ALBERT

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Section 1: Overview Features of Polar Regions Relevant to Tropospheric Ozone Chemistry / L. A Barrie Climatology of Arctic and Antarctic Tropospheric Ozone / S. J. Oltmans Polar Sunrise Studies / J. Bottenheim Section II: Tropospheric Oxidants Modelling Meteorology and Transport of Air Masses in Arctic Regions / T. Iversen Impact of Global NOx Sources on the Northern Latitudes / H. Levy II, W. J. Moxim and P S. Kasibhatla Ozone Depletion During Polar Sunrise / J. C. McConnell, G. S. Henderson Section Ill: Field Studies Relationship Between Anthropogenic Nitrogen Oxides and Ozone Trends in the Arctic Troposphere / D. Jaffe Halocarbons in the Arctic and Antarctic Atmosphere / W. T. Sturges Measurements of Hydrocarbons in Polar Maritime Air Masses / S. A Penkett Carbon Monoxide and Light Alkanes as Tropospheric Tracers of Anthropogenic Ozone / D. D. Parrish Atmospheric Distribution of NO, 03, CO, and CH4 above the North Atlantic Based on the STRATOZ Ill Flight / D. H. Ehhalt, F. Rohrer and A Wahner Spectroscopic Measurement of Bromine, Oxide, Ozone, and Nitrous Acid in Alert / M. Hausmann, T. Rudolf, and U. Platt Ice Core Analysis in Arctic and Antarctic Regions / M. Legrand Record of Atmospheric Oxidant from Polar Ice Cores Over the past 100,000 Years: Dream or Real Possibility? / A Neftel and K. Fuhrer Section V: Marine Sources and Sinks Sources of Organobromines to the Arctic Atmosphere / R. Moore, R. Tokarczyk and C. Geen Hydrocarbons Emission from the Ocean / B. Bonsang Cycle of Tropospheric Phosgene / T.P. Kindler, W. L. Chameides, P. H. Wine, D. Cunnold, F. Alyea Session VI: Laboratory Studies of Heterogeneous Reactions Chemical Interactions of Tropospheric Halogens on Snow/Ice / M. J. Molina Reactions of Halogens Species on Ice Surfaces / D. R. Hanson and A. R. Ravishankara Heterogeneous Reactions of Chlorine Compounds / C. Zetzsch and W. Behnke Liquid Phase Photochemistry in Relation to Tropospheric Chemistry of Halogens / J. A Lavigne and C. H. Langford Session Vll: Homogeneous Gas-phase Reactions Ozone HOx Photochemistry in the Troposphere - Latitudinal Dependence of Reaction Rates / R. A Cox ClO + ClO → Products: A Case Study in Halogen Monoxide Disproportionation and Recombination Reactions / S. P. Sander, S. L. Nickolaisen and R. R. Friedl Thermal Stability of Peroxynitrates / K. H. Becker, F. Kirchner and F. Zabel Temperature Dependence (256-296 K) of the Absorption Cross Sections of Bromoform in the Wavelength Range 285-360 nm / G. K. Moortgat, R. Meller and W. Schneider Oxidation of Organic Sulfur Compounds / I. Barnes, K. H. Becker and R. D. Overath Halogen and Sulfur Reactions Relevant to Polar Chemistry / P. H. Wine, J.M. Nicovish, R.E. Stickel and Z. Zhao, C.J. Shackelford, K.D. Kreutter, E.P. Daykin, and S. Wang Reactions of BrO Radicals Relevant to Polar Chemistry / G. Le Bras Comparative Assessment of the Role of lodine Photochemistry in Tropospheric Ozone Depletion / M. E. Jenkin

Note: Contents: 44. Selaginellaceae / P. J. Stafford. - 45. Oleaceae / W. Punt, J. A. A. Bos and P. P. Hoen. - 46. Geraniaceae / P. J. Stafford and S. Blackmore. - 47. Juglandaceae / J. A. A. Bos and W. Punt. - 48. Cornaceae / P. J. Stafford and G. L. A. Heath. - 49. Globulariaceae / W. Punt and A. Marks. - 50. Buxaceae / W. Punt and A. Marks. - 51. Ranunculaceae / G. C. S. Clarke, W. Punt and P. P. Hoen. - Index.

Note: Contents: List of contributors. - 1 Introduction / Herman H. Shugart, Rik Leemans and Gordon B. Bonan. - Part 1 Processes in boreal forests. - 2 Silvics of the circumpolar boreal forest tree species / Nedialko Nikolov and Harry Helmisaari. - 3 The reproductive process in boreal forest trees / John C. Zasada, Terry L. Sharik and Markku Nygren. - 4 Soil temperature as an ecological factor in boreal forests / Gordon B. Bonan. - 5 Fire as a controlling process in the North American boreal forest / Serge Payette. - 6 The role of forest insects in structuring the boreal landscape / C. S. Holling. - Part 2 Patterns in space and time in boreal forests. - 7 The transition between boreal forest and tundra / Luc Sirois. - 8 The southern boreal-northern hardwood forest border / John Pastor and David J. Mladenoff. - 9 Transitions between boreal forest and wetland / F. Z. Glebov and M. D. Korzukhin. - 10 Remote sensing technology for forest ecosystem analysis / K. Jon Ranson and Darrel L. Williams. - 11 The nature and distribution of past, present and future boreal forests: lessons for a research and modeling agenda / Allen M. Solomon. - Part 3 Computer models for synthesis of pattern and process in the boreal forest. - 12 Individual-tree-based models of forest dynamics and their application in global change research / Herman H. Shugart and I. Colin Prentice. - 13 Population-level models of forest dynamics / M. D.Korzukhin and M. Ya. Antonovski. - 14 A spatial model of long-term forest fire dynamics and its applications to forests in western Siberia / M. Ya. Antonovski, M. T. Ter-Mikaelian and V. V. Furyaev. - 15 A simulation analysis of environmental factors and ecological processes in North American boreal forests / Gordon B. Bonan. - 16 The biological component of the simulation model for boreal forest dynamics / Rik Leemans. - 17 Role of stand simulation in modeling forest response to environmental change and management interventions / Peter Duinker, Ola Salinäs and Sten Nilsson. - 18 Concluding comments / Herman H. Shugart, Rik Leemans and Gordon B. Bonan. - References. - Index.

