ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: This book is written with two goals in mind. The first is to derive the 32 crystallographic point groups, the 14 Bravais lattice types and the 230 crystallographic space group types. The second is to develop the mathematical tools necessary for these derivations in such a manner as to lay the mathematical foundation needed to solve numerous basic problems in crystallography and to avoid extraneous discourses. To demonstrate how these tools can be employed, a large number of examples are solved and problems are given. The book is, by and large, self-contained. In particular, topics usually omitted from the traditional courses in mathematics that are essential to the study of crystallography are discussed. For example, the techniques needed to work in vector spaces with noncartesian bases are developed. Unlike the traditional group-theoretical approach, isomorphism is not the essential ingredient in crystallographic classification schemes. Because alternative classification schemes must be used, the notions of equivalence relations and classes which are fundamental to such schemes are defined, discussed and illustrated. For example, we will find that the classification of the crystallographic space groups into the traditional 230 types is defined in terms of their matrix representations. Therefore, the derivation of these groups from the point groups will be conducted using the 37 distinct matrix groups rather than the 32 point groups they represent. We have been greatly influenced by two beautiful books. Hermann Heyl's book entitled Symmetry based on his lectures at Princeton University gives a wonderful development of the point groups as well as an elegant exposition of symmetry in art and nature. Fredrik W. H. Zachariasen's book entitled Theory of X-ray Diffraction in Crystals presents important insights on the derivation of the Bravais lattice types and the crystallographic space groups. These two books provided the basis for many of the ideas developed in this book. The theorems, examples, definitions and corollaries are labelled sequentially as a group whereas the problems are labelled separately as a group as are the equations. The manner in which these are labelled is self-explanatory. For example, T4.15 refers to Theorem (T) 15 in Chapter 4 while DAl.l refers to Definition (D) 1 in Appendix (A) 1. We have strived to write this book so that it is self-teaching. The reader is encouraged to attempt to solve the examples before appealing to the solution presented and to work all of the problems. Preface to the Revised Edition of Mathematical Crystallography In the Revised Edition we have corrected the errors, misprints and omissions that we have found and our students and other users have kindly pointed out to us. The Revised Edition also includes a more comprehensive index and a set of solutions for all of the problems presented in the book.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume of Reviews in Mineralogy attempts to synthesize our present understanding of certain aspects of the mineralogy and chemistry of the rock-forming carbonates. Hopefully, it reflects the presently more active areas of research. This review follows, by ten years, a major assessment of (sedimentary) carbonate minerals by Lippmann (1973). There is only minor overlap of subject material, and I hope that this difference reflects fairly how this field has developed. In some respects carbonates are unique, for they are one of the few mineral groups providing an abundant record of biological, physical, and chemical processes throughout much of geologic time. Because of their relative importance in sedimentary rocks, lowtemperature examples are given more emphasis here. Moreover, the obvious correlation with energy resources has been a significant factor contributing to the current resurgence of interest in this area. However, the broader interest in carbonates is also a reflection of their widespread occurrence in vastly different geologic environments, including metamorphic and igneous settings, as well as an appreciation of their role in both atmospheric and oceanic chemistry, both past and present. In this volume, some of the papers are general (i.e., those addressing crystal chemistry and phase relations), and they provide overviews of a fundamental nature and are of interest to many. Others are more specialized in coverage and generally reflect the different approaches used in carbonate geochemistry. The final chapter introduces transmission electron microscopy, a relatively new and powerful technique for mineralogical research that has great potential in carbonate research. Owing to the short time interval between the completion of manuscripts and publication, much of the newer material in this volume is still "fresh." The various reviewers, all gratefully acknowledged, were expeditious in their efforts. A hurried schedule, however, allows for unnoticed errors to persist; these should be brought to my attention. PREFACE TO THE SECOND PRINTING Interest in carbonate research has continued at an ever-hurried pace since this book was first printed. While the individual chapters could not be revised in this second printing to include the many new findings, a partial listing of noteworthy papers that have since appeared are given in an Appendix at the end of the volume (p. 395-399). These papers are arranged by chapters corresponding roughly to the subject area discussed. In addition, incomplete references from the first printing are listed in this appendix. The assistance of the authors and especially of Paul Ribbe is greatly appreciated.

