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  • Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory  (130)
  • Ohio  (64)
  • English  (194)
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  • 1980-1984  (194)
  • 1
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Ohio
    Associated volumes
    Call number: SR 90.0081(296)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: VI, 63 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science, the Ohio State University 296
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
    Call number: SR 90.0081(314)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: X, 136 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science, the ohio State University 314
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Call number: SR 90.0081(319)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: IV, 19 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 319
    Language: English
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  • 4
    Call number: SR 90.0081(345)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: VII, 67 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 345
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 5
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Ohio
    Associated volumes
    Call number: SR 90.0081(313)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 201 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science, the Ohio State University 313
    Language: English
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  • 6
    Call number: SR 90.0081(308)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: IV, 20 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science, the Ohio State University 308
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 7
    Call number: SR 90.0081(306)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: III, 44 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science, the Ohio State University 306
    Language: English
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  • 8
    Call number: SR 90.0081(328)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: IV, 36 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 328
    Language: English
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  • 9
    Call number: SR 90.0081(332)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: VI, 96 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 332
    Language: English
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  • 10
    Call number: SR 90.0081(336)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: VI, 96 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 336
    Language: English
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  • 11
    Call number: SR 90.0081(339)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: III, 32 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 339
    Language: English
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  • 12
    Call number: SR 90.0081(350)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: I, 55 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 350
    Language: English
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  • 13
    Call number: SR 90.0081(353)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: V, 34 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 353
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 14
    Call number: SR 90.0081(305)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: VII, 94 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science, the Ohio State University 305
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 15
    Call number: SR 90.0081(292)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 158 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science, the Ohio State University 292
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 16
    Call number: SR 90.0081(297)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: VIII, 151 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science, the Ohio State University 297
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 17
    Call number: SR 90.0081(300)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: III, 11 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science, the Ohio State University 300
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 18
    Call number: SR 90.0081(317)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: VI, 137 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 317
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 19
    Call number: SR 90.0081(351)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: IV, 37 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 351
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 20
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Ohio
    Associated volumes
    Call number: SR 90.0081(357)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: IV, 55 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 357
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 21
    Call number: SR 90.0081(358)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: VII, 60 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 358
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 22
    Call number: SR 90.0081(355)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: IV, 129 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 355
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 23
    Call number: SR 90.0081(361)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: III, 33 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 361
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 24
    Call number: SR 90.0081(299)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: XVII, 279 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science, the Ohio State University 299
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 25
    Call number: SR 90.0081(307)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: III, 22 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science, the Ohio State University 307
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 26
    Call number: SR 90.0081(302)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: IV, 33 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science, the Ohio State University 302
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 27
    Call number: SR 90.0081(325)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: VI, 85 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 325
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 28
    Call number: SR 90.0081(323)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: X, 140 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 323
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 29
    Call number: SR 90.0081(304)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: VII, 69 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science, the Ohio State University 304
    Language: English
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  • 30
    Call number: SR 90.0081(326)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: IV, 54 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 326
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 31
    Call number: SR 90.0081(331)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: VI, 98 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 331
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 32
    Call number: SR 90.0081(335)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: IV, 19 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 335
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 33
    Call number: SR 90.0081(356)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: IV, 52 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 356
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 34
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Ohio
    Associated volumes
    Call number: SR 90.0081(312)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: V, 96 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science, the Ohio State University 312
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 35
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Ohio
    Associated volumes
    Call number: SR 90.0081(320)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: VI, 33 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and surveying, the Ohio State University 320
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 36
    Call number: SR 90.0081(322)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: III, 53 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 322
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 37
    Call number: SR 90.0081(303)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: IV, 28 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science, the Ohio State University 303
    Language: English
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  • 38
    Call number: SR 90.0081(341)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: V, 88 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 341
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 39
    Call number: SR 90.0081(346)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: VIII, 68 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 346
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 40
    Call number: SR 90.0081(354)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: getr. Zählung
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 354
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 41
    Call number: SR 90.0081(359)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: IV, 50 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 359
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 42
    Call number: SR 90.0081(310)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: VII, 140 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science, the Ohio State University 310
    Language: English
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  • 43
    Call number: SR 90.0081(321)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: XI, 172 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 321
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 44
    Call number: SR 90.0081(330)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: XI, 164 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 330
    Language: English
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  • 45
    Call number: SR 90.0081(298)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: X, 193 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science, the Ohio State University 298
    Language: English
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  • 46
    Call number: SR 90.0081(301)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: V, 50 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science, the Ohio State University 301
    Language: English
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  • 47
    Call number: SR 90.0081(333)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: III, 63 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 333
    Language: English
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  • 48
    Call number: SR 90.0081(337)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: XII, 208 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 337
    Language: English
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  • 49
    Call number: SR 90.0081(340)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: XI, 107 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 340
    Language: English
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  • 50
    Call number: SR 90.0081(344)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: III, 84 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 344
    Language: English
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  • 51
    Call number: SR 90.0081(349)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: IX, 87 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 349
    Language: English
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  • 52
    Call number: SR 90.0081(311)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: IV, 53 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science, the Ohio State University 311
    Language: English
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  • 53
    Call number: SR 90.0081(316)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: VIII, 52 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 316
    Language: English
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  • 54
    Call number: SR 90.0081(348)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: V, 28 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 348
    Language: English
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  • 55
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Ohio
    Associated volumes
    Call number: SR 90.0081(315)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: IV, 72 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 315
    Language: English
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  • 56
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Ohio
    Associated volumes
    Call number: SR 90.0081(324)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: IV, 29 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 324
    Language: English
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  • 57
    Call number: SR 90.0081(327)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: V, 48 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 327
    Language: English
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  • 58
    Call number: SR 90.0081(329)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: V, 31 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 329
    Language: English
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  • 59
    Call number: SR 90.0081(334)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: III, 23 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 334
    Language: English
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  • 60
    Call number: SR 90.0081(338)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: XV, 213 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 338
    Language: English
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  • 61
    Call number: SR 90.0081(343)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: IX, 97 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 343
    Language: English
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  • 62
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Ohio
    Associated volumes
    Call number: SR 90.0081(347)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: III, 57 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 347
    Language: English
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  • 63
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Ohio
    Associated volumes
    Call number: SR 90.0081(352)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: IV, 47 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 352
    Language: English
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  • 64
    Call number: SR 90.0081(360)
    In: Reports of the Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: VI, 111 S.
