. Noa Sø. - 2.3.4. Lake N1. - 2.3.5. Raffles Sø. - 3. Methods. - 4. Holocene climate history of geographical Society Ø, East Greenland - evidence from lake sediments. - 4.1. Abstract. - 4.2. Introduction. - 4.3. Geographical setting. - 4.4. Material and methods. - 4.4.1. Subbottom profiling, coring and physical properties. - 4.4.2. Grain-size and biogeochemical analyses. - 4.4.3. Palynological and analyses and radiocarbon dating. - 4.5. Lithofacies classification and interpretation. - 4.6. Climate history. - 4.6.1. Pleistocene / Holocene transition. - 4.6.2. Early Holocene. - 4.6.3. Middle Holocene. - 4.6.4. Late Holocene. - 4.7. Conclusions. - 5. Holocene climatic and oceanic changes at East Greenland - evidences from seabird affected lake sediments on Raffles Ø. - 5.1. Abstract. - 5.2. Introduction. - 5.3. Geographical setting. - 5.4. Material and methods. - 5.5. Results and discussion. - 5.5.1. Lithology and chronology. - 5.5.2. Vegetation. - 5.5.3. Biogeochemistry. - 5.5.4. Ecology of seabirds. - 5.5.5. Climatic and oceanic implications. - 5.6. Conclusions. - 6. Deglaciation and Holocene marine transgression on western Ymer Ø, East Greenland. - 6.1. Abstract. - 6.2. Introduction. - 6.3. Study area. - 6.4. Material and methods. - 6.5. Results and discussion. - 6.5.1. History of Noa Sø. - 6.5.2. History of lake N1. - 6.5.3. Holocene marine transgression. - 6.6. Conclusions. - 7. Synthesis. - 7.1 The need of a multi-disciplinary approach for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. - 7.2. Reconstruction of the Holocene environmental history of East Greenland. - References.

Note: Composition and Dynamics of the Solar Wind PlasmaThe Configuration of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field -- Scattering and Scintillations of Discrete Radio Sources as a Measure of the Interplanetary Plasma Irregularities -- Galactic Cosmic Ray Modulation by the Interplanetary Medium (Including the Problem of the Outer Boundary) -- Low-Energy Cosmic Rays in Interplanetary Space -- Energetic Solar Particles in the Interplanetary Medium -- Discontinuities and Shock Waves in the Interplanetary Medium and Their Interaction with the Magnetosphere -- Interaction of the Solar Wind with the Moon..

Note: In kyrill, Schr., russ.

Note: Contents: Preface. - List of Plates. - Figures in the Text. - Introduction. - PART I. BASIC CONCEPTS OF GLACIATION AND GLACIER BEHAVIOUR. - Chapter 1 Ice Ages and World Glaciation. - Chapter 2 Glacier Régimes. - Chapter 3 The Physical Properties of Ice and Types of Glacier. - Chapter 4 Ice Motion. - Chapter 5 Some Indirect Effects of Pleistocene Glaciation. - PART II. GLACIAL AND FLUVIOGLACIAL EROSION. - Chapter 6 Small-scale Features of Glacial and Fluvioglacial Erosion. - Chapter 7 Glaciated Valleys. - Chapter 8 Cirques. - Chapter 9 Glacial Erosion in Areas of Low Relief. - Chapter 10 Glaciation in Coastal Environments. - Chapter 11 Quantitative Aspects of Glacial Erosion. - Chapter 12 Erosion by Glacial Meltwater, and Glacial Diversion of Drainage. - PART III. GLACIAL AND FLUVIOGLACIAL DEPOSITION. - Chapter 13 General Considerations of Glacial and Fluvioglacial Deposition. - Chapter 14 Drumlins. - Chapter 15 Moraines. - Chapter 16 Fluvioglacial Ice-Contact Features: Eskers and Kames. - Chapter 17 Ice Stagnation Features. - Chapter 18 Proglacial Features. - Chapter 19 Glacial Lakes and Lacustrine Deposits. - PART IV. PERIGLACIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY. - Chapter 20 The Periglacial Environment: An Introductory Survey. - Chapter 21 Frozen Ground Phenomena. - Chapter 22 Patterned Ground. - Chapter 23 Periglacial Mass Movements and Slope Deposits. - Chapter 24 Altiplanation, Tors, Blockfields, and Stone Streams. - Chapter 25 The Action of Snow. - Chapter 26 Periglacial Wind Action. - Index.