Description / Table of Contents: The Mineralogical Society of America (MSA) sponsored a short course by this title December 1990 at the Cathedral Hill Hotel in San Francisco, California. It was organized by the editors, Jim Nicholls and Kelly Russell, and presented by the authors of this volume to about 80 participants in conjunction with the Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical Union. Igneous petrology, in its broadest applications, treats the transfer of matter and energy from planetary interiors to their exteriors. Over the past several decades igneous petrology has gained sophistication in three areas that deal with such transfers: the properties of silicate melts and solids can be estimated as functions of pressure, temperature and composition; some results of experimental and theoretical studies of the physics of multiphase flow are available; and many of the algorithms for realistically modeling magmatic processes are in place. Each of these fields of study, to some extent, have to be pursued independently. In our opinion, now is an ideal time to collect some features of these studies as preparation for more integrated future work and to show some consequences of applying current ideas to the study of igneous processes. We have attempted to bring together the basic data and fundamental theoretical constraints on magmatic processes with applications to specific problems in igneous petrology.

Description / Table of Contents: This book and accompanying MSA short course was first considered in 1987 in response to what seemed to be a growing interest in the chemical reactions that take place at mineral-water interfaces. Now, in 1990, this area of work is firmly established as one of the major directions in mineralogical and geochemical research (see Chapter 1). We believe that there are two major reasons for this. The first is that there is a growing awareness within various earth science disciplines that interface chemistry is very important in many natural processes, i.e., these processes cannot be adequately described, much less understood, unless the role of interface chemistry is carefully considered. Perhaps the best illustration of this increase in awareness is the diverse backgrounds of the scientists who will be attending the short course. Participants have research interests in aqueous and environmental geochemistry, mineralogy, petrology, and crystallography. In the final list of participants, one-quarter are from outside the United States, and include scientists from Australia, Canada, England, France, Israel, The Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland. The second reason that this field is one of the major new research directions in the earth sciences is because many methods, both experimental and theoretical, have relatively recently become available to study mineral surfaces and mineral-water interfaces. Many important spectroscopic techniques now used routinely to characterize surfaces and interfaces were not available twenty years ago, and some were not available just five years ago. To emphasize the importance of these methods, two Nobel prizes were awarded in the 1980's to the developers of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). We have directed ourselves and the other authors of this book to follow the general guidelines of writing for "Reviews in Mineralogy". However, for the subject of mineral-water interface geochemistry, this is not easy because the field is far from mature. Several chapters are not reviews in the traditional sense in that they cover research that is relatively recent for which a considerable amount of work remains. In any case, we believe that this book describes most of the important concepts and contributions that have driven mineral-water interface geochemistry to its present state. We begin in Chapter 1 with examples of the global importance of mineral-water interface reactions and a brief review of the contents of the entire book. Thereafter, we have divided the book into four sections, including atomistic approaches (Chapters 2- 3), adsorption (Chapters 4-8), precipitation and dissolution (Chapters 9-11), and oxidation-reduction reactions (Chapters 11-14).