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgements Crustal development: the craton Uplift history of the East Antarctic shield: constraints imposed by high-pressure experimental studies of Proterozoic mafic dykes / S.M. KUEHNER & D.H. GREEN The crustal evolution of some East Antarctic granulites / S.L. HARLEY Structural evolution of the Bunger Hills area of East Antarctica / P. DING & P.R. JAMES Structural geology of the early Precambrian gneisses of northern Fold Island, Mawson Coast, East Antarctica / P.R. JAMES, P. DING & L. RANKIN The intrusive Mawson charnockites: evidence for a compressional plate margin selling of the Proterozoic mobile belt of East Antarctica / D.N. YOUNG & D.J. ELLIS A review of the field relations, petrology and geochemistry of the Borgmassivet intrusions in the Grunehogna province, western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica / J.R. KRYNAUW, B.R. WATTERS, D.R. HUNTER & A.H. WILSON Volcanic rocks of the Proterozoic Jutulstraumen Group in western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica / B.R. WATTERS, J.R. KRYNAUW & D.R. HUNTER The timing and nature of faulting and jointing adjacent to the Pencksokket, western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica / G.H. GRANTHAM & D.R. HUNTER The tectonic and metamorphic evolution of H.U. Sverdrupfjella, western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica / A.R. ALLEN Granulites of northern H.U. Sverdrupfjella, western Dronning Maud Land: metamorphic history from garnet-pyroxene assemblages, coronas and hydration reactions / P.B. GROENEWALD & D.R. HUNTER A structural survey of Precambrian rocks, Heimefrontfjella, western Neuschwabenland, with special reference to the basic dykes / W. FIELITZ & G. SPAETH Reflection seismic measurements in western Neuschwabenland / A. HUNGELJNG & F. THYSSEN Geology and metamorphism of the Sør Rondane Mountains, East Antarctica / K. SHIRAISHI, M. ASAMI, H. ISHIZUKA, H. KOJIMA. S. KOJIMA, Y. OSANAI, T. SAKIYAMA, Y. TAKAHASHI, M. YAMAZAKI & S. YOSHIKURA Late Proterozoic paired metamorphic complexes in East Antarctica, with special reference to the tectonic significance of ultramafic rocks / Y. HIROI, K. SHIRAISHI & Y. MOTOYOSHI Petrographic and structural characteristics of a part of the East Antarctic craton, Queen Maud Land, Antarctica / M.K. KAUL, R.K. SINGH, D. SRIVASTAVA, S. JAYARAM & S. MUKERJI Structural and petrological evolution of basement rocks in the Schirmacher Hills, Queen Maud Land, East Antarctica (Extended abstract) / S. SENGUPTA Metamorphic evolution of granulites from the Rauer Group, East Antarctica: evidence for decompression following Proterozoic collision / S.L. HARLEY Fault tectonics and magmatic ages in the Jelly Oasis area, Mac. Robertson Land: a contribution to the Lambert Rift development / J. HOFMANN Major fracture trends near the western margin of East Antarctica / P.D. MARSH Mesozoic magmatism in Greater Antarctica: implications for Precambrian plate tectonics / T.S. BREWER & P.D. CLARKSON Crustal development: the Transantarctic Mountains Sedimentary palaeoenvironments of_the Riphaean Turnpike Bluff Group, Shackleton Range / H.-J. PAECH, K. HAHNE & P. VOGLER Precambrian ancestry of the Asgard Formation (Skelton Group): Rb-Sr age of basement metamorphic rocks in the Dry Valley region, Antarctica / C.J. ADAMS & P.F. WHITLA The Priestley Formation, Terra Nova Bay, and its regional significance / D.N.B. SKINNER The myth of the Nimrod and Beardmore orogenies / E. STUMP, R.J. KORSCH & D.G. EDGERTON Age of the metamorphic basement of the Salamander and Lanterman ranges, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / C.J. ADAMS & A. HOHNDORF Recovery and recrystallization of quartz and 'crystallinity' of illite in the Bowers and Robertson Bay terranes, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / W. BUGGISCH & G. KLEINSCHMIDT The boundary of the East Antarctic craton on the Pacific margin / N.W. ROLAND Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica: hybrid geological, aeromagnetic and Landsat-physiographic maps / B.K. LUCCHITTA, J.A. BOWELL, F. TESSENSOHN & J.C. BEHRENDT Setting and significance of the Shackleton Limestone, central Transantarctic Mountains / A.J. ROWELL & M.N. REES Lower-mid-Palaeozoic sedimentation and tectonic patterns on the palaeo-Pacific margin of Antarctica / M.G. LAIRD The pre-Devonian Palaeozoic elastics of the central Transantarctic Mountains: stratigraphy and depositional settings / M.N. REES & A.J. ROWELL The Devonian Pacific margin of Antarctica / M.A. BRADSHAW The palaeo-Pacific margin as seen from East Antarctica / J.W. COLLINSON Permo-Carboniferous glacial sedimentation in the central Transantarctic Mountains and its palaeotectonic implications (Extended abstract) / J.M.G. MILLER & B.J. WAUGH Clay mineralogy and provenance of fine-grained Permian elastics, central Transantarctic Mountains / L.A. KRISSEK & T.C. HORNER Evidence for a low-gradient alluvial fan from the palaeo-Pacific margin in the Upper Permian Buckley Formation, Beardmore Glacier area, Antarctica / J.L. ISBELL Provenance and tectonic implications of sandstones within the Permian Mackellar Formation, Beacon Supergroup of East Antarctica / R.S. FRISCH & M.F. MILLER Crustal development: Weddell Sea-Ross Sea region Evolution of the Gondwana plate boundary in the Weddell Sea area / Y. KRISTOFFERSEN & K. HINZ Petrology and palynology of Weddell Sea glacial sediments: implications for subglacial geology / J.B. ANDERSON, B.A. ANDREWS, L.R. BARTEK & E.M. TRUSWELL A multichannel seismic profile across the Weddell Sea margin of the Antarctic Peninsula: regional tectonic implications / P.F. BARKER & M.J. LONSDALE Verification of crustal sources for satellite elevation magnetic anomalies in West Antarctica and the Weddell Sea and their regional tectonic implications / M.E. GHIDELLA, C.A. RAYMOND & J.L. LABRECQUE Aeromagnetic studies of crustal blocks and basins in West Antarctica: a review / S.W. GARRETT Palaeomagnetic studies of Palaeozoic rocks from the Ellsworth Mountains, West Antarctica / M. FUNAKI. M. YOSHIDA & H. MATSUEDA Seismic reflection profiling of a sediment-filled graben beneath ice stream B, West Antarctica / S.T. ROONEY. D.D. BLANKENSHIP, R.B. ALLEY & C.R. BENTLEY The aeromagnetic survey of northern Victoria Land and the western Ross Sea during GANOVEX IV and a geophysical-geological interpretation / W. BOSUM, D. DAMASKE, J.C. BEHRENDT & R. SALTUS The Ross Sea rift system, Antarctica: structure, evolution and analogues / F. TESSENSOHN & G. WORNER Structural and depositional controls on Cenozoic and (?)Mesozoic strata beneath the western Ross Sea / A.K. COOPER, F.J. DAVEY & J.C. BEHRENDT Crustal extension and origin of sedimentary basins beneath the Ross Sea and Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica / A.K. COOPER, F.J. DAVEY & K. HINZ Chemical characteristics of greywacke and palaeosol of early Oligocene or older sedimentary breccia, Ross Sea DSDP Site 270 / A.B. FORD Extensive volcanism and related tectonism beneath the western Ross Sea continental shelf, Antarctica: interpretation of an aeromagnetic survey / J.C. BEHRENDT, H.J. DUERBAUM, D. DAMASKE, R. SALTUS, W. BOSUM & A.K. COOPER Geochemistry and tectonic implications of lower-crustal granulites included in Cenozoic volcanic rocks of southern Victoria Land / R.l. KALAMARIDES & J.H. BERG Geology, petrology and tectonic implications of crustal xenoliths in Cenozoic volcanic rocks of southern Victoria Land / J.H. BERG Geochemistry and petrology of ultramafic xenoliths of the Erebus volcanic province / F.M. MCGIBBON Lithospheric flexure induced by the load of Ross Archipelago, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / T.A. STERN, F.J. DAVEY & G. DELISLE The structure and seismic activity of Mount Erebus, Ross Island / K. KAMINUMA & K. SHIBUYA Crustal development: the Pacific margin Mid-Palaeozoic basement in eastern Graham Land and its relation to the Pacific margin of Gondwana / A.J. MILNE & l.L. MILLAR Basement gneisses in north-western Palmer Land: further evidence for pre-Mesozoic rocks in Lesser Antarctica / S.M. HARRISON & B.A. PIERCY Granitoids of the Ford Ranges, Marie Byrd Lan