    Series Statement: Report / Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, the Ohio State University 360
    Language: English
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  • 65
    Call number: ZSP-201-82/26
    In: CRREL Report, 82-26
    Description / Table of Contents: The Caribou-Poker Creeks Research Watershed is a small (101.5-sq km) drainage basin located 48 km northwest of Fairbanks, Alaska. Elevations within the watershed range from 210 to 826 m, and approximately 28% of its area is underlain by permafrost. Climatic differences between the watershed and Fairbanks are primarily due to the higher elevation of the watershed. Generally the watershed climatic sites are warmer in winter and cooler in summer than Fairbanks. Within the watershed the greatest temperature contrasts exist in winter, when the valley-bottom sites are beneath the regional air temperature inversion, and the higher sites are above it. From May through September the total precipitation averages 270 mm, 1.47 times that received at Fairbanks. The annual precipitation is about 1.7 times that of Fairbanks. The historical precipitation record at Fairbanks indicates that summer precipitation was below the long-term normal in eight of the eleven years of watershed measurements (1969-1980); no climatic extremes occurred during this period. An analysis of annual streamflow data showed an inconsistency of baseflow recessions from year to year. The runoff-rainfall ratio for individual summer storms averaged 0.35 for Caribou Creek. Comparisons of spot discharge measurements of predominantly permafrost and non-permafrost subwatersheds showed that permafrost-dominated watersheds have a much flashier response to precipitation than non-permafrost watersheds. A comparison of the annual flow distribution of the watershed indicated that Caribou Creek has lower summer and higher winter discharges per unit area than the Chena or Salcha Rivers.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 42 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-26
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Setting Geology and soils Vegetation Climate Air temperature Precipitation Hydrology Annual and monthly runoff Individual storms Baseflow recessions Spatial flow variability Temporal flow variability Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Station histories
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  • 66
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/13
    In: CRREL Report, 83-13
    Description / Table of Contents: A review on past experimental and theoretical work indicates a need for additional experimentation to characterize the response of snow to inelastic pressure waves. Pressure data from previously conducted explosion tests are analyzed to estimate the elastic limit of snow of 400 -kg/cu m density to be about 36 kPa. This pressure corresponds to a scaled distance of 1.6 m/cu.rt.kg for charges fired beneath the surface of the snow, and to a scaled distance of 1.2 m/cu.rt.kg for charges fired in the air. The effects of a snow cover on the method of clearing a minefield by using an explosive charge fired in the air above the snow surface are also discussed and recommendations are given for further work in this area. Explosive pressure data are used to estimate the maximum effective scaled radius for detonating buried mines at shallow depth to be 0.8 m/cu.rt.kg. Fuel-air explosive will increase this effective radius significantly because of the increase in the size of the source region.
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    Pages: 33 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-13
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Objectives Background Problems in describing the response of snow to an applied stress Methods of determining the dynamic behavior of materials Review of previous studies on snow Experimental measurements on snow Summary of snow experiments Theoretical studies Confirmation of the theory Discussion Applications Recommendations Summary Literature cited Appendix A. Selected data from Wisotski and Snyder (1966) Appendix B. Pressure data from Livingston (1964)
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  • 67
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/14
    In: CRREL Report, 83-14
    Description / Table of Contents: An analysis of ice fracture that incorporates dislocation mechanics and linear elastic fracture mechanics is discussed. The derived relationships predict a brittle to ductile transition in polycrystalline ice under tension with a Hall-Petch type dependence of brittle fracture strength on grain size. A uniaxial tensile testing technique, including specimen preparation and loading system design was developed and employed to verify the model. The tensile strength of ice in purely brittle fracture was found to vary with the square root of the reciprocal of grain size, supporting the relationship that the theory suggests. The inherent strength of the ice lattice and the Hall-Petch slope are evaluated and findings discussed in relation to previous results. Monitoring of acoustic emissions was incorporated in the tests, providing insights into the process of microfracture during ice deformation.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 43 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-14
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Development of testing technique Test specimens Tensile testing Compression testing Experimental results Tensile tests Compression tests Discussion Conclusions Suggestions for further work Literature cited Appendix A: Additional information on seed grains Appendix B: Thin-sectioning procedure Appendix C: Displacement transducer calibration
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  • 68
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/29
    In: CRREL Report, 83-29
    Description / Table of Contents: A literature review indicated that the effects or permafrost on streambank erodibility and stability are not yet understood because systematic and quantitative measurements are seriously lacking. Consequently, general controversy exists as to whether perennially frozen ground inhibits lateral erosion and bankline recession, or whether it increases bank recession rates. Perennially frozen streambanks erode because of modification of the bank's thermal regime by exposure to air and water, and because of various erosional processes. Factors that determine rates and locations of erosion include physical, thermal and structural properties of bank sediments, stream hydraulics and climate. Thermal and physical modification of streambanks may also induce accelerated erosion within permafrost terrain removed from the immediate river environment. Bankline or bluffline recession rates are highly variable, ranging from less than 1 m/year to over 30 m/year and, exceptionally, to over 60 m/year. Long-term observations of the physical and thermal erosion processes and systematic ground surveys and measurements of bankline-bluffline recession rates are needed.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-29
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Stream bank erosional processes Permafrost and related factors Permafrost and erosion General Erosional processes Bank zone processes Bluff zone processes Factors affecting perm afrost erodibility Exposure to currents and wind waves Texture and stratigraphy Ice content, distribution and type Slope aspect Coriolis force Timing and depth of thaw Water level and temperature Vegetation Ice and snow cover Groundwater Rates and timing of erosion and recession Overall effects of permafrost Recommendations for research Literature cited Appendix A : Processes of stream bank modifications
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  • 69
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/31
    In: CRREL Report, 83-31
    Description / Table of Contents: A mathematical model is described that is used to determine the maximum ice conveyance capacity of a river channel. Based upon this model, computer programs were developed that enable the ice discharge to be calculated for steady-state flow conditions. For rivers that have uniform flow, the maximum ice-conveying capacity can be described with a simple function expressed in terms of the size of the ice fragments, channel geometry, and the flow of water in the river. For nonuniform flows, the computer program determines the elevation profile of the surface layer in addition to other flow characteristics, such as the velocity and surface concentration of the ice fragments. The location along this surface profile where the ice conveyance capacity becomes less than the upstream supply is determined and is considered to be the position where a surface ice jam or ice bridge will be formed.
