ALBERT

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgments 1. Statistics for Spatial Data 1.1 Spatial Data and Spatial Models 1.2 Introductory Examples 1.2.1 Geostatistical Data 1.2.2 Lattice Data 1.2.3 Point Patterns 1.3 Statistics for Spatial Data: Why? PART I GEOSTATISTICAL DATA 2. Geostatistics 2.1 Continuous Spatial Index 2.2 Spatial Data Analysis of Coal Ash in Pennsylvania 2.2.1 Intrinsic Stationarity 2.2.2 Square-Root-Differences Cloud 2.2.3 The Pocket Plot 2.2.4 Decomposing the Data into Large- and Small-Scale Variation 2.2.5 Analysis of Residuals 2.2.6 Variogram of Residuals from Median Polish 2.3 Stationary Processes 2.3.1 Variogram 2.3.2 Covariogram and Correlogram 2.4 Estimation of the Variogram 2.4.1 Comparison of Variogram and Covariogram Estimation 2.4.2 Exact Distribution Theory for the Variogram Estimator 2.4.3 Robust Estimation of the Variogram 2.5 Spectral Representations 2.5.1 Valid Covariograms 2.5.2 Valid Variograms 2.6 Variogram Model Fitting 2.6.1 Criteria for Fitting a Variogram Model 2.6.2 Least Squares 2.6.3 Properties of Variogram-Parameter Estimators 2.6.4 Cross-Validating the Fitted Variogram 3. Spatial Prediction and Kriging 3.1 Scale of Variation 3.2 Ordinary Kriging 3.2.1 Effect of Variogram Parameters on Kriging 3.2.2 Lognormal and Trans-Gaussian Kriging 3.2.3 Cokriging 3.2.4 Some Final Remarks 3.3 Robust Kriging 3.4 Universal Kriging 3.4.1 Universal Kriging of Coal-Ash Data 3.4.2 Trend-Surface Prediction 3.4.3 Estimating the Variogram for Universal Kriging 3.4.4 Bayesian Kriging 3.4.5 Kriging Revisited 3.5 Median-Polish Kriging 3.5.1 Gridded Data 3.5.2 Nongridded Data 3.5.3 Median Polishing Spatial Data: Inference Results 3.5.4 Median-Based Covariogram Estimators are Less Biased 3.6 Geostatistical Data, Simulated and Real 3.6.1 Simulation of Spatial Processes 3.6.2 Conditional Simulation 3.6.3 Geostatistical Data 4. Applications of Geostatistics 4.1 Wolfcamp-Aquifer Data 4.1.1 Intrinsic-Stationarity Assumption 4.1.2 Nonconstant-Mean Assumption 4.2 Soil-Water Tension Data 4.3 Soil-Water-Infiltration Data 4.3.1 Estimating and Modeling the Spatial Dependence 4.3.2 Inference on Mean Effects (Spatial Analysis of Variance) 4.4 Sudden-Infant-Death-Syndrome Data 4.5 Wheat-Yield Data 4.5.1 Presence of Trend in the Data 4.5.2 Intrinsic Stationarity 4.5.3 Median-Polish (Robust) Kriging 4.6 Acid-Deposition Data 4.6.1 Spatial Modeling and Prediction 4.6.2 Sampling Design 4.7 Space-Time Geostatistical Data 5. Special Topics in Statistics for Spatial Data 5.1 Nonlinear Geostatistics 5.2 Change of Support 5.3 Stability of the Geostatistical Method 5.3.1 Estimation of Spatial-Dependence Parameters 5.3.2 Stability of the Kriging Predictor 5.3.3 Stability of the Kriging Variance 5.4 Intrinsic Random Functions of Order k 5.5 Applications of the Theory of Random Processes 5.6 Spatial Design 5.6.1 Spatial Sampling Design 5.6.2 Spatial Experimental Design 5.7 Field Trials 5.7.1 Nearest-Neighbor Analyses 5.7.2 Analyses Based on Spatial Modeling 5.8 Infill Asymptotics 5.9 The Many Faces of Spatial Prediction 5.9.1 Stochastic Methods of Spatial Prediction 5.9.2 Nonstochastic Methods of Spatial Prediction 5.9.3 Comparisons and Some Final Remarks PART II LATTICE DATA 6. Spatial Models on Lattices 6.1 Lattices 6.2 Spatial Data Analysis of Sudden Infant Deaths in North Carolina 6.2.1 Nonspatial Data Analysis 6.2.2 Spatial Data Analysis 6.2.3 Trend Removal 6.2.4 Some Final Remarks 6.3 Conditionally and Simultaneously Specified Spatial Gaussian Models 6.3.1 Simultaneously Specified Spatial Gaussian Models 6.3.2 Conditionally Specified Spatial Gaussian Models 6.3.3 Comparison 6.4 Markov Random Fields 6.4.1 Neighbors, Cliques, and the Negpotential Function Q 6.4.2 Pairwise-Only Dependence and Conditional Exponential Distributions 6.4.3 Some Final Remarks 6.5 Conditionally Specified Spatial Models for Discrete Data 6.5.1 Binary Data 6.5.2 Counts Data 6.6 Conditionally Specified Spatial Models for Continuous Data 6. 7 Simultaneously Specified and Other Spatial Models 6.7.1 Simultaneously Specified Spatial Models 6.7.2 Other Spatial Models 6.8 Space-Time Models 7. Inference for Lattice Models 7.1 Inference for the Mercer and Hall Wheat-Yield Data 7.1.1 Data Description 7.1.2 Spatial Lattice Models 7.2 Parameter Estimation for Lattice Models 7.2.1 Estimation Criteria 7.2.2 Gaussian Maximum Likelihood Estimation 7.2.3 Some Computational Details 7.3 Properties of Estimators 7.3.1 Increasing-Domain Asymptotics 7.3.2 The Jackknife and Bootstrap for Spatial Lattice Data 7.3.3 Cross-Validation and Model Selection 7.4 Statistical Image Analysis and Remote Sensing 7.4.1 Remote Sensing 7 .4.2 Ordinary Discriminant Analysis 7.4.3 Markov-Random-Field Models 7.4.4 Edge Processes 7.4.5 Textured Images 7.4.6 Single Photon Emission Tomography 7.4.7 Least Squares and Image Regularization 7.4.8 Method of Sieves 7.4.9 Mathematical Morphology 7.5 Regional Mapping, Scotland Lip-Cancer Data 7.5.1 Exploratory Regional Mapping 7.5.2 Parametric Empirical Bayes Mapping 7.6 Sudden-Infant-Death-Syndrome Data 7.6.1 Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis 7.6.2 Auto-Poisson Model 7 .6.3 Auto-Gaussian Model 7. 