Note: Contents: Symbols. - Preface. - Acknowledgements. - 1 PERIGLACIAL CONDITIONS. - 1.1 The significance of freezing in soils and rocks. - 1.2 Freezing and thawing in porous materials. - 1.3 Climate and ground freezing. - 1.3.1 Permafrost. - 1.3.2 Ephemeral freezing. - 1.4 Characteristics of permafrost. - 1.5 Manifestations of freezing and thawing of the ground. - 2 MORPHOLOGY OF PERMAFROST AND SEASONALLY FROZEN GROUND. - 2.1 Frozen ground as a geological material. - 2.2 Ice in the ground. - 2.2.1 Excess ice. - 2.2.2 Frost-heave ice: segregation ice. - 2.2.3 Intrusive ice; ice wedge ice, and other forms. - 2.2.4 Ice of external origin: buried glacier, snow, lake and river ice; icings. - 2.2.5 Age of ice in permafrost. - 2.2.6 Distribution of ground ice. - 2.2.7 Submarine frozen ground. - 2.2.8 Micromorphology of freezing soils. - 2.2.9 Pedology and soil freezing. - 2.3 Gas hydrates (clathrates). - 2.4 World distribution of permafrost. - 2.4.1 Land permafrost. - 2.4.2 Submarine distribution. - 2.5 Seasonal freezing. - 3 CLIMATE AND FROZEN GROUND. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Seasonal frost and permafrost. - 3.3 Climate and permafrost distribution. - 3.4 The importance of microclimates. - 3.5 The surface energy balance. - 3.5.1 The nature of surface interactions. - 3.5.2 A buffer layer model. - 3.5.3 Effects of surface changes. - 3.6 Possible effects of climatic change. - 3.7 Summary. - 4 THE GROUND THERMAL REGIME. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Heat flow in the ground. - 4.2.1 The heat conduction equation. - 4.3 Thermal properties. - 4.3.1 Thermal conductivity. - 4.3.2 Heat capacity. - 4.3.3 Thermal diffusivity. - 4.4 Ground thermal conditions. - 4.4.1 Geothermal heat flow and permafrost thickness. - 4.4.2 Effects of climatic change. - 4.4.3 Seasonal temperature variations. - 4.5 Lateral variations in ground temperatures. - 4.5.1 Influence of water bodies. - 4.6 Summary. - 5 THE FORMS OF THE GROUND SURFACE 1: SLOPES AND SUBSIDENCES. - 5.1 Freezing and thawing and displacements of the ground. - 5.2 Instability of soil on slopes: overview. - 5.3 The mystery of solifluction. - 5.3.1 Origin of small movements. - 5.3.2 Creep in the frozen state. - 5.4 Rock glaciers. - 5.5 Effects of thawing: landslides and slumps. - 5.5.1 Loss of cohesive strength. - 5.5.2 Soil consolation and strength during thaw. - 5.5.3 Thermokarst. - 5.6 The extent and variety of movements on slopes. - 6 THE FORMS OF THE GROUND SURFACE 2: STRUCTURES AND MICROTOPOGRAPHY OF LEVEL GROUND. - 6.1 Surface characteristics. - 6.2 Features characterised by accumulation of ice. - 6.2.1 Pingos. - 6.2.2 Palsa. - 6.2.3 Hydrolaccoliths. - 6.3 Differential freeze-thaw effects. - 6.3.1 Uplift of stones. - 6.3.2 Soil hummocks. - 6.3.3 Earth circles. - 6.3.4 Stone polygons and rings. - 6.4 Thermal contraction and cracking. - 6.4.1 Soil and ice wedges. - 7 THERMODYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF FROZEN SOILS. - 7.1 Soil: A porous system. - 7.1.1 'Freezing points' and latent heat. - 7.1.2 Proportions of ice and water. - 7.1.3 Water contents and thermal properties. - 7.2 Energy status, or potential, of soil water. - 7.2.1 Freezing point depression, potential, and free energy. - 7.2.2 Potential of water in freezing soils. - 7.3 Pressure and temperature relations. - 7.4 Origin of frost heave and frost heave pressures. - 7.5 Permeability of frozen soils. - 7.6 Frost heave as a thermodynamic-rheologic process. - 8 HYDROLOGY OF FROZEN GROUND. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Surface hydrology. - 8.2.1 Bank stability in permafrost regions. - 8.3 Groundwater. - 8.3.1 Icings and frost blisters. - 8.3.2 Water supply. - 8.4 Hydrodynamics of frozen ground. - 8.4.1 Unfrozen water content. - 8.4.2 Gradients of water potential due to freezing temperatures. - 8.4.3 Moisture transfer mechanisms. - 8.4.4 Moisture transport in saturated soils. - 8.4.5 Moisture transport in unsaturated soils. - 8.5 Ice segregation and frost heaving. - 8.5.1 Coupled heat and moisture flow at freezing temperatures. - 8.5.2 The hydrodynamic model. - 8.5.3 The rigid ice model. - 8.5.4 Extreme forms of ice segregation. - 8.6 Seasonal hydrodynamics in permafrost. - 8.6.1 Water migration beyond the fringe. - 8.6.2 Development of aggradational ice. - 9 THE MECHANICS OF FROZEN GROUND. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 The frozen soil system. - 9.2.1 Properties of the ice. - 9.2.2 The strength of soils. - 9.3 Deformation of frozen ground. - 9.3.1 Characteristics of creep. - 9.3.2 The origins of creep. - 9.4 Strength characteristics of frozen soils. - 9.4.1 Rates of strain and processes of deformation. - 9.5 Temperature dependence of creep rate and strength. - 9.6 Effect of soil composition. - 9.6.1 Size of soil particles. - 9.6.2 Ice content. - 9.6.3 Pore water salinity. - 9.7 Effect of normal and confining stresses on strength and deformation. - 9.7.1 Internal, thermodynamically controlled stresses. - 9.8 Field situations. - 9.8.1 Role of temperature and pressure variations. - 10 GEOCRYOLOGY PAST AND FUTURE. - 10.1 Geocryology and geotechnique. - 10.2 Energy exchange and climate instability. - 10.3 Thermodynamic and mechanical properties of frozen ground. - 10.4 Submarine and other extreme conditions for permafrost. - References. - Index.

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgments Organizing Committee Welcome / Richard Asselin Opening / Dick Arnold Papers Review of the Classification of Permafrost-Affected Soils In the United States and Canada / R.J. Ahrens, C.A.S. Smith, J.P. Moore, and L. Ratliff Thermic Control on Soil Formation In Northeastern Asia and Probable Effects of Global Change / A. V. Alfimov, G.G. Mazhitova, and D.I. Bennan Gellsols: A New Proposed Order for Permafrost-Affected Soils / J.G. Bockheim, C.L. Ping, J.P. Moore, and J.M. Kimble Traces of Plelstocene Periglacial Processes and their recent Presence in Relief of the Republic of Croatia / Andrija Bognar Micromorphology of Permafrost-Affected Soils / Catherine A. Fox Relic Features In Recent Tundra Soli Profiles and Tundra Soils Classification / S.V. Gubin The Main Regularities of Soil Formation on Calcareous Rocks of the North / D.Ye. Konyushkov Permafrost-Affected Soils and Cryopeclology / Oleg V. Makeev The Main Soli Types In Northeastern Eurasia / Ye. M. Naumov Characterization of Organic Carbon, Using the 813C·value of a Permafrost Site In the Kolyma.Jndigirka·Lowland, Northeast Siberia / E-M. Pfeiffer and H. Janssen Reflection of Bedrock on the Soil Geochemistry and Weathering In the Tundra Region of Northernmost Finland / M.L. Räisänen Permafrost Dynamics and Soli Formation / Y.L. Shur and C.L. Ping Soil Cover of the North of Russia and Its Cartographic Modeling / I.A. Sokolov, Ye.M. Naumov, and D. Ye. Konyushkov Soils and Landscapes of the Upper Kobuk Valley, Alaska / David K. Swanson Genesis of Permafrost-Affected Soils / Charles Tamocai The Peculiar Features of Microstructure and Genesis of Cryosols of the Permafrost Regions of Russia / T.V. Tursina Mineralogical and Particle-Size Relationships of Two Alluvial Soils from Alaska / M.A. Wilson, W.C. Lynn, D.W. Moser, and A.B. Sarata Frozen Soils of China / Zhao Qi-guo and Wang Hao-qing Appendix 1: Tour Sites Appendix 2: Work Groups Appendix 3: Proposed Gelisol Order