Description / Table of Contents: This is a book exclusively devoted to three minerals: the Al2SiO5 polymorphs - andalusite, sillimanite, and kyanite. This may seem to be narrowly focused and esoteric. However, as discussed in Chapter 1, the aluminum silicate polymorphs are perhaps the most important mineral group to metamorphic petrologists. Because these minerals occur in anatectic migmatites and peraluminous granitoids, they are also important in igneous petrology. In spite of their geologic significance, there are a variety of experimental, theoretical, and field problems involving the aluminum silicates. Theoretical problems include the nature and energetics of lattice defects, order/disorder, crystalline (solid) solution, and interfacial energy. The aluminum silicates epitomize the importance of understanding the mechanisms and kinetics of heterogeneous metamorphic reactions. The difficulties in calibration of the pressure-temperature (P- T) phase equilibrium diagram illustrate the pitfalls of hydrothermal experimentation and the need to understand the methodology and uncertainties of calorimetric measurements of thermodynamic data of minerals. Thus, this book covers a wide variety of topics that must be considered in the analysis of metamorphic systems. In so doing, this volume illustrates the fact that modern metamorphic petrology demands an awareness of a wide spectrum of geologic variables and processes. In concert with the tenor of the Mineralogical Society of America Reviews in Mineralogy series, this volume is intended to provide a comprehensive review, summarizing the methods, theories and pitfalls of the various contributions on the aluminum silicates. Hopefully, this book will provide readers with a reasonably in-depth overview, and thus avoid the need for extensive, independent literature reviews. Although a concerted effort was made to give a balanced coverage of divergent theories regarding various problems involving the aluminum silicates, this critique nevertheless includes some of the author's biases. Several sections of this book present the chronological development of research on various topics, giving readers historical perspectives on the development of theories, models and biases on various problems regarding the aluminum silicates. As in all fields, several landmark studies have set the tone for the strategy of approach to problems. Although such studies have provided important steps forward in our understanding of natural phenomena, they have had the undesirable effect of entrenching biases and methodology. In this volume I have attempted to point out the deleterious effects of certain parochial approaches, an example being the aluminum immobility concept discussed in Chapter 10. In addition to their primary importance in metamorphic petrology, the aluminum silicates illustrate a wide variety of experimental, theoretical, and experimental problems. Because the Al2SiO5 polymorphs alone offer a pedagogic illustration of many important principles of modern metamorphic petrology.