7 Lattice Data, Simulated and Real 7.7.1 Simulation of Lattice Processes 7.7.2 Lattice Data PART III SPATIAL PATTERNS 8. Spatial Point Patterns 8.1 Random Spatial Index 8.2 Spatial Data Analysis of Longleaf Pines (Pinus palustris) 8.2.1 Data Description 8.2.2 Complete Spatial Randomness, Regularity, and Clustering 8.2.3 Quadrat Methods 8.2.4 Kernel Estimators of the Intensity Function 8.2.5 Distance Methods 8.2.6 Nearest-Neighbor Distribution Functions and the K Function 8.2.7 Some Final Remarks 8.3 Point Process Theory 8.3.1 Moment Measures 8.3.2 Generating Functionals 8.3.3 Stationary and Isotropic Point Processes 8.3.4 Palm Distributions 8.3.5 Reduced Second Moment Measure 8.4 Complete Spatial Randomness, Distance Functions, and Second Moment Measures 8.4.1 Complete Spatial Randomness 8.4.2 Distance Functions 8.4.3 K Functions, 8.4.4 Animal-Behavior Data 8.4.5 Some Final Remarks 8.5 Models and Model Fitting 8.5.1 Inhomogeneous Poisson Process 8.5.2 Cox Process 8.5.3 Poisson Cluster Process 8.5.4 Simple Inhibition Point Processes 8.5.5 Markov Point Process 8.5.6 Thinned and Related Point Processes 8.5.7 Other Models 8.5.8 Some Final Remarks 8.6 Multivariate Spatial Point Processes 8.6.1 Theoretical Considerations 8.6.2 Estimation of the Cross K Function 8.6.3 Bivariate Spatial-Point-Process Models 8.7 Marked Spatial Point Processes 8.7.1 Theoretical Considerations 8.7.2 Estimation of Moment Measures 8.7.3 Marked Spatial-Point-Process Models 8.8 Space-Time Point Patterns 8.9 Spatial Point Patterns, Simulated and Real 8.9.1 Simulation of Spatial Point Patterns 8.9.2 Spatial Point Patterns 9. Modeting Objects 9.1 Set Models 9.1.1 Fractal Sets 9.1.2 Fuzzy Sets 9.1.3 Random Closed Sets: An Example 9.2 Random Parallelograms in IR 2 9.3 Random Closed Sets and Mathematical Morphology 9.3.1 Theory and Methods 9.3.2 Inference on Random Closed Sets 9.4 The Boolean Model 9.4.1 Main Properties 9.4.2 Generalizations of the Boolean Model 9.5 Methods of Boolean-Model Parameter Estimation 9.5.1 Analysis of Random-Parallelograms Data 9.5.2 Analysis of Heather-Incidence Data 9.5.3 Intensity Estimation in the Boolean Model 9.6 Inference for the Boolean Model 9.7 Modeling Growth with Random Sets 9.7.1 Random-Set Growth Models 9.7.2 Tumor-Growth Data 9.7.3 Fitting the Tumor-Growth Parameters References Author Index Subject lndex

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgements Crustal development: the craton Uplift history of the East Antarctic shield: constraints imposed by high-pressure experimental studies of Proterozoic mafic dykes / S.M. KUEHNER & D.H. GREEN The crustal evolution of some East Antarctic granulites / S.L. HARLEY Structural evolution of the Bunger Hills area of East Antarctica / P. DING & P.R. JAMES Structural geology of the early Precambrian gneisses of northern Fold Island, Mawson Coast, East Antarctica / P.R. JAMES, P. DING & L. RANKIN The intrusive Mawson charnockites: evidence for a compressional plate margin selling of the Proterozoic mobile belt of East Antarctica / D.N. YOUNG & D.J. ELLIS A review of the field relations, petrology and geochemistry of the Borgmassivet intrusions in the Grunehogna province, western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica / J.R. KRYNAUW, B.R. WATTERS, D.R. HUNTER & A.H. WILSON Volcanic rocks of the Proterozoic Jutulstraumen Group in western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica / B.R. WATTERS, J.R. KRYNAUW & D.R. HUNTER The timing and nature of faulting and jointing adjacent to the Pencksokket, western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica / G.H. GRANTHAM & D.R. HUNTER The tectonic and metamorphic evolution of H.U. Sverdrupfjella, western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica / A.R. ALLEN Granulites of northern H.U. Sverdrupfjella, western Dronning Maud Land: metamorphic history from garnet-pyroxene assemblages, coronas and hydration reactions / P.B. GROENEWALD & D.R. HUNTER A structural survey of Precambrian rocks, Heimefrontfjella, western Neuschwabenland, with special reference to the basic dykes / W. FIELITZ & G. SPAETH Reflection seismic measurements in western Neuschwabenland / A. HUNGELJNG & F. THYSSEN Geology and metamorphism of the Sør Rondane Mountains, East Antarctica / K. SHIRAISHI, M. ASAMI, H. ISHIZUKA, H. KOJIMA. S. KOJIMA, Y. OSANAI, T. SAKIYAMA, Y. TAKAHASHI, M. YAMAZAKI & S. YOSHIKURA Late Proterozoic paired metamorphic complexes in East Antarctica, with special reference to the tectonic significance of ultramafic rocks / Y. HIROI, K. SHIRAISHI & Y. MOTOYOSHI Petrographic and structural characteristics of a part of the East Antarctic craton, Queen Maud Land, Antarctica / M.K. KAUL, R.K. SINGH, D. SRIVASTAVA, S. JAYARAM & S. MUKERJI Structural and petrological evolution of basement rocks in the Schirmacher Hills, Queen Maud Land, East Antarctica (Extended abstract) / S. SENGUPTA Metamorphic evolution of granulites from the Rauer Group, East Antarctica: evidence for decompression following Proterozoic collision / S.L. HARLEY Fault tectonics and magmatic ages in the Jelly Oasis area, Mac. Robertson Land: a contribution to the Lambert Rift development / J. HOFMANN Major fracture trends near the western margin of East Antarctica / P.D. MARSH Mesozoic magmatism in Greater Antarctica: implications for Precambrian plate tectonics / T.S. BREWER & P.D. CLARKSON Crustal development: the Transantarctic Mountains Sedimentary palaeoenvironments of_the Riphaean Turnpike Bluff Group, Shackleton Range / H.