ALBERT

Note: Contents Foreword Preface Editors' remarks The authors 1. The Schirmacher Oasis as a part of Queen Maud Land / (D. FRITZSCHE & P. BORMANN) 1.1. About Antarctic oases in general and the geographical setting of the Schirmacher Oasis in particular 1.2. History of discoveries and first investigations in Queen Maud Land 1.3. Systematic investigations of the Schirmacher Oasis and its surroundings since 1959 1.3.1. Contributions of the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition in 1958-59 1.3.2. Investigations of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition 1.3.2.1. The wintering stations Lasarev and Novolazarevskaya - their observatory registrations and field programmes 1.3.2.1.1. Logistical bases 1.3.2.1.2. Regular Soviet observatory programmes 1.3.2.1.3. Field studies in the surroundings of the stations 1.3.2.1.3.1. Glaciological studies at the Lazarev and Novolazarevskaya Ice Shelves 1.3.2.1.3.2. Geophysical investigations 1.3.2.1.3.3 Hydrological studies of lakes within the Schirmacher Oasis 1.3.2.1.3.4. Physico-geographical and geological studies of the Schirmacher Oasis 1.3.2.1.3.5. Biological investigations 1.3.2.2. Major geographic-geological surveys and geophysical and aerophotogrammetric mapping of the eastern mountain region of Queen Maud Land 1.3.3. Investigations of the Indian Antarctic Expedition 1.3.3.1. India 's interest in Antarctica 1.3.3.2. Indian Antarctic Expeditions and main results of investigations in the area of the Schirmacher Oasis and its surroundings 1.3.4. Contributions by German investigators 1.3.4.1. Origin of scientific interest in the Schirmacher Oasis and the establishment of the Georg Forster Station 1.3.4.2. Observational programmes at Georg Forster Station 1.3.4.3. Field observations within and in the surroundings of the Schirmacher Oasis 2. Geophysical investigations / (P. BORMANN, U. SCHÄFER, C. KOPSCH & S. WAGNER) 2.1. Permanent geomagnetic recordings 2.1.1. Recording environment, requirements and facilities 2.1.2. Recording of the total intensity F 2.1.3. Recording of the variation field 2.2. Geophysical field investigations 2.2.1. Review of former geophysical field investigations in Queen Maud Land 2.2.2. Geomagnetic field measurements by GDR teams 2.2.2.1. Measuring of variation differences 2.2.2.2. Geomagnetic mapping of the Schirmacher Oasis and profile measurements in its surroundings: data, results and geological implications 3. Geology / (H.-J. PAECH & W. STACKEBRANDT) 3.1. Geological setting and former investigations / (H.-J. PAECH) 3.2. Schirmacher Oasis 3.2.1. Lithostratigraphy / (W. STACKEBRANDT) 3.2.2. Tectonics / (W. STACKEBRANDT) 3.2.2.1. Planar structures 3.2.2.2. Linear structures 3.2.2.3. Fault structures and dykes 3.2.2.4. Structure and kinematics of the Lake 55 m fault zone by means of petromagnetic fabric analysis / (V. DAMM) 3.2.3. Petrography and petrochemistry 3.2.3.1. Metamorphics / (G. ANDREHS & P. BORMANN) 3.2.3.1.1. Methodology 3.2.3.1.2. Classification of rock types 3.2.3.1.3. Investigation of rock deformation 3.2.3.1.4. Mylonitization in fault zones 3.2.3.1.5. Characterization of metamorphism 3.2.3.1.6. Conclusions 3.2.3.2. Dykes / (U. WAND) 3.2.4. Photogeological indications / (E. BANKWITZ & P. BANKWITZ) 3.2.4.1. Rock series 3.2.4.2. Fault zones 3.3. The Nunatak region / (H.-U. WETZEL) 3.3.1. The Nunatak Metamorphic Complex 3.3.1.1. Nunatak Palets 3.3.1.2. Nunatak Aerodromnaya 3.3.1.3. Nunatak 870 m 3.3.1.4. Nunatak Südnachbar 3.3.1.5. Southern IGA Rocks 3.3.2. The Schirmacher Oasis Metamorphic Complex 3.3.2.1. Nunatak Basisniy 3.3.2.2. Nunatak Kit 3.4. Generalization of the geological history of the Schirmacher Oasis and Nunatak Metamorphic Complexes / (H.-J. PAECH, W. STACKEBRANDT & H.-U. WETZEL) 3.4.1. Lithostratigraphic succession 3.4.2. History of endogenic processes 3.5. Wohlthat Massif / (H. KÄMPF, W. STACKEBRANDT, K. HAHNE, H.