Note: Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften am Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Universität Bremen, 2003

Note: Vorwort 5 --- Teil 1. Das „Monatsklima" in Deutschland --- Einführung 11 --- Das Wetter --- - im Januar 13 --- - im Februar 18 --- - im März 23 --- - im April 27 --- - im Mai 31 --- - im Juni 36 --- - im Juli 40 --- - im August 45 --- - im September 48 --- - im Oktober 52 --- - im November 56 --- - im Dezember 60 --- Teil 2. Aktuelle Wetterthemen --- Zwölf Luftmassen gestalten das Wetter in Deutschland 67 --- Mitteleuropäische Großwetterlagen, ihre Struktur und Auswirkung 73 --- Die schmutzige Atmosphäre - ein Problem unserer Zeit 84 --- Die Sonnenflecken und ihre Beziehung zum Wetter 88 --- Vorhersage von nassen und trockenen Sommern 94 --- Strenge Winter - heiße Sommer 98 --- Wetterstreß, Wetterfühligkeit und ihre Ursachen 102 --- Das Bioklima in Deutschland 112 --- Der Mond und das Wetter 117 --- Rund um den „Hundertjährigen Kalender" 121 --- Alte und neue Wetterregeln 125 --- Teil 3. Das Klima von Deutschland in Zahlen --- Der Wandel der Temperaturverhältnisse in Mitteleuropa 129 --- Der Wandel der Niederschlagsverhältnisse in Deutschland . . . . 137 --- Die Temperaturverhältnisse in acht deutschen Großstädten . . . . 143 --- Die Niederschlagsverhältnisse in acht deutschen Großstädten . . 143 --- Die Temperaturverhältnisse in Deutschland 144 --- Die Niederschlagsverhältnisse in Deutschland 147 --- Die Datumsgrenzen von Frost und Schneefall in Deutschland . . 149 --- Die wärmsten und kältesten Monate und Jahreszeiten in Mitteleuropa 151 --- Die nassesten und trockensten Monate und Jahreszeiten in Deutschland zwischen 1851 und 1990 151 --- Die Temperaturverhältnisse auf Mitteleuropas Bergen 152 --- Die Niederschlagsverhältnisse im mitteleuropäischen Bergland . 153 --- Die Sonnenscheindauer in acht deutschen Großstädten 154 --- Die Sonnenscheinverhältnisse auf Mitteleuropas Bergen 154 --- Die Schneehöhen in den Alpen 155 --- Zehnjahres-Mittelwerte von Temperatur und Niederschlag . . . . 156 --- Sonnenaufgangszeiten in sechs deutschen Großstädten 156 --- Sonnenuntergangszeiten in sechs deutschen Großstädten 157 --- Literaturverzeichnis 159 --- Sachverzeichnis 161

