ALBERT

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Origin of debris Volume, magnitude Types of debris Hazards of the debris Recommended measures to counteract log jamming Conclusions and recommendations Future work Epilogue Selected bibliography Appendix: Additional photographs of Chena River debris

Note: Contents: Abstract Preface Summary Notation Scope of the study Part I. Energy balance computations Introduction The experimental sites Instrumentation Theoretical Radiation heat flow Hr Sensible heat flux Hc and latent heat flux He The application of the heat flow model Results and discussion Conclusions and recommendations Part II. Comparison of water runoff computations and measurements Introduction The runoff model The unsaturated zone The saturated layer The field study Instrumentation of the plots Descriptive hydrology Application of the runoff model The unsaturated zone The saturated zone Discussion and conclusions Comparison of predicted and observed hydrographs Factors affecting results Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS: Flight plan 1996. - C130 schedule. - NGRIP 1996 Schedule. - Overview of 1996 schedule. - Camp Layout. - Buildings. - Number of field participants. - NGRIP 1996 Sub programs. - CARDS Radar test. - KMS Elevation measurements. - SITREP. - Terms of Reference during the field operation. - Accidents and Illness. - Mail to NGRIP participants. - Cargo shipments to Greenland. - Personnel transport 1996. - Booze and drugs. - Vacation in Greenland. - Shipping boxes. - Welcome to the NGRIP camp. - List of participants. - NGRIP camp load. - Kangerlussuaq and Surrounding Area. - Thule Air Base, Greenland, Base Operations. - Other useful information for Thule passengers. - Uplift 1996. - Typical specs for LC-130 and Twin Otter. - Useful data. - Coordination of C-130 in Kangerlussuaq. - Aviation weather reports. - Typical communication plan. - Summary of frequencies used in Greenland. - Phonetic alphabet. - Personal field equipment. - Map of GRIP camp. - NGRIP, Maps of one and two line set up. - NGRIP trenches. - Map of Greenland. - Map of north Greenland. - Map of ice divide north of GRIP. - Map of magnetic declination in Greenland. - Positions in Greenland. - Relevant distances and directions. - 1996 Twin Otter hours. - List of NGRIP addresses.

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift , Zusammenfassung und Inhaltsverzeichnis in englischer Sprache

Note: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research of the Federal Republic of Germany. - Introduction. - Station. - Field Activities 1974-1979. - Planned Activities 1979/80. - References.

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS: Abstract. - Acknowledgments. - List of Figures. - List of Plates. - List of Tables. - Value of Microparticle Studies. - Reasons for Variations in Particle Concentration. - Laboratory Techniques. - Particle Concentration and Size Distribution. - Sample Preparation. - Contamination. - Particle Counters. - Laboratory Procedures. - Particle Composition. - Sample Preparation. - Types of Particles and Their Seasonal Variation. - Particle Types. - Variations of Particle Concentrations. - Antarctic Peninsula. - Marie Byrd Land. - Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peru. - Annual Layers in Deep Ice Cores. - Chronologies for the Byrd and Camp Century Deep Ice Cores. - The Byrd Station Deep Ice Core. - Age Calculation. - Discussion. - The Camp Century Deep Ice Core. - Vertical Strain Rates. - Age Calculation. - Discussion. - Morphology and Elemental Composition of Microparticles. - Data Analysis. - Results. - Discussion. - The Relationships Among Dust, Oxygen Isotopes and Climate. - Microparticle Variations Over Millennial Time Invervals. - Dust, Oxygen Isotopes and Climate. - Discussion. - Is There A Relationship Between Volcanic Activity and Climatic Change?. - General. - Theory. - Supportive Evidence. - Cycles. - Discussion. - Suggestions for Future Work. - Conclusions. - References. - Appendix A. - Appendix B. - Appendix C. - Appendix D.

