ALBERT

Note: Contents 1 Introduction 2 Features of the Arctic Seas of Russia and Their Ecosystems 2.1 Brief History of the Studies 2.2 Physical Geography 2.3 Features of Geological Structure and Sedimentation 2.4 Hydrology 2.5 Hydrochemistry 2.5.1 Oxygen 2.5.2 pH 2.5.3 Alkalinity 2.5.4 Nutrients (P, N, and Si) 3 Biological Production of the Arctic Seas of Russia 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Barents Sea 3.3 White Sea 3.4. Kara Sea 3.5. Seas of the East Arctic 4 Particulate Matter and Vertical Carbon Fluxes in the Water–Bottom System 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Barents Sea 4.3 White Sea 4.4 Kara Sea 4.5 Laptev, East Siberian, and Chukchi Seas 4.6 Carbon Fluxes from the Photic Zone to the Seafloor 4.7 Conclusion 5 Horizontal Carbon Fluxes in the Land–Sea System 5.1 Riverine Runoff and Carbon Fluxes 5.1.1 Water Runoff and Particulate Matter Supply 5.1.2 Carbon runoff 5.2 Coastal Abrasion and Carbon Fluxes 5.3 Aerosols and Eolian Carbon Fluxes 5.4 Underground and Glacial Runoff 5.4.1 Underground Runoff 5.4.2 Ice and Glacial Discharge 5.4.3 Interstitial Waters 6 Carbon in the Bottom Sediments 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Brief History of the Studies of Carbon and Organic Matter Composition 6.3 Selected Features of the Polar Lithogenesis 6.4 Organo-Chemical Composition of the Sediments 6.5 Distribution and Accumulation Rate of Carbon in the Bottom Sediments 6.5.1 Contents of TOC and Ccarb in Different Types of the Sediments 6.5.2 Distribution of TOC and its Accumulation Rate in the Bottom Sediments 6.5.3 Distribution of Ccarb and its Accumulation Rates in the Bottom Sediments 7 Elements of Carbon Balance and Cycling in the Arctic Seas of Russia 7.1 Fluxes and Balance of Masses 7.2 Ecological Features of the Arctic Seas and their Influence on Carbon Cycling References Index

Note: Contents: Contributors. - Foreword by Paul J. Crutzen. - Preface by David Schimel. - Introduction. - 1 Uncertainties of Global Biogeochemical Predictions / E. D. Schulze, D. S. S. Schimel. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 The IGBP Transect Approach. - 1.2.1 The Patagonian Transect. - 1.2.2 The Australian Transect. - 1.2.3 The European Transect. - 1.3 Variability in Processes. - 1.4 Biome Approach and Functional Types. - 1.5 New Approaches to Functional Diversity. - 1.6 Conclusions. - References. - 2 Uncertainties of Global Climate Predictions / L. Bengtsson. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Observational Evidence. - 2.3 Physical Rationale. - 2.3.1 Stochastic Forcing. - 2.3.2 Solar irradiation Changes. - 2.3.3 Volcanic Effects. - 2.3.4 Anthropogenic Effects. - 2.4 Response to Forcing of the Climate System. - 2.5 Results from Climate Change Prediction Experiments. - 2.6 Summary and Conclusions. - References. - 3 Uncertainties in the Atmospheric Chemical System / G. P. Brasseur, E. A. H. Holland. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Synthetic View of Chemical Processes in the Troposphere. - 3.3 The IMAGES Model. - 3.4 Changes in the Chemical Composition of the Global Troposphere. - 3.5 Concluding Remarks. - References. - 4 Inferring Biogeochemical Sources and Sinks from Atmospheric Concentrations: General Consideration and Applications in Vegetation Canopies / M. Raupach. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Scalar and Isotopic Molar Balances. - 4.2.1 General Principles. - 4.2.2 Single-Point Eulerian Equations. - 4.2.3 Source Terms for CO2. - 4.2.4 Single-Point Lagrangian Equations. - 4.3 Inverse Methods for Inferring Scalar Sources and Sinks in Canopies. - 4.3.1 General Principles. - 4.3.2 Localized Near Field Theory. - 4.3.3 The Dispersion Matrix. - 4.3.4 Turbulent Velocity Field. - 4.3.5 Solutions for Forward, Inverse and Implicit Problems. - 4.3.6 Field Tests. - 4.4 Inverse Methods and Isotopes in Canopies. - 4.4.1 Path Integrals and Keeling Plots. - 4.4.2 Inverse Lagrangian Analysis of Isotopic Composition. - 4.5 Summary and Conclusions. - Appendix A. - Appendix B. - References. - 5 Biogeophysical Feedbacks and the Dynamics of Climate / M. Claussen. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Synergisms. - 5.2.1 High Northern Latitudes. - 5.2.2 Subtropics. - 5.3 Multiple Equilibria. - 5.4 Transient Interaction. - 5.5 Perspectives. - References. - 6 Land-Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions and Monsoon Climate Change: A Paleo-Perspective / J. E. Kutzbach, Michael T. Coe, S. P. Harrison and M. T. Coe. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Response of the Monsoon to Orbital Forcing. - 6.3 Ocean Feedbacks on the Monsoon. - 6.4 Land-Surface Feedbacks on the Monsoon. - 6.5 Synergies between the Land, Ocean and Atmosphere. - 6.6 The Role of Climate Variability. - 6.7 Final Remarks. - References. - 7 Paleobiogeochemistry / I. C. Prentice, D. Raynaud. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Methane. - 7.3 Carbon Dioxide. - 7.4 Mineral Dust Aerosol. - 7.5 Scientific Challenges Posed by the Ice-Core Records. - 7.5.1 Methane. - 7.5.2 Carbon Dioxide. - 7.5.3 Mineral Dust Aerosol. - 7.6 Towards an Integrated Research Strategy for Palaeobiogeochemistry. - References. - 8 Should Phosphorus Availability Be Constraining Moist Tropical Forest Responses to Increasing CO2 Concentrations / J. Lloyd, M. I. Bird, E. M. Veenendaal and B. Kruijt. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Phosphorus in the Soils of the Moist Tropics. - 8.2.1 Soil Organic Phosphorus. - 8.2.2 Soil Inorganic Phosphorus. - 8.2.3 Soil Carbon/Phosphorus Interactions. - 8.3 States and Fluxes of Phosphorus in Moist Tropical Forests. - 8.3.1 Inputs and Losses of Phosphorus Through Rainfall, Dry Deposition and Weathering: Losses Via Leaching. - 8.3.2 Internal Phosphorus Flows in Moist Tropical Forests. - 8.3.3 Mechanisms for Enhanced Phosphorus Uptake in Low P Soils. - 8.4 Linking the Phosphorus and Carbon Cycles. - 8.4.1 To What Extent Does Phosphorus Availability Really Limit Moist Tropical Forest Productivity?. - 8.4.2 Tropical Plant Responses to Increases in Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations. - 8.4.3 Using a Simple Model to Examine CO2/Phosphorus Interactions in Tropical Forests. - References. - 9 Trees in Grasslands: Biogeochemical Consequences of Woody Plant Expansion / S. Archer, T. W. Boutton and K. A. Hibbard. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 Woody Plant Encroachment in Grasslands and Savannas. - 9.3 The La Copita Case Study. - 9.3.1 Biogeographical and Historal Context. - 9.3.2 Herbaceous Retrogression and Soil Carbon Losses. - 9.3.3 Woody Plant Encroachment and Ecosystem Biogeochemistry. - 9.4 Degradation: Ecological Versus Socioeconomic. - 9.5 Implications for Ecosystem and Natural Resources Management. - 9.6 Summary. - References. - 10 Biogeochemistry in the Arctic: Patterns, Processes and Controls / S. Jonasson, F.S. Chapin, III and G. R. Shaver. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Tundra Organic Matter. - 10.2.1 Distribution of Organic Matter. - 10.2.2 Patterns and Controls of Organic Matter Turnover between Ecosystem Types. - 10.3 Tundra Nutrients. - 10.3.1 Nutrient Distribution and Controls of Nutrient Cycling. - 10.3.2 Nutrient Mineralization and Plant Nutrient Uptake. - 10.3.3 Are there Unaccounted Plant Sources of Limiting Nutrients?. - 10.4 Biogeochemical Responses to Experimental Ecosystem Manipulations. - 10.4.1 Applicability of Experimental Manipulations. - 10.4.2 Responses to Water Applications. - 10.4.3 Response to Nutrient Addition and Warming. - 10.4.4 Responses in Ecosystem Carbon Balance. - 10.5 Summary. - References. - 11 Evaporation in the Boreal Zone During Summer - Physics and Vegetation / F. M. Kelliher, I. Lloyd, C. Rebmann, C. Wirth and E. D. Schulze, D. D. Baldocchi. - 11.1 Introduction. - 11.2 Climate and Soil Water. - 11.3 Evaporation Theory. - 11.4 Evaporation During Summer and Rainfall. - 11.5 Forest Evaporation, Tree Life Form and Nitrogen. - 11.6 Conclusions. - References. - 12 Past and Future Forest Response to Rapid Climate Change / M.B. Davis. - 12.1 Introduction. - 12.2 Long-Distance