Note: 1. Einleitung --- 2. Züchtungsmethode --- 2.1. Kristallzüchtung im geschlossenen System --- 3. Thermodynamische Abschätzung der Versuchsbedingungen --- 4. Apparative Voraussetzungen --- 4.1. Transportofen --- 4.2. Temperaturmessung und -kontrolle --- 4.3. Elektromagnet --- 5. Durchführung der Experimente --- 5.1. Apparative Voraussetzungen für die Untersuchung der Ausgangs- und Endsubstanzen --- 5.1.1. Goniometrische Vermessungen --- 5.1.2. Röntgenographische Untersuchungen --- 5.1.3. Mikroskopische Untersuchungen --- 6. Verwendete Substanzen --- 6.1. Magnetit --- 6.1.1. Vorbehandlung des Magnetits --- 6.2. Hämatit --- 6.2.1. Vorbehandlung des Hämatits --- 6.3. Magnetische Untersuchung beider Ausgangssubstanzen --- 7. Ergebnisse bei der Einkristallzüchtung von Magnetit und Hämatit im Magnetfeld --- 7.1. Wachstumsformen --- 7.2. Orientierung --- 8. Kristallographische und magnetische Eigenschaften von Magnetit und Hämatit --- 8.1. Kristallographische Struktur des Magnetits --- 8.2 . Kristallographische Struktur des Hämatits --- 8.3 . Magnetokristalline Anisotropie --- 8.3.1. Temperaturabhängigkeit der Kristallanisotropie --- 8.4. Übersicht über die wichtigsten strukturellen und magnetischen Eigenschaften von Magnetit und Hämatit --- 9. Magnetische Struktur und Eigenschaften kleiner Teilchen --- 9.1. Magnetisierungsvorgang --- 9.2. Anisotropie --- 9.3. Superparamagnetismus --- 9.3.1. Magnetisierungsvorgang in Superparamagnetika --- 10. Deutung der Ergebnisse --- 10.1. Abschätzung kritischer Teilchengrößen --- 10.1.1. Allgemeines zur kritischen Teilchengröße --- Berechnung kritischer Teilchengrößen von Magnetit --- Kritische Teilchengröße von Hämatit --- Berechnung der kritischen Teilchengröße von Hämatit --- Abschätzung und Vergleich der magnetischen und thermischen Energie --- Bildanhang --- Literaturverzeichnis.

Note: CONTENTS: Report on the 2000 activities of NGRIP Operations. - Objective. - Kangerlussuaq (Søndre Strømfjord). - Preparation of the field season. - Start of the field season. - Starting the camp. - Drilling. - Drill recovery. - Summary. - Medevac. - Acknowledgement. - Logger results. - NGRIP 2000 sub programs. - Automatic weather stations. - GLA TIS, seismic program. - 2000 Field Season, Diary. - Communication. - Schedule for camp close down. - Maintenance/Logistics after the season. - Bulk Supplies. - List of participants. - NGRIP camp load. - Table of LC130 flights. - NGRIP documentation. - NGRIP camp load. - Sitreps. - Daily reports from NGRIP. - Surface topography near NGRIP. - Surface topography around the NGRIP site, July 1998. - Map of trenches, not updated. - Tower and roof opening of original trench. - Inclined drill pit, 1996. - Map of Greenland. - ERS1 based Topography of North Greenland. - Map of skiway. - Map of ice divide north of Summit. - Map of magnetic declination in Greenland. - List of NGRIP addresses.

Note: CONTENTS: Flight plan 1999. - LC130 schedule. - NGRIP 1999 schedule. - Overview of 1999 schedule. - lnfo for August1998 meeting. - Quartering and buildings. - Number of field participants. - NGRIP 1999 sub programs. - SITREP. - Term of reference for the NGRIP field work. - Accidents and illness. - Mail to NGRIP participants. - Cargo shipments to Greenland. - Personnel transport 1999. - Booze and drugs. - Vacation in Greenland. - Shipping boxes. - Welcome to the NGRIP camp. - List of participants. - NG RIP camp load. - Kangerlussuaq and the surrounding area. - Thule Air Base, Greenland, Base Operations. - Uplift 1998. - Typical specifications for LC-130 and Twin Otter. - Useful data. - Coordination of C-130 in Kangerlussuaq. - Aviation weather reports. - Typical communication plan and frequencies used. - Phonetic alphabet. - Personal field equipment. - Operation of Thrane & Thrane STDC telex terminal. - Operation of NERA lnmarsat M terminal. - Map of NGRIP camp. - NGRIP inclined pit and trenches. - Map of NGRIP Region. - Map of Greenland and North Greenland. - Map of skiway. - Ice divide North of NGRIP. - Map of the magnetic declination in Greenland. - Glycol specification. - Density vs temperature of hole liquid. - Positions in Greenland, distances and directions. - List of NGRIP addresses.