Note: Mit deutscher Zusammenfassung

Note: Contents: 1. Personnel at DC. - 2. Summary timetable of events for EPICA personnel. - 3. Transport to/from DC for EPICA personnel. - 4. Building period. - 5. Scientific activity - equipment layout. - 6. Science processing line. - 7. Results from this season. - 8. General comments on communications, logistics and general status of the camp. - 9. Tasks that EPICA personnel need to do next season. - 10. Recommendations for 1998/99. - 11. Acknowledgements.

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Objective and procedures Materials and methods Subsurface radar Model facility Results Isolated disturbances-surface and raised analog profiles Multiple disturbances Discussion and conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) units of measurement. Introduction Background Objectives Project history Approach Aircraft imagery LANDSAT-1 imagery NOAA-2 and -3 satellite imagery Ground truth data Imagery and ground truth data analysis Physical and cultural setting Geography Geology Climate Hydrology Local industry and population density Sources of estuarine pollution Results and discussion Coastal configuration Bathymetry Tides Asymmetry of tidal flow/duration across inlet Suspended sediment distribution and circulation Sea ice Tidal flushing characteristics Summary and conclusions Applications Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. RS-14 infrared scanner imagery

Note: CONTENTS Membership of the SCAR Group of Specialists (EAMREA) Preface Preface to 1977 unpublished report of the SCAR Group of Specialists (EAMREA) 1. Introduction 1.1 Terms of reference 1.2 Environmental impact statements 2. Assessment of mineral resource potential in Antarctica 3. Present knowledge of mineral occurrences and mineral resources of Antarctica 3.1 Assessment of onshore mineral resource potential 3.2 Estimation of regional mineral potential Geological factors Logistic factors Economic factors 3.3 Commodity classification Local consumption Metallic minerals Non-metallic minerals Fossil fuels (excluding petroleum) Geothermal energy Minerals for export Non-metallic minerals and fossil fuels Metallic minerals 3.4 Probable areas of Antarctica for onshore mineral exploration and exploitation 3.5 Offshore mineral potential of Antarctica 3.6 The continental shelf of Antarctica as a source of hydrocarbons 3.7 Problems of exploration and exploitation for hydrocarbons in the southern oceans 3.8 Economic feasibility of extracting hydrocarbons 3.9 Non-fuel mineral resource potential of the southern oceans Manganese nodules Icebergs as a fresh water resource 4. Possible environmental effects 4.1 Special features of the Antarctic environment Temperatures Winds Inversion layers The southern oceans The continental shelf Ice features Beaches Pack ice Forecasting the weather 4.2 Environmental threats to exploitable living resources Economic factors Threats to economically important species Threats to survival of species Threats to special ecosystems, habitats and communities Special habitats and communities Unique sites Summary 4.3 Impacts on the environment Oil extraction Oil extraction problems Ore mining Construction effects Terrestrial installations Sea floor installations Treatment of ores and oil Beneficiation processes Local energy sources Consequences of increased human activity Introduction of biological materials Towing of icebergs 4.4 Extent of effects Spatial effects Local effects Large-scale effects Scale of environmental effects: potential inputs Scale of environmental effects: potential consequences Temporal effects Transient effects Persistent effects 4.5 Communities and systems needing special protection Soils Abiotic soils Dry soils Maritime Antarctic soils Frozen soils Lakes and streams Terrestrial vegetation Terrestrial fauna 4.6 Impacts beyond the Antarctic Climatic change from industrial activities Air borne pollution from Antarctica Water borne pollution from Antarctica 5. Further research activities 5.1 Gaps in knowledge Environment Soils Terrestrial biota Climate Meteorology Oceanography Marine biology 5.2 Research needs Biodegradability of oil Controlled oil spills Chemical effects Experimental perturbations Controlled ecosystem experiments Surveys 5.3 Special protective measures Industrial controls Improved weather forecasting Legislative controls Routine monitoring Appendices A Recommendation VIII-14 of the Eighth Antarctic Treaty Meeting B SCAR Reponse to Recommendation VIII-14, including terms of reference of the EAMREA Group of Specialists References