-J. PAECH & V. S. LEPIN) 3.5.1. Introduction 3.5.2. Eliseev Anorthosite Complex 3.5.2.1. Introduction 3.5.2.2. Magmatic features 3.5.2.3. Metamorphic structures and textures 3.5.2.4. Chemical composition 3.5.2.5. Fracture tectonics and non-metamorphic dyke rocks 3.5.2.6. Ages and isotopie compositions 3.5.3. Rock assemblages covered by ice / (K. HAHNE, P. VOGLER & R. LEWIS) 3.5.4. Photogeological structures of the basement of the Wohlthat Massif / (P. BANKWITZ & E. BANKWITZ) 3.5.4.1. Structural features 3.5.4.2. Folding and schistosity 3.5.4.3. Fracture tectonics 3.5.4.4. Magmatic veins 3.6. Mineralizations in central Queen Maud Land / (H. KÄMPF) 3.6.1. Mineralization associated with metamorphics 3.6.2. Mineralization associated with anorthosite and gabbro 3.6.3. Mineralizations in granitoids and pegmatites 3.6.4. Hydrothermal mineralizations 3.7. Conclusions on the structure, composition and history of the Earth's crust in central Queen Maud Land / (P. BORMANN, H.-J. PAECH & W. STACKEBRANDT) 4. Geomorphology / (W. RICHTER & P. BORMANN) 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Overview of the macro-relief between the ice shelf barrier and the Wegener Inland Ice 4.3. Characterization of landformsin the Schirmacher Oasis 4.3.1. General characterization of landforms 4.3.2. Structural geomorphology 4.3.3. Surface forms due to glacial erosion and deposition 4.3.4. Surface water geomorphology 4.4. Weathering processes 4.4.1. Background and scope 4.4.2. Frost and insolation weathering 4.4.2.1. Measuring programme / (W. KRÜGER) 4.4.2.2. Results / (W. KRÜGER & P. BORMANN) 4.4.2.2.1. Data for bedrock 4.4.2.2.2. Temperature data for unconsolidated rock and soil 4.4.2.2.3. Soil moisture data for unconsolidated rock and soil 4.4.2.2.4. Discussion of results on rock and soil temperature as well as soil moisture measurements with regard to frost and insolation weathering in the Schirmacher Oasis / (W. KRÜGER & P. BORMANN) 4.4.3. Special forms of weathering 4.4.3.1. Chemical weathering and initial processes of pedogenesis 4.4.3.2. Salt efflorescences / (U. WAND) 4.4.3.3. Cavernous weathering / (J. BALKE & W. RICHTER) 4.4.3.4. Wind action (W. RICHTER) 5. Weather and climate / (W. RICHTER & P. BORMANN) 5.1. General climatic conditions 5.2. Local climatic conditions and variability of essential elements of the macro-climate in the Schirmacher Oasis 5.2.1. General peculiarities of oasis climate 5.2.2. Elements of macro-climate in the Schirmacher Oasis and their variability 5.2.2.1. Solar radiation 5.2.2.2. Air temperature 5.2.2.3. Wind direction and velocity 5.2.2.4. Precipitation 5.2.2.5. Humidity 5.2.2.6. Cloudiness 5.3. Isotope variations in atmospheric moisture and precipitation / (P. KOWSKI) 6. The continental ice cover in the surroundings of the Schirmacher Oasis / (W.-D. HERMICHEN) 6.1. Antarctic ice and world climate 6.2. Regional survey 6.3. Survey of former glaciological investigations 6.4. Present structure and dynamics of the regional ice cover 6.5. Isotope studies on the glacio-climatic history of the area 6.6. Some remarkable morphological minor forms of the snow and ice surface / (W. RICHTER) 6.7. Moraines around Lake Untersee - indicators of the Late-Quaternary regional glacial history / (W. STACKEBRANDT) 7. Satellite sea ice observations in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean / (H. GERNANDT) 7.1. General introduction 7.2. Long-term variations of the sea ice edge / (H. GERNANDT, K. DRESCHER & L. THARANG) 7.2.1. Data evaluation 7.2.2. Mean seasonal variations 7.2.3. Anomalies of sea ice distribution 7.2.4. Interannual variations 7.2.5.Conclusions 7.3. The break-up of ice shelf areas / (H. GERNANDT, P. GLÖDE & J. SCHMECHEL) 7.3.1. Introduction 7.3.2. Satellite observations of the Filchner Ice Shelf's break-up 7.4. Typical sea ice distribution as a response to the circulation of the Southern Ocean / (H. GERNANDT & P. GLÖDE) 7.4.1. Data interpretation 7.4.2. Typical sea ice distributions 7.4.3. Discussion 7.4.4. Conclusions 8. Hydrology / (W. RICHTER & P. BORMANN) 8.1. General remarks 8.2. Fundamentals of physical geography 8.2.1. Hydrographic relevance of geol