Note: Contents: Report on the 2001 activities of NGRIP Operations. - Objective. - Kangerlussuaq (Søndre Strømfjord). - Preparation of the field season. - Drilling equipment. - Start of the field season. - Starting the camp. - Communication. - Bailing. - Drilling. - Logging. - Last Drilling. - Summaries. - DML electronics. - Garbage handling. - Medivac. - Acknowledgement. - Graphs. - NGRIP 2001 sub programs. - Automatic weather stations. - Dust program. - GPS measurements. - Firn gas sampling. - 2001 Field season, Diary. - Communication. - Maintenance/Logistics after the season. - Bulk supplies. - List of participants. - Table of LC130 flights. - NGRIP documentation. - NGRIP camp load. - Sitreps. - Daily reports from NGRIP. - Special reports. - Schedule for camp close down. - List of NGRIP addresses.

Note: CONTENTS: Flight plan 1996. - C130 schedule. - NGRIP 1996 Schedule. - Overview of 1996 schedule. - Camp Layout. - Buildings. - Number of field participants. - NGRIP 1996 Sub programs. - CARDS Radar test. - KMS Elevation measurements. - SITREP. - Terms of Reference during the field operation. - Accidents and Illness. - Mail to NGRIP participants. - Cargo shipments to Greenland. - Personnel transport 1996. - Booze and drugs. - Vacation in Greenland. - Shipping boxes. - Welcome to the NGRIP camp. - List of participants. - NGRIP camp load. - Kangerlussuaq and Surrounding Area. - Thule Air Base, Greenland, Base Operations. - Other useful information for Thule passengers. - Uplift 1996. - Typical specs for LC-130 and Twin Otter. - Useful data. - Coordination of C-130 in Kangerlussuaq. - Aviation weather reports. - Typical communication plan. - Summary of frequencies used in Greenland. - Phonetic alphabet. - Personal field equipment. - Map of GRIP camp. - NGRIP, Maps of one and two line set up. - NGRIP trenches. - Map of Greenland. - Map of north Greenland. - Map of ice divide north of GRIP. - Map of magnetic declination in Greenland. - Positions in Greenland. - Relevant distances and directions. - 1996 Twin Otter hours. - List of NGRIP addresses.