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Outline of analysis Plume analysis Heat transfer analysis Temperature of impinging plume Heat transfer coefficient Melting of the ice cover Simulation example Thermal reserve analysis Literature cited Appendix

Note: The field experiments were continued to estimate convective storm particulate scavenging efficiency in proximity to the St. Louis, Missouri urban-industrial complex. Complementary studies of the urban aerosol characterization, source strength, and removal processes were also studied. The 1975 field effort shifted emphasis from the immediate St. Louis area to the Alton-Wood River industrial complex. Along with the change in size and configuration of the network, there were increases in the numbers of most types of samplers. The new network yielded the following types of samples for analysis and interpretation: 1065 total rain samples from 85 sites; 68 sequential rainwater samples from 2 locations; 272 wet/dry samples from 7 locations; 216 air filter samples from 7 locations; 36 air filter samples from aircraft; and raindrop spectrometer data from 11 sites for the period 17 June-18 August. The analysis procedures require that all water samples undergo filtering for separate analyses of soluble and insoluble fractions of the elemental concentrations. This data collection effort provided a record number of samples for chemical analysis. Approximately 4000 pibals and over 370 radiosondes were released in the operational period, providing wind and thermodynamic data on 33 days. Aircraft missions were flown on 24 days, with one air tracer release of cesium on 19 July 1975. The status of the analysis of all types of data is described.

Note: CONTENTS Preface CONFERENCE SUMMARY / A. L. Fymat TEMPERATURE SOUNDING INVERSION METHODS AND THE OBSOLESCENCE OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS FOR SPECIFYING PHYSICAL OBSERVABLES / J. I. F. King SOME EXPERIMENTS ON THE EFFECT OF REMOTE SOUNDING TEMPERATURES UPON WEATHER FORECASTING / M. Halem, M. Ghil and R. Atlas NONLINEAR INVERSION: THEORY AND PRAXIS / J. I. F. King A NEW TREATMENT OF THE BOUNDARY TERM IN THE INVERSION OF THE RADIATIVE TRANSFER EQUATION / H. E. Fleming and D. S. Crosby EVALUATION OF ERRORS IN DERIVED CLEAR COLUMN RADIANCES / L. McMillin RECURSIVE FILTERING OF RADIANCE DATA FROM NIMBUS-E SATELLITE / I. A. Ismail DEPENDENCE OF THE TEMPERATURE DEVIATION OF THE OCEAN SURFACE AS MEASURED BY SATELLITE ON THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF AEROSOLS / T. Takashima THE DETERMINATION OF ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE PROFILES FROM INFRARED INTERFEROMETER MEASUREMENTS ON BOARD OF METEOR-25 / V. A. Golovko and D. Spänkuch COMPOSITION SOUNDING GLOBAL TOTAL OZONE DETERMINATION FROM NIMBUS 4 BUV SPACECRAFT DATA / A. J. Fleig, R. S. Fraser, B. W. Guenther, D. F. Heath, E. Hilsenrath, L. V. Novak, V. G. Kaveeshwar, R. D. McPeters, C. L. Mateer and A. G. Miller INFORMATION CONTENT AND RESULTS OF NON-LINEAR INVERSION OF NIMBUS 6 LIMB RADIANCE INVERSION RADIOMETER DATA / J. C. Gille and P. L. Bailey AN APPROXIMATE METHOD FOR NONLINEAR INVERSION OF LIMB RADIANCE OBSERVATIONS / P. L. Bailey and J. C. Gille A NONLINEAR TECHNIQUE FOR INVERTING LIMB ABSORPTION PROFILES / J. D. Mill and S. R. Drayson SENSITIVITY OF THE INVERSION OF LIMB RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS IN THE 6.3μm WATER VAPOR BAND / H. Fischer AN ANALYSIS OF NIMBUS-V THIR 6-7 μm OBSERVATIONS OVER THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA / M. Roulleau MICROWAVE GROUND-BASED DETERMINATION OF ATMOSPHERIC TOTAL WATER CONTENT / G. G. Shchukin and L. P. Bobylev A SOLAR HETERODYNE RADIOMETER FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE ALTITUDINAL PROFILES OF ATMOSPHERIC GASES / V. I. Astakhov, N. V. Vanin, V. V. Galaktionov, V. M. Dorokhov, V. M. Zakharovand V. U. Khattatov PASSIVE REMOTE SENSING IN THE PRESENCE OF MULTIPLE SCATTERING: A NUMERICAL INVERSION METHOD / B. R. Barkstrom PARTICULATE SOUNDING RECONSTRUCTING THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF SPHERICAL PARTICLES FROM ANGULAR FORWARD SCATTERING DATA / A. L. Fymat and K. D. Mease COMPLEX REFRACTIVE INDEX OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS: A SIZE DISTRIBUTION INDEPENDENT RETRIEVAL APPROACH USING MULTISPECTRAL TRANSMISSION RATIOS / A. L. Fymat and K. D. Mease THE METHOD OF MULTIFREQUENCY LASER SOUNDING OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL MICROSTRUCTURE / V. E. Zuev and I. E. Naats LASER SOUNDING OF THE ATMOSPHERE USING AEROSOL SCATTERING / V. E. Zuev STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOL LAYERS MONITORED BY LIDAR / R. Reiter, H. Jaeger, W. Carnuth and M. Littfass LIDAR DETECTION OF ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINANTS BY RAMAN SCATTERING AND FLUORESCENCE SPECTRA / V. M. Zakharov and V. A. Torgovichev REMOTE SENSING OF CLOUD PROPERTIES FROM NIMBUS 5 / D. J. McCleese THE ATMOSPHERIC BLURRING EFFECT OF REMOTELY SENSED EARTH IMAGERY / S. Ueno, Y. Haba, Y. Kawata, T. Kusaka and Y. Terashita Author Index Subject Index