-J. PAECH, K. HAHNE & P. VOGLER Precambrian ancestry of the Asgard Formation (Skelton Group): Rb-Sr age of basement metamorphic rocks in the Dry Valley region, Antarctica / C.J. ADAMS & P.F. WHITLA The Priestley Formation, Terra Nova Bay, and its regional significance / D.N.B. SKINNER The myth of the Nimrod and Beardmore orogenies / E. STUMP, R.J. KORSCH & D.G. EDGERTON Age of the metamorphic basement of the Salamander and Lanterman ranges, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / C.J. ADAMS & A. HOHNDORF Recovery and recrystallization of quartz and 'crystallinity' of illite in the Bowers and Robertson Bay terranes, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / W. BUGGISCH & G. KLEINSCHMIDT The boundary of the East Antarctic craton on the Pacific margin / N.W. ROLAND Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica: hybrid geological, aeromagnetic and Landsat-physiographic maps / B.K. LUCCHITTA, J.A. BOWELL, F. TESSENSOHN & J.C. BEHRENDT Setting and significance of the Shackleton Limestone, central Transantarctic Mountains / A.J. ROWELL & M.N. REES Lower-mid-Palaeozoic sedimentation and tectonic patterns on the palaeo-Pacific margin of Antarctica / M.G. LAIRD The pre-Devonian Palaeozoic elastics of the central Transantarctic Mountains: stratigraphy and depositional settings / M.N. REES & A.J. ROWELL The Devonian Pacific margin of Antarctica / M.A. BRADSHAW The palaeo-Pacific margin as seen from East Antarctica / J.W. COLLINSON Permo-Carboniferous glacial sedimentation in the central Transantarctic Mountains and its palaeotectonic implications (Extended abstract) / J.M.G. MILLER & B.J. WAUGH Clay mineralogy and provenance of fine-grained Permian elastics, central Transantarctic Mountains / L.A. KRISSEK & T.C. HORNER Evidence for a low-gradient alluvial fan from the palaeo-Pacific margin in the Upper Permian Buckley Formation, Beardmore Glacier area, Antarctica / J.L. ISBELL Provenance and tectonic implications of sandstones within the Permian Mackellar Formation, Beacon Supergroup of East Antarctica / R.S. FRISCH & M.F. MILLER Crustal development: Weddell Sea-Ross Sea region Evolution of the Gondwana plate boundary in the Weddell Sea area / Y. KRISTOFFERSEN & K. HINZ Petrology and palynology of Weddell Sea glacial sediments: implications for subglacial geology / J.B. ANDERSON, B.A. ANDREWS, L.R. BARTEK & E.M. TRUSWELL A multichannel seismic profile across the Weddell Sea margin of the Antarctic Peninsula: regional tectonic implications / P.F. BARKER & M.J. LONSDALE Verification of crustal sources for satellite elevation magnetic anomalies in West Antarctica and the Weddell Sea and their regional tectonic implications / M.E. GHIDELLA, C.A. RAYMOND & J.L. LABRECQUE Aeromagnetic studies of crustal blocks and basins in West Antarctica: a review / S.W. GARRETT Palaeomagnetic studies of Palaeozoic rocks from the Ellsworth Mountains, West Antarctica / M. FUNAKI. M. YOSHIDA & H. MATSUEDA Seismic reflection profiling of a sediment-filled graben beneath ice stream B, West Antarctica / S.T. ROONEY. D.D. BLANKENSHIP, R.B. ALLEY & C.R. BENTLEY The aeromagnetic survey of northern Victoria Land and the western Ross Sea during GANOVEX IV and a geophysical-geological interpretation / W. BOSUM, D. DAMASKE, J.C. BEHRENDT & R. SALTUS The Ross Sea rift system, Antarctica: structure, evolution and analogues / F. TESSENSOHN & G. WORNER Structural and depositional controls on Cenozoic and (?)Mesozoic strata beneath the western Ross Sea / A.K. COOPER, F.J. DAVEY & J.C. BEHRENDT Crustal extension and origin of sedimentary basins beneath the Ross Sea and Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica / A.K. COOPER, F.J. DAVEY & K. HINZ Chemical characteristics of greywacke and palaeosol of early Oligocene or older sedimentary breccia, Ross Sea DSDP Site 270 / A.B. FORD Extensive volcanism and related tectonism beneath the western Ross Sea continental shelf, Antarctica: interpretation of an aeromagnetic survey / J.C. BEHRENDT, H.J. DUERBAUM, D. DAMASKE, R. SALTUS, W. BOSUM & A.K. COOPER Geochemistry and tectonic implications of lower-crustal granulites included in Cenozoic volcanic rocks of southern Victoria Land / R.l. KALAMARIDES & J.H. BERG Geology, petrology and tectonic implications of crustal xenoliths in Cenozoic volcanic rocks of southern Victoria Land / J.H. BERG Geochemistry and petrology of ultramafic xenoliths of the Erebus volcanic province / F.M. MCGIBBON Lithospheric flexure induced by the load of Ross Archipelago, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / T.A. STERN, F.J. DAVEY & G. DELISLE The structure and seismic activity of Mount Erebus, Ross Island / K. KAMINUMA & K. SHIBUYA Crustal development: the Pacific margin Mid-Palaeozoic basement in eastern Graham Land and its relation to the Pacific margin of Gondwana / A.J. MILNE & l.L. MILLAR Basement gneisses in north-western Palmer Land: further evidence for pre-Mesozoic rocks in Lesser Antarctica / S.M. HARRISON & B.A. PIERCY Granitoids of the Ford Ranges, Marie Byrd Lan