Note: Heidelberg, Universität, Dissertation, 1997 , Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung. - 1 Einleitung. - 2 Grundlagen. - 2.1 Der grönländische Aerosolkörper. - 2.1.1 Schwefelkomponenten. - 2.1.2 Stickstoffkomponenten. - 2.1.3 Seesalzaerosol. - 2.1.4 Mineralstaub. - 2.2 Depositionsprozesse. - 2.2.1 Irreversible Depositionsprozesse. - 2.2.2 Reversible Depositionsprozesse. - 3 Zeitreihenanalyse. - 3.1 Problemstellung. - 3.2 Konzentrationszeitreihen. - 3.3 Methoden. - 3.3.1 Ausreißerdetektion. - 3.3.2 Trendanalyse. - 3.3.3 Frequenzanalyse. - 4 Methodik. - 4.1 Probennahme. - 4.1.1 Firnkernbohrungen. - 4.1.2 Schachtprobennahme. - 4.1.3 Aliquotienung und Probendekontamination. - 4.2 Ionenchromatographie. - 4.2.1 Kationenmethode. - 4.2.2 Anionenmethode. - 4.2.3 Blankwerte. - 4.2.4 Meßgenauigkeit. - 4.3 Atommassenspektrometrie. - 4.4 Datierung. - 4.4.1 Schachtdatierung. - 4.4.2 Datierung flacher Firnkerne. - 4.4.3 Datierung tieferer Firnkerne. - 4.5 Mittelungsprozeduren. - 5 Klimatologie. - 5.1 Glaziometeorologie. - 5.1.1 Temperatur. - 5.1.2 Schneeakkumulation. - 5.1.3 Deuteriumexzeß. - 5.2 Klimaänderungen. - 5.2.1 Isotopengehalt. - 5.2.2 Schneeakkumulation. - 5.3 Resümee. - 6 Glaziochemie Nordostgrönlands. - 6.1 Saisonale Variation. - 6.1.1 Sulfat. - 6.1.2 Nitrat. - 6.1.3 Seesalz. - 6.1.4 Mineralstaub. - 6.1.5 Methansulfonat. - 6.1.6 Ammonium. - 6.1.7 Zusammenfassung. - 6.2 Rezente geographische Verteilung. - 6.21 Sulfat. - 6.2.2 Nitrat. - 6.2.3 Seesalz. - 6.2.4 Mineralstaub. - 6.2.5 Methansulfonat. - 6.2.6 Ammonium. - 6.3 Vorindustrielle geographische Verteilung. - 6.3.1 Sulfat. - 6.3.2 Nitrat. - 6.3.3 Seesalz. - 6.3.4 Mineralstaub. - 6.3.5 Methansulfonat. - 6.3.6 Ammonium. - 6.3.7 Zusammenfassung. - 7 Depositionsmodell. - 7.1 Irreversible Deposition. - 7.2 Reversible Deposition. - 7.3 Deposition in Grönland. - 7.3.1 Sulfat. - 7.3.2 Seesalzaerosol. - 7.3.3 Mineralstaub. - 7.3.4 Nitrat. - 8 Glaziochemische Langzeitvariation. - 8.1 Natürliche Aerosolkomponenten. - 8.1.1 Mineralstaub. - 8.1.2 Seesalz. - 8.2 Biogener Schwefel. - 8.3 Anthropogene Spurenstoffgeschichte. - 8.3.1 Sulfat. - 8.3.2 Nitrat. - 8.3.3 Chloridexzeß. - 8.3.4 Ammonium. - 8.4 Vergleich mit anderen Zeitreihen. - 9 Ausblick. - Literaturverzeichnis. - Abbildungsverzeichnis. - Tabellenverzeichnis. - A Teststudie der Zeitreihenanalysemethoden. - A.1 Testdatensatz. - A.2 Ausreißerdetektion. - A.3 Trendanalyse. - A.3.1 Splineapproximation. - A.3.2 Singuläre Spektrum Analyse. - B Saharastaubreduktion des CCB-Kerns. - C IC-Analysenbedingungen. - D Probennahmen. - E Mittlere Kernparameter. - F Daten.

Note: Diplomarbeit, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1998 , Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1 Einführung. - 1.1 Eiskerne - ein Paläoklimaarchiv. - 1.1.1 Datierung der Eiskerne. - 1.1.2 Verschiedene Eiskernbohrungen. - 1.2 Zielsetzung der Arbeit. - 2 Eigenschaften von Eis. - 2.1 Physikalische Eigenschaften. - 2.1.1 Kristallstruktur von Eis Ih. - 2.1.2 Das Wassermolekül. - 2.2 Chemische Eigenschaften von polarem Eis. - 2.2.1 Isotopenverhältnisse. - 2.2.2 Gaseinschlüsse und Spurenstoffe im Eis. - 3 Elektrische Eigenschaften von Eis. - 3.1 Das Jaccard Modell. - 3.1.1 Ladungsträger im Eis. - 3.1.2 Defekte im Eiskristall. - 3.2 Frequenzabhängigkeiten. - 3.2.1 Elektrische Parameter. - 3.2.2 Meßtechnische Effekte. - 3.3 Messungen an polaren Eiskernen. - 3.3.1 Meßmethoden für die elektrischen Leitfähigkeiten. - 3.3.2 Reproduzierbarkeit von Gleichstrom-Messungen. - 4 Aufbau einer Vierpunkt-Meßbank. - 4.1 Meßmethode. - 4.2 Eiskernanalysebänke. - 4.2.1 Am AWI vorhandene Analysebänke. - 4.2.2 Vierpunkt-Meßbank. - 4.3 Meßgeräte. - 4.3.1 Gleichspannungsmessung. - 4.3.2 Wechselspannungsmessung. - 4.4 Meßdatenerfassung. - 4.4.1 Beschreibung des Meßprogramms. - 4.4.2 Das verwendete Betriebsystems- Linux. - 5 Ergebnisse. - 5.1 Ermittlung des Geometriefaktors. - 5.2 Messung mit Gleichspannung. - 5.2.1 Standard Meßgeräte. - 5.2.2 Ergebnisse. - 5.3 Messung mit niederfrequenter Wechselspannung. - 5.3.1 Ergebnisse. - 5.3.2 Standard-Meßgeräte. - 5.3.3 Messung mit Geoelektrik-Vierpunktapparatur. - 5.3.4 Verbesserungsvorschläge. - 6 Zusammenfassung. - Danksagung.