Note: Introduction / Charles E. Chapin and Wolfgang E. Elston References cited Ash-flow magmatism / Robert L. Smith Abstract Introduction Volumes of ash-flow sheets Size of magma chambers Zoned magma chambers Crater Lake, Oregon Bandelier Tuff, New Mexico SiO₂ and phenocryst variation in ash-flow sheets Periodicity-volume-composition relationships Discussion of model Summary and conclusions Acknowledgments References cited Cooling units and composite sheets in relation to caldera structure / Robert L. Christiansen Abstract Introduction Examples of ash-flow-caldera relations Mazama eruption and Crater Lake caldera Bandelier Tuff and Valles-Toledo calderas Thirsty Canyon Tuff and Black Mountain caldera Timber Mountain-Oasis Valley caldera complex Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field General pattern of ash-flow-caldera relations Acknowledgments References cited The Bishop Tuff: Evidence for the origin of compositional zonation in silicic magma chambers / Wes Hildreth Abstract Introduction Eruptive sequence Major units Units of uncertain correlation Summary of eruptive sequence Eruptive temperatures Accuracy and precision of T-fₒ₂ data Mineralogy Fe-Ti oxides Quartz Sanidine Plagioclase Biotite Pyroxenes Allanite Zircon Apatite Pyrrhotite Whole-rock chemistry Major elements Trace elements Compositional gaps Origin of the compositional zonation Crystal settling Assimilation Basaltic underplating Liquid immiscibility Progressive partial melting Trace elements during partial melting Convection-driven thermogravitational diffusion Lines of evidence Concluding remarks Acknowledgments References cited Rare-earth-element content of some highly differentiated ash-flow tuffs and lavas / Donald C. Noble, Ward L. Rigot, and Harry R. Bowman Abstract Introduction Specimens studied and methods of chemical analysis Results and discussion Acknowledgments References cited Geochemistry of the Los Chocoyos Ash, Quezaltenango Valley, Guatemala / William I. Rose, Jr., Norman K. Grant, and John Easter Abstract Introduction Field description Geochemistry Mineralogy and mineral chemistry Sr-isotope data Modeling of crystal fractionation Time required for crystal fractionation Conclusions Acknowledgments Appendix 1. Analytical methods References cited Geochemical correlation of genetically related rhyolitic ash-flow and air-fall ashes, central and western Guatemala and the equatorial Pacific / Gregory A. Hahn, William I. Rose, Jr., and Thomas Meyers Abstract Introduction Previous investigations of chemical fingerprinting The Los Chocoyos Ash and the stratigraphic sequence of the San Cristobal Group Characteristics of the ash-flow member Sample acquisition and preparation Trace-element analyses Chemical correlation Lateral chemical variations Source of the Los Chocoyos Ash Age of the Los Chocoyos Ash Conclusions Acknowledgments References cited Ignimbrites of the Sierra Madre Occidental and their relation to the tectonic history of western Mexico / Fred W. McDowell and Stephen E. Clabaugh Abstract Introduction Volcanic stratigraphy of the Sierra Madre Occidental Pre-Cretaceous volcanic rocks Lower volcanic complex Unconformity between the igneous sequences Upper volcanic supergroup Calderas of the upper volcanic supergroup Structure of the Sierra