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  • Books  (41)
  • Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory  (24)
  • New York : Academic Press  (17)
  • English  (41)
  • German
  • Swedish
  • 1960-1964  (41)
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  • Books  (41)
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  • English  (41)
  • German
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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Perturbation methods in fluid mechanics (1964)
    New York : Academic Press
    Details Availability
    Call number: 7828
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: x, 229 S.
    ISBN: 0127130500
    Series Statement: Applied mathematics and mechanics 8
    Language: English
    Location: Upper compact magazine
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Studies of the age hardening of processed snow (1962)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
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    Call number: ZSP-202-99
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 99
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: A study of how age hardening affects the various mechanical properties of processed snow was made. A description of how the age hardening process is affected by the variables of density, temperature, grain size, and shape is given. An empirical equation relating creep rate to stress, age, and density was obtained. The study also shows that the various mechanical properties are related to age by an exponential function.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 99
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5900
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimental facilities Experimental in-place measurements Density and homogeneity of processed snow Ram hardness Temperature measurements Mechanical properties Unconfined compressive strength Stress-strain relationships in unconfined compress ion Creep in unconfined compression Tensile strength Discussion of results References
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  • 3
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Formation of lake ice in a temperate climate (1963)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-107
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 107
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The formation of lake ice was studied during the winter of 1956-57 at Post Pond, Lyme, N. H. Tabular, columnar, granular, and crenulate textures of 36 blocks of ice observed are discussed in terms of relative growth velocity and shown in a classification chart. Ice structures are characterized by Forel striations, Tyndall figures, bubbles and strain shadows. Average crystal areas increased with ice thickness, the rate of increase being greater toward lake center, and ceased to enlarge when in a continuous bubble layer. The lake-ice sheet grew both from top and bottom, .downward growth resulting from crystals in a favorable vertical orientation of a-axes and upward growth coming about by water flowing on the original upper ice surface and freezing. Exception to this type of growth was found in the lake area which froze first, where individual crystal areas were larger at the surface and there was no upper surface ice accretion. Fabric diagrams of ice outside the anomolous area show a change of optic axis orientation from a high percentage of c-axes vertical near the surface to a high percentage horizontal at the bottom.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 22, A2, B1 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 107
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5847
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Description of the lake Cli rna te of the lake Methods of study Ice textures Crystal size Ice structures Crystal fabric studies Growth of an ice sheet References Appendix A: Weather data Appendix B: Sample data
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  • 4
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Theory of densification of dry snow on high polar glaciers, II (1962)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-108
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 108
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The theory of snow densification is further developed on the basis of an exponential relation between viscosity and density. A linear relation between load-stress and strain rate is not valid for high stresses, and is replaced by a hyperbolic sine function. An empirical function is given for the temperature cycle correction. Two equations are derived for calculating depth-density curves with computers, and a simplified one for use with desk calculators. Instructions are given for determination of function parameters from field data. Four depth-density curves for Greenland and Antarctic locations are computed and graphed to show that the theory is useful.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 18, A3, B5 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 108
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5846
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Notation Stress analysis Analysis of densification process Non-Newtonian densification Equation for hyperbolic sine densification law Determination of parameters Discussion Glaciological engineering aspects References Appendix A: Example of calculation Appendix B: Snow density profiles
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  • 5
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Reflection and transmission coefficients at the interface ice-solid (1964)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
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    Call number: ZSP-202-110
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 110
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Nafe's (1957) presentation of reflection and transmission coefficients at a solid-solid interface was used to compute tables for the case of ice in contact with another solid at a plane interface. Energy ratios of all the combinations of reflected and refracted plane P and S waves were computed for 30 different cases of the second solid. A compressional velocity of 3.6 km/sec, a density of 0.9 g/cm^3, and a value of 1/3 for Poisson's ratio were assumed for the ice. For the other solid, the velocity ranged from 1.2 to 6.0 km/sec, the density from 1.5 to 3.0 g/cm^3, and Poisson's ratio from 0 to 1/3. The computations were carried out with an electronic computer, and the results are presented graphically.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 110
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5835
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Definitions Computation Results
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  • 6
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Visual resolution and optical scintillation over snow, ice, and frozen ground; Part I (1964)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
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    Call number: ZSP-202-111,1
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 111,1
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Optical scintillation, visual resolution, and wind and temperature profiles were measured over snow, ice and frozen ground. The data were analyzed to determine relationships between (1) scintillation and visual resolution and (2) scintillation and meteorological and surface conditions. The experimental results included (1) estimates of the limit of visual resolution, (2) telephotometer measurements of the apparent fluctuations in brightness (scintillation) of an artificial light source, and (3) measurements of wind direction and of the vertical distributions of wind speed and temperature. The optical path was 543 m long and 1.5 m above uniform horizontal surfaces. All scintillation and meteorological data are given in an appendix. The principal results of the analysis showed that for turbulent flow in stable stratification over snow (1) visual resolution deteriorated systematically as scintillation increased in intensity and (2) scintilliation intensity increased with increase in vertical temperature gradient. Scintilliation was at a minimum in the absence of thermal stratification and at a maximum (in very stable thermal stratification) during the sudden transition from laminar to turbulent flow. For a given temperature gradient, scintilliation increased with increase in wind speed. When wind and temperature gradients were combined in terms of the Richardson number and related to scintilliation, the data obtained over snow indicated a critical Richardson number of about 0.35. Scintilliation power spectra for eight periods revealed characteristics that could be related to visual resolution, the Richardson number and the mean wind speed component normal to the optical path. NOTE: This file is large. Allow your browser several minutes to download the file.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 32, A17, B44 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 111,1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5837
