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Note: Contents: Lists of figures. - List of contributors. - Preface. - 1. Challenges for ice age dynamics: a dynamical systems perspective / Michel Crucifix, Guillaume Lenoir and Takahito Mitsui. - 2. Tipping points in the climate system / Peter Ditlevsen. - 3. Atmospheric teleconnection patterns / Steven B. Feldstein and Christian L. E. Franzke. - 4. Atmospheric regimes: the link between weather and the large scale circulation / David M. Straus, Franco Molteni and Susanna Corti. - 5. Low-frequency regime transitions and predictability of regimes in a barotropic model / Balu T. Nadiga and Terence J. O'Kane. - 6. Complex network techniques for climatological data analysis / Reik V. Donner, Marc Wiedermann and Jonathan F. Donges. - 7. On inference and validation of causality relations in climate teleconnections / Illia Horenko, Susanne Gerber, Terence J. O'Kane, James S. Risbey and Didier P. Monselesan. - 8. Stochastic climate theory / Georg A. Gottwald, Daan T. Crommelin and Christian L. E. Franzke. - 9. Stochastic subgrid modelling for geophysical and three-dimensional turbulence / Jorgen S. Frederiksen, Vassili Kitsios, Terence J. O'Kane and Meelis J. Zidikheri. - 10. Model error in data assimilation / John Harlim. - 11. Long-term memory in climate: detection, extreme events, and significance of trends / Armin Bunde and Josef Ludescher. - 12. Fractional stochastic models for heavy tailed, and long-range dependent, fluctuations in physical systems / Nicholas W. Watkins. - 13. Modelling spatial extremes using Max-Stable Processes / Mathieu Ribatet. - 14. Extreme value analysis in dynamical systems: two case studies / Tamás Bódai. - Index.

Note: Content: Preface. - 1 IASC Internal Development. - IASC Organization. - IASC Council . - IASC Executive Committee. - IASC Secretariat. - Allen Pope New IASC Executive Secretary. - IASC Secretariat Moves to Iceland. - IASC Future Strategy. - IASC Medal 2017. - 2 IASC Working Groups. - Cross-Cutting Initiatives. - Atmosphere Working Group (AWG). - Cryosphere Working Group (CWG). - Marine Working Group (MWG). - Social and Human Working Group (SHWG). - Terrestrial Working Group (TWG). - 3 Arctic Science Summit Week 2016. - Upcoming ASSWs. - 4 Data and Observations. - Arctic Data Committee (ADC). - Sustaining Arctic Observing Networks (SAON). - 5 Partnerships. - Asian Forum for Polar Sciences (AFoPS). - Arctic Council. - 6 Capacity Building. - IASC Fellowship Program. - Overview of Supported Early Career Scientists. - Annex. - Polar Acronyms.