Madre Occidental Chemistry Tectonic relationships Acknowledgments References cited Emplacement of pyroclastic flows: A review / Michael F. Sheridan Abstract Introduction Eruptions Observed pyroclastic flows Theoretical eruption models Mobility Topographic barriers Energy line Deposits Morphology Depositional sequence Textures Large clasts Deflation Compositional variation Welded peralkaline ignimbrites Emplacement temperatures Models Fluidization Speculation Summary Acknowledgments References cited Primary and secondary flow structures in ash-flow tuffs of the Gribbles Run paleovalley, central Colorado / Charles E. Chapin and Gary R. Lowell Abstract Introduction Paleovalleys and the Wall Mountain Tuff Primary flow structures Gas cavities (lenticules) Lineation Foliation Primary folds Rotated lithic fragments Imbricated crystals Secondary now structures Secondary folds and growth faults Tension cracks Miscellaneous structures Steam spiracles Conclusions Acknowledgments References cited Welded air-fall tuffs / R.S.J. Sparks and J. V. Wright Abstract Introduction Field relationships Santorini, Greece The 1875 Askja welded tuffs, Iceland Other examples Petrology and chemistry Grain-size studies Santorini welded tuffs Askja welded tuff Compaction and welding Strain, bulk density, and porosity measurements Results for Santorini welded tuffs Results for Askja welded tuff Discussion Acknowledgments References cited Globule ignimbrite of Mount Suswa, Kenya / R. L. Hay, W. Hildreth, and R. N. Lambe Abstract Introduction Scope and purpose of study Geologic setting and previous work Description and field relationships Ignimbrite petrography Vitric materials Crystals and rock fragments Devitrification and gas-phase crystallization Low-temperature alteration Nature of lower ignimbrite sheet Nature of the magma Chemical composition Temperature and viscosity Emplacement of ignimbrite and origin of globules Acknowledgments References cited A model of pyroclastic surge / K. H. Wohletz and M. F. Sheridan Abstract Introduction Terminology Objectives and methods of study Deposits Bed forms Locations Results Pyroclastic-surge facies Discussion and conclusions Development of bed forms Reconstruction of the surge cloud A model of pyroclastic surge: Its fluidization and deflation Acknowledgments References cited Significance of the flattening of pumice fragments in ash-flow tuffs / Donald W. Peterson Abstract Introduction Pumice fragments in the Apache Leap Tuff Recognition and description of pumice fragments Flattening of the pumice Applications of the flattening studies Recognition of cooling units Implications of extreme flattening Determination of stratigraphic level and fault displacement Commercial application of flattening ratios Determination of the degree of welding Pumice flattening as a possible guide to relative temperature of emplacement and rate of accumulation Conclusions Acknowledgments References cited Ash-flow sheets and calderas: Their genetic relationship to ore deposits in Nevada / Edwin H. McKee Abstract Introduction Metal deposits in volcanic-tectonic systems Resurgent cauldrons Geologic setting Parameters of study Distribution of mines and ash-flow sheets Distribution of mines and calderas Discussion Acknowledgments References cited