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    Pages: iv, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-31
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Constitutive relationships Equations of motion Uniform flow Nonuniform flow Ice transport: Uniform flow Symmetric channel Asymmetric channel Ice transport: Nonuniform flow Further considerations Basis for model improvement Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 70
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/33
    In: CRREL Report, 84-33
    Description / Table of Contents: A small-scale experimental study was conducted to characterize the magnitude and nature of ice forces during continuous crushing of ice against a rigid, vertical, cylindrical structure. The diameter of the structure was varied from 50 to 500 mm, the relative velocity from 10 to 210 mm/s, and the ice thickness from 50 to 80 mm. The ice tended to fail repetitively, with the frequency of failure termed the characteristic frequency. The characteristic frequency varied linearly with velocity and to a small extent with structure diameter. The size of the damage zone was 10 to 50% of the ice thickness, with an average value of 30%. The maximum and mean normalized ice forces were strongly dependent on the aspect ratio (structure diameter/ice thickness). The forces increased significantly with decreasing aspect ratio, but were constant for large aspect ratios. The maximum normalized forces appeared to be independent of strain rate. The effect of velocity on the normalized ice forces depended on structure diameter. The mean effective pressure or specific energy of ice crushing depended on both aspect ratio and ice-structure relative velocity. The energy required to crush the ice for the one failure cycle was obtained from the ice force records for each test, and was compared to the energy calculated from an idealized sawtooth shape for the force record, the maximum force, velocity and characteristic frequency data. Originator - supplied keywords included: Cold regions, Cold regions construction, Cylindrical test structures, Ice, Ice crushing, Ice forces, and Test facilities.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 47 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-33
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Test objectives Experimental setup and procedures Facilities Test fixture Data acquisiton system Ice sheets Measurement of ice properties Daily test summary Experimental results and discussion Observations Ice force records Frequency of ice force variations Discussion Maximum crushing forces Mean effective pressure or specific energy of ice in crushing Failure energy of ice Ratio of maximum force to mean force Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Data for continuous crushing tests
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  • 71
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-82/42
    In: CRREL Report, 82-42
    Description / Table of Contents: A high-resolution impulse radar profiling system was evaluated for 1) detecting the existence of sea ice which coring has revealed to exist on the bottom of the Ross Ice Shelf at Site J-9, 2) detecting the preferred horizontal c-axis azi-muthal direction of the sea ice crystals, using the voltage amplitude of the radar reflection from the sea ice bottom, and 3) determining the direction of the currents under an Antarctic ice shelf. A field program was conducted consisting of a surface radar survey on the Ross Ice Shelf at Site J-9 and surface and airborne radar profiling on the McMurdo Ice Shelf. The CRREL impulse radar system, operating at a center frequency of either 80 MHz or 20 MHz, was unable to detect the shelf bottom at Site J-9, which drilling revealed to be 416 m below the snow surface. The radar system was used to profile the McMurdo Ice Shelf both from the snow surface and from the air; a shelf thickness of about 275 m was easily detected. Theoretical considerations indicate that the bulk conductivity of the ice shelf at Site J1-9 was higher than originally anticipated, and this limited the radar sounding depth to about 405 m when operating at a frequency of 20 MHz.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-42
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Introduction Profiling system Theoretical considerations Field program Discussion Literature cited
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  • 72
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-82/41
    In: CRREL Report, 82-41
    Description / Table of Contents: Many of the important factors influencing the choice of appropriate aquifer test procedures are presented. The concepts of bias, accuracy and spatial variabil­ity are explained. The definitions of a number of aquifer parameters are devel­oped from basic principles demonstrating the underlying assumptions and limita­tions. The parameters considered are: piezometric head, hydraulic conductiv­ity/intrinsic permeability, flow direction, specific discharge magnitude, transmissivity, volumetric flow rate, total porosity, effective porosity, aver­age linear velocity, storage coefficient, specific yield, dispersion coefficient-aquifer dispersivity. For each parameter several techniques are described, evaluated and ranked in terms of perceived potential accuracy, simplicity and value to contaminant transport studies. It must be stressed, however, that the evaluations are based principally upon theoretical grounds, and not upon actual conduct of the described procedures.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 111 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-41
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstrac Preface Introduction Purpose Scope Concept of accuracy Test selection Definition of parameters Piezometric head Use of piezometers Hydraulic conductivity Flow direction Specific discharge magnitude Transmissivity Volumetric flow rate Porosity Average linear velocity Storage coefficient-specific yield Aquifer dispersivity Parameter estimation techniques Piezometric head Hydraulic conductivity Direction and magnitude of specific discharge vector Transmissivity Volumetric flow rate Total porosity Average linear velocity Storage coefficient Specific yield Effective porosity Aquifer dispersivity-dispersion coefficients Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 73
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/11
    In: CRREL Report, 84-11
    Description / Table of Contents: Data obtained from two sets of data buoys either air-dropped or deployed by ship onto the Weddell Sea pack ice during the period from Dec 1978 to Nov 1980 are presented. The buoy data include position, pressure and temperature information and to date represent the most complete combined weather and pack ice drift records for the ice-covered Southern Ocean regions. The buoys tended to drift north initially and then to turn east generally between latitudes 62°S and 64°S. Buoy 1433 turned east farther south at approximately 67°S but at about the same time as buoy 0527, implying that the westerly wind belt was farther south than usual in 1979. The range of air pressures-from about 950 mb to about 1020 mb is typical of the circumpolar low pressure trough in the Southern Hemisphere. All buoys were equipped with an internal or compartment temperature sensor. The 1980 buoys also contained an external air temperature sensor in a ventilated, shielded can at 1-m height. Although differences of 10°C or more between recorded air and compartment temperatures are common, the correlation between the two measured temperatures is generally very good. The compartment temperatures are higher probably because the buoy is radiationally heated. We found that subtracting 3°C from the average daily compartment temperature yielded a good estimate of the average air temperature for any given day. This technique can be used to construct average daily air temperature records for the 1979 buoys which only contained the internal or compartment temperature sensor.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-11
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Methods and instrumentation Results Drift tracks Pressure data Temperature data Discussion Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 74
    Call number: ZSP-201-84/9
    In: CRREL Report, 84-9
    Description / Table of Contents: This report presents the results of the first phase of a test program designed to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice from the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. In Phase I, 222 constant-strain-rate uni-axial compression tests were performed on ice samples from ten multi-year pressure ridges to examine the magnitude and variation of ice strength within and between pressure ridges. A limited number of constant-strain-rate compression and tension tests, constant-load compression tests, and conventional triaxial tests were also performed on ice samples from a multi-year floe to provide preliminary data for developing ice yield criteria and constitutive laws for multi-year sea ice. Data are presented on the strength, failure strain, and modulus of multi-year sea ice under different loading conditions. The statistical variation of ice strength within and between pressure ridges is examined, as well as the effects of ice temperature, porosity, structure, strain rate and confining pressure on the mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 107 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-9