Note: Contents: 1 Introduction to the Application of Paleoecological Techniques in Estuaries / Kathryn H. Taffs, Krystyna M. Saunders, Kaarina Weckström, Peter A. Gell, and C. Gregory Skilbeck. - PART I ESTARIES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT. - 2 Estuary Form and Function: Implications for Palaeoecological Studies / Peter Scanes, Angus Ferguson, and Jaimie Potts. - 3 Geology and Sedimentary History of Modern Estuaries / C. Gregory Skilbeck, Andrew D. Heap, and Colin D. Woodroffe. - 4 Paleoecological Evidence for Variability and Change in Estuaries: Insights for Management / Krystyna M. Saunders and Peter A. Gell. - PART II CORING AND DATING OF ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS. - 5 Sediment Sampling in Estuaries: Site Selection and Sampling Techniques / C. Gregory Skilbeck, Stacey Trevathan-Tackett, Pemika Apichanangkool, and Peter I. Macreadie. - 6 Some Practical Considerations Regarding the Application of 210Pb and 137Cs Dating to Estuarine Sediments / Thorbjoern Joest Andersen. - 7 Radiocarbon Dating in Estuarine Environments / Jesper Olsen, Philippa Ascough, Bryan C. Lougheed, and Peter Rasmussen. - PART III TECHNIQUES FOR PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL RECONSTRUCTIONS IN ESTUARINES. - 8 Lipid Biomarkers as Organic Geochemical Proxies for the Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of Estuarine Environments / John K. Volkman and Rienk H. Smittenberg. - 9 C/N ratios and Carbon Isotope Composition of Organic Matter in Estuarine Environments / Melanie J. Leng and Jonathan P. Lewis. - 10 Physical and Chemical Factors to Consider when Studying Historical Contamination and Pollution in Estuaries / Amanda Reichelt-Brushett, Malcolm Clark, and Gavin Birch. - 11 Diatoms as Indicators of Environmental Change in Estuaries / Kathryn H. Taffs, Krystyna M. Saunders, and Brendan Logan. - 12 Dinoflagellate Cysts as Proxies for Holocene Environmental Change in Estuaries: Diversity, Abundance and Morphology / Marianne Ellegaard, Barrie Dale, Kenneth N. Mertens, Vera Pospelova, and Sofia Ribeiro. - 13 Applications of Foraminifera, Testate Amoebae and Tintinnids in Estuarine Palaeoecology / Anupam Ghosh and Helena L. Filipsson. - 14 Ostracods as Recorders of Palaeoenvironmental Change in Estuaries / Jessica M. Reeves. - 15 Application of Molluscan Analyses to the Reconstruction of Past Environmental Conditions in Estuaries / G. Lynn Wingard and Donna Surge. - 16 Corals in Estuarine Environments: Their Response to Environmental Changes and Application in Reconstructing Past Environmental Variability / Francisca Staines-Urías. - 17 Inferring Environmental Change in Estuaries from Plant Macrofossils / John Tibby and Carl D. Sayer. - 18 Applications of Pollen Analysis in Estuarine Systems / Joanna C. Ellison. - PART IV CASE STUDIES. - 19 Palaeo-Environmental Approaches to Reconstructing Sea Level Changes in Estuaries / Brigid V. Morrison and Joanna C. Ellison. - 20 Paleoecology Studies in Chesapeake Bay: A Model System for Understanding Interactions between Climate, Anthropogenic Activities and the Environment / Elizabeth A. Canuel, Grace S. Brush, Thomas M. Cronin, Rowan Lockwood, and Andrew R. Zimmerman. - 21 Paleosalinity Changes in the Río de la Plata Estuary and on the Adjacent Uruguayan Continental Shelf over the Past 1200 Years: An Approach Using Diatoms as a Proxy / Laura Perez, Felipe García-Rodríguez, and Till J.J. Hanebuth. - 22 Application of Paleoecology to Ecosystem Restoration: A Case Study from South Florida’s Estuaries / G. Lynn Wingard. - 23 Paleolimnological History of the Coorong: Identifying the Natural Ecological Character of a Ramsar Wetland in Crisis / Peter A. Gell. - 24 Palaeoenvironmental History of the Baltic Sea: One of the Largest Brackish-water Ecosystems in the World / Kaarina Weckström, Jonathan P. Lewis, Elinor Andrén, Marianne Ellegaard, Peter Rasmussen, and Richard Telford. - Glossary. - Index

Note: Contents: Who wants to be an Economist? ; 1. Change the Goal ; 2. See the Big Picture ; 3. Nurture Human Nature ; 4. Get Savvy with Systems ; 5. Design to Distribute ; 6. Create to Regenerate ; 7. Be Agnostic about Growth ; We are all Economists now ; Appendix: The Doughnut and its Data