Note: Contents Contributors page Preface Plates Part One: Fundamentals of Large Eddy Simulation 1 Some Historical Remarks on the Use of Nonlinear Viscosities / Joseph Smagorinsky 2 Subgrid-Scale Modeling / Joel H. Ferziger 3 Some Basic Challenges for Large Eddy Simulation Research / Steven A. Orszag, Ilya Staroselsky, and Victor Yakhot 4 Some Contributions of Two-Point Closure to Large Eddy Simulations / Jackson R. Herring and Robert M. Kerr 5 Stochastic Backscatter Formulation for three-Dimensional Compressible Flows / Cecil E. Leith Part Two: Large Eddy Simulation in Engineering 6 Applications of Large Eddy Simulations in Engineering: An Overview / Ugo Piomelli Incompressible Flows 7 Large Eddy Simulation of Scalar Transport with the Dynamic Subgrid-Scale Model / William Cabot and Parviz Moin 8 Renormalization Group Theory Simulation of Transitional and Turbulent Flow over a Backward-Facing Step / George E. Karniadakis, Steven A. Orszag, and Victor Yakhot 9 Spectral Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Shear Flows / Marcel Lesieur, Olivier Métais , Xavier Normand, and Aristeu Silveira-Neto 10 Anisotropic Representation of Subgrid-Scale Reynolds Stress in Large Eddy Simulation / Kiyosi Horiuti 11 Large Eddy Simulation of Transitional Flow / Thomas A. Zang and Ugo Piomelli Compressible and Reacting Flows 12 Direct Numerical Simulation and Large Eddy Simulation of Compressible Turbulence / Gordon Erlebacher and Mohammed Y. Hussaini 13 Large Eddy Simulation of Mixing Layers / Saad A. Ragab and Shaw-Ching Sheen 14 A Linear-Eddy Mixing Model for Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Combustion / Suresh Menon, Patrick A. McMurtry, and Alan R. Kerstein 15 Direct Numerical Simulation and Large Eddy Simulation of Reacting Homogeneous Turbulence / Cyrus K. Madnia and Peyman Givi Part Three: Large Eddy Simulation in Geophysics 16 Large Eddy Simulation in Geophysical Turbulence Parameterization: An Overview / John C. Wyngaard and Chin-Hoh Moeng Atmospheric Sciences 17 Using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System in the Large Eddy Simulation Mode: From inhomogeneous Surfaces to Cirrus Clouds / William R. Cotton, Robert L. Walko, Keeley R. Costigan, Piotr J. Flatau, and Roger A. Pielke 18 Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Convection over Flat and Wavy Surfaces / Ulrich Schumann Physical Oceanography 19 The Role of Oceans in Climate Change: A Challenge to Large Eddy Simulation / Greg Holloway 20 Modeling the Oceanic Planetary Boundary Layer / James C. McWilliams, Patrick C. Gallacher, Chin-Hoh Moeng, and John C. Wyngaard 21 Diapycnal Mixing in the Ocean: A Review / Peter Müller 22 Near-Surface Mixing and the Ocean's Role in Climate / Mark A. Cane Environmental Flows 23 Conjunctive Filtering Procedures in Surface Water Flow and Transport / Keith W. Bedford and Woon K. Yeo 24 Leonard and Cross-Term Approximations in the Anisotropically Filtered Equations of Motion / Alvaro A. Aldama 25 Large Eddy Simulation as a Tool in Engineering and Geophysics: Panel Discussion / Thomas A. Zang Part Four: Large Eddy Simulation and Massively Parallel Computing 26 Parallel Computing for Large Eddy Simulation / Cecil E. Leith 27 Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Large Eddy Simulation, and Massively Parallel Computing / William P. Dannevik Index

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: Vorwort. - 1. Zielsetzung und Ablauf der Heidelberg-Ellesmere Island-Expedition 1978 / D. Barsch und L. King. - 2. Das Borup-Fjord-Gebiet in N-Ellesmere Island, N. W. T., Kanada: Entdeckung und Begehung des Gebietes, vorhandene Karten und offizielle Namen / L. King. - 3. Geodätische und photogrammetrische Arbeiten an der Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada, im Rahmen der "Heidelberg-Ellesmere-Island-Expedition 1978" / G. Hell. - 4. Geologie, Tektonik und strukturelle Verzeichnung der geomorphologischen Großformen im Expeditionsgebiet Oobloyah Bay - Neil Peninsula, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / H. R. Völk. - 5. Witterungsverlauf im Oobloyah-Tal, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada, vom 24. Juni bis zum 4. August 1978, ein statistischer Wertevergleich / W. A. Flügel. - 6. Das Sommerklima von N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada - eine Beurteilung von Stationswerten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Sommers 1978 / L. King. - 7. Zur Geomorphologie des Expeditionsgebietes Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / D. Barsch. - 8. Studien zur gegenwärtigen Geomorphodynamik im Bereich der Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / D. Barsch. - 9. Terassen, Flußarbeit und das Modell der exzessiven Talbildungszone im Expeditionsgebiet Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / D. Barsch. - 10. Die Gletscher im Einzugsgebiet des Borup-Fjord, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / L. King. - 11. Gletschergeschichtliche Arbeiten im Gebiet zwischen Oobloyah Bay und Esayoo Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / L. King. - 12. Glaziologische Beobachtungen an der Stirn des Weber-Gletschers, Borup-Fjord-Gebiet, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / D. Barsch, L. King und R. Mäusbacher. - 13. Jungquartäre Delta- und Flußentwicklung im glazialisostatischen Hebungsraum der Oobloyah Bay auf N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / H. R. Völk. - 14. Hydrologische Studien zum Wasserhaushalt hocharktischer Einzugsgebiete im Bereich des Oobloyah-Tals, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / W. A. Flügel. - 15. Hydrochemische Untersuchungen von Niederschlägen, Bodenwasser, Seen und Flüssen im Oobloyah-Tal, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / W. A. Flügel. - 16. Geomorphologische Kartierung im Oobloyah-Tal, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / R. Mäusbacher. - 17. Gesteinstemperaturen und Insolationsverwitterung im hocharktischen Bereich, Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / H. Eichler. - 18. Kleinformen der hocharktischen Verwitterung im Bereich der Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada - Formengenese und Prozesse / H. Eichler. - 19. Oberflächennahe Bodentemperaturmessungen in Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / R. Mäusbacher. - 20. Recent iron ore deposition and heavy metal accumulation in Access Lake, Oobloyah Valley, northern Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Canada / D. Barsch und G. Müller. - 21. Die Meereisentwicklung im Inneren des östlichen kanadischen Arktisarchipels und ihre Bedeutung für die Arbeiten der Heidelberg-Ellesmere Island-Expedition an der Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / L. King. - 22. Gefäßpflanzen von Oobloyah Bay, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada; eine kommentierte Pflanzenliste und phänologische Beobachtungen / R. Mäusbacher. - 23. The mosses of peat mounds, Oobloyah Bay, northern Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Canada / L. King. - 24. Beobachtungen zu organischen Kleinformen im Oobloyah Tal, N-Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Kanada / W. A. Flügel und R. Mäusbacher. - 25. Faunal notes of the Heidelberg Ellesmere Island Expedition 1978, Oobloyah Bay, northern Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Canada / D. Barsch und L. King. - Anlage 1: Orthophotokarte 〈1 : 25 000〉 Oobloyah Bay. - Anlage 2: Geomorphologische Karte 〈1 : 25 000〉 Oobloyah Bay. - Anlage 3: Radiocarbondaten. - Anlage 4: Planung, Einkauf und Lagerung der Nahrungsmittel. , Beiträge teilweise in deutsch, teilweise in englisch