Note: Contents: Symbols. - Preface. - Acknowledgements. - 1 PERIGLACIAL CONDITIONS. - 1.1 The significance of freezing in soils and rocks. - 1.2 Freezing and thawing in porous materials. - 1.3 Climate and ground freezing. - 1.3.1 Permafrost. - 1.3.2 Ephemeral freezing. - 1.4 Characteristics of permafrost. - 1.5 Manifestations of freezing and thawing of the ground. - 2 MORPHOLOGY OF PERMAFROST AND SEASONALLY FROZEN GROUND. - 2.1 Frozen ground as a geological material. - 2.2 Ice in the ground. - 2.2.1 Excess ice. - 2.2.2 Frost-heave ice: segregation ice. - 2.2.3 Intrusive ice; ice wedge ice, and other forms. - 2.2.4 Ice of external origin: buried glacier, snow, lake and river ice; icings. - 2.2.5 Age of ice in permafrost. - 2.2.6 Distribution of ground ice. - 2.2.7 Submarine frozen ground. - 2.2.8 Micromorphology of freezing soils. - 2.2.9 Pedology and soil freezing. - 2.3 Gas hydrates (clathrates). - 2.4 World distribution of permafrost. - 2.4.1 Land permafrost. - 2.4.2 Submarine distribution. - 2.5 Seasonal freezing. - 3 CLIMATE AND FROZEN GROUND. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Seasonal frost and permafrost. - 3.3 Climate and permafrost distribution. - 3.4 The importance of microclimates. - 3.5 The surface energy balance. - 3.5.1 The nature of surface interactions. - 3.5.2 A buffer layer model. - 3.5.3 Effects of surface changes. - 3.6 Possible effects of climatic change. - 3.7 Summary. - 4 THE GROUND THERMAL REGIME. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Heat flow in the ground. - 4.2.1 The heat conduction equation. - 4.3 Thermal properties. - 4.3.1 Thermal conductivity. - 4.3.2 Heat capacity. - 4.3.3 Thermal diffusivity. - 4.4 Ground thermal conditions. - 4.4.1 Geothermal heat flow and permafrost thickness. - 4.4.2 Effects of climatic change. - 4.4.3 Seasonal temperature variations. - 4.5 Lateral variations in ground temperatures. - 4.5.1 Influence of water bodies. - 4.6 Summary. - 5 THE FORMS OF THE GROUND SURFACE 1: SLOPES AND SUBSIDENCES. - 5.1 Freezing and thawing and displacements of the ground. - 5.2 Instability of soil on slopes: overview. - 5.3 The mystery of solifluction. - 5.3.1 Origin of small movements. - 5.3.2 Creep in the frozen state. - 5.4 Rock glaciers. - 5.5 Effects of thawing: landslides and slumps. - 5.5.1 Loss of cohesive strength. - 5.5.2 Soil consolation and strength during thaw. - 5.5.3 Thermokarst. - 5.6 The extent and variety of movements on slopes. - 6 THE FORMS OF THE GROUND SURFACE 2: STRUCTURES AND MICROTOPOGRAPHY OF LEVEL GROUND. - 6.1 Surface characteristics. - 6.2 Features characterised by accumulation of ice. - 6.2.1 Pingos. - 6.2.2 Palsa. - 6.2.3 Hydrolaccoliths. - 6.3 Differential freeze-thaw effects. - 6.3.1 Uplift of stones. - 6.3.2 Soil hummocks. - 6.3.3 Earth circles. - 6.3.4 Stone polygons and rings. - 6.4 Thermal contraction and cracking. - 6.4.1 Soil and ice wedges. - 7 THERMODYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF FROZEN SOILS. - 7.1 Soil: A porous system. - 7.1.1 'Freezing points' and latent heat. - 7.1.2 Proportions of ice and water. - 7.1.3 Water contents and thermal properties. - 7.2 Energy status, or potential, of soil water. - 7.2.1 Freezing point depression, potential, and free energy. - 7.2.2 Potential of water in freezing soils. - 7.3 Pressure and temperature relations. - 7.4 Origin of frost heave and frost heave pressures. - 7.5 Permeability of frozen soils. - 7.6 Frost heave as a thermodynamic-rheologic process. - 8 HYDROLOGY OF FROZEN GROUND. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Surface hydrology. - 8.2.1 Bank stability in permafrost regions. - 8.3 Groundwater. - 8.3.1 Icings and frost blisters. - 8.3.2 Water supply. - 8.4 Hydrodynamics of frozen ground. - 8.4.1 Unfrozen water content. - 8.4.2 Gradients of water potential due to freezing temperatures. - 8.4.3 Moisture transfer mechanisms. - 8.4.4 Moisture transport in saturated soils. - 8.4.5 Moisture transport in unsaturated soils. - 8.5 Ice segregation and frost heaving. - 8.5.1 Coupled heat and moisture flow at freezing temperatures. - 8.5.2 The hydrodynamic model. - 8.5.3 The rigid ice model. - 8.5.4 Extreme forms of ice segregation. - 8.6 Seasonal hydrodynamics in permafrost. - 8.6.1 Water migration beyond the fringe. - 8.6.2 Development of aggradational ice. - 9 THE MECHANICS OF FROZEN GROUND. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 The frozen soil system. - 9.2.1 Properties of the ice. - 9.2.2 The strength of soils. - 9.3 Deformation of frozen ground. - 9.3.1 Characteristics of creep. - 9.3.2 The origins of creep. - 9.4 Strength characteristics of frozen soils. - 9.4.1 Rates of strain and processes of deformation. - 9.5 Temperature dependence of creep rate and strength. - 9.6 Effect of soil composition. - 9.6.1 Size of soil particles. - 9.6.2 Ice content. - 9.6.3 Pore water salinity. - 9.7 Effect of normal and confining stresses on strength and deformation. - 9.7.1 Internal, thermodynamically controlled stresses. - 9.8 Field situations. - 9.8.1 Role of temperature and pressure variations. - 10 GEOCRYOLOGY PAST AND FUTURE. - 10.1 Geocryology and geotechnique. - 10.2 Energy exchange and climate instability. - 10.3 Thermodynamic and mechanical properties of frozen ground. - 10.4 Submarine and other extreme conditions for permafrost. - References. - Index.