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Field Sampling Site selection and description Ice sampling procedures Shipping and storage of ice samples Testing Techniques Multi-year Pressure Ridge Tests Ice description Sampling scheme and test variables Uniaxial compressive strength Residual compressive strength Failure strains Initial tangent modulus Statistical Variations in Ice Strength Differences in strength above and below level ice Sources of the variation in strength Shape of the strength histograms Multi-year Floe Ice Tests Ice description Uniaxial compressive strength Constant-load compression tests Constant-strain-rate tension tests Triaxial tests Conclusions Literature Cited Appendix A: Structural profile of a multi-year pressure ridge core Appendix B: Ridge uniaxial compression test data Appendix C: Structural profile of the continuous multi-year floe core Appendix D: Multi-year floe test data
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  • 75
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/8
    In: CRREL Report, 82-8
    Description / Table of Contents: A detailed analysis of methods for calculating the thermal conductivity of soils is presented, and trends in the predic­tions of these methods are compared. The influence of changes in the moisture content on the calculated thermal con­ductivity of a soil (at constant dry density) is shown, as is the sensitivity of this calculated value to changes in dry den­sity or in the soil solids’ thermal conductivity. The methods are evaluated to determine the extent of agreement of their predictions with measured values obtained on soils of known composition and properties. The deviations of the predicted values are determined for soils that are unfrozen or frozen, coarse or fine, unsaturated, saturated or dry. The applicability of each of the methods under various conditions is determined and recommendations are made as to the best method for each condition.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 90 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-8
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Analysis of methods for calculating thermal conductivity Introduction Influence of moisture content on thermal conductivity Influence of dry density on thermal conductivity Influence of soil solids’ thermal conductivity Comparison of the various methods Evaluation of methods for calculating thermal conductivity Soils data used for evaluation Computer program Applicability of the methods Discussion and conclusions Applicability to unfrozen soils Applicability to frozen soils Applicability to saturated soils Effect of soil mineral composition Applicability to dry soils Summary of applicability of methods Literature cited Appendix A: Properties of some test soils Appendix B: Comparison of thermal conductivity values computed by the various methods and of their deviations from the values measured
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  • 76
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-82/31
    In: CRREL Report, 82-31
    Description / Table of Contents: Information on sea ice conditions in the Bering Strait and the icefoot formation around Fairway Rock, located in the strait, is presented. Cross-sectional profiles of Fairway Rock and the relief of the icefoot are given along with theoretical analyses of the possible forces active during icefoot formation. It is shown that the ice cover most likely fails in flexure as opposed to crushing or buckling, as the former requires less force. Field observations reveal that the Fairway Rock icefoot is massive, with ridges up to 15 m high, a seaward face only 20 degrees from vertical, and interior ridge slopes averaging 33 degrees. The icefoot is believed to be grounded and its width ranges from less than 10 to over 100 m.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 44 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-31
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Bering Strait Field reconnaissance Estimation of ice forces on Fairway Rock 1. Creep deformation 2. Crushing failure 3. Flexural failure 4. Forces required to form floating or grounded pressure ridges along therock or to pile ice on the beaches 5. Buckling failure Driving forces Angle of internal friction of sea ice Summary Literature cited Appendix A: April 1982 field observations at Fairway Rock
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  • 77
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/33
    In: CRREL Report, 82-33
    Description / Table of Contents: Arctic sea ice is freckled with melt ponds during the ablation season; Antarctic sea ice has few, if any. On the basis of a simple surface heat budget, we investigate the meteorological conditions necessary for the onset of surface melting in an attempt to explain these observations. The low relative humidity associated with the relatively dry winds off the continent and an effective radiation parameter smaller than that characteristic of the Arctic are primarily responsible for the absence of melt features in the Antarctic. Together these require a surface-layer air temperature above 0 C before Antarctic sea ice can melt. A ratio of the bulk transfer coefficients C sub H/C sub E less than 1 also contributes to the dissimilarity in Arctic and Antarctic ablation seasons. The effects of wind speed and of the sea-ice roughness on the absolute values of C sub H and C sub E seem to moderate regional differences, but final assessment of this hypothesis awaits better data, especially from the Antarctic.
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    Pages: 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-33
    Language: English
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  • 78
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/34
    In: CRREL Report, 82-34
    Description / Table of Contents: The ice discharge through an opening in an ice control structure was documented to be a function of the floe size, ice type, ice floe conditions and vessel direction. The model data for the average ice discharge per vessel transit scaled to prototype values compared favorably with data taken at the St. Marys River ice control structure (ICS). The model results of the force measurements were also consistent with data taken at the St. Marys ICS. The dynamic loading conditions were independent of vessel direction. The dynamic loading to the structure using 3 types of ice (plastic, natural and urea-doped) showed a considerable difference in their means and standard deviations. The urea-doped ice was evaluated for dynamic loading conditions, and reasonable peak values of 3 to 5 times the mean load at each measuring position were recorded, independent of vessel direction. It appears that synthetic random ice floes may be used in model studies where ice discharge through an opening in a structure needs to be documented. This study shows the synthetic random ice floe discharge to fall reasonably within the values obtained for natural ice discharge for both rafted and non-rafted ice fields above the ICS. However, the question of whether synthetic ice can be used for analyzing force distributions and dynamic force loading criteria cannot be fully answered at this time because the load distributions of the synthetic and natural floes appear to differ.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 68 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-34
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Scope of work Ice discharge from Lake Huron into St. Clair River Water velocity profiles at Port Huron Ice conditions Physical model Basis for selection Description Instrumentation Model ice control structure Open water calibration Open water tests Experimental procedures and techniques Ice cover calibration Ice control structure orientation Analysis of ice discharge due to ship transits Natural ice Synthetic ice Forces on the ice control structure Static measurements Dynamic force measurements Potential additional shear stresses Anticipated ice conditions with ICS Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Application of model results Appendix B. Suggested additional studies Appendix C. Derivation of ice discharge
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  • 79
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/9
    In: CRREL Report, 83-9
    Description / Table of Contents: Recent observations of shore ice pile-up and ride-up along the coast of the Alaska Beaufort Sea are presented. Information is given to show that sea ice movement on shore has overridden steep coastal bluffs and has thrust inland over 150 m, gouging into and pushing up mounds of beach sand, gravel, boulders and peat and, inland, the tundra material. The resulting ice scar morphology was found to remain for tens of years. Onshore ice movements up to 20 m are relatively common, but those over 100 m are very infrequent. Spring is a dangerous time, when sea ice melts away from the shore, allowing ice to move freely. Under this condition, driving stresses of less than 100 kPa can push thick sea ice onto the land.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 59 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-9
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Winter 1979-80 observations Winter 1980-81 and summer 1981 observations Winter 1981-82 and summer 1982 observations Old ice ride-up features Discussion Literature cited Appendix A. The boulder rampart and rock littered shore west of Konganevik Pt. Appendix B. Site location maps
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  • 80
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/8
    In: CRREL Report, 83-8