Note: Table of Contents PROLOGUE The Geological History of Cenozoic Polar Oceans: Arctic Versus Antarctic - An Introduction / U. Bleil, and J. Thiede PHYSIOGRAPHY AND PLATE TECTONICS OF THE POLAR DEEP-SEA BASINS AND THEIR CONTINENTAL MARGINS Morphology and Plate Tectonics: The Modern Polar Oceans / G. L. Johnson The Opening of the Arctic Ocean / L. A. Lamer, R. D. Müller, S. P. Srivastava, and W. Roest On the Tectonic Evolution and Paleoceanographic Significance of the Fram Strait Gateway / Y. Kristoffersen The Evolution of the Svalbard Margins: Synthesis and New Results / E. Sundvor, and A. Austegard The Western Barents Sea During the Cenozoic / T. O. Vorren, G. Richardsen, S.-M. Knutsen, and E. Henriksen Structures in Rift-Basin Sediments on the Conjugate Margins of Western Tasmania, South Tasman Rise, and Ross Sea, Antarctica / K Him, M. Hemmerich, U. Salge, and O. Eiken A Fine-Scale Seismic Stratigraphy of the Eastern Margin of the Weddell Sea / H. Miller, J. P. Henriet, N. Kaul, and A. Moons Some Speculations Regarding the Nature of the Explora-Andenes Escarpment, Weddell Sea / J. P. Henriet, and H. Miller POLAR ICE - COVERS AS GEOLOGICAL AGENTS A Comparison of Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice and the Effects of Different Properties on Sea Ice Biota / M. Spindler Sea Ice Characteristics and the Role of Sediment Inclusions in Deep-Sea Deposition: Arctic - Antarctic Comparisons / Pfirman, M. A. Lange, I. Wollenburg, and P. Schlosser Cycles, Rhythms, and Events in Quaternary Arctic and Antarctic Glaciomarine Deposits / R. Henrich Cenozoic Glacier Fluctuations in Polar Regions - Terrestrial Records From Antarctica and the North Atlantic Sector of the Arctic / B. G. Andersen Past Changes in Precipitation Rate and Ice Thickness as Derived From Age-Depth Profiles in Ice-Sheets; Application to Greenland and Canadian Arctic Ice Core Records / N. Reeh Stability of the Arctic Ocean Ice-Cover and Pleistocene Warming Events: Outlining the Problem / D. L. Clark Late Weichselian Ice Recession in the Central Barents Sea / A. Elverhøi, M. Nyland-Berg, L. Russwurm, and A. Solheim MODERN DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS OF POLAR OCEANS Distribution Patterns of Calcareous Foraminifers in Arctic Ocean Sediments / N. V. Befyaeva, and T. A. Khusid Physiographic and Biologic Factors Controlling Surface Sediment Distributionin the Fram Strait / H. Berner, and G. Wefer Norwegian - Iceland Seas: Transfer Functions Between Marine Planktic Diatoms and Surface Water Temperature / H. Schroder, and N. Koc Karpuz Particle Sedimentation and Productivity in Antarctic Waters of the Atlantic Sector / G. Wefer, G. Fischer, D. K Futterer, R Gersonde, S. Honjo, and D. Ostermann Sediment Patterns in the Southern Weddell Sea: Filchner Shelf and Filchner Depression / D. K. Futterer, and M. Melles QUATERNARY HISTORY AND PALEOCEANOGRAPHY OF POLAR OCEANS The Last Deglaciation in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres: A Comparison Based on Oxygen Isotope, Sea Surface Temperature Estimates, and Accelerator 14C Dating From Deep-Sea Sediments / E. Bard, L. D. Labeyrie, J.-J. Pichon, M. Labracherie, M. Arnold, J. Duprat, J.Moyes, and J.-C. Duplessy Synthesis of Arctic and Sub-Arctic Coccolith Biochronology and History of North Atlantic Drift Water Influx During the Last 500.000 Years / G. Gard, and J. Backman Coccoliths in Sediments of the Eastern Arctic Basin / M. Baumann Foraminiferal Assemblages in Sediments From Mendeleev Ridge, Arctic Ocean / N. V. Befyaeva, and T. A. Khusid Physical and Acoustic Properties of Arctic Ocean Deep-Sea Sediments: Paleoclimatic Implications / J. Mienert, L. A. Mayer, G. A. Jones, and J. W. King High Resolution 10Be and 230Th Stratigraphy of Late Quaternary Sediments From the Fram Strait (Core 23235) / A. Eisenhauer, A. Mangini, R Botz, P. Walter, J. Beer, G. Bonani,M. Suter, H. J.Hofmann, and W. Wölfli The Enigma of Oxygen Isotope Stage 5 in the Central Fram Strait / S. E. I. Kohler, and R F. Spielhagen Dropstones in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea - Indications of Late Quaternary Circulation Patterns? / J. Bischof Glacial to Interglacial Changes in the Isotopic Gradients of Southern Ocean Surface Water / C. D. Charles, and R G. Fairbanks Stable Isotope Record and Late Quaternary Sedimentation Rates at the Antarctic Continental Margin / H. Grobe, A. Mackensen, H.-W. Hubberten, V. Spiess, and D.K Futterer PRE-QUATERNARY RECORDS OF POLAR OCEAN HISTORY Evolution of Biosiliceous Sedimentation Patterns - Eocene through Quaternary: Paleoceanographic Response to Polar Cooling / J. G. Baldauf, and J. A. Barron Neogene to Recent Palynostratigraphy of Circum-Arctic Basins: Results of ODP Leg 104, Norwegian Sea, Leg 105, Baffin Bay, and DSDP Site 611, Irminger Sea / P.J. Mudie, A. de Vernal, and M.J. Head Miocene to Quaternary Paleoceanography in the Northern North Atlantic: Variability in Carbonate and Biogenic Opal Accumulation / G. Bohrmann, R Henrich, and J. Thiede Neogene and Pleistocene Glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere and Late Miocene - Pliocene Global Ice Volume Fluctuations: Evidence From the Norwegian Sea / E. Jansen, J. Sjoholm, U. Bleil, and J. A. Erichsen Southern Ocean Response to the Intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation at 2.4 Ma / D. A. Hodell, and P. F. Ciesielski Pliocene - Pleistocene Paleoceanography in the Weddell Sea - Siliceous Microfossil Evidence / A. Abelmann, R. Gersonde, and V. Spiess Polar Front Fluctuations and the Upper Gauss to Brunhes Paleoceanographic Record in the Southeast Atlantic Ocean / F. Westall, and J. Fenner Authors Index Subject Index

Note: Contents: Foreword. - Notes and changes. - Glossary. - List of abbreviations. - Resedaceae. - Droseraceae. - Crassulaceae. - Saxifragaceae. - Paranassiaceae. - Grossulariaceae. - Rosaceae. - Leguminosae. - Oxalidaceae. - Geraniaceae. - Linaceae. - Euphorbiaceae. - Polygalaceae. - Aceraceae. - Hippocastanaceae. - Balsaminaceae. - Aquifoliaceae. - Celastraceae. - Rhamnaceae. - Tiliaceae. - Malvaceae. - Thymelaeaceae. - Elaeagnaceae. - Guttiferae. - Violaceae. - Cistaceae. - Tamaricaceae. - Elatinaceae. - Cucurbitaceae. - Lythraceae. - Trapaceae. - Onagraceae. - Haloragaceae. - Hippuridaceae. - Cornaceae. - Araliaceae. - Umbelliferae. - References. - Plates. - Index.