Note: G. D. Williams: Tectonics and seismic sequence stratigraphy: an introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 71:1-13, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.071.01.01 --- J. A. Cartwright, R. C. Haddock, and L. M. Pinheiro: The lateral extent of sequence boundaries / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 71:15-34, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.071.01.02 --- Sarah Prosser: Rift-related linked depositional systems and their seismic expression / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 71:35-66, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.071.01.03 --- David Waltham, Stuart Hardy, and Abdulnaser Abousetta: Sediment geometries and domino faulting / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 71:67-85, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.071.01.04 --- Alan M. Roberts, Graham Yielding, and Michael E. Badley: Tectonic and bathymetric controls on stratigraphic sequences within evolving half-graben / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 71:87-121, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.071.01.05 --- Aidan M. Joy: Comments on the pattern of post-rift subsidence in the Central and Northern North Sea Basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 71:123-140, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.071.01.06 --- W. G. Higgs and K. R. McClay: Analogue sandbox modelling of Miocene extensional faulting in the Outer Moray Firth / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 71:141-162, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.071.01.07 --- M. P. R. Light, M. P. Maslanyj, R. J. Greenwood, and N. L. Banks: Seismic sequence stratigraphy and tectonics offshore Namibia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 71:163-191, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.071.01.08 --- Joachim Deramond, Pierre Souquet, Marie-José Fondecave-Wallez, and Martin Specht: Relationships between thrust tectonics and sequence stratigraphy surfaces in foredeeps: model and examples from the Pyrenees (Cretaceous-Eocene, France, Spain) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 71:193-219, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.071.01.09

Note: Kiel, Univ., Diss. 1993

Note: Contents Preface / Cheng Guodong, R.M. Kamensky Comparison: development condition of frozen ground in the Bolshaya-Almatinka-Kosmo Permafrost Station, Kasakhstan and the Tian Shan Glaciological Station, China / Qiu Guoqing and A.P. Gorbunov Permafrost and pereletok in the forest zoe of Tian Shan / A.P. Gorbunov Distribution and thermal regime of alpine permafrost in the middle-section of East Tian Shan, China / Jin Huijun, Qiu Guoqing, Zhao Lin and Wang Shujuan Comparative characteristics of icings in Zailiysky Alatau and East Tian Shan / A.P. Gorbunov and E.D. Ermolin Some new data of D.S. electrical soundings of permafrost in Northern Tian Shan / Zeng Zhonggong, Wang Shujuan and A.E. Nemov The depositional characteristics of sediments in the Borehole No. 2 and No. 4 in the source area of Urumqi river / Zhao Lin and Qiu Guoqing Rock glaciers in Bolshaya Almatinka river basin and Urumqi river basin of Northern and Eastern Tian Shan / A.P. Gorbunov and S.N. Titkov Comparative characteristics of frost mound in the Mt. Zailiysky Alatau, Mt. Kalaucheng and Mt. Bogda / S.N. Titkov, Zhao Lin and Jin Huijun Permafrost and climate at the upper reach of Urumqi river during the past 15 000 years / Zhao Lin, Qui Guoqing and Jin Huijun Development condition of the polygonal soil-wedges in Zailiysky Alatau / A.P. Gorbunov, E.D. Ermolin, Zeng Zhonggong and Qiu Guoqing Pollen composition and its significance in the reconstruction of paleoclimate in Northern Tian Shan during the past 5000 year / Ma Yuzheng, Qiu Guoqing and Zhao Lin Discussion: Geocryological studies in Central Asia - Present and future / A.P. Gorbunov, E.D. Ermolin, S.N. Titkov, Qiu Guoqing, Zeng Zhanggong, Wang Shujuan, Zhao Lin and Jin Huijun , Zusammenfassung in russischer und chinesischer Sprache

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Section 1: Overview Features of Polar Regions Relevant to Tropospheric Ozone Chemistry / L. A Barrie Climatology of Arctic and Antarctic Tropospheric Ozone / S. J. Oltmans Polar Sunrise Studies / J. Bottenheim Section II: Tropospheric Oxidants Modelling Meteorology and Transport of Air Masses in Arctic Regions / T. Iversen Impact of Global NOx Sources on the Northern Latitudes / H. Levy II, W. J. Moxim and P S. Kasibhatla Ozone Depletion During Polar Sunrise / J. C. McConnell, G. S. Henderson Section Ill: Field Studies Relationship Between Anthropogenic Nitrogen Oxides and Ozone Trends in the Arctic Troposphere / D. Jaffe Halocarbons in the Arctic and Antarctic Atmosphere / W. T. Sturges Measurements of Hydrocarbons in Polar Maritime Air Masses / S. A Penkett Carbon Monoxide and Light Alkanes as Tropospheric Tracers of Anthropogenic Ozone / D. D. Parrish Atmospheric Distribution of NO, 03, CO, and CH4 above the North Atlantic Based on the STRATOZ Ill Flight / D. H. Ehhalt, F. Rohrer and A Wahner Spectroscopic Measurement of Bromine, Oxide, Ozone, and Nitrous Acid in Alert / M. Hausmann, T. Rudolf, and U. Platt Ice Core Analysis in Arctic and Antarctic Regions / M. Legrand Record of Atmospheric Oxidant from Polar Ice Cores Over the past 100,000 Years: Dream or Real Possibility? / A Neftel and K. Fuhrer Section V: Marine Sources and Sinks Sources of Organobromines to the Arctic Atmosphere / R. Moore, R. Tokarczyk and C. Geen Hydrocarbons Emission from the Ocean / B. Bonsang Cycle of Tropospheric Phosgene / T.P. Kindler, W. L. Chameides, P. H. Wine, D. Cunnold, F. Alyea Session VI: Laboratory Studies of Heterogeneous Reactions Chemical Interactions of Tropospheric Halogens on Snow/Ice / M. J. Molina Reactions of Halogens Species on Ice Surfaces / D. R. Hanson and A. R. Ravishankara Heterogeneous Reactions of Chlorine Compounds / C. Zetzsch and W. Behnke Liquid Phase Photochemistry in Relation to Tropospheric Chemistry of Halogens / J. A Lavigne and C. H. Langford Session Vll: Homogeneous Gas-phase Reactions Ozone HOx Photochemistry in the Troposphere - Latitudinal Dependence of Reaction Rates / R. A Cox ClO + ClO → Products: A Case Study in Halogen Monoxide Disproportionation and Recombination Reactions / S. P. Sander, S. L. Nickolaisen and R. R. Friedl Thermal Stability of Peroxynitrates / K. H. Becker, F. Kirchner and F. Zabel Temperature Dependence (256-296 K) of the Absorption Cross Sections of Bromoform in the Wavelength Range 285-360 nm / G. K. Moortgat, R. Meller and W. Schneider Oxidation of Organic Sulfur Compounds / I. Barnes, K. H. Becker and R. D. Overath Halogen and Sulfur Reactions Relevant to Polar Chemistry / P. H. Wine, J.M. Nicovish, R.E. Stickel and Z. Zhao, C.J. Shackelford, K.D. Kreutter, E.P. Daykin, and S. Wang Reactions of BrO Radicals Relevant to Polar Chemistry / G. Le Bras Comparative Assessment of the Role of lodine Photochemistry in Tropospheric Ozone Depletion / M. E. Jenkin

Note: CONTENTS: Foreword. - Introduction: Simulation Modeling and Spreadsheets. - 1. MODELING NATURAL SYSTEMS. - 1. Blowing Smoke: Atmospheric Dispersion of Air Pollution. - 2. Running Water: The Underground Transport of Pollutants. - 3. Preserving a Species: Finding the Minimum Viable Population. - 4. Sustainable Yield: Managing the Forest for the Trees. - 5. Here Comes the Sun: Solar Energy from a Flat-Plate Collector. - 2. MODELING SOCIAL SYSTEMS. - 6. Macroeconomic Policy: Econometrics and the Klein Model. - 7. Urban Form: The Lowry Model of Population Distribution. - 8. Affordable Housing: The Bertaud Model. - 9. Traffic on the Roads: Modeling Trip Generation and Trip Distribution. - 10. Throwing Things Away: A Model for Waste Management. - 11. Multi-Criteria Analysis: An Environmental Impact Assessment Model. - 3. MODELING ARTIFICIAL SYSTEMS. - 12. Life in a Spreadsheet: John Conway's Game. - 13. The Game of Choice: Neighborhood Tolerance. - 14. The Game Machine: Cellular Automata, Chaos, and Fractals. - 4. THE WORLD IN A SPREADSHEET. - Conclusion: Modeling with Microcomputers. - APPENDICES. - A. Creating the Models. - B. The Recipes. - Index. - Program Listings. - Listing 1.1 SMOKE. - Listing 2.1 WATER. - Listing 3.1 BEARS. - Listing 4.1 TREES. - Listing 5.1 SOLAR. - Listing 6.1 KLEIN. - Listing 7.1 LOWRY. - Listing 8.1 BERTAUD. - Listing 9.1 TRAFFIC. - Listing 10.1 WASTE. - Listing 11.1 EIA. - Listing 12.1 LIFE. - Listing 13.1 CHOICE. - Listing 14.1 GAMACH. - Program Recipes. - Recipe 1: Blowing Smoke. - Recipe 2: Running Water. - Recipe 3: Preserving a Species. - Recipe 4: Sustainable Yield. - Recipe 5: Here Comes the Sun. - Recipe 6: The Klein Model. - Recipe 7: The Lowry Model. - Recipe 8: The Bertaud Model. - Recipe 9: Traffic on the Roads. - Recipe 10: Throwing Things Away. - Recipe 11: Multi-Criteria Analysis and EIA. - Recipe 12: The Game of Life. - Recipe 13: The Game of Choice. - Recipe 14: The Game Machine.