Dispersal. - 12.3 Estimating Jump Distances. - 12.4 Interactions with Resident Vegetation - Constraints on Establishment. - 12.5 Interactions with Resident Vegetation - Competition for Light and Resulting Constraints on Population Growth. - 12.6 Conclusions. - References. - 13 Biogeochemical Models: Implicit vs. Explicit Microbiology / J. Schimel. - 13.1 Introduction. - 13.2 Microbiology in Biogeochemical Models. - 13.3 Dealing with Microbial Diversity in Models. - 13.4 Kinetic Effects of Microbial Population Size. - 13.5 Microbial Recovery from Stress. - 13.6 Conclusions. - References. - 14 The Global Soil Organic Carbon Pool / M. I. Bird, H. Santruckova, J. Lloyd and E. M. Veenendaal. - 14.1 Introduction: the Soil Carbon Pool and Global Change. - 14.2 Factors Affecting the Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon. - 14.3 Global Variations in the SOC Pool. - 14.4 The Limitations of Available Observational SOC Data. - 14.5 A Stratified Sampling Approach. - 14.6 Conclusions: Sandworld and Clayworld. - References. - 15 Plant Compounds and Their Turnover and Stability as Soil Organic Matter / G. Gleixner, C. Czimczik, C. Kramer, B. M. Lühker and M. W. I. Schmidt. - 15.1 Introduction. - 15.2 Pathways of Soil Organic Matter Formation. - 15.2.1 Formation and Decomposition of Biomass. - 15.2.2 The Influence of Environmental Conditions on SOM Formation. - 15.2.3 For

Note: Enthaltener Beitrag: Russian-German cooperation System Laptev Sea : the expedition Lena-Anabar 2003 / edited by Lutz Schirrmeister, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, Lars Kutzbach, Dirk Wagner and Dmitry Yu. Bolshiyanov , Enthaltener Beitrag: The Russian-German TRANSDRIFT IX Expedition of RV "Ivan Kireyev" 2003 / edited by Carolyn Wegner, Jens Hölemann and Vladimir Churun , Contents for "Russian-German cooperation System Laptev Sea : the expedition Lena-Anabar 2003" 1 Introduction 2 Expedition itinerary and general logistics 3 Ecological studies on permafrost soils and landscapes of the central Lena Delta6 3.1 Aims and study area 3.2 Energy and water budget of permafrost soils – long time soil survey station on Samoylov Island 3.3 Micrometeorological measurements of energy, water, and carbon exchange between Arctic tundra and the atmosphere 3.3.1 Introduction 3.3.2 Experimental set-up 3.3.3 The observation period 2003 3.3.3.1 Wind characteristics 3.3.3.2 Meteorological conditions 3.3.3.3 Turbulent fluxes 3.4 Microbial process studies on methane fluxes from permafrost environments 3.4.1 Introduction 3.4.2 Methane emission and microbial methane production 3.4.2.1 Methods and field experiments 3.4.2.2 Preliminary results 3.4.3 Process studies on methane oxidation 3.4.3.1 Introduction and objectives 3.4.3.2 Methods and field experiments 3.4.3.3 Preliminary results 3.4.4 Further investigations 3.5 Studies on recent cryogenesis 3.6 Seasonal progression of active-layer thickness dependent on microrelief 3.6.1 Introduction 3.6.2 Methods 3.6.3 First results 3.7 Air photography and surface classification of Samoylov Island 3.8 Hydrobiological investigations in the Lena Delta in summer 2003 3.8.1 Objectives 3.8.2 Research tasks 3.8.3 Material and methods 3.8.4 Preliminary results 3.9 Appendices Appendix 3-1 Collected variables determined by direct measurements within the micrometeorological campaign Samoylov, 2003 Appendix 3-2 Variables derived from calculations within the micrometeorological campaign Samoylov, 2003 Appendix 3-3 Constants required in calculations Appendix 3-4 List of samples for methane emission and microbial methane production studies Appendix 3-5 List of soil samples for methane oxidation studies 3.10 References 4 Periglacial studies around Cape Mamontov Klyk 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Geological and geographical background 4.3 Geomorphologic route along the Urasalakh River 4.3.1 Structure of Quaternary deposits along the Urasalakh River valley 4.3.2 Geomorphologic structure of the valley 4.3.3 Studies of lakes 4.4 Multi-sensor optical remote sensing of periglacial tundra landscapes 