Note: Contents: Preface. - PART I THE ELEMENTS OF AIR POLLUTION. - 1 The History of Air Pollution. - I. Before the Industrial Revolution. - II. The Industrial Revolution. - Ill. The Twentieth Century. - IV. The 1980s. - V. The 1990s. - VI. The Future. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 2 The Natural versus Polluted Atmosphere. - I. The Atmosphere. - II. Unpolluted Air. - Ill. Particulate Matter. - IV. Concepts. - IV. Personnel. - V. Advisory Groups. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 3 Scales of the Air Pollution Problem. - I. Local. - II. Urban. - Ill. Regional. - IV. Continental. - V. Global. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 4 Air Quality. - I. Averaging Time. - II. Cycles. - Ill. Primary and Secondary Pollutants. - IV. Measurement Systems. - V. Air Quality Levels. - Reference. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 5 The Philosophy of Air Pollution Control. - I. Strategy and Tactics-The Air Pollution System. - II. Episode Control. - Ill. Air Quality Management Control Strategy. - IV. Alternative Control Strategies. - V. Economic Considerations. - Reference. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 6 Sources of Air Pollution. - I. General. - II. Combustion. - Ill. Stationary Sources. - IV. Mobile Sources. - V. Emission Inventory. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - PART II THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. - 7 Effects on Human Health and Welfare. - I. Air-Water-Soil Interactions. - II. Total Body Burden. - Ill. The Human Respiratory System. - IV. Impact of Air Pollution on Humans. - V. Impact of Odor on Humans. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 8 Effects on Vegetation and Animals. - I. Injury versus Damage. - II. Effects on Vegetation and Crops. - Ill. Effects on Forests. - IV. Effects on Animals. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 9 Effects on Materials and Structures. - I. Effects on Metals. - II. Effects on Stone. - Ill. Effects on Fabrics and Dyes. - IV. Effects on Leather, Paper, Paint, and Glass. - V. Effects on Rubber. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 10 Effects on the Atmosphere, Soil, and Water Bodies. - I. The Physics of Visibility. - II. Formation of Atmospheric Haze. - Ill. Effects of Atmospheric Haze. - IV. Visibility. - V. Acidic Deposition. - VI. Effects of Acidic Deposition. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 11 Long-Term Effects on the Planet. - I. Global Warming. - II. Ozone Holes. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - PART III MEASUREMENT AND MONITORING OF AIR POLLUTION. - 12 Atmospheric Chemistry. - I. Types of Atmospheric Chemical Transformations. - II. Role of Solar Radiation in Atmospheric Chemistry. - Ill. Gas-Phase Chemical Reaction Pathways. - IV. Heterogeneous Reactions. - V. Scavenging and Removal from the Atmosphere. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 13 Ambient Air Sampling. - I. Elements of a Sampling System. - II. Sampling Systems for Gaseous Pollutants. - Ill. Sampling Systems for Particulate Pollutants and PM10. - IV. Static Sampling Systems. - V. Sampler Siting Requirements. - VI. Sampling for Air Toxics. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 14 Ambient Air Pollutants: Analysis and Measurement. - I. Analysis and Measurement of Gaseous Pollutants. - II. Analysis and Measurement of Particulate Pollutants. - Ill. Analysis and Measurement of Odors. - IV. Analysis and Measurement of Visibility. - V. Analysis and Measurement of Acidic Deposition. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 15 Air Pollution Monitoring and Surveillance. - I. Stationary Monitoring Networks. - II. Mobile Monitoring and Surveillance. - Ill. Remote Sensing. - IV. Quality Assurance. - V. Data Analysis and Display. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 16 Air Pathways from Hazardous Waste Sites. - I. Introduction. - II. Multimedia Transport. - Ill. Contaminant Fate Analysis. - IV. Modeling. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - PART IV THE METEOROLOGY OF AIR POLLUTION. - 17 The Physics of the Atmosphere. - I. Sun, Atmosphere System, and Heat Balance. - II. Stability and Instability. - Ill. Laws of Motion. - IV. Local Wind Systems. - V. General Circulation. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 18 The Meteorological Bases of Atmospheric Pollution. - I. Ventilation. - II. Stagnation. - Ill. Meterological Conditions during Historic Pollution Episodes. - IV. Effects of Pollution on the Atmosphere. - V. Removal Mechanisms. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 19 Transport and Dispersion of Air Pollutants. - I. Wind Velocity. - II. Turbulence. - Ill. Estimating Concentrations from Point Sources. - IV. Dispersion Instrumentation. - V. Atmospheric Tracers. - VI. Concentration Variation with Averaging Time. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 20 Air Pollution Modeling and Prediction. - I. Plume Rise. - II. Modeling Techniques. - Ill. Modeling Nonreactive Pollutants. - IV. Modeling Pollutant Transformations. - V. Model Performance, Accuracy, and Utilization. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 21 Air Pollution Climatology. - I. Sources of Data. - II. Representativeness. - Ill. Frequency of Atmospheric Stagnations. - IV. Ventilation Climatology. - V. Wind and Pollution Roses. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - PART V THE REGULATORY CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION. - 22 Air Quality Criteria and Standards. - I. Air Quality Criteria. - II. Conversion of Effects Data and Criteria to Standards. - Ill. Conversion of Physical Data and Criteria to Standards. - IV. Conversion of Biological Data and Criteria to Standards. - V. Air Quality Standards. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 23 Indoor Air Quality. - I. Changing Times. - II. Factors Influencing Indoor Air Quality. - Ill. Indoor Air Pollutants. - IV. Effects of Indoor Air Pollutants. - V. Control of Indoor Pollutants. - References. - Suggested Readings. - Questions. - 24 The U.S. Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. - I. Introduction. - II. Titles. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 25 Emission Standards. - I. Subjective Standards. - II. Objective Standards. - Ill. Types of Emission Standards. - IV. Variant Forms of Emission Standards. - V. Means for Implementing Emission Standards. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 26 The Elements of Regulatory Control. - I. Control of New Stationary Sources. - II. Control of Existing Stationary Sources. - Ill. Control of Mobile Sources. - IV. Air Quality Control Regions. - V. Tall Stacks and Intermittent and Supplementary Control Systems. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 27 Organizations for Air Pollution Control. - I. Functions. - II. Organization. - Ill. Finance. - IV. Personnel. - V. Advisory Groups. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - PART VI THE ENGINEERING CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION. - 28 Engineering Control Concepts. - I. Introduction. - II. Process Change. - Ill. Fuel Change. - IV. Pollution Removal. - V. Disposal of Pollutants. - VI. Pollution Prevention. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 29 Control Devices and Systems. - I. Introduction. - II. Removal of Dry Particulate Matter. - Ill. Removal of Liquid Droplets and Mists. - IV. Removal of Gaseous Pollutants. - V. Removal of Odors. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 30 Control of Stationary Sources. - I. Introduction. - II. Energy, Power, and Incineration. - Ill. Chemical and Metallurgical Industries. - IV. Agriculture and Forest Products Industries. - V. Other Industrial Processes. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - Control of Mobile Sources. - I. Introduction. - II. Gasoline-Powered Vehicles. - Ill. Diesel-Powered Vehicles. - IV. Gas Turbines and J

Note: Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Habil., 1993 u.d.T.: Energy requirements of the pygoscelid penguins

Note: Contents: Topographische und thematische Karten zur Ergebnisdarstellung der Spitzbergen-Expedition (SPE) 1990-1992 / K. BRUNNER & G. HELL. - Geodätische Arbeiten zur Untersttitzung der SPE-Teilprojekte / P. RAWIEL & S. RESSING. - Geologie und tektonische Entwicklung der Germaniahalvøya, Haakon VII Land, NW-Spitzbergen (Svalbard) / K. PIEPJOHN, & F. THIEDIG. - Zur jungquartären Vereisungsgeschichte und Landschaftsentwicklung in NW-Spitzbergen (Liefde-, Bock- und Woodfjord) / W. D. BLÜMEL, J. EBERLE & B. EITEL. - Zur Gletschergeschichte des Liefdefjords/NW-Spitzbergen / G. FURRER. - First results of structural and sedimentological investigations in the Liefdefjord and Woodfjord (northern Spitsbergen) / E. A. KROEMER, R. MÄUSBACHER, J. MÜLLER & R. SCHACHT. - Zur Entwicklung der postglazialen Sedimentation im Bereich des Liefdefjordes, NW-Spitzbergen / R. BAUMHAUER, & U. GLASER. - Evolution and age of shorelines along Woodfiord, northern Spitsbergen / H. BRÜCKNER & R. A. HALFAR. - Geomorphologische Kartierung der Germania Halvøya am Liefdefjorden (Nordwest-Spitzbergen) mit optischen Fernerkundungsdaten / G. STÄBLEIN & V. HOCHSCHILD. - Recent fluvial sediment budgets in glacial and periglacial environments, NW Spitsbergen / D. BARSCH, M. GUDE, R. MÄUSBACHER, G. SCHUKRAFT & A. SCHULTE. - Glacial dynamics, material transfer and sedimentation of Erikbreen and Hannabreen, Liefdefjorden, northern Spitsbergen / J. L. SOLLID, B. ETZELMÜLLER, G. VATNE & R. S. ØDEGARD. - Glaziologie und Glazialmorphologie des Liefde- und Bockfjordgebietes, NW-Spitzbergen / L. KING & M. VOLK. - Saisonaler Verlauf des Vorfluterchemismus im Kvikkåa-Einzugsgebiet (Liefdefjorden, NW-Spitzbergen) / M. POTSCHIN & H. LESER. - Terrain as an important controlling factor for climatological, meteorological and hydrological processes in NW-Spitsbergen / D. SCHERER & E. PARLOW. - Frostbodenformen im inneren Woodfjord, NW-Spitsbergen / D. THANNHEISER & I. MÖLLER. - Vegetationsgeographisch-synsoziologische Untersuchungen am Liefdefjord (NW-Spitzbergen) / D. THANNHEISER. - Vegetationsdecke und ökologischer Feuchtegrad als Indikatoren für solifluidale Prozesse in hocharktischen Ökosystemen des Liefdefjordes (NW-Spitzbergen) / E. SCHMITT. - Die Kartierung der Bodengesellschaften auf der Germania-Halbinsel (Liefdefjord/Spitzbergen) - Vorgehensweise, Abgrenzungskriterien und Bodensystematik / J. EBERLE & W. D. BLÜMEL. - Merkmale chemischer Verwitterung in hochpolaren Böden - Ergebnisse pedologisch-sedimentologischer Untersuchungen in NW-Spitzbergen / W. D. BLÜMEL & J. EBERLE. - Humuszustand und typische Humusprofile bei Böden der oligotrophen Tundra NW-Spitzbergens / L. WEBER & W. D. BLÜMEL. - The pattern of carbon-mineralisation in the high-arctic Tundra (Western and Northern Spitsbergen) as an expression of landscape ecologic environment heterogeneity / CH. WÜTHRICH, C. DÖBELI, D. SCHAUB & H. LESER. - Aufbau, Zerfall und Bedeutung der Meereisdecke am Liefdefjord, NW-Spitzbergen / L. KING & J. KNIES. , Beitr. teilw. dt., teilw. engl.