Note: Contents: 1. The Politics and Political Economy of Forestland Regimes ; SECTION I: The Origins and Divergences of National Forestland Regimes ; 2. Colonialism and the Transformation of Hinterlands ; 3. Politics of 4. Political Mediation of Land Conflicts in the Hinterlands ; SECTION II: Politics of Institutional Change ; 5. Politics of Institutional Change in India's Forestland Regimes ; 6. Politics of Institutional Change in Tanzania and Mexico ; SECTION III: Policy Differences and Key Lessons ; 7. Public Accountability in Policy- making: Forest- Based Climate Change Mitigation in India, Tanzania, and Mexico ; 8. Conclusion: Toward Social Justice and Enduring Nature Conservation ; Appendix I: Number of People Affected by Forestland Conflicts ; Appendix II: A Sample of Specific Events Related to Forestland Conflicts ; Appendix III: Major Socioeconomic and Political Indicators in Case Study Countries ; Appendix IV: Inequality- Adjusted Human Development Index for Selected Regions ; Appendix V: Statistical Analysis of Forestland Claims in Gujarat, India ; References ; Index

Note: Contents: PART 1: The challenge of long-term democratic governance ; 1 Intertemporal policy-making in advanced democracies ; 2 The presentist bias ; 3 Probing the causes of the presentist bias ; 4 The policy dimensions of the presentist bias ; PART 2: Principles and proposals for improving long-term democratic governance ; 5 Foundations for prudent long-term governance ; 6 Countering the presentist bias ; PART 3: Assessing the options for improving long-term democratic governance ; 7 A constitution for the future ; 8 Committing to a better future ; 9 Insulating decision-making from short-term political pressures ; 10 Enhancing voices for the future ; 11 Advising for a better future ; 12 Designing and embedding a strategic foresight capability ; 13 Creating the political conditions for policy investments ; PART 4: Taking care of tomorrow today ; 14 Towards a better tomorrow ; Appendix ; Bibliography ; Index

Note: Chapter 1 (Introduction) - New Rules: Old Lessons? -- Chapter 2 - A New Starting Point: ‘Values-up’ not ‘Numbers-down’ -- Chapter 3 - New stories: Frames and Narratives for building public engagement -- Chapter 4 - New social norms: breaking the ‘climate silence’ -- Chapter 5 - New Voices: Shifting the debate from scientific to social reality -- Chapter 6 - New Rules: A Blueprint for public engagement on energy and climate change

Note: Contents: 1 Reforming the EU ETS: Where are we now? ; 2 Agreeing on the EU ETS price floor to foster solidarity, subsidiarity, and efficiency in the EU ; 3 Under pressure: European Electricity Markets and the Need for Reform ; 4 Reforming the EU energy tax directive: assessing the options ; 5 On the coherence of economic instruments: climate, renewables, and energy efficiency policies ; 6 Fiscal and regulatory instruments for clean technology development in the European Union ; 7 Lessons from the U.S. shale gas boom ; 8 Tax and regulatory policies for European transport: getting ther, but in the slow lane ; 9 Carbon pricing and taxation: overcoming obstacles to policy reform in the EU

Note: Contents: Part I: Dynamics of the Green Transition; 1. Introduction; 2. Evolutionary Dynamics of Our Industrial Civilization; 3. Ecomodernization –with ‘Chinese Characteristics’; 4. Sociotechnical Transitions: A Sixth Wave; 5. No Wonder China and India Are Pursuing Green Growth Strategies So Vigorously; 6. Finance Now Playing a Central Role in the Green Shift; 7. Can the China Model Be Utilized by Other Industrializing Countries?; 8. Green Growth Development Strategies, Local Content Requirements and World Trade; 9. Farewell Fossil Fuels; Part II: Sixth Wave Eco- Innovations; 10. Global Population Peaking […] and Urbanizing; 11. Energy That Is Clean, Cheap, Abundant – and Safe; 12. Reframing Renewables as Enhancing Energy Security; 13. The Myths of ‘Renewistan’; 14. Recirculation and Regeneration of Resources (Circular Economy); 15. Food and Fresh Water Production; 16. Energy, Water, Food for Cities: Deploying a Positive Triple Nexus; 17. Eco- Cities of the Future; 18. When Ceres Meets Gaia; Bibliography; Index.