Note: Contents: PART I - GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE EARTH AND THE EARTHLIKE PLANETS. - 1 What Is Geochemistry?. - 1.1 Early History. - 1.2 Geochemistry in the U.S.S.R. - 1.3 V. M. Goldschmidt. - 1.4 Modern Geochemistry. - References. - 2 In the Beginning. - 2.1 The Big Bang. - 2.2 Stellar Evolution. - 2.3 Nucleosynthesis. - 2.4 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 3 The Solar System. - 3.1 Origin of the Solar System. - 3.2 Origin of the Earthlike Planets. - 3.3 Satellites of the Outer Planets. - 3.4 Pictures of Our Solar System. - 3.5 Summary. - 3.6 Books on Planetary Geology. - References. - 4 The Electronic Structure of Atoms. - 4.1 The Atom of Thomson and Rutherford. - 4.2 Bohr's Theory of the Hydrogen Atom. - 4.3 Emission of X-rays - A Small Digression. - 4.4 Schrödinger's Model of the Atom. - 4.5 The Aufbau Principle. - 4.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 5 The Periodic Table and Atomic Weights. - 5.1 Mendeleev's Periodic Table. - 5.2 The Modern Periodic Table. - 5.3 Basic Principles of Atomic Physics. - 5.4 Atomic Weights. - 5.5 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 6 Chemical Bonds, Ionic Radii, and Crystals. - 6.1 Electron Donors Versus Acceptors. - 6.2 Measures of Metallic Character. - 6.3 Bonding in Molecules. - 6.4 Ionic Crystals. - 6.5 Ionic Radii. - 6.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 7 Ionic Substitution in Crystals. - 7.1 Goldschmidt's Rules of Substitution. - 7.2 Camouflage, Capture, and Admission. - 7.3 Coupled Substitution: Key to the Feldspars. - 7.4 Distribution Coefficients and Geothermometers. - 7.5 Geochemical Classification of the Elements. - 7.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 8 Isotopic Geochronometers. - 8.1 Decay Modes. - 8.2 Law of Radioactivity. - 8.3 Methods of Dating. - 8.4 Cosmogenic Radionuclides. - 8.5 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 9 Chemical Differentiation of the Solar System. - 9.1 The Sun. - 9.2 Meteorites. - 9.3 The Moon. - 9.4 Mars. - 9.5 Venus. - 9.6 Comets. - 9.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 10 Chemical Differentiation of the Earth. - 10.1 Internal Structure of the Earth. - 10.2 The Continental Crust: Major Elements. - 10.3 The Continental Crust: Trace Elements. - 10.4 Differentiation of Igneous Rocks. - 10.5 Differentiation of Sedimentary Rocks. - 10.6 Differentiation of the Hydrosphere. - 10.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - PART II - CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND THE STABILITY OF MINERALS. - 11 Acids and Bases. - 11.1 Chemical Reactions and Equilibria. - 11.2 The Law of Mass Action. - 11.3 Dissociation of Weak Acids and Bases. - 11.4 Solubility of Insoluble Bases. - 11.5 pH Control of Dissociation Equilibria. - 11.6 Solubility of Amorphous Silica. - 11.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 12 Salts and Their Ions. - 12.1 Solubility of Salts. - 12.2 Hydrolysis. - 12.3 Activities and Concentrations. - 12.4 Solubility of Calcium Carbonate. - 12.5 Chemical Weathering. - 12.6 Transformation of Potassium Feldspar to Kaolinite. - 12.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 13 Thermodynamics. - 13.1 Definitions. - 13.2 The First Law. - 13.3 Enthalpy. - 13.4 Heats of Reaction. - 13.5 Heat Capacity. - 13.6 The Second Law. - 13.7 Gibbs Free Energy. - 13.8 Derivation of the Law of Mass Action. - 13.9 Fugacity and Activity. - 13.10 The van't Hoff Equation. - 13.11 Solubility of Amorphous Silica Between 0 and 100 °C. - 13.12 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 14 Mineral Stability Diagrams. - 14.1 Chemical Weathering of Feldspars. - 14.2 Formation of Zeolites. - 14.3 Magnesium Silicates. - 14.4 Solubility Diagrams. - 14.5 Fugacity Diagrams. - 14.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 15 Clay Minerals. - 15.1 Crystal Structure. - 15.2 Classification and Chemical Composition. - 15.3 Gibbs Free Energies of Formation. - 15.4 Stability Diagrams. - 15.5 Colloidal Suspensions and Ion Exchange. - 15.6 Dating of Clay Minerals. - 15.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 16 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions. - 16.1 Balancing Equations of Oxidation- Reduction Reactions. - 16.2 The Electromotive Series. - 16.3 The Emf of Electrochemical Cells. - 16.4 Stability Limits of Water in Terms of Eh and pH. - 16.5 Stability of Iron Compounds. - 16.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 17 Isotope Fractionation. - 17.1 Principles of Isotope Fractionation. - 17.2 Mathematical Relations. - 17.3 Isotope Fractionation in the Hydrosphere. - 17.4 Oxygen Isotope Composition of Calcite. - 17.5 Oxygen and Hydrogen in Clay Minerals. - 17.6 Groundwater and Geothermal Brines. - 17.7 Isotope Fractionation of Carbon. - 17.8 Isotope Compositions of Strontium in Carbonate Rocks. - 17.9 Isotope Fractionation of Sulfur. - 17.10 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 18 Mixing and Dilution. - 18.1 Binary Mixtures. - 18.2 Dilution. - 18.3 Evaporative Concentration. - 18.4 Ternary Mixtures. - 18.5 Isotopic Mixtures of One Element. - 18.6 Isotopic Mixtures of Two Elements. - 18.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 19 Rates of Geochemical Processes. - 19.1 Rates of Chemical Reactions. - 19.2 Transport of Matter: Advection. - 19.3 Transport of Matter: Diffusion. - 19.4 Growth of Concretions During Diagenesis. - 19.5 Growth of Monomineralic Layers. - 19.