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume examines the processes responsible for sedimentation in modern glacimarine environments, and how such modern studies can be used as analogues in the interpretation of ancient glacimarine sequences. Sediments released from glaciers grounded in tidewater, floating ice shelves, ice tongues, icebergs and sea ice form complex sequences governed by glaciological, oceanographic, sedimentary and biogenic controls. Ten per cent of the world’s oceans and epicontinental seas contain such active glacimarine environments, but during Cenozoic glacial periods this area was doubled. This book will, therefore, be of relevance to all scientists concerned with high and middle latitude marine environments. The early chapters are concerned largely with processes of sedimentation in modern glacimarine environments; examples are drawn from Alaska, the Canadian Arctic, Svalbard and Antarctica. Studies of ancient sequences, both Cenzoic and pre-Cenozoic, from the Barents Sea, Greenland, Sweden, Alaska and the northwest European continental shelf, form the latter part of the book.

Description / Table of Contents: Inhalt: 1 Begriffsbestimmungen anhand der Moortypen Mitteleuropas. - 1.1Sonderstellung der Moore in Volksglauben und Kunst. - 1.2 Der Begriff Moor. - 1.2.1 Niedermoore. - 1.2.2 Hochmoore. - 1.2.3 Übergangsmoore. - 1.2.4 Drei mögliche Betrachtungsweisen des Moorwachstums. - 1.2.4.1 Biotisch. - 1.2.4.2 Hydrographisch. - 1.2.4.3 Trophisch-dynamisch (mit Energiebilanz). - 1.2.5 Moorbrüche. - 1.3 Die Pflanzendecke der Moore (Torfbildende Vegetation). - 1.3.1 Niedermoore. - 1.3.2 Hochmoore. - 1.3.3 Übergangsmoore. - Weiterführende Literatur. - 1.4 Die Tierwelt der Moore (speziell der Hochmoore). - 1.4.1 Die Fauna der Hochmoore. - 1.4.1.1 Ungestörte Hochmoorbiotope. - 1.4.1.1.1 Das freie Wasser (Hochmoorteiche-Blänken, Kolke; Schlenken). - 1.4.1.1.2 Die randliche, untergetauchte Sphagnum-Oberfläche der offenen Hochmoorgewässer (Litoral). - 1.4.1.1.3 Der Spagnum-Rasen. - 1.4.1.1.4 Die terrestrischen Biotope. - 1.4.1.2 Gestörte Hochmoorbiotope. - 1.4.1.2.1 Die Torfstiche. - 1.4.1.2.2 Die trockene Hochmoorfläche. - Weiterführende Literatur. - 1.5 Rhizopoden in der Moorforschung. - 1.5.1 Die Bedeutung der Rhizopoden im Moor. - 1.5.2 Die Rhizopodenanalyse der Moore. - Weiterführende Literatur. - 2 Stellung der Moore im Raum. - 2.1 Klassifizierung . - 2.2 Inventarisierung. - Weiterführende Literatur. - 2.3 Verteilung der Moore auf der Erde. - 2.4 Die Moore in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. - 2.5 Die Moore in Europa. - 2.6 Die Moore außerhalb Europas. - 2.6.1 Außereuropäische Mittelmeerländer. - 2.6.2 Nordamerika. - 2.6.3 Mittel- und Südamerika. - 2.6.4 Australasien. - 2.6.5 Australien. - 2.6.6 Tasmanien. - 2.6.7 Neuseeland. - 2.6.8 Ostasien. - 2.6.9 China. - 2.6.10 Japan. - Weiterführende Literatur. - 2.7 Tropische und subtropische Moore. - 2.7.1 Einleitung. - 2.7.2 Die Moortypen. - 2.7.2.1 Vorbemerkungen. - 2.7.2.2 Klassifikation. - 2.7.2.3 Funktionen im Landschaftshaushalt. - 2.7.2.4 Moore der Tiefländer. - 2.7.2.5 Moore der Gebirge. - Weiterführende Literatur. - 3 Der Entwicklungsgang im zeitlichen Ablauf. - 3.1 Die Kohlenmoore. - 3.1.1 Entstehungs-und Erhaltungsbedingungen. - 3.1.2 Torfwandlung in der Zeit. - 3.1.3 Die Moorfloren der Erdzeitalter. - 3.2 Makro- und Mikropaläobotanik. - 3.3 Die Torfmoore. - 3.3.1 Das Pleistozän. - 3.3.1.1 Die Gliederung. - 3.3.1.2 Das älteste Pleistozän. - 3.3.1.3 Das Holstein-Interglazial. - 3.3.1.4 Die Saale-(= Riß-)Eiszeit. - 3.3.1.5 Das Eem-Interglazial. - 3.3.1.6 Die Weichsel-(= Würm-)Eiszeit. - 3.3.1.7 Das Spätglazial. - 3.3.2 Das Holozän (Postglazial). - 3.3.2.1 Die Gliederung. - 3.3.2.2 Vegetationsgeschichte Mitteleuropas. - 3.3.2.3 Pollenanalyse und Siedlungsgeschichte. - 3.3.2.4 Die Moorentwicklung. - 3.4 Datierung. - 3.4.1 Relative Datierungsmittel. - 3.4.1.1 Die Pollenanalyse. - 3.4.1.2 Die Tephrochronologie. - 3.4.1.3 Archäologische Datierung. - 3.4.2 Absolute Datierungsmittel. - 3.4.2.1 