Note: Contents: Chapter 1. Water Everywhere and Nowhere ; Chapter 2. Back to Life ; Chapter 3. Put Watersheds to Work ; Chapter 4. Make Room for Floods ; Chapter 5. Bank It for a Dry Day ; Chapter 6. Fill the Earth ; Chapter 7. Conserve in the City ; Chapter 8. Clean It Up ; Chapter 9. Close the Loop ; Chapter 10. Let It Flow ; Chapter 11. Rescue Desert Rivers ; Chapter 12. Share

Note: Contents: Chapter 1. The transport sector today ; Chapter 2. Transport demand and CO2 emissions to 2050 ; Chapter 3. International freight ; Chapter 4. International passenger aviation ; Chapter 5. Mobility in cities ; Statistical annex

Note: Contents: List of contributors. - Preface. - 1 Overview of sea ice growth and properties / Chris Petrich & Hajo Eicken. - 2 Sea ice thickness distribution / Christian Haas. - 3 Snow in the sea-ice system : friend or foe? / Matthew Sturm & Robert A. Massom. - 4 Sea ice and sunlight / Donald K. Perovich. - 5 The sea ice-ocean boundary layer / Miles G. McPhee. - 6 The atmosphere over sea ice / Ola Persson & Timo Vihma. - 7 Sea ice and arctic ocean oceanography / Finlo Cottier, Mike Steele & Frank Nielsen. - 8 Oceanography and sea ice in the southern ocean / Michael P. Meredith & Mark A. Brandon. - 9 Methods of satellite remote sensing of sea ice / Gunnar Spreen & Stefan Kern. - 10 Gaining (and losing) antarctic sea ice : variability, trends and mechanisms / Sharon Stammerjohn & Ted Maksym. - 11 Losing arctic sea ice : observations of the recent decline and the long-term context / Walt N. Meier. - 12 Sea ice in earth system models / Dirk Notz & Cecilia M. Bitz. - 13 Sea ice as a habitat for bacteria, archaea and viruses / Jody W. Deming & R. Eric Collins. - 14 Sea ice as a habitat for primary producers / Kevin R. Arrigo. - 15 Sea ice as a habitat for micrograzers / David A. Caron, Rebecca J. Gast & Marie-Eve Garneau. - 16 Sea ice as a habitat for macrograzers / Bodil A. Bluhm, Kerrie M. Swadling & Rolf Gradinger. - 17 Nutrients, dissolved organic matter and exopolymers in sea ice / Klaus M. Meiners & Christine Michel. - 18 Gases in sea ice / Jean-Louis Tison, Bruno Delille & Stathys Papadimitriou. - 19 Transport and transformation of contaminants in sea ice / Feiyue Wang, Monika Pucko & Gary Stern. - 20 Numerical models of sea ice biogeochemistry / Martin Vancoppenolla & Letizia Tedesco. - 21 Arctic marine mammals and sea ice / Kristin L. Laidre & Eric V. Regehr. - 22 Antarctic marine mammals and sea ice / Marthán N. Bester, Horst Bornemann & Trevor McIntyre. - 23 A feathered perspective : the influence of sea ice on arctic marine birds / Nina J. Karnovsky & Maria V. Gavrilo. - 24 Birds and antarctic sea ice / David Ainley, Eric J. Woehler & Amelie Lescroel. - 25 Sea ice is our beautiful garden : indigenous perspectives on sea ice of sea ice in the arctic / Henry P. Huntington, Shari Gearheard, Lene Kielsen Holm, George Noongwook, Margaret Opie & Joelie Sanguya. - 26 Advances in palaeo sea-ice estimation / Leanne Armand, Alexander Ferry & Amy Leventer. - 27 Ice in subarctic seas / Hermanni Kaartokallio, Mats A. Granskog, Harri Kuosa & Jouni Vainio. - Index.