Note: Zum Teil in kyrillischer Schrift. , Text in russischer, englischer und französischer Sprache

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Norges landbrukshøgskole, 1999 , Englisch

Note: Table of Contents Foreword The Global Context The Arctic in a Global Context The ARCSS Program The Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Program The Scientific Goals of the ARCSS Program ARCSS Objectives Significant Research and Findings of the ARCSS Program ARCSS Program Research Implementation of ARCSS Program Research ARCSS Program Components Paleoenvironmental Studies Greenland Ice Sheet Project Two (GISP2) Paleoclimates of Arctic Lakes and Estuaries (PALE) Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (OAII) Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) Integrative Studies Synthesis, Integration, and Modeling Studies (SIMS) New Initiatives Human Dimensions of the Arctic System (HARC) Russian-American Initiative on Shelf-Land Environments in the Arctic (RAISE) International Collaboration The Future of the ARCSS Program Priorities for the Future Research Questions Integrative Strategies Community Coordination and Integration Coordination and Integration Logistics Support Working with Arctic Residents Community Planning and Science Management ARCSS Committee Science Steering Committees Periodic Meetings of ARCSS Principal Investigators Appendices ARCSS Program Contact Information A History of ARCSS Program Development ARCSS Data Protocol References and Relevant Reports Contributors and Reviewers