4.4.1 Research aim 4.4.2 Satellite data 4.4.3 General geomorphology in the Lena-Anabar interfluve 4.4.4 Geomorphology in the investigation area near Cape Mamontov Klyk 4.4.5 Field data 4.4.6 Tachymetric survey of periglacial surface features 4.4.7 Characterisation in situ surface properties with a soil probe at a typical elevated Edoma plain 4.5 Methane-related studies on recent tundra soils 4.5.1 Introduction and objectives 4.5.2 Methods 4.5.3 First results 4.6 The coastal section of Cape Mamontov Klyk 4.6.1 General profile 4.6.2 Cryolithological studies of permafrost deposits 4.6.2.1 The first composite profile 4.6.2.2 The second composite profile 4.6.2.3 Additional sampled subprofiles 4.6.3 Ice wedges of Cape Mamontov Klyk 4.6.3.1 Introduction 4.6.3.2 The ice wedges in the lower sands (Unit A) and in the sand-peat-complex (Unit B) 4.6.3.3 Ice wedges of the Late Pleistocene Ice Complex (Unit C) and of Holocene deposits (Unit D) 4.6.3.4 Ground ice of unknown origin 4.6.3.5 Ice wedge section west of the Nuchcha Dzhiele River mouth 4.6.3.6 General interpretation of the sampled profile 4.6.4 Geomicrobiological studies 4.6.4.1Introduction and objectives 4.6.4.2 Methods 4.6.4.3 First results: Methane content of permafrost samples 4.6.5 Paleontological studies 4.7 Studies of coastal dynamics and sub sea permafrost 4.7.1 Preliminary results of sub-sea permafrost drilling in the near-shore zone (spring 2003) 4.7.1.1 Introduction and background 4.7.1.2 Methods and preliminary results 4.7.1.3 Further investigations 4.7.2 Measurements of the coast relief in the area of Cape Mamontov Klyk and ice and sediment sampling 4.7.2.1 Introduction 4.7.2.2 Methods 4.7.2.3 Preliminary results 4.7.2.4 Further investigations 4.7.3 Shore face profiles in the area of Cape Mamontov Klyk: echo sounding, seawater and sea bottom deposits sampling 4.7.3.1 Introduction 4.7.3.2 Methods 4.7.3.3 Preliminary results 4.7.3.4 Further investigations 4.8 References 4.9 Appendices Appendix 4-1. Surface parameters for the studied geolocated sites around Cape Mamontov Klyk Appendix 4-2. Active layer data of the geo-located sites Appendix 4-3. List of soil samples (active layer); collected in the coastal lowland Appendix 4-4. List of permafrost sediment and paleosol samples for microbiological, molecular biological and biochemical analyses Appendix 4-5. List of sediment samples Appendix 4-6. List of ice and water samples Appendix 4-7. Collection of bone samples , Content for "The Russian-German TRANSDRIFT IX Expedition of RV "Ivan Kireyev" 2003" 1. Process Studies on Permafrost Dynamics in the Laptev Sea – An Introduction 2. The TRANSDRIFT IX Expedition: Process studies on submarine permafrost dynamics in the Laptev Sea 3. Motivation: Deployment of two seafloor observatories 4. Recent stability factors of submarine permafrost 4.1 Working program 4.2 Preliminary results 5. Hydrochemical structure of the water column 5.1 Working program 6. Diversity of nitrifying bacteria in submarine permafrost 6.1 Working program 6.2 Preliminary Results 7. Appendix: Station list of the TRANSDRIFT IX (IK03) expedition 8. References

Note: CONTENTS: PREFACE. - Family Portulacaceae / V. V. Zuev. - Family lllecebraceae / N. K. Kovtonyuk. - Family Caryophyllaceae / K. S. Baikov (genus Dianthus), N. V. Vlasova (genera Stellaria-Scleranthus), V.V. Zuev (genera Spergula-Agrostemma, Steris-,Otites), and N.K. Kovtonyuk (genera Coccyganthe, Gastrolychnis - Vaccaria,and Saponaria). - Family Nymphaeaceae / N. K. Kovtonyuk. - Family Ceratophyllaceae / N. K. Kovtonyuk. - Family Paeoniaceae / N. V. Friesen. - Family Ranunculaceae / N.V. Friesen (genera Caltha-Aconitum and Thalictrum) and S. A. Timokhina (genera Anemonastrum-Ranunculus, and Adonis). - New Taxa. - MAPS OF PLANT DISTRIBUTION. - INDEX OF LATIN NAMES OF PLANTS.