Note: Contents: Introduction PART I CONCEPTS AND GLOBAL ISSUES 1. The Social Dimensions of Climate Change 2. Human needs and sustainable wellbeing 3. Climate capitalism: emissions, inequality, green growth 4. Sustainable wellbeing, necessary emissions and fair burdens PART II TOWARDS ECO-SOCIAL POLICY IN THE RICH WORLD 5. From welfare states to climate mitigation states? 6. Decarbonising the economy and its social consequences 7. Decarbonising consumption: Needs, necessities and eco-social policies 8. Post-growth, redistribution and wellbeing 9. Conclusion: A three-stage transition

Note: Introduction.- Spectral Analysis of Deterministic Process.- Structural Dynamics.- Spectral Analysis of Stationary Stochastic Process.- Stochastic Structural Dynamics.- Ambient Data Analysis and Simulation.- Bayesian Inference.- Classical Statistical Inference.- Bayesian OMA Framework.- Single Mode Problem.- Multi-Mode Problem.- Multi-Setup Problem.- Managing identification uncertainty.- Theory of Uncertainty Laws.

Note: Front Cover --- Introduction to Satellite Remote Sensing --- Introduction to Satellite Remote Sensing: Atmosphere, Ocean, Land and Cryosphere Applications --- Copyright --- Dedication --- Contents --- 1 - THE HISTORY OF SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING --- 1.1 THE DEFINITION OF REMOTE SENSING --- 1.2 THE HISTORY OF SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING --- 1.2.1 THE NATURE OF LIGHT AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY --- 1.2.2 THE BIRTH OF EARTH-ORBITING SATELLITES --- 1.2.3 THE FUTURE OF POLAR-ORBITING SATELLITES --- 1.2.3.1 The Cross-Track Infrared Sounder --- 1.2.4 OTHER HISTORICAL SATELLITE PROGRAMS --- 1.2.4.1 The NIMBUS Program --- 1.2.4.2 The Landsat Program --- 1.2.4.3 The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program --- 1.2.4.4 Geostationary Weather Satellites --- 1.2.4.4.1 GOES-R --- 1.3 STUDY QUESTIONS --- 2 - BASIC ELECTROMAGNETIC CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS TO OPTICAL SENSORS --- 2.1 MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS --- 2.2 THE BASICS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION --- 2.3 THE REMOTE SENSING PROCESS --- 2.4 THE CHARACTER OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES --- 2.4.1 DEFINITION OF RADIOMETRIC TERMS --- 2.4.2 POLARIZATION AND THE STOKES VECTOR --- 2.4.3 REFLECTION AND REFRACTION AT THE INTERFACE OF TWO FLAT MEDIA --- 2.4.4 BREWSTER'S ANGLE --- 2.4.5 CRITICAL ANGLE --- 2.4.6 ALBEDO VERSUS REFLECTANCE --- 2.5 ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM: DISTRIBUTION OF RADIANT ENERGIES --- 2.5.1 GAMMA, X-RAY, AND ULTRAVIOLET PORTIONS OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM --- 2.5.2 VISIBLE SPECTRUM --- 2.5.3 THERMAL INFRARED SPECTRUM --- 2.5.4 MICROWAVE SPECTRUM --- 2.6 ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMISSION --- 2.6.1 SPECTRAL WINDOWS --- 2.6.2 ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS --- 2.6.2.1 Beer-Lambert Absorption Law --- 2.6.2.2 Beer-Lambert Absorption Law: Opacity --- 2.6.2.3 Atmospheric Scattering --- 2.7 SENSORS TO MEASURE PARAMETERS OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE --- 2.8 INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION --- 2.9 INFRARED EMISSIONS --- 2.10 SURFACE REFLECTANCE: LAND TARGETS --- 2.10.1 LAND SURFACE MIXTURES --- 2.11 STUDY QUESTIONS --- 3 - OPTICAL IMAGING SYSTEMS --- 3.1 PHYSICAL MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLES --- 3.2 BASIC OPTICAL SYSTEMS --- 3.2.1 PRISMS --- 3.2.2 FILTER-WHEEL RADIOMETERS --- 3.2.2.1 An Example: The Cloud Absorption Radiometer --- 3.2.2.2 Filters --- 3.2.3 GRATING SPECTROMETER --- 3.2.4 INTERFEROMETER --- 3.3 SPECTRAL RESOLVING POWER --- THE RAYLEIGH CRITERION --- 3.4 DETECTING THE SIGNAL --- 3.5 VIGNETTING --- 3.6 SCAN GEOMETRIES --- 3.7 FIELD OF VIEW --- 3.8 OPTICAL SENSOR CALIBRATION --- 3.8.1 VISIBLE WAVELENGTHS CALIBRATION --- 3.8.2 POLARIZATION FILTERS --- 3.9 LIGHT DETECTION AND RANGING --- 3.9.1 PHYSICS OF THE MEASUREMENT --- 3.9.2 OPTICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS --- 3.9.3 APPLICATIONS OF LIDAR SYSTEMS --- 3.9.4 WIND LIDAR --- 3.9.4.1 Vector Wind Velocity Determination --- 3.9.4.1.1 Velocity Azimuth Display LIDAR Vector Wind Method --- 3.9.4.1.2 Doppler Beam Swinging LIDAR Vector Wind Method --- 3.9.4.2 Direct Detection Doppler Wind LIDAR --- 3.9.4.3 LIDAR Wind Summary --- 3.10 STUDY QUESTIONS --- 4 - Microwave Radiometry --- 4.1 Basic Concepts on Microwave Radiometry --- 4.1.1 Blackbody Radiation --- 4.1.2 Gray-body Radiation: Brightness Temperature and Emissivity --- 4.1.3 General Expressions for the Emissivity --- 4.1.3.1 Simple Emissivity Models: Emission From a Perfect Specular Surface --- 4.1.3.2 Simple Emissivity Models: Emission From a Lambertian Surface --- 4.1.3.1 Simple Emissivity Models: Emission From a Perfect Specular Surface --- 4.1.3.2 Simple Emissivity Models: Emission From a Lambertian Surface --- 4.1.4 Power Collected by an Antenna Surrounded by a Blackbody --- 4.1.5 Power Collected by an Antenna Surrounded by a Gray body: Apparent Temperature and Antenna Temperature --- 4.2 The Radiative Transfer Equation --- 4.2.1 The Complete Polarimetric Radiative Transfer Equation --- 4.2.2 Usual Approximations to the Radiative Transfer Equation --- 4.3 Emission Behavior of Natural Surfaces --- 4.3.1 The Atmosphere --- 4.3.1.1 Attenuation by Atmospheric Gases --- 4.3.1.2 Attenuation by Rain --- 4.3.1.3 Attenuation by Clouds and Fog --- 4.3.2 The Ionosphere --- 4.3.2.1 Faraday Rotation --- 4.3.2.2 Ionospheric Losses: Absorption and Emission --- 4.3.3 Land Emission --- 4.3.3.1 Soil Dielectric Constant Models --- 4.3.3.2 Bare Soil Emission --- 4.3.3.3 Vegetated Soil Emission --- 4.3.3.4 Snow-Covered Soil Emission --- 4.3.3.5 Topography Effects --- 4.3.4 Ocean Emission --- 4.3.4.1 Water Dielectric Constant Behavior --- 4.3.4.2 Calm Ocean Emission --- 4.3.4.2.1 Influence of the Salinity --- 4.3.4.2.2 Influence of Frequency --- 4.3.4.2.3 Influence of the Water Temperature --- 4.3.4.3 Influence of the Sea State --- 4.3.4.3.1 Influence of the Look Angle --- 4.3.4.4 Emissivity of the Sea Surface Covered With