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Page Summary Introduction The problem Previous work Plan of the investigation Conclusions Visual resolution and scintillation Visual resolution and wind, temperature, and surface conditions Visual resolution and height and length of optical path Results Measurements Analysis and discussion Visual resolution and scintillation relationships Scintillation and micrometeorological parameters Index of refraction fluctuations Scintillation and the temperature profile Scintillation and average wind speed Combined effects of wind speed and temperature gradient Scintillation and surface roughness Scintillation power spectra Scintillation and path length References Appendix A: Equipment and procedures Appendix B: Micrometeorological and scintillation data
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  • 7
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Age hardening of snow at the South Pole (1964)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
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    Call number: ZSP-202-112
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 112
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The age hardening of artificially and naturally compacted snow has been investigated at the South Pole. Results show that the age-hardening process is greatly retarded at low temperatures. Artificially compacted samples of density 0.55 g/cm^3 attained a compressive strength of less than 3.0 kg/cm^2 after one year's aging at -49°C. Exposure to solar radiation accelerated the age hardening. Irradiated samples attained a strength of 6.0 kg/cm^2 after 100 hr, increasing to a virtual maximum of 8.0 kg/cm^2 at 600 hr. Compressive strengths increased witha decrease in snow-particle size and with an increasing angularity of the particles. Below 3 m the strength of naturally compacted snow was found to increase rapidly with an increase in density. Naturally compacted snow of density 0.55 g/cm^3 possessed considerably greater strength than any of the age-hardened samples of artificially compacted snow of the same density. Thin-section studies show that age hardening can be correlated with the formation and growth of intergranular bonds, and that bond growth falls off rapidly with decreasing temperature. In view of the low strength found in both naturally and artificially compacted snow at the South Pole, "cut-and-cover" undersnow camp construction may not prove practical at the South Pole.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 19, A6 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 112
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5841
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Previous work Experimental methods Experimental results Series A Series B Series C Series D Series E Discussion Conclusions References Appendix A
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  • 8
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Climatological means and extremes on the Greenland ice sheet (1961)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
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    Call number: ZSP-202-78
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 78
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: This climatological study makes use of the temperature, wind, and precipitation records from 12 stations on the Greenland Ice Sheet. Many of these stations were not in operation for concurrent periods and records for a year or more were available from only a few of them. The mean, mean maximum, mean minimum, absolute maximum, and absolute minimum temperatures were computed from the records. The highest absolute maximum temperature reported was 44°F at Mint Julep in southwestern Greenland. The lowest absolute minimum was -94°F at Northice in northern Greenland. This study shows that the prevailing wind usually was from the direction of the high central area of the ice sheet. Stations on the west slope had prevailing winds with an easterly component whereas stations on the east slope had prevailing winds with a westerly component. The wind speed varied from 0 to approximately 60 kt, but was predominantly in the 0 to 20 kt range. At some of the stations on the ice sheet, precipitation was measured in precipitation gages, at others it was measured as surface accumulation. At many locations the annual accumulation was determined from stratigraphic studies of the snow profile. The number of days on which snow occurred, expressed as percent of total days of observation, was used as an index to the amount of snowfall. The mean annual accumulation shows precipitation to be heavier on the west slope of the ice sheet than in other areas. The precipitation records at Northice indicate that the annual precipitation in that part of northern Greenland may be very light. The means for the various climatological parameters covered in this study are presented in tables and on a climatological map which presents a cartographic picture of the overall climatology of the Greenland Ice Sheet.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 13, A5, B4 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 78
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5885
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Air temperature Wind direction and speed Precipitation and accumulation Climatological map for the Greenland Ice Sheet Appendix A: Temperature data Appendix B: Precipitation data
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  • 9
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    Series available for loan
    Studies of salt ice; I: the tensile strength of NaCl ice (1961)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-80
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 80
    Description / Table of Contents: From the Introduction: During the last few years, there has been an increased interest in developing a rational explanation for the rather considerable variation in such bulk properties of sea ice as its strength, density, thermal conductivity, latent heat of melting, and coefficient of thermal expansion. Of these properties, sea-ice strength has received by far the most attention for practical reasons.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 30, A6, B10, C2, D5 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 80
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5889
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimentation Method of growing salt ice Strength test procedures Bulk properties of salt ice Phase relations Density and air content Strength results Strength of fresh-water ice Strength of NaCl ice as a function of brine volume Strength of NaCl· 2H2O ice as a function of the relative volume of solid salt Effect of thermal history on salt-ice strength Phase hysteresis Geometric hysteresis Effect of short-term cooling on the strength of fresh-water and NaCl·2H2O ice Effect of the volume of inclosed air on the strength of salt ice Conclusions NaCl ice Sea ice References Appendix A: Volume of brine and NaCl· 2H2O in NaCl ice as a function of salinity and temperature Appendix B: Ring test results Normal test sequences Appendix C: Ring test results Hysteresis test sequences Appendix .b: Ring test results Thermal history test sequences
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  • 10
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    The frost behavior of soils : laboratory and field data for a new concept; Part I: vertical sorting (1961)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
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    Call number: ZSP-202-85,1
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 85,1
    In: The frost behavior of soils : laboratory and field data for a new concept, Part I
    Description / Table of Contents: Partial summary: Laboratory experiments have been performed with special cabinets in which soil samples, under complete saturation and without surcharges, were subjected to alternate freezing and thawing cycles. Tests included series with both freezing and thawing from the top and with freezing from the bottom and thawing from the top. The soil materials used were well-graded, sandy gravels, the finest one with 14% finer than no. 200 mesh (0. 074 mm).
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 22 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 85,1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5895
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction to the problem Laboratory data Preliminary experiments Vertical sorting and volume changes produced by cyclic freeze -thaw Volume increase by sorting in straight graded samples without freezing and thawing Field data Vertical sorting of the active layer Correlation between laboratory and field data Conclusion and recommendations References
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