Note: Contents Foreword by the Rt. Hon. Margaret Thatcher, OM, PC, FRS Preface A note for the reader 1 Introduction Endnote 2 The science of the early explorations 2.1 The scientific and technological background 2.2 Edmond Halley 2.3 Terra Australis lncognita and the theoretical geographers 2.4 The voyages of James Cook 2.5 The voyage of Thaddeus Bellingshausen 2.6 Explorations by sealers 2. 7 William Scores by: pioneer polar scientist Endnotes 3 The national expeditions of 1828 to 1843 3.1 The scientific and social background 3.2 The United States exploring expedition 3.3 The French expedition 3.4 Geodesy and the visit of HMS Chanticleer to Deception Island 3.5 'The magnetic crusade' 3.6 The Antarctic voyage of HMS Erebus and HMS Terror 3.7 Comment on the mid-nineteenth century expeditions Endnotes 4 Averted interest and consolidation 4.1 The mid-nineteenth century view of Antarctica 4.2 Maury's campaign for an expedition south 4.3 The rise of oceanography and Challenger's incursion into Antarctic waters 4.4 Neumayer and the growth of German interest in the Antarctic 4.5 Weyprecht and the First International Polar Year 4.6 Reconnaissances by whalers 4.7 Growing interest among scientists 4.8 The voyages of the Belgica, Valdivia and Southern Cross 4.9 Naval tradition versus science: the Discovery expedition 4.10 The Gauss expedition 4.11 The Antarctica expedition 4.12 Scientific expeditions in the first quarter of the twentieth century 4.13 The coming-of-age of Antarctic science Endnotes 5 The modern period - logistics and materiel 5.1 The inter-related growth of science and technology 5.2 Development of organization: the polar institutes 5.3 The Byrd expeditions and the general introduction of technology 5.3.1 Ships 5.3.2 Electrical communication 5.3.3 Mechanized surface transport 5.3.4 Aircraft 5.3.5 Aerial photography 5.3.6 Laboratories 5.3.7 Techniques for living 5.4 Post-Second World War developments 5.5 Developments following the International Geophysical Year 5.6 Ships in the modern period 5.7 Building technology 5.8 The advent of satellites 5.9 The impact of equality of the sexes Endnotes 6 The modern period - the involvement with politics 6.1 The dependence of Antarctic science on public money 6.2 Regulating of whaling and Antarctic research 6.3 Nationalistic and imperialistic influences up to the Second World War 6.4 The Antarctic in the Second World War 6.5 The Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey 6.6 The assertion of American interest 6.7 The growing problems arising from territorial claims 6.8 The International Geophysical Year 6.9 The Antarctic Treaty 6.10 The Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research 6.11 National Antarctic research organizations and operations 6.12 Private expeditions 6.13 The politics of conservation 6.14 The problems of emergencies Endnotes 7 The sciences of the Antarctic seas 7.1 The scope of the chapter 7.2 Physical oceanography at the beginning of the twentieth century 7.3 Marine biology and biological oceanography in the early twentieth century 7.4 The inter-war period and the Discovery Investigations 7.5 The impact of the Second World War on oceanography 7.6 Marine biology in the immediate post-Second World War years 7.7 Physical oceanography in the modern period: the advent of remote sensing 7.8 Studies on sea-ice and icebergs 7.9 Biological oceanography: productivity and the pelagic ecosystem 7.10 BIOMASS 7.11 Inshore marine biology Endnotes 8 The earth sciences 8.1 The geological outlook at the beginning of the twentieth century 8.2 Geological reconnaissance 8.3 Geology during and after the IGY: the dry valleys 8.4 The continental drift theory and the tectonic structure of Antarctica 8.5 The ice-cap and the land underneath it 8.6 Glaciology 8.7 Climatic history and the records in ice-cores 8.8 Meteorites on the ice-sheet 8.9 Denudation processes 8.10 Soil 8.11 Physical limnology 8.12 The wider role of geologists in Antarctica Endnotes 9 The sciences of atmosphere and geospace 9.1 The atmospheric sciences at the end of the nineteenth century 9.2 Heroic age meteorology 2 9.3 Meteorology from 1920 until the IGY 9.4 Meteorology during IGY 9.5 Post-IGY meteorology 9.6 Atmospheric chemistry: ozone 9.7 Energy balance and modelling 9.8 The beginnings of study of the upper atmosphere 9.9 The concept of geospace 9.10 Ionospherics up to the IGY 9.11 Ionospherics during the IGY 9.12 Geospace research since the IGY 9.13 Cosmic ray studies and astronomy in the Antarctic Endnotes 10 Land-based biology 10.1 The natural history of the Antarctic 10.2 The development of Antarctic biology 10.3 The physiological ecology of plants 10.4 Invertebrate ecology and physiology 10.5 Microbiology 10.6 Limnology 10.7 Ornithology 10.8 Seal studies 10.9 Conclusions Endnotes 11 Man and the Antarctic environment 11.1 Heroic age medicine 11.2 Medical research before and during the IGY 11.3 Medical and psychological research after the IGY 11.4 The International Biomedical Expedition 11.5 Sledge dog physiology 11.6 Introduced organisms 11.7 Conservation Endnotes 12 Some concluding comments 12.1 The persistent features of Antarctic science 12.2 The contribution to science in general 12.3 Arctic and Antarctic 12.4 Internationalism 12.5 Antarctic science and politics 12.6 The effects ofbureaucracy on Antarctic science 12.7 Science and the humanist view of Antarctica Endnotes 13 Postscript Endnotes References Index