Oil --- 4.3.4.5 Emissivity of the Sea Ice Surface --- 4.4 Understanding Microwave Radiometry Imagery --- 4.5 Applications of Microwave Radiometry --- 4.6 Sensors --- 4.6.1 Historical Review of Microwave Radiometers and Frequency Bands Used --- 4.6.2 Microwave Radiometers: Basic Performance --- 4.6.2.1 Spatial Resolution --- 4.6.2.1.1 Real Aperture Radiometers --- 4.6.2.1.2 Synthetic Aperture Radiometers --- 4.6.2.2 Radiometric Resolution --- 4.6.2.2.1 Real Aperture Radiometers --- 4.6.2.2.2 Synthetic Aperture Radiometers --- 4.6.2.3 Trade-off Between Spatial Resolution and Radiometric Precision --- 4.6.3 Real Aperture Radiometers --- 4.6.3.1 Instrument Considerations --- 4.6.3.1.1 Antenna Considerations --- 4.6.3.1.2 Receiver Considerations --- 4.6.3.1.3 Sampling Considerations --- 4.6.3.2 Types of Real Aperture Radiometers --- 4.6.3.3 Radiometer Calibration --- 4.6.3.3.1 External Calibration --- 4.6.3.3.1.1 Using Hot and Cold Targets --- 4.6.3.3.1.2 Fully Polarimetric Radiometer Calibration Using External Targets --- 4.6.3.3.1.3 Tip Curves --- 4.6.3.3.1.4 Earth Targets: Vicarious Calibration --- 4.6.3.3.2 Internal Calibration --- 4.6.3.3.3 Radiometer Linearity --- 4.6.3.4 Radio Frequency Interference Detection and Mitigation --- 4.6.3.5 Example: Special Sensor Microwave Imager Radiometric and Geometric Corrections --- 4.6.4 Synthetic Aperture Radiometers --- 4.6.4.1 Types of Synthetic Aperture Radiometers --- 4.6.4.1.1 Mills Cross --- 4.6.4.1.2 Synthetic Aperture Radiometers using Matched Filtering --- 4.6.4.1.3 Synthetic Aperture Radiometers using Fourier Synthesis --- 4.6.4.1.3.1 1D Synthetic Aperture Radiometers: Array Thinning --- 4.6.4.1.3.2 2D Synthetic Aperture Radiometers: Array Topologies --- 4.6.4.1.3.3 Other Synthetic Aperture Radiometer Concepts --- 4.6.4.2 Radiometer Calibration --- 4.6.4.2.1 Internal Calibration --- 4.6.4.2.2 External Calibration --- 4.6.4.3 Image Reconstruction --- 4.6.4.4 ESA's SMOS Mission and the MIRAS Instrument --- 4.6.5 Future Trends in Microwave Radiometers --- 4.7 Study Questions --- 5 - RADAR --- 5.1 A COMPACT INTRODUCTION TO RADAR THEORY --- 5.1.1 REMOTE RANGING --- 5.1.2 DOPPLER ANALYSIS --- 5.2 RADAR SCATTERING --- 5.2.1 RADAR FREQUENCY BANDS --- 5.2.2 NORMALIZATIONS OF THE RADAR REFLECTIVITY --- 5.2.3 POINT VERSUS DISTRIBUTED SCATTERERS --- 5.2.4 SPECKLE, MULTILOOK, AND RADIOMETRIC RESOLUTION --- 5.2.5 RADAR EQUATION --- 5.2.6 RADAR WAVES AT AN INTERFACE --- 5.2.7 MULTIPLE REFLECTIONS: DOUBLE BOUNCE, TRIPLE BOUNCE, AND URBAN AREAS --- 5.2.8 BACKSCATTERING OF SURFACES --- 5.2.9 PERIODIC SCATTERING: THE BRAGG MODEL --- 5.2.10 BACKSCATTERING OF VOLUMES --- 5.2.11 OVERALL SUMMARY OF RADAR BACKSCATTER --- 5.2.12 DEPOLARIZATION OF RADAR WAVES --- 5.3 RADAR SYSTEMS --- 5.3.1 RANGE-DOPPLER RADARS --- 5.3.2 OPTIMAL RECEIVER FOR A SINGLE ECHO: THE MATCHED FILTER --- 5.3.3 MATCHED FILTER VERSUS INVERSE FILTER --- 5.3.4 OPTIMAL RECEIVER FOR RANGE-DOPPLER RADAR ECHOES: THE BACKPROJECTION OPERATOR --- 5.3.5 RADAR WAVEFORMS --- 5.3.6 A PARADIGMATIC EXAMPLE: LINEAR FREQUENCY MODULATED PULSES (CHIRPS) --- 5.3.7 GEOMET