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - PART Ill - APPLICATIONS OF GEOCHEMISTRY TO THE SOLUTION OF GLOBAL PROBLEMS. - 20 Consequences of Chemical Weathering. - 20.1 Changes in Chemical Composition of Rocks. - 20.2 Normative Mineral Composition of Weathering Products. - 20.3 Susceptibility of Minerals to Weathering. - 20.4 Formation of Placer Deposits. - 20.5 Provenance Determination by Isotopic Dating. - 20.6 Formation of Soils. - 20.7 Geomicrobiology. - 20.8 Food Production and Population Growth. - 20.9 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 21 Chemical Composition of Surface Water. - 21.1 Chemical Analysis of Water in Streams. - 21.2 Chemical Composition of Streams. - 21.3 Chemical Composition of Meteoric Precipitation. - 21.4 Normative Minerals from Water Compositions. - 21.5 Evaporative Concentration. - 21.6 Water Quality. - 21.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 22 Chemical Weathering of Mineral Deposits. - 22.1 Metallic Mineral Deposits. - 22.2 Oxidation of Iron Sulfides and the Role of Bacteria. - 22.3 Eh- pH Diagram for Copper Minerals. - 22.4 Supergene Enrichment of Fe-Cu Sulfide Deposits. - 22.5 Replacement of Pyrite by Chalcocite. - 22.6 Oxidation of Ore Minerals of Other Metals. - 22.7 Geochemical Exploration. - 22.8 Production and Consumption of Mineral Resources. - 22.9 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 23 Geochemical Cycles. - 23.1 The Principle of Mass Balance. - 23.2 Mass Balance for Major Elements in the Ocean. - 23.3 Mass Balance for Trace Elements in the Ocean. - 23.4 The Cycles of C-H-O-N. - 23.5 The Sulfur Cycle. - 23.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 24 Environmental Geochemistry: Disposal of Radioactive Waste. - 24.1 The Big Picture. - 24.2 High-Level Radioactive Waste. - 24.3 Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste. - 24.4 Geochemistry of Plutonium. - 24.5 Eh-pH Diagrams for Neptunium and Plutonium. - 24.6 Analog Studies: The Natural Reactors at Oklo, Gabon. - 24.7 Reactor Accidents: Chernobyl, U.S.S.R. - 24.8 Summary. - Problems. - References. - Appendix. - Standard Gibbs Free Energies (G°f) and Standard Enthalpies of Formation (H°f). - Author Index. - Subject Index.

Note: CONTENTS: 1 The Soil Solid Phase. - 1.1 Characteristics of the Primary Particles. - 1.1.1 Characterization of Particle Size. - 1.1.2 Classification of Textural Size Fractions. - 1.1.3 Chemical and Mineralogical Properties. - Sand and Silt Fraction. - Clay Fraction. - 1.1.4 Shape of Soil Particles. - 1.1.5 Surface Area of Soil Particles. - Relationship to Particle Size. - Relationship to Clay Mineralogy. - 1.1.6 Surface Properties of Clay Particles. - Density of Charge. - Ionic Adsorption. - Cation Adsorption. - Diffuse Double Layer. - Cation Exchange Equations. - Anion Adsorption. - Adsorption of Nonelectrolytes. - Ion Adsorption and Flocculation. - Adsorption Isotherms. - Adsorption of Gases. - Measurement of Specific Surface Area. - Measurement of Cation Exchange Capacity. - 1.2 Characteristics of Bulk Soil. - 1.2.1 Volume Fractions. - 1.2.2 Bulk and Mineral Densities. - Measurement of Bulk Density. - 1.2.3 Soil Structure. - Aggregation. - Aggregate Analysis. - Stability of Structure. - Problems. - 2 Water Retention in Soil. - 2.1 Properties of Water. - 2.1.1 Molecular Properties of Water. - 2.1.2 Fluid Properties of Water. - Thermal and Mechanical Properties. - Surface Tension and Interfacial Curvature. - Contact Angle. - Capillary Rise. - Viscosity. - Osmotic Pressure. - 2.1.3 Water Near Particle Surfaces. - 2.2 Soil Water Content. - 2.2.1 Definitions. - 2.2.2 Measurement of Soil Water Content. - Measurement of [Theta]g. - Measurement of [Theta]v by Mass and Volume Estimation. - Measurement of [Theta]v by Gamma Ray Attenuation. - Measurement of [Theta]v by Neutron Attenuation. - Measurement of [Theta]v by Time Domain Reflectometry. - 2.3 Energy State of Water in Soil. - 2.3.1 Potential Energy of Water in Soil. - 2.3.2 Reference or Standard State. - 2.3.3 Total Soil Water Potential. - 2.3.4 Components of Water Potential. - Gravitational Potential. - Solute Potential. - Tensiometer Pressure Potential. - Matric Potential. - Air Pressure Potential. - Hydrostatic Pressure Potential. - Overburden Pressure Potential. - Wetness Potential. - 2.4 Analysis of Systems at Equilibrium. - 2.5 Measurements of Components of Water Potential. - 2.5.1 Direct Measurement of Potential Components. - 2.5.2 Measurement Devices. - Piezometer Tube. - Tensiometer. - Soil Psychrometer. - 2.6 Water Characteristic Function. - 2.6.1 Measurement. - Hanging Water Column. - Pressure Plate. - Equilibration over Salt Solutions. - 2.6.2 Hysteresis in Water Content-Energy Relationships. - 2.7 Appendix: Gamma Ray Attenuation. - 2.7.1 Transmission through a Pure Substance i. - 2.7.2 Transmission through a Heterogeneous Material. - 2.7.3 Transmission through Soil. - Problems. - 3 Water Movement in Soil. - 3.1 Water Flow in Capillary Tubes. - 3.1.1 Poiseuille's Law. - 3.2 Water Flow in Saturated Soil. - 3.2.1 Darcy's Law. - 3.2.2 Measurement of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity. - 3.2.3 Calculation of Hydrostatic Pressure in Soil Columns. - 3.2.4 Water Flow in Saturated Layered Soil. - 3.3 Water Flow in Unsaturated Soil. - 3.3.1 Buckingham-Darcy Flux Law. - 3.3.2 Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity. - 3.3.3 Capillary Tube Model of Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity. - 3.3.4 Steady-State Water Flow Problems. - Integral Form of Darcy's Law. - Evaporation from a Water Table. - Steady-State Downward Water Flow. - Measurement of Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity. - 3.3.5 Water Conservation Equation. - 3.3.6 Richards Equation for Transient Water Flow. - Water Content Form of Richards Equation. - Matric Potential Form of Richards Equation. - Water Diffusivity Function Dw([Theta]). - Water Capacity Function Cw([Theta]). - 3.3.7 Model Functional Forms. - 3.3.8 Water Flow Calculations in Unsaturated Soil. - Steady-State Water Flow through a Crop Root Zone. - Water Flow through Unsaturated Layered Soil. - 3.4 Multidimensional Flow. - 3.5 Appendix: Solution of First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations. - 3.5.1 Method 1: Separation of Variables. - 3.5.2 Method 2: Integrating Factors. - Problems. - 4 The Field Soil Water Regime. - 4.1 Field Water Balance. - 4.1.1 Analysis of Field Water Content and Matric Potential Profiles. - 4.1.2 Equilibrium and Steady-State Profiles. - 4.1.3 Transient Flow Processes in the Field. - 4.2 Infiltration. - 4.2.1 Empirical Infiltration Models. - Kostiakov Equation. - Horton Equation. - 4.2.2 Green-Ampt Infiltration Model. - 4.2.3 Philip Infiltration Model. - Horizontal Infiltration. - Vertical Infiltration. - 4.2.4 Infiltration into Nonhomogeneous Soil Profiles. - 4.2.5 Infiltration When RainfallIs Limiting. - 4.2.6 Two- and Three-Dimensional Infiltration. - 4.3 Redistribution. - 4.3.1 Redistribution of Water in Soil Profiles. - 4.3.2 Field Capacity Concept. - 4.4 Field Measurement of Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity. - 4.5 Water Flow through Structural Voids. - 4.6 Evaporation. - Problems. - 5 The Soil Thermal Regime. - 5.1 Atmospheric Energy Balance. - 5.1.1 Extraterrestrial Radiation. - Stefan-Boltzmann Law. - Energy-Wavelength Laws. - 5.1.2 Solar Radiation. - Interactions with Atmosphere. - Net Radiation. - 5.1.3 Physical Factors Affecting Solar Radiation. - Albedo. - Latitude. - Exposure. - Distribution of Land and Water. - Vegetation. - 5.2 Soil Surface Energy Balance. - 5.2.1 Energy Balance Equation. - Components of Energy Balance. - 5.2.2 Measurement of Evapotranspiration. - Aerodynamic Transport Equations. - Penman Combination Equation. - 5.3 Heat Flow in Soil. - 5.3.1 Heat Flux Equation. - 5.3.2 Heat Conservation Equation. - 5.3.3 Thermal Properties of Soil. - Heat Capacity. - Thermal Conductivity. - Measurement of Thermal Conductivity. - 5.3.4 Applications of Heat Flow Equation. - Steady-State Heat Flow Problems. - Annual Temperature Changes in Soil. - 5.3.5 Soil Temperature Observations. - Diurnal Variations. - Annual Variations. - Problems. - 6 Soil Aeration. - 6.1 Composition of Soil Air. - 6.2 Gas Reactions In Soil. - 6.2.1 CO2 Production in Soil. - 6.2.2 O2 Consumption in Soil. - 6.3 Gas Transport through Soil. - 6.3.1 Gas Conservation Equation. - 6.3.2 Gas Convection in Soil. - Temperature Effects. - Barometric Pressure Effects. - Wind Effects. - Rainfall Effects. - Mass Flow of Gases into Buildings. - 6.3.3 Gas Diffusion. - Measurement of Gas Diffusion Coefficients in Soil. - Measurement of Gas Flux in Field. - 6.3.4 Gas Transport Equation. - 6.4 Gas Transport Modeling in Soil. - 6.4.1 Steady-State O2 Transport and Consumption. - 6.4.2 Steady-State and Transient CO2 Transport and Evolution. - 6.4.3 O2 Depletion at the Plant Root Interface. - 6.5 Flow of Water Vapor through Soil. - 6.5.1 Water Vapor Flux Equation. - 6.5.2 Approximate Water Vapor Flux Law. - 6.6 Measurement of O2 Diffusion and Consumption in Soil. - Problems. - 7 Solute Transport in Soil. - 7.1 Solute Conservation Equation. - 7.1.1 Solute Storage in Soil. - 7.1.2 Solute Flux through Soil. - 7.1.3 Convection-Dispersion Model of Hydrodynamic Dispersion. - 7.2 Convection-Dispersion Equation. - 7.2.1 Transport of Inert, Nonadsorbing Solutes. - Breakthrough Time. - Effect of Dispersion. - Drainage Breakthrough Curves. - Transport of Pulses through Soil. - 7.2.2 Transport of Inert, Adsorbing Chemicals. - Adsorption Isotherms. - Breakthrough Time. - Effect of Dispersion. - 7.2.3 Effect of Soil Structure on Transport. - Mobile-Immobile Water Model. - 7.2.4 Reactions of Chemicals in Soil. - First-Order Decay. - Convection-Dispersion Equation and First-Order Decay. - Piston Flow Model and First-Order Decay. - 7.2.5 Transport of Volatile Organic Compounds through Soil. - Phase Partitioning Laws. - Linear Partitioning Laws. - Effective Liquid-Vapor Diffusion. - Total Solute Flux. - Volatilization of Chemicals from Soil. - 7.3 Transfer Function Model of Solute Transport through Soil. - 7.3.1 Solute Transport Volume. - 7.3.2 Solute Lifetime and Travel Time Distribution Functions. - 7.3.3 Transfer Function Equation. - 7.3.4 Measurement of Transfer Function Parameters. - 7.3.5 Model Distribution Func

Note: Contents: 44. Selaginellaceae / P. J. Stafford. - 45. Oleaceae / W. Punt, J. A. A. Bos and P. P. Hoen. - 46. Geraniaceae / P. J. Stafford and S. Blackmore. - 47. Juglandaceae / J. A. A. Bos and W. Punt. - 48. Cornaceae / P. J. Stafford and G. L. A. Heath. - 49. Globulariaceae / W. Punt and A. Marks. - 50. Buxaceae / W. Punt and A. Marks. - 51. Ranunculaceae / G. C. S. Clarke, W. Punt and P. P. Hoen. - Index.