Note: Contents: Figures. - Tables. - Preface. - Illustrations. - 1. Introduction. - 1.1 Background. - 1.2 Scope of the text. - 1.3 World vegetation types. - 1.3.1 Vegetation formations and zones. - 1.3.2 Zonobiomes. - 1.3.3 Exoclimates. - 1.3.4 The Canadian vegetation classification system. - 1.3.5 Ecozones. - 1.3.6 Floristic realms. - 1.3.7 Plant species nomenclature. - 1.4 Soil classification and soil systems. - 1.5 Climatic parameters. - 1.5.1 The role of climate. - 1.5.2 Moisture indices. - 1.5.3 Climate diagrams. - 1.6 Plant strategies. - 1.6.1 Competition. - 1.6.2 Hydrature and moisture regulation. - 1.6.3 Life forms. - 1.6.4 Leaf morphology and adaptation. - 1.7 Biomass and net primary productivity. - 2. Tundra 2.1 Tundra distribution. - 2.2 Climate. - 2.3 Soils. - 2.4 Tundra in North America. - 2.4.1 Ecoclimatic sub-provinces and regions. - 2.4.2 High and mid-Arctic. - 2.4.3 Low Arctic. - 2.5 Tundra in other Northern Hemisphere locations. - 2.5.1 Arctic Tundra. - 2.5.2 Typical Tundra. - 2.5.3 Southern Tundra. - 2.5.4 Tundra on Arctic Islands. - 2.6 Tundea in the Southern Hemisphere. - 2.6.1 The Antarctic Subregion. - 2.6.2 The Sub-Antarctic Subregion. - 2.7 Alpine Tundra. - 2.7.1 Temperate-latitude alpine Tundra. - 2.7.2 Low-latitude (equatorial) alpine Tundra. - 2.8 Primary production and phytomass in Tundra. - 3. Forest-Tundra or Boreal-Tundra Ecotone. - 3.1 Definitions. - 3.2 Distribution. - 3.3 Climate. - 3.4 Soils. - 3.5 Forest-Tundra in Canada. - 3.5.1 Ecoclimatic sub-provinces. - 3.5.2 The shrub subzone (Northern Forest-Tundra). - 3.5.3 The forest subzone (Southern Forest Tundra). - 3.6 Eurasian Forest-Tundra. - 3.7 Primary production and phytomass in forest-Tundra. - 4. Boreal Forest (Taiga) and Mixed Forest Transition. - 4.1 Distribution. - 4.2 Climate. - 4.3 Soils. - 4.4 Boreal forest in North America. - 4.4.1 Open Lichen Woodland. - 4.4.2 Northern Coniferous Forest. - 4.4.3 Mixed-Forest (Boreal-Broadleaf ecotone). - 4.4.4 Mixed-Forest transition to grassland (Northern Mixedwoods). - 4.5 Eurasian Boreal. - 4.5.1 The European Boreal. - 4.5.2 The Siberian Boreal. - 4.5.3 Northwest Pacific Fringe Boreal. - 4.6 Primary production and phytomass in boreal forest. - 5. Prairie (Steppe). - 5.1 Distribution. - 5.2 Climate. - 5.2.1 North America. - 5.2.2 Climate in Eurasia and elsewhere. - 5.3 Soils. - 5.4 Prairie in North America. - 5.4.1 The Canadian Prairie. - 5.4.2 Prairie in the USA. - 5.5. Eurasian Steppe. - 5.6 Southern Hemisphere Grasslands. - 5.6.1 The High Veldt. - 5.6.2 The Pampas/Campos Grasslands. - 5.7 Primary production and biomass. - 6. Cordilleran Environments in Western North America. - 6.1 Canada's Cordilleran ecoclimatic provinces. - 6.1.1 Distribution. - 6.1.2 Climate. - 6.1.3 Soils. - 6.1.4 Pacific Coastal Mesothermal Forest. - 6.1.5 Pacific Coastal Subalpine Forest. - 6.1.6 Cordilleran Forest Region. - 6.1.7 Cordilleran Cold Steppe and Savanna Forst. - 6.1.8 Canadian Cordilleran Subalpine Forest. - 6.1.9 Alpine Tundra and Boreal Forest. - 6.2 The Cordilleran Region in the USA. - 6.2.1 Distribution. - 6.2.2 Northwest Coast Conifer-Hardwood Forests. - 6.2.3 Montane Pine Forests. - 6.2.4 Sagebrush and Grasslands. - 6.2.5 Interior Hemlock-Douglas-Fir-Larch. - 6.2.6 Subalpine Forest. - 6.3 Primary Production and Phytomass. - 7. Temperate Deciduous Forests. - 7.1 Distribution. - 7.2 Climate. - 7.3 Soils. - 7.4 Temperate Deciduous Forest in North America. - 7.4.1 Canada. - 7.4.2 United States of America. - 7.4.3 Southern Mexico and South America. - 7.5 Europe. - 7.5.1 Atlantic Deciduous Forest. - 7.5.2 Central European Deciduous Forest. - 7.5.3 East European Deciduous Forest. - 7.6 Asia. - 7.7 Southern Hemisphere. - 7.8 Primary Production and Phytomass. - 8. Wetlands. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Climate. - 8.3 Soils. - 8.4 Canadian Wetland Classification. - 8.4.1 Canadian Wetland Classification System. - 8.4.2 Wetland classes. - 8.4.3 Wetland forms and types. - 8.5 Canadian Wetlands. - 8.5.1 Arctic Wetlands. - 8.5.2 Subarctic Wetlands. - 8.5.3 Boreal Wetlands. - 8.5.4 Prairie Wetlands. - 8.5.5 Temperate Wetlands. - 8.5.6 Oceanic Wetlands. - 8.5.7 Mountain Wetlands. - 8.6 Wetlands in the USA. - 8.7 Eurasian Wetlands. - 8.7.1 European Wetlands. - 8.7.2 Asian Wetlands. - 8.8 Central and South American Wetlands. - 8.9 African Wetlands. - 8.10 Austromalesian and Pacific Wetlands. - 8.11 Phytomass and Primary Production. - 9. Conclusion. - Appendix: Biomials and their local names as used in the text. - Bibliography. - Index.