Note: Contents: PART I - GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE EARTH AND THE EARTHLIKE PLANETS. - 1 What Is Geochemistry?. - 1.1 Early History. - 1.2 Geochemistry in the U.S.S.R. - 1.3 V. M. Goldschmidt. - 1.4 Modern Geochemistry. - References. - 2 In the Beginning. - 2.1 The Big Bang. - 2.2 Stellar Evolution. - 2.3 Nucleosynthesis. - 2.4 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 3 The Solar System. - 3.1 Origin of the Solar System. - 3.2 Origin of the Earthlike Planets. - 3.3 Satellites of the Outer Planets. - 3.4 Pictures of Our Solar System. - 3.5 Summary. - 3.6 Books on Planetary Geology. - References. - 4 The Electronic Structure of Atoms. - 4.1 The Atom of Thomson and Rutherford. - 4.2 Bohr's Theory of the Hydrogen Atom. - 4.3 Emission of X-rays - A Small Digression. - 4.4 Schrödinger's Model of the Atom. - 4.5 The Aufbau Principle. - 4.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 5 The Periodic Table and Atomic Weights. - 5.1 Mendeleev's Periodic Table. - 5.2 The Modern Periodic Table. - 5.3 Basic Principles of Atomic Physics. - 5.4 Atomic Weights. - 5.5 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 6 Chemical Bonds, Ionic Radii, and Crystals. - 6.1 Electron Donors Versus Acceptors. - 6.2 Measures of Metallic Character. - 6.3 Bonding in Molecules. - 6.4 Ionic Crystals. - 6.5 Ionic Radii. - 6.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 7 Ionic Substitution in Crystals. - 7.1 Goldschmidt's Rules of Substitution. - 7.2 Camouflage, Capture, and Admission. - 7.3 Coupled Substitution: Key to the Feldspars. - 7.4 Distribution Coefficients and Geothermometers. - 7.5 Geochemical Classification of the Elements. - 7.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 8 Isotopic Geochronometers. - 8.1 Decay Modes. - 8.2 Law of Radioactivity. - 8.3 Methods of Dating. - 8.4 Cosmogenic Radionuclides. - 8.5 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 9 Chemical Differentiation of the Solar System. - 9.1 The Sun. - 9.2 Meteorites. - 9.3 The Moon. - 9.4 Mars. - 9.5 Venus. - 9.6 Comets. - 9.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 10 Chemical Differentiation of the Earth. - 10.1 Internal Structure of the Earth. - 10.2 The Continental Crust: Major Elements. - 10.3 The Continental Crust: Trace Elements. - 10.4 Differentiation of Igneous Rocks. - 10.5 Differentiation of Sedimentary Rocks. - 10.6 Differentiation of the Hydrosphere. - 10.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - PART II - CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND THE STABILITY OF MINERALS. - 11 Acids and Bases. - 11.1 Chemical Reactions and Equilibria. - 11.2 The Law of Mass Action. - 11.3 Dissociation of Weak Acids and Bases. - 11.4 Solubility of Insoluble Bases. - 11.5 pH Control of Dissociation Equilibria. - 11.6 Solubility of Amorphous Silica. - 11.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 12 Salts and Their Ions. - 12.1 Solubility of Salts. - 12.2 Hydrolysis. - 12.3 Activities and Concentrations. - 12.4 Solubility of Calcium Carbonate. - 12.5 Chemical Weathering. - 12.6 Transformation of Potassium Feldspar to Kaolinite. - 12.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 13 Thermodynamics. - 13.1 Definitions. - 13.2 The First Law. - 13.3 Enthalpy. - 13.4 Heats of Reaction. - 13.5 Heat Capacity. - 13.6 The Second Law. - 13.7 Gibbs Free Energy. - 13.8 Derivation of the Law of Mass Action. - 13.9 Fugacity and Activity. - 13.10 The van't Hoff Equation. - 13.11 Solubility of Amorphous Silica Between 0 and 100 °C. - 13.12 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 14 Mineral Stability Diagrams. - 14.1 Chemical Weathering of Feldspars. - 14.2 Formation of Zeolites. - 14.3 Magnesium Silicates. - 14.4 Solubility Diagrams. - 14.5 Fugacity Diagrams. - 14.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 15 Clay Minerals. - 15.1 Crystal Structure. - 15.2 Classification and Chemical Composition. - 15.3 Gibbs Free Energies of Formation. - 15.4 Stability Diagrams. - 15.5 Colloidal Suspensions and Ion Exchange. - 15.6 Dating of Clay Minerals. - 15.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 16 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions. - 16.1 Balancing Equations of Oxidation- Reduction Reactions. - 16.2 The Electromotive Series. - 16.3 The Emf of Electrochemical Cells. - 16.4 Stability Limits of Water in Terms of Eh and pH. - 16.5 Stability of Iron Compounds. - 16.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 17 Isotope Fractionation. - 17.1 Principles of Isotope Fractionation. - 17.2 Mathematical Relations. - 17.3 Isotope Fractionation in the Hydrosphere. - 17.4 Oxygen Isotope Composition of Calcite. - 17.5 Oxygen and Hydrogen in Clay Minerals. - 17.6 Groundwater and Geothermal Brines. - 17.7 Isotope Fractionation of Carbon. - 17.8 Isotope Compositions of Strontium in Carbonate Rocks. - 17.9 Isotope Fractionation of Sulfur. - 17.10 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 18 Mixing and Dilution. - 18.1 Binary Mixtures. - 18.2 Dilution. - 18.3 Evaporative Concentration. - 18.4 Ternary Mixtures. - 18.5 Isotopic Mixtures of One Element. - 18.6 Isotopic Mixtures of Two Elements. - 18.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 19 Rates of Geochemical Processes. - 19.1 Rates of Chemical Reactions. - 19.2 Transport of Matter: Advection. - 19.3 Transport of Matter: Diffusion. - 19.4 Growth of Concretions During Diagenesis. - 19.5 Growth of Monomineralic Layers. - 19.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - PART Ill - APPLICATIONS OF GEOCHEMISTRY TO THE SOLUTION OF GLOBAL PROBLEMS. - 20 Consequences of Chemical Weathering. - 20.1 Changes in Chemical Composition of Rocks. - 20.2 Normative Mineral Composition of Weathering Products. - 20.3 Susceptibility of Minerals to Weathering. - 20.4 Formation of Placer Deposits. - 20.5 Provenance Determination by Isotopic Dating. - 20.6 Formation of Soils. - 20.7 Geomicrobiology. - 20.8 Food Production and Population Growth. - 20.9 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 21 Chemical Composition of Surface Water. - 21.1 Chemical Analysis of Water in Streams. - 21.2 Chemical Composition of Streams. - 21.3 Chemical Composition of Meteoric Precipitation. - 21.4 Normative Minerals from Water Compositions. - 21.5 Evaporative Concentration. - 21.6 Water Quality. - 21.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 22 Chemical Weathering of Mineral Deposits. - 22.1 Metallic Mineral Deposits. - 22.2 Oxidation of Iron Sulfides and the Role of Bacteria. - 22.3 Eh- pH Diagram for Copper Minerals. - 22.4 Supergene Enrichment of Fe-Cu Sulfide Deposits. - 22.5 Replacement of Pyrite by Chalcocite. - 22.6 Oxidation of Ore Minerals of Other Metals. - 22.7 Geochemical Exploration. - 22.8 Production and Consumption of Mineral Resources. - 22.9 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 23 Geochemical Cycles. - 23.1 The Principle of Mass Balance. - 23.2 Mass Balance for Major Elements in the Ocean. - 23.3 Mass Balance for Trace Elements in the Ocean. - 23.4 The Cycles of C-H-O-N. - 23.5 The Sulfur Cycle. - 23.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 24 Environmental Geochemistry: Disposal of Radioactive Waste. - 24.1 The Big Picture. - 24.2 High-Level Radioactive Waste. - 24.3 Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste. - 24.4 Geochemistry of Plutonium. - 24.5 Eh-pH Diagrams for Neptunium and Plutonium. - 24.6 Analog Studies: The Natural Reactors at Oklo, Gabon. - 24.7 Reactor Accidents: Chernobyl, U.S.S.R. - 24.8 Summary. - Problems. - References. - Appendix. - Standard Gibbs Free Energies (G°f) and Standard Enthalpies of Formation (H°f). - Author Index. - Subject Index.

Note: CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS FOREWORD / E. Imre Friedmann and Anne B. Thistle MARINE ENVIRONMENTS MICROBIAL PROCESSES IN THE SOUTHERN OCEANS / David M. Karl PHYTOPLANKTON / Sayed Z. El-Sayed and Greta A. Fryxell PROTOZOOPLANKTON / D. L Garrison and M. M. Gowing MICROORGANISMS IN ANTARCTIC SEA ICE / A. C. Palmisano and D. L Garrison NEARSHORE BENTHIC MARINE SEDIMENTS / D. C. White, G. A. Smith, J. B. Guckert, and P. O. Nichols DEGRADATION OF PARTICULATE ORGANIC MATERIAL IN THE ANTARCTIC / James T. Staley and Russell P. Herwig TERRESTRIAL AND FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENTS MICROORGANISMS IN THE ANTARCTIC ICE / S. S. Abyzov THE MICROBIOLOGY OF ANTARCTIC SOILS / H. S. Vishniac TERRESTRIAL LITHOPHYTIC (ROCK) COMMUNITIES / James A. Nienow and E. Imre Friedmann SOILS HEATED BY VOLCANISM / Paul A. Broady LICHENS IN THE ANTARCTIC REGION / Ludger Kappen ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATORS OF MICROBIAL ACTIVITY IN CONTINENTAL ANTARCTIC LAKES / George M. Simmons, Jr., J. Robie Vestal, and Robert A. Wharton, Jr. MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES AND PROCESSES IN ANTARCTIC FLOWING WATERS / W. F. Vincent, C. Howard-Williams, and P. A. Broady OTHER TOPICS HUMAN INFECTIOUS DISEASES / Harold G. Muchmore, E. Nan Scott, and Alan J. Parkinson RELEVANCE OF ANTARCTIC MICROBIAL ECOSYSTEMS TO EXOBIOLOGY / Christopher P. McKay PROTECTION OF ANTARCTIC MICROBIAL HABITATS / Sidney Draggan INDEX