    Description / Table of Contents: In the course of model tests with urea-doped ice in the CRREL Ice Engineering Facility test basin, the growth process and the physical and mechanical properties of the model ice were investigated. The parameters which were varied were: urea concentration in the tank water, air temperature during growth, growth duration, and tempering time. Uniformity of ice thickness and ice mechanical properties over the whole tank area were found to be satisfactory. The structure of the urea-doped ice was found to be similar to that of the ice except for a relatively thick incubation layer over a dendritic bottom layer. Empirical relationships were established between: ice thickness and negative degree-hours; mechanical properties and growth temperature, urea concentration, and ice thickness; and reduction in mechanical properties and tempting time. The results of the study are presented in charts which permit reliable scheduling of model tests with required ice thickness and ice flexural strength.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vii, 53 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-8
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental facility and procedures Ice test basin Ice growth procedure Measurements Ice growth and structure Ice thickness distribution Ice growth during freeze-up Ice growth during warm-up Structure of urea-doped ice Mechanical properties of urea-doped ice Introductory remarks Model of a two-layer elastic material Properties of urea-doped ice during freeze-up Properties of urea-doped ice during warm-up Applications to test program scheduling Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Results of ice thickness measurements for various growth conditions Appendix B: Properties of untempered ice Appendix C: Properties of tempered ice
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  • 81
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/5
    In: CRREL Report, 83-5
    Description / Table of Contents: This report presents the results of dynamic ice-structure interaction model tests conducted at the CRREL Ice Engineering Facility. A flexible, single-pile, bottom-founded offshore structure was simulated by a test pile with about a one-to-ten scale ratio. Urea (instead of sodium chloride) was used as dopant to scale down the ice properties, resulting in good model ice properties. Six ice fields were frozen and 18 tests carried out. In all cases distinctive dynamic ice structure interaction vibrations appeared, from which abundant data were collected. In tests with linear ice velocity sweep, sawtooth-shaped ice force fluctuations occurred first. With increasing velocity the natural modes of the test pile were excited, and shifts from one mode to another occurred. The maximum ice force values appeared mostly with low loading rates, but high forces appeared random'y at high ice velocities. As a general trend, ice force maximums, averages and standard deviations decreased with increasing ice velocities. The aspect ratio effect of the ice force in continuous crushing follows the same dependence as in static loadings. The frequency of observed ice forces is strongly dominated by the natural modes of the structure. Dynamically unstable natural modes tend to make the developing ice force frequencies the same as the natural frequencies. Otherwise the resulting frequency depends directly on structural stiffness and ice velocity and inversely on the ice force range. During vibrations the displacement rates of the structure overcome the velocity of ice, making low loading rates and hence high ice forces possible. During crushing, ice induces both positive and negative damping.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 53 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-5
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test arrangements Ice properties Crushing patterns Maximum ice force vs velocity Dynamic aspect ratio effect and crushing strength Measured ice force frequencies Calculated ice force frequencies Accelerations, velocities and displacements Damping Ice-induced negative damping Limit cycles Buckling load Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 82
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/1
    In: CRREL Report, 83-1
    Description / Table of Contents: Roof snow load case studies gathered throughout the United States over a three-year period are analyzed. The objective of the analysis is to determine a relationship between the snow load on the ground and the corresponding uniform snow load on flat and sloped roofs. The main parameters considered are the thermal characteristics of the roof, the roof slope and the exposure of the structure. Exposure has the strongest effect on the ratio of ground to roof snow loads. Comparisons are made with existing and proposed building codes and standards.
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    Pages: iv, 47 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-1
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion table Introduction Data base Conversion factor Ground load effects Exposure effects Thermal effects Slope effects Expected value relationship Comparison with existing codes and standards Comparison with relationships proposed in new ANSI standard Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Roof snow load case history reports Appendix B. Roofs in the snow load case study data base Appendix C. Ground and roof snow load data Appendix D. Conversion factors from the 1982 ANSI standard
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  • 83
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/43
    In: CRREL Report, 82-43
    Description / Table of Contents: The radar signatures of ice wedges and wedge-like structures have been investigated for a variety of soil conditions. The radar used for this study emitted short sinusoidal pulses of about 10-ns duration with an approximate center frequency of 150 MHz. Most of the ice wedges existed at depths of about 1 m in a variety of silty and sandy soils with both frozen and thawed active layers. The position of the wedges was usually identified from corresponding surface features. An artificial ice wedge in coarse-grained alluvium was also profiled as well as wedge-like structures of fine silt in a coarse-grained glacial outwash. All wedges and wedge-like structures produced a hyperbolic reflection profile except when an active layer of thawed, saturated silt was present which eliminated returns from the wedges. The peaks of the hyper-bolas were sometimes masked by reflections from the permafrost table or other material interfaces, and multiple hyperbolas occurred at some sites. The dielectric constant of the host medium was often calculated from the linear portions of the hyperbolas and the results were verified by laboratory time domain reflectometry measurements per-formed on field samples. In some cases, hyperbolic profiles originated at several meters depth suggesting that deep ice wedges could be detected in areas of cold permafrost.
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    Pages: iv, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-43
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Objectives and procedures Equipment used Radar TDR Definitions Massive ice Results Artificial wedge: Norwich, Vermont Ice wedges in sand: Fish Creek, Alaska Ice wedges: Prudhoe Bay, Alaska Ice wedges under thawed fine-grained soils: North Slope, Alaska Wedge-like soil structures: Ft. Greely, Alaska TDR measurements Summary and concluding remarks Literature cited Appendix A: Brief discussion of dispersion
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  • 84
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/32
    In: CRREL Report, 83-32
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice forces on a bridge pier in the Ottauquechee River, in Quechee, Vermont, were measured by installing fourpanels-each capable of measuring forces in the normal and tangential direction - on both sides of a vertical V-shaped pier nose. The measured forces are presented for a short period during an ice run. After the ice run, the thickness and sizes of the ice floes were measured and the compressive strength of the ice was determined in the laboratory from the ice samples collected along the river banks. The water level measurements made at several locations along theriver are also presented for the period of the ice run.
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    Pages: ii, 8 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-32
    Language: English
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  • 85
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/33
    In: CRREL Report, 83-33
    Description / Table of Contents: A thermodynamic model has been developed that for the first time describes the entire creep process, including primary, secondary, and tertiary creep, and failure for both constant stress (CSR) tests (σ= const.) and constant strain rate (CSR) tests (ϵ = const.), in the form of a unified constitutive equation and unified failure criteria. Deformation and failure areconsidered as a single thermoactivated process in which the dominant role belongs to the change of entropy. Failure occurs when the entropy change is zero. At that moment the strain rates in CS tests reach the minima and stress in CSR tests reaches the maximum (peak) values. Families of creep (ϵ vs τ) and stress-strain (σ vs ϵ) curves, obtained from uni-axial compression CS and CSR tests of frozen soil, respectively (both presented in dimensionless coordinates), are plotted as straight lines and are superposed, confirming the unity of the deformation and failure process and the validity of the model. A method is developed for determining the parameters of the model, so that creep deformation and the stress-strain relationship of ductile materials such as soils can be predicted based upon information obtained from either type of test.