Note: CONTENTS: Preface. - The Editors. - Aims & Scope of Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research Book Series. - Editors and Board of Advisors of Developments in Paleoenvironmental. - Research Book Series. - Contents of Volumes 1 to 4 of the Series. - Safety Considerations and Caution. - List of Contributors. - 1. An introduction to physical and geochemical methods used in paleolimnology / William M. Last & John P. Smol. - PART 1: PHYSICAL LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY TECHNIQUES. - 2. Recognition and analysis of bedding and sediment fabric features / Alan E. S. Kemp, Jean Dean, Richard B. Pearce & Jennifer Pike. - Introduction. - Approach. - Photography and imagery of the core surface. - Penetrative imaging of the core. - Sampling wet, unconsolidated or semi-consolidated sediment. - Sediment drying and resin-embedding. - Thin section preparation. - SEM analysis of laminated sediment. - Summary. - Acknowledgements. - Appendix 1: Fluid displacive low viscosity resin embedding technique Method. - References. - 3. Image analysis techniques / Timo Saarinen & Gunilla Petterson. - Introduction. - Image analysis in paleolimnology. - Material and methods. - Future perspectives. - Conclusion. - Summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - 4. Textural analysis of lake sediments / William M. Last. - Introduction and importance of texture. - Size. - Form and fabric. - Example of application of textural studies. - Summary. - Acknowledgments. - References. - PART II. MINERALOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL INDICATOR TECHNIQUES. - 5. Inorganic geochemical methods in paleolimnology / J. F. Boyle. - History & scope. - Objectives of inorganic geochemical research. - Elemental analysis. - Identifying, characterizing, and quantifying sediment components. - Areas of contention. - Uses of inorganic geochemical data in palaeolimnology. - Future developments. - Summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - 6. Mineralogical analysis of lake sediments / William M. Last. - Introduction and importance of mineralogy. - Mineralogy versus geochemistry. - Minerals in lake sediments. - A synopsis of methods. - X-ray diffraction. - Light microscopy. - Future developments. - Summary. - Acknowledgments. - References. - 7. Fluid inclusions in paleolimnological studies of chemical sediments / Tim Lowenstein & Sean T. Brennan. - Introduction. - Distinguishing primary from secondary features in chemical sediments. - Fluid inclusions in ancient chemical sediments. - Fluid inclusion liquid-vapor homogenization temperatures: paleolake temperatures. - Fluid inclusion freezing-melting behavior: paleolake chemical compositions. - Stable isotopes (δD, δ18O) from fluid inclusion waters. - Major element chemistry of fluid inclusions: paleolake water compositions. - Summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - 8. Application of mineral magnetic techniques to paleolimnology / Per Sandgren & Ian Snowball. - Introduction. - A brief history of the application of mineral magnetic measurements to lake sediments. - Magnetic properties. - Magnetic hysteresis. - Anhysteretic remanent magnetisation (ARM). - Sample collection and preparation. - Sequence of measurements. - Hysteresis curves. - Summary. - References. - 9. Sediment organic matter / Philip A. Meyers & Jane L. Teranes. - Introduction. - Paleolimnological proxies. - Summary. - Acknowledgments. - References. - 10. Paleolimnological methods and applications for persistent organic pollutants / Jules M. Blais & Derek C. G. Muir. - Introduction. - Advances in extraction and quantitative analytical techniques for POPs in sediment. - Transfer processes in lakes. - Summary. - Acknowledgments. - References. - 11. Near-Infrared spectrometry (NIRS) in paleolimnology / Tom Korsman, Ingemar Renberg, Eigil Dabakk & Mats B. Nilsson. - Introduction. - Theory. - Instrumentation. - NIR analysis of sediment samples. - Uses of NIRS in palaeolimnology. - Future perspectives. - Summary. - References. - 12. Fly-ash particles / Neil Rose. - Introduction. - A brief history. - Methods of extraction and enumeration. - Temporal distribution. - Spatial distribution. - Source apportionment. - The future. - Summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - PART III: STABLE ISOTOPE