Note: Contents: 1 Business-Cycle Facts Around the World ; 2 An Open Endowment Economy ; 3 An Open Economy with Capital ; 4 The Open Economy Real-Business-Cycle Model ; 5 Business Cycles in Emerging Countries: Productivity Shocks versus Financial Friction ; 6 Interest-Rate Shocks ; 7 Importable Goods, Exportable Goods, and the Terms of Trade ; 8 Nontradable Goods and the Real Exchange Rate ; 9 Nominal Rigidity, Exchange Rates, and Unemployment ; 10 Exchange-Rate Policy and Capital Controls ; 11 Policy Credibility and Balance-of-Payments Crises ; 12 Financial Frictions and Aggregate Instability ; 13 Sovereign Default

Note: Contents: Introduction ; Part 1 - Political Psychology ; 1 Understanding beliefs ; 2 The drunkyard's search ; Part 2 - Heuristics and Biases ; 3 Representativeness, foreign policy judgements, and theory-driven perceptions ; 4 Prospect theory: the political implication of loss aversion ; Part 3 - Political Psychology and International Relation Theory ; 5 Signaling and perception: projecting images and drawing inferences ; 6 Political psychology research and theory: bridges and barriers ; 7 Why intelligence and policymakers clash ; 8 Identit and the Colt War ; Part 4 - Psychology and National Security ; 9 Deterrence and perception ; 10 Psychology and crisis stability ; 11 Domino beliefs ; 12 Perception, misperception, and the end of the Cold War ; Index

Note: Contents: Part I. Economics and the Environment: 1. Environmental economics and the theory of externalities ; 2. Environmental problems and policy issues ; 3. Introduction to the theory of environmental policy ; Part II. The Design of Environmental Policy: 4. Imperfect information ; 5. Competitive output markets ; 6. Non-competitive output markets ; 7. Environmental policy with pre-existing distortions ; 8. Institutional topics in cap and trade programs ; 9. Ambient pollution control ; 10. Liability ; 11. Innovation and adoption of new technology ; 12. International environmental problems ; 13. Accumulating pollutants ; Part III. Valuing the Environment: 14. Theory of applied welfare analysis ; 15. Revealed preference models ; 16. Discrete choice models ; 17. Recreation ; 18. Property value models ; 19. Stated preference methods ; 20. Health valuation ; Part IV. The Practice of Environmental Economics: 21. Cost-benefit analysis: modeling ; 22. Cost-benefit analysis: empirical ; 23. Final thoughts.

Note: Foreword xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xxi About the Authors xxiii Part I: Data Science with Hadoop-An Overview 1 Chapter 1: Introduction to Data Science 3 What Is Data Science? 3 Example: Search Advertising 4 A Bit of Data Science History 5 Becoming a Data Scientist 8 Building a Data Science Team 12 The Data Science Project Life Cycle 13 Managing a Data Science Project 18 Summary 18 Chapter 2: Use Cases for Data Science 19 Big Data-A Driver of Change 19 Business Use Cases 21 Summary 29 Chapter 3: Hadoop and Data Science 31 What Is Hadoop? 31 Hadoop's Evolution 37 Hadoop Tools for Data Science 38 Why Hadoop Is Useful to Data Scientists 46 Summary 51 Part II: Preparing and Visualizing Data with Hadoop 53 Chapter 4: Getting Data into Hadoop 55 Hadoop as a Data Lake 56 The Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) 58 Direct File Transfer to Hadoop HDFS 58 Importing Data from Files into Hive Tables 59 Importing Data into Hive Tables Using Spark 62 Using