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    Pages: v, 25 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-33
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Nomenclature Introduction Principal relationships Constitutive equation Failure criteria Secondary creep: Flow equations Creep at constant stress (σ = Const.) Creep model Creep strain (σ = Const.) Creep at constant strain rate (ϵ = Const.) Stress-strain relationship Stress/strain/strain rate at failure Test data Preliminary analysis Constant stress tests (σ = Const.) Constant strain rate tests (ϵ = Const.) The principle of superposition Thermodynamic equation of creep Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 86
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/2
    In: CRREL Report, 84-2
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations of the in situ complex dielectric constant of sea ice were made using time-domain spectroscopy. It was found that (1) for sea ice with a preferred horizontal crystal c-axis alignment, the anisotropy of polarizing properties of the ice increased with depth, (2) brine inclusion conductivity increased with decreasing temperature down to about -8 C, at which point the conductivity decreased with decreasing temperature, (3) the DC conductivity of sea ice increased with increasing brine volume, (4) the real part of the complex dielectric constant is strongly dependent upon brine volume but less dependent upon the brine inclusion orientation, (5) the imaginary part of the complex dielectric constant was strongly dependent upon brine inclusion orientation but much less dependent upon brine volume. Because the electromagnetic (EM) properties of sea ice are dependent upon the physical state of the ice, which is continually changing, it appears that only trends in the relationships between the EM properties of natural sea ice and its brine volume and brine inclusion microstructure can be established.
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    Pages: vi, 38 Seiten , Illustrationen , 1 Beilage
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-2
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Dielectric properties of sea ice Time-domain spectroscopy measurement Laboratory measurements Field measurements Analysis of ladder data Conductivity of brine and sea ice Complex dielectric constant of brine and sea ice Discussion and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 87
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/3
    In: CRREL Report, 84-3
    Description / Table of Contents: The results of resistance tests in level ice and broken ice channels are presented for two models of the WTGB 140-fticebreaker at scales of 1:10 and 1:24, respectively. No scale effect on the resistance in level ice could be detected between the two models. From the test results an empirical predictor equation for the full scale ice resistance is derived. Predicted resistance is compared against, and found to be 25 to 40% larger than, available full-scale values estimated from thrust measurements during full-scale trials of the Great Lakes icebreaker Katmai Bay.
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    Pages: v, 25 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-3
    Language: English
    Note: COTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Model characteristics and test conditions Ice-hull coefficient of friction Measurements of ice properties Experimental procedures Data acquisition system Test program and procedures for 1:10 model Test program and procedures for 1:24 model Analysis of test results Comparison of test results between 1:10 and 1:24 models Analysis of tests in broken or brash-filled ice channels Analysis of tests in level ice Full-scale prediction of level ice resistance Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 88
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/4
    In: CRREL Report, 84-4
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice problems developed in the Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, portion of the St. Marys River because of winter navigation. Passing ships and natural influences moved ice from Soo Harbor into Little Rapids Cut in sufficient quantities to jam, cause high water in the harbor, and prevent further ship passage. After physical model and engineering studies, two ice booms with a total span of 1375 ft (419 m) with a 250-ft (76-m) navigation opening between were installed at the head of Little Rapids Cut in 1975. A modest field study program on the booms was conducted for the ensuring four winters to determine ice and boom interaction and the effects of ship passages on the system. Forces on some anchors were recorded and supplemental data were taken by local personnel. Several reports have been written about the booms' early operations. This paper presents four-year summary of the main effects of the booms on ice and ship interaction and vice versa. Throughout the four winter seasons, the small quantities of ice lost over and between the booms were manageable. Ships usually passed through the boom without influencing the boom force levels, but at time they brought about large changes. One boom needed strengthening, and artificial islands were added for upstream ice stability. Coast Guard icebreakers were also a necessary part of winter navigation in this area.
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    Pages: iv, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-4
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction St. Marys River Ice problems Remedial measures Field studies Highlights, trends, and major findings Modifications to boom Maximum forces Ship traffic Characteristics Effect of boom forces Effect on ice Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Ice boom forces
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  • 89
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/5
    In: CRREL Report, 84-5
    Description / Table of Contents: Diatom species composition and relative abundances were determined for ice cores obtained from Weddell Sea pack ice during the October-November 1981 Weddell Polynya Expedition (WEPOLEX). Ice thickness and salinity indicate that the ice was less than one year old. The predominant ice type (70%) was frazil, which has the capacity to mechanically incorporate biological material through nucleation and scavenging. Diatoms were found throughout the length of the cores. Species showed down-core fluctuations in abundance that appeared to be correlated with changes in ice type. Pennate forms were more abundant than centrics, the average ratio being 16:1. Diatom frustules with intact organic material were more abundant (5 billion cells/liter). Differences in species abundances are attributed initially to incorporation of algal cells from a temporally changing water column and subsequently to diatom reproduction within the ice. Scanning electron micrographs illustrating the morphologic characteristics of the predominant species are included.
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    Pages: iv, 46 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-5
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Taxonomic terms Appendix B: Differences in species composition and abundance in duplicate samples examined under optical and inverted light microscopes Appendix C: Morphologic descriptions and SEM micrographs
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  • 90
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/6
    In: CRREL Report, 84-6
    Description / Table of Contents: An expression relating aerosol growth to cold environmental conditions was developed. This was accomplished by solving the diffusion equation with the method of Laplace transformation. The series solution was expressed in terms of the dimensionless parameters K (ratio of vapor density over droplet surface to droplet density), ω (ratio of environmental vapor density at time zero to vapor density over droplet surface), and dimensionless time τ (ratio of product of diffusion coefficient D and time t to square of initial radius of condensation nucleus). To take into account the variation of the vapor density over the surface of an acidic condensation nucleus due to the continuous dilution of the droplet, the solution was obtained by assuming various levels of constant vapor concentration. The final expression [R/R sub o - 1 = 2.4917 x 10 to the minus 18th power) exp(0.0737 θ) (P sub RHS/25) x (100-P sub RHS) τ to the 0.9890 powder] can be used to compute the value of R once the values of initial radius R sub o, relative humidity P sub RH, percent of relative humidity at the droplet surface P sub RHS, and environmental temperature θ are given.