TECHNIQUES. - 13. Application of stable isotope techniques to inorganic and biogenic carbonates / Emi lto. - Introduction. - Nomenclature and systematics. - δ18O of lake-water. - Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios of lake-water. - δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). - Carbonates in lake-sediments. - Mollusks. - Ostracodes. - Charaphytes. - Isotope analysis. - Preparation of carbonate samples for isotope analysis. - Conclusions. - Summary. - Acknowledgments. - References. - 14. Carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of lake sediment cellulose: methods and applications / Brent B. Wolfe, Thomas W. D. Edwards, Richard J. Elgood & Kristina R. M. Beuning. - Introduction. - Stable isotope tracers in lake waters - 18O, 2 H,13CHistorical development. - Methods. - Key criteria for paleohydrologic reconstruction. - Applications. - Future research directions. - Summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - 15. Nitrogen isotopes in palaeolimnology / Michael R. Talbot. - Introduction. - Nitrogen in lakes: forms and distribution. - Nitrogen isotopes. - Nitrogen isotope studies in palaeolimnology: sampling and measurement. - Some examples. - Closing remarks. - Summary. - Acknowledgments. - References. - Glossary, acronyms and abbreviations. - Index.

Note: Contents: Foreword. - Acknowledgements. - List of abbreviations. - List of variables. - 1 Historical overview of numerical weather prediction. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Early developments. - 1.3 Primitive equations, global and regional models, and nonhydrostatic models. - 1.4 Data assimilation: determination of the initial conditions for the computer forecasts. - 1.5 Operational NWP and the evolution of forecast skill. - 1.6 Nonhydrostatic mesoscale models. - 1.7 Weather predictability, ensemble forecasting, and seasonal to interannual prediction. - 1.8 The future. - 2 The continuous equations. - 2.1 Governing equations. - 2.2 Atmospheric equations of motion on spherical coordinates. - 2.3 Basic wave oscillations in the atmosphere. - 2.4 Filtering approximations. - 2.5 Shallow water equations, quasi-geostrophic filtering, and filtering of inertia-gravity waves. - 2.6 Primitive equations and vertical coordinates. - 3. Numerical discretization of the equations of motion. - 3.1 Classification of partial differential equations (PDEs). - 3.2 Initial value problems: numerical solution. - 3.3 Space discretization methods. - 3.4 Boundary value problems. - 3.5 Lateral boundary conditions for regional models. - 4 Introduction to the parameterization of subgrid-scale physical processes. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Subgrid-scale processes and Reynolds averaging. - 4.3 Overview of model parameterizations. - 5 Data assimilation. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Empirical analysis schemes. - 5.3 Introduction to least squares methods. - 5.4 Multivariate statistical data assimilation methods. - 5.5 3D-Var, the physical space analysis scheme (PSAS), and their relation to OI. - 5.6 Advanced data assimilation methods with evolving forecast error covariance. - 5.7 Dynamical and physical balance in the initial conditions. - 5.8 Quality control of observations. - 6 Atmospheric predictability and ensemble forecasting. - 6.1 Introduction to atmospheric predictability. - 6.2 Brief review of fundamental concepts about chaotic systems. - 6.3 Tangent linear model, ad joint model, singular vectors, and Lyapunov vectors. - 6.4 Ensemble forecasting: early studies. - 6.5 Operational ensemble forecasting methods. - 6.6 Growth rate errors and the limit of predictability in mid-latitudes and in the tropics. - 6.7 The role of the oceans and land in monthly, seasonal, and interannual predictability. - 6.8 Decadal variability and climate change. - Appendix A The early history of NWP. - Appcndix B Coding and checking the tangent linear and the adjoint models. - Appendix C Post-processing of numerical model output to obtain station weather forecasts. - References. - Index.