Note: Diplomarbeit, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 2001 , Inhalt: Zusammenfassung. - Abbildungen. - Tabellen. - 1 Einleitung. - 2 Das atmosphärische Aerosol. - 2.1 Grundlagen und Definition. - 2.2 Quellprozesse für atmosphärisches Aerosol. - 2.2.1 Gas-ta-partide conversion (GPC). - 2.2.2 Bulk-ta-partide conversion (BPC). - 2.2.3 Drop-ta-partide conversion (DPC). - 2.3 Senkenprozesse für atmosphärisches Aerosol. - 2.3.1 Koagulation. - 2.3.2 Trockene Deposition. - 2.3.3 Nasse Deposition. - 2.3.4 Nebeldeposition. - 2.4 Löslichkeit. - 2.5 Das Arktische Aerosol. - 2.5.1 Physikalische Charakterisierung. - 2.5.2 Chemische Zusammensetzung. - 2.5.3 Arctic Haze. - 3 Spurenstofftransport in die Sibirische Arktis. - 3.1 Saisonale Variationen. - 3.2 Einfluß der Druckverteilung auf den Transport. - 3.3 Charakterisierung der innerarktischen Zirkulation. - 3.4 Trajektorienstudien für Severnaya Zemlya. - 4 Probenpräparation und Meßverfahren. - 4.1 Zeitlicher Ablauf und Probenvorbereitung. - 4.2 Ionenchromatographische Analyse. - 4.2.1 Anionenmethode. - 4.2.2 Kationenmethode. - 4.2.3 Kalibration. - 4.2.4 Blindwerte. - 4.2.5 Meßgenauigkeit. - 5 Theorie der Schmelzwasserperkolation. - 5.1 Einführung und Definitionen. - 5.2 Verhalten der Ionen während des Schmelzens. - 5.2.1 Elutionsstärke in Abhängigkeit von der Schmelzhäufigkeit. - 5.2.2 Ionenfraktionierung als Folge des Schmelzens. - 5.2.3 Mögliche Ursachen für das Elutionsverhalten der Ionen. - 5.3 Prozesse beim Ausfrieren des Schmelzwassers. - 5.3.1 Entstehung verschiedener Eislagen. - 5.3.2 Verhalten der Ionen. - 6 Anwendung der Schmelzwasserperkolation. - 6.1 Dichte. - 6.2 Leitfähigkeit. - 6.3 Schneestratigraphie. - 6.4 Ionensignal. - 7 Datierung. - 7.1 Problemstellung. - 7.2 Ableitung einer Tiefe-Alter-Relation. - 7.3 Datierungsfehler. - 8 Ergebnisse und Diskussion. - 8.1 Interpretation der Ionenkonzentrationen hinsichtlich der Aerosolkomposition. - 8.1.1 Vergleich von Ionenzusammensetzung und Gesamtleitfähigkeit. - 8.1.2 Ableitung der Aerosolzusammensetzung für Akademii Nauk aus den Ionenzeitreihen. - 8.2 Langzeitliche Variationen. - 8.2.1 Diskussion des Sulfateintrags. - 8.2.2 Diskussion des Nitrateintrags. - 8.2.3 Diskussion des Chiarideintrages. - 8.3 Singuläre Ereignisse. - 8.3.1 Biomassenverbrennung. - 8.3.2 Vulkanogene Einträge. - 9 Ausblick. - A IC-Analysebedingungen. - B Bestimmung der Flüssigleitfähigkeit. - C Statistik und Zeitreihenanalyse. - C.1 Verwendung des Medianwertes. - C.2 Gauß'sches Tiefpaßfilter. - D Daten.