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    Pages: vi, 28 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-6
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature General background The problem Method of solution Results and discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix: Evaluation of rn's in equation 25
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  • 91
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/6
    In: CRREL Report, 83-6
    Description / Table of Contents: During the austral summers of 1976-77 and 1978-79, several ice cores were taken from the McMurdo Ice Shelf brine zone to investigate its thermal, physical and chemical properties. This brine zone consists of a series of super-imposed brine layers (waves) that originate at the seaward edge of the ice shelf and migrate at various rates, depending upon their age and position in the ice shelf. The brine in these layers becomes increasingly concentrated as the waves migrate inland through the permeable ice shelf firn. Chemical analyses of brine samples from the youngest (uppermost) brine wave show that it contains sea salts in normal seawater proportions. Further inland, deeper and older brine layers, though highly saline (S 〉 200 ‰), are severely depleted in SO2-4 with the SO2-4/Na+ ratio being an order of magnitude less than that of normal seawater. Analyses of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO2-4 and CI-, together with solubility and temperature considerations, show that the sulfate depletion is due to selective precipitation of mirabilite, Na2SO4*10H2O. The location of the inland boundary of brine penetration is closely related to the depth at which the brine en-counters the firn/ice transition. However, a small but measurable migration of brine is still occurring in otherwise impermeable ice; this is attributed to eutectic dissolution of the ice by concentrated brine as it moves into deeper and warmer parts of the McMurdo Ice Shelf.
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    Pages: iii, 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-6
    Language: English
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  • 92
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/7
    In: CRREL Report, 83-7
    Description / Table of Contents: Peak power generation with hydropower creates tailwater flow conditions characterized by high and low flows with abrupt transitions between these states. Flows occurring in tailwaters typically form sharp-fronted, large-amplitude waves of relatively short period. An understanding of the mechanics of downstream propagation of these waves is important both for direct application in studies of the tailwater and because of the similarity of these waves to those following a dam break. An analysis of the dynamic equations of open channel flow is used to quantify the relative importance of flow wave convection, diffusion and dispersion in rivers. The relative importance of each process is re­lated to the relative magnitude of terms in the dynamic equations, providing a physical basis for model formulation. A one-dimensional diffusion wave flow routing model, modified for tailwaters, simulates the important physical pro­cesses affecting the flow and is straightforward to apply. The model is based upon a numerical solution of the kine­matic wave equation. The “modified equation,” Hirt, and von Neumann analyses are used to gain insight into the stability and dissipative and dispersive behavior of the numerical solution, and results of these analyses are compared. A set of linear routings is used to demonstrate the dissipative and dispersive behavior predicted by the analyses and to verify the accuracy of an expression that quantifies the numerical diffusion of the model. The analyses provide a basis for selection of numerical parameters for model applications. The capability and accuracy of the model are enhanced when physical wave diffusion is balanced by numerical diffusion in the model. Maintaining the diffusion balance re­quires that the time derivative weighting parameter 0 be variable and in some instances negative. Though some amount of phase error is introduced, negative 0 values have no adverse effect upon model stability. Field studies were con­ducted to demonstrate the benefits of careful model development and analysis, and to verify the diffusion wave model for rapidly varying tailwater flow. The bed slope and roughness characteristics of the field study reaches (below Apalachia and Norris Dams) differ greatly, spanning those of a large number of rivers of practical interest. The accurate simulation of flow in both of these tailwaters attests to the soundness of both the physical basis of the model and the numerical solution technique. The field studies confirm, for the extreme case of rapidly varying flow in a mildly sloped river, that inertia has a negligible effect upon unsteady flow waves at low Froude numbers. Additionally, these studies verify that diffusion of short-period waves in rivers is generally significant.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 41 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-7
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Physical diffusion and dispersion in open channel flow Modeling approach Description of the diffusion wave flow routing model Analysis of the numerical model Modified equation and Hirt analyses of diffusion wave model von Neumann analysis of the diffusion wave model Linear case studies Accuracy considerations of the numerical solution Field studies Apalachia Dam tailwater Norris Dam tailwater Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 93
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/2
    In: CRREL Report, 83-2
    Description / Table of Contents: A numerical model of rime ice accretion on an arbitrary two-dimensional airfoil is presented. The physics of the model are described and results are presented that demonstrate, by comparison with other theoretical data and experimental data, that the model predictions are believable. Results are also presented that illustrate the capability of the model to handle time-dependent rime ice accretion, taking into account the feedback between the ice accretion and the airflow and droplet trajectory fields.
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    Pages: vi, 81 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-2
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Methodology Potential flow around an arbitrary airfoil Incompressible velocity field Droplet trajectory equation Computational procedure for trajectories Determining the point of impact Calculation of collision efficiencies Accreting an ice layer Determining the accuracy of the flow field Determining the accuracy of the trajectories Results and discussion Comparing results with and without the history term Collision efficiency of NACA 0015 airfoil at 8° attack angle Time-dependent accretion on NACA 0015 airfoil at 8° attack angle Time-dependent accretion on NACA 0015 airfoil at 0° attack angle Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A : Sample input Appendix B: Sample output Appendix C : Program listing
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  • 94
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/4
    In: CRREL Report, 83-4
    Description / Table of Contents: Measurements and analysis of seasonal ice growth and decay on Post Pond, New Hampshire, for the period 1973-1982 are presented. Observations included ice thickness measurements, examination of the various ice types contributing to the ice cover, and measurements of meteorological parameters for correlation with and modeling of the ice growth process. The overall nature of ice growth and decay (ice loss) on the Post Pond has been ascertained, the seasonal variability in the timing of freeze-up and ice-out and the duration of the ice cover have been determined, and the relationship of ice growth to freezing-degree-day (deg C) records evaluated on the basis of a Stefan conduction equation modified to deal with ice sheets covered with or free of snow. Ice growth occurs predominantly by the direct freezing of lake water, but snow ice may compose as much as 50% of the ice cover in winters with higher than average snowfall. Freeze-up leading to the establishment of a stable ice cover occurs during the 4-week period from the end of November to the end of December. Maximum seasonal ice thicknesses were from 45 to 67 cm and are generally attained during the first two weeks of March; ice-out, marking the final disappearance of ice from Post Pond, usually occurs by the third week of April. The overall rate of the ice loss is three to four times that of ice growth, and is dominated initially by melting from the top. As much as 50% of the ice may be lost in this way before the onset of any bottom melting. Final dissipation of the ice cover is usually expedited by candling resulting from preferential melting and disintegration of the ice at crystal boundaries.
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    Pages: iv, 30 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-4
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Location of study Study methods Ice thickness Ice-cover composition Surface air temperatures Freeze-up and ice-out characteristics Results and discussion Ice-growth record Freezing-degree-day records Ice-growth predictions Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Ice-growth records Appendix B: Measured and computed ice-growth curves
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  • 95
    Call number: ZSP-201-82/19
    In: CRREL Report, 82-19
    Description / Table of Contents: Under proper design and management, a forest ecosystem in the central United States should renovate municipal wastewater as long or longer than conventional agricultural systems, especially when design limitations are hydraulic loading rate, heavy metals, P and N. Forest systems require smaller buffer zones than agricultural systems and lower sprinkler pressures. Immature forests are better wastewater renovators than mature forests.