Note: Contents Acknowledgements Editor's Preface Translator's Preface Preface to Volume V of the Russian Edition, Salicaceae-Portulacaceae Preface to Volume VI of the Russian Edition, Caryophyllaceae-Ranunculaceae Abbreviations Used in Citing Floristic and Systematic Literature FAMILY XX / Salicaceae — Willow Family GENUS 1 / Populus - Poplar GENUS 2 / Chosenia - Chosenia GENUS 3 / Salix - Willow FAMILY XXI / Betulaceae — Birch Family GENUS 1 / Betula - Birch GENUS 2 / Alnaster - Green Alder GENUS 3 / Alnus - Alder FAMILY XXII / Urticaceae — Nettle Family GENUS 1 / Urtica - Nettle FAMILY XXIII / Polygonaceae — Buckwheat Family GENUS 1 / Oxyria - Mountain Sorrel GENUS 2 / Rumex - Dock, Sorrel GENUS 3 / Rheum - Rhubarb GENUS 4 / Koenigia - Koenigia GENUS 5 / Polygonum - Knotweed, Smartweed FAMILY XXIV / Chenopodiaceae — Goosefoot Family GENUS 1 / Chenopodium - Goosefoot GENUS 2 / Monolepis - Monolepis GENUS 3 / Atriplex - Orache GENUS 4 / Corispermum - Bugseed FAMILY XXV / Portulacaceae — Purslane Family GENUS 1 / Claytonia - Spring Beauty GENUS 2 / Montia - Blinks FAMILY XXVI / Caryophyllaceae — Pink Family GENUS 1 / Stellaria - Chickweed, Stitchwort GENUS 2 / Cerastium - Mouse-ear Chickweed GENUS 3 / Sagina - Pearlwort GENUS 4 / Minuartia - Minuartia GENUS 5 / Honkenya - Sea Sandwort GENUS 6 / Arenaria - Sandwort GENUS 7 / Moehringia - Groue Sandwort GENUS 8 / Merckia - Mercfo'a GENUS 9 / Spergula - Corn Spurry GENUS 10 / Spergularia - Sand Spurry GENUS 11 / Agrostemma - Corn Cockle GENUS 12 / Viscaria - Catchfly GENUS 13 / Silene - Campion GENUS 14 / Lychnis - Lychnis GENUS 15 / Coronaria - Ragged Robin GENUS 16 / Gastrolychnis - Gastrolychnis GENUS 17 / Gypsophila - Baby's-breath GENUS 18 / Dianthus - Pink FAMILY XXVII / Faeoniaceae — Peony Family GENUS 1 /Paeonia - Peony FAMILY XXVIII / Ranunculaceae — Buttercup Family GENUS 1 / Caltha - Marsh Marigold GENUS 2 / Trollius - Globe Flower GENUS 2a / Coptis - Goldthread GENUS 3 / Aquilegia - Columbine GENUS 4 / Delphinium - Larkspur GENUS 5 / Aconitum - Monkshood GENUS 6 7 Anemone - Anemone GENUS 7 / Pulsatilla - Pasque Flower GENUS 8 / Atragene - Alpine Clematis GENUS 9 / Oxygraphis - Oxygraphis GENUS 10 / Beckwithia - Beckwithia GENUS 11 / Batrachium - White Water Crowfoot GENUS 12 / Ranunculus - Buttercup GENUS 13 / Thalictrum - Meadow Rue APPENDIX I / Summary of Data on the Geographical Distribution of Vascular Plants of the Soviet Arctic TABLE 5 / Distribution of Vascular Plants of the Soviet Arctic, Salicaceae-Ranunculaceae Index of Plant Names