Warwenchronologie. - 3.4.2.2 Die Dendrochronologie. - 3.4.2.3 Die Radiokohlenstoffdatierung (14C-Datierung). - 3.4.2.4 Weitere physikalische Datierungsmöglichkeiten. - 3.4.3 Anwendungsbereiche der Datierungsmittel. - Weiterführende Literatur. - 3.5 Moorarchäologie. - 3.5.1 Voraussetzungen und Möglichkeiten. - 3.5.2 Moorfunde. - 3.5.2.1 Tiere. - 3.5.2.2 Menschen. - 3.5.2.3 Wohnplätze und Siedlungshorizonte. - 3.5.2.4 Moorwege. - 3.5.2.5 Radfahrzeuge. - 3.5.2.6 Wasserfahrzeuge. - 3.5.2.7 Kultobjekte. - 3.5.2.8 Frühe Schriftzeichen. - 3.5.2.9 Einzelfunde. - 3.5.2.10 Große Niederlegungen oder Versenkungen. - 3.5.3 Roheisen aus Niedermoortorfen. - 3.5.4 Ergänzende Moorfunde. - Weiterführende Literatur. - 4 Stoffliches. - 4.1 Ablagerungen der Moore. - 4.1.1 Zur Einführung. - 4.1.2 Über den Torfbildungsprozeß. - 4.1.2.1 Über die mit der Torfablagerung verbundenen Stoffverluste. - 4.1.2.2 Humifizierung und Mineralisierung. - 4.1.2.3 Über den Charakter von Zersetzungsprozessen im Moor. - 4.1.2.3.1 Abiologische Zersetzungsprozesse?. - 4.1.2.3.2 Zersetzung durch Mikroorganismen. - 4.1.2.3.3 Umsetzungen durch Bodentiere. - 4.1.2.3.4 Langfristige Wandlungen durch Inkohlung?. - 4.1.2.3.5 Der Zersetzungsgrad: eine frühzeitig festgelegte und dann stabile Torfeigenschaft. - 4.1.3 Einige Folgerungen. - 4.1.3.1 Bodenhorizonte in nichtentwässerten Mooren. - 4.1.3.2 Entwässerte Moore. - 4.1.3.3 Hydrologische Voraussetzungen der Torfbildung. - 4.1.4 Huminstoffe als Komponente aller Torfe. - 4.1.4.1 Allgemeines. - 4.1.4.2 Definitions- und Bestimmungsmöglichkeiten für den Zersetzungsgrad. - 4.1.4.2.1 Quetschmethode. - 4.1.4.2.2 Visuelle Schätzung. - 4.1.4.2.3 Zersetzungsbestimmungen an Hand "physikalischer" Ermittlungen. - 4.1.4.2.4 Chemische Bestimmungsmethode. - 4.1.4.2.5 Einige Daten für Zersetzungsgrade. - 4.1.5 Die Pflanzenreste der Torfe und ihre Vorkommen. - 4.1.5.1 Allgemeines zur Erhaltung der Pflanzenreste. - 4.1.5.2 Zur "Mechanik" der Torfablagerung und der Einbettung von Pflanzenteilen in den entstehenden Torf. - 4.1.5.3 Zur Erhaltung bestimmter pflanzlicher Gewebe in den Torfen. - 4.1.5.4 Hochmoortorfe und ihre Pflanzenreste. - 4.1.5.4.1 Hochmoormoose und ihre Reste in den Torfen. - 4.1.5.4.2 Heidekrautgewächse und ihre Reste. - 4.1.5.4.3 Reste krautiger Pflanzen. - 4.1.5.4.4 Ausbildungsformen von Hochmoortorfen, besonders aus botanischer Sicht. - 4.1.5.5 Übergangs- und Niedermoortorfe und ihre Pflanzenreste. - 4.1.5.5.1 Holzreste und sonstige Reste von Bäumen und Sträuchern. - 4.1.5.5.2 Reste krautiger Pflanzen. - 4.1.5.5.3 Moose. - 4.1.5.5.4 Die wichtigsten Übergangs- und Niedermoortorfe aus botanischer Sicht. - 4.1.6 Chemische Komponenten der Torfe. - 4.1.6.1 Organische Komponenten. - 4.1.6.2 Anorganische Komponenten. - 4.1.7 Zur Torfklassifikation. - 4.1.8 Anhang: Verschiedene andere in Mooren auftretende Ablagerungen. - 4.1.8.1 Sedimente. - 4.1.8.1.1 Mudden ohne nennenswerte mineralische Beimengungen. - 4.1.8.1.2 Mineralische Ablagerungen sowie Mudden mit mineralischen Anteilen. - 4.1.8.2 Moormineralien. - 4.1.8.2.1 Organische Moormineralien. - 4.1.8.2.2 Anorganische Moormineralien. - Weiterführende Literatur. - 4.2 Chemie von Moor und Torf ...

Description / Table of Contents: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. Zufallsprozesse in den Geowissenschaften. - 2. Mathematische Grundlagen. - 3. Eindimensionale Zufallsprozesse. - 4. Mehrdimensionale Zufallsprozesse. - 5. Spezielle Prozesse und Probleme. - 6. Zur Statistik der Zufallsprozesse. - Anhang. - Literaturverzeichnis. - Sachwortverzeichnis.