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    Pages: iv, 22 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-19
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Forest systems design Pretreatment Distribution systems Public health considerations Buffer zone requirements Toxic effects Public access Hydraulic loading Nutrient uptake and loading Introduction Nitrogen Phosphorus Trace metals Design considerations Hydraulic loading rates Nitrogen loading rates Forest management options Reforestation Existing forest ecosystems Short term rotation plantations Potential long term effects on forest ecosystems Longevity of forest systems Consequences of overloading Soil chemical, physical and hydrologic properties Productivity Summary Literature cited
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  • 96
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/16
    In: CRREL Report, 82-16
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: A dynamic-thermodynamic sea ice model which employs a viscous-plastic constitutive law has been applied to the East Greenland area. The model is run on a 40-km spatial scale at 1/4-day time steps for a 60-day period with forcing data beginning on 1 October 1979. Results tend to verify that the model predicts reasonable thicknesses and velocities within the ice margin. Thermodynamic ice growth produces excessive ice extent, however, probably due to inadequate parameterization of oceanic heat flux. Ice velocities near the free ice edge are also not well simulated, and preliminary investigations attribute this to an improper wind field in this area. A simulation which neglects ice strength, effectively damping ice interaction with itself and allowing no resistance to deformation, produces excessive ice drift toward the coast and results in unrealistic nearshore thicknesses. A dynamics-only simulation produced reasonable results, including a more realistic ice extent, but the need for proper thermodynamics is also apparent. Other simulations verify that ice import from the Arctic Basin, and ice transport due to winds and currents, were also important components in the model studies.
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    Pages: v, 40 Seiten , Illustrationen , 29 cm
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-16
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Model description and application Results and discussion Wind and current fields Standard simulation Thermodynamic simulation Zero ice strength Zero ice import Zero currents Modified currents Zero winds Dynamics simulation Summary and concluding remarks Literature cite
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  • 97
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/18
    In: CRREL Report, 82-18
    Description / Table of Contents: Snow and ice control on highways has come to rely heavily on the use of sodium chloride to maintain a trafficable surface for unimpeded movement. Empirical approaches have led to a wide range of application rates, some clearly excessive, but justified on the ground of safety and expediency. The combination of environmental degradation from the huge quantities of salt entering the environment, along with the increased cost of salt itself and the cost of its application have spurred the search for more precise knowledge of the proper amount of salt to apply to a pavement, considering a range of environmental, traffic and chemical parameters. Since controlled tests in the field are extremely difficult to make, a circular test track of three test pavements, dense-graded asphaltic concrete (DGA), open-graded asphaltic concrete (DGA) and portland cement concrete (PCC), was constructed in a coldroom. Natural snow and ice were applied to the pavements and an instrumented slipping wheel was driven over the surfaces to generate frictional forces. These forces were measured and then used to evaluate the response to salt application with time for three test temperatures. OGA had the lowest friction values at a temperature near the freezing point, but higher initial values or more rapidly increasing values than DGA and PCC following salt application at the two lower temperatures. Optimum application rate of salt on PCC and DGA lies between 100 and 300 lb/lane mile (LM), and a higher rate resulted in slight or no improvement in friction. DGA showed anomalous results: lower friction for 300 Ib/LM and higher friction for both 100 and 500 Ib/LM.
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    Pages: vi, 55 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-18
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Objectives Background Approach Influencing factors Field factors Laboratory Laboratory trafficking tests Force measurement and coefficient of friction Test tire slip Surface friction gauge Test procedure British portable tester Experimental results Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Test pavements Appendix B. Pennsylvania State University field study Appendix C. Rochester Institute of Technology field study
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  • 98
    Call number: ZSP-201-82/15
    In: CRREL Report, 82-15
    Description / Table of Contents: An experiment is described that demonstrates the balance between the ice and the unfrozen water in a frozen soil as water is removed. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is used to monitor the unfrozen water content as the soil is dehydrated by a molecular sieve material. Our results show that the unfrozen water content of a Morin clay soil remains constant until the total water content has been reduced to the point where no ice remains in the system. Once the ice is depleted, the unfrozen water content determined by NMR corresponds to the total water content of the soil determined by the weight of water removed by the molecular sieve material. Thus the validity of utilizing NMR in determining unfrozen water contents vs temperature is established.
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    Pages: 8 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-15
    Language: English
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  • 99
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/14
    In: CRREL Report, 82-14
    Description / Table of Contents: A comparative study was made of design criteria and analytical methods for footings and pile foundations on perma­frost employed in U.S.S.R. Design Code SNiP II-18-76 (1977) and U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory Special Report 80-34 developed in the early 1970's by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and published in 1980. The absence of adequate constitutive equations for frozen soils and of rigorous solutions of the boundary prob­lems has made it necessary to incorporate (explicitly or implicitly) various safety factors in the foundation analyses. From the review it is concluded that the principal difference between these practices is in the assessment and application of appropriate values of safety factors, which leads to a substantial discrepancy in the dimensions and cost of footings and pile foundations in permafrost.
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    Pages: iv, 20 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-14
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction U.S.S.R. system of standards U.S.S.R. Design Code SNiP 11-18-76 (1977) subsoils and foundations on permafrost General regulations Classification of soils Basic regulations for foundation design Analysis of subsoils and foundations Design of foundations for special soil conditions, and appendices SR 80-34 (1980) design and construction of foundations in areas of deep seasonal frost and permafrost General information Foundation design Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 100
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/13
    In: CRREL Report, 82-13
    Description / Table of Contents: Frost heave is analyzed for the common case in which some ice penetrates the soil. In this situation, heave is due to the accumulation of soil-free ice just within the frozen zone, behind a frozen fringe of finite thickness. Heat and mass transport within and across that fringe are crucial processes in the dynamics of heave. This analysis concentrates on activity within the fringe, also connecting that activity to heat and mass flows in the more frozen and unfrozen zones. Each component in a set of governing differential equations is developed from rational physics and thermodynamics, using previous experimental work. It is assumed that the soil ice grows through interconnected interstices; hence it constitutes and can move as a rigid body. When the assumption is translated into mathematical terms, it completes the governing equations. The model resulting from these considerations is a one-dimensional finite element computer program that solves the equations for arbitrary initial and boundary conditions. The model is used to simulate the heave history of a hypothetical soil column frozen unidirectionally and subjected to a surcharge. The results are gratifying in that they predict qualitatively the characteristics of numerous laboratory observations. Some questions about the completeness of the theory remain, and strict verification of the model awaits further experimentation and better parameter identification.
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    Pages: iii, 11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-13
    Language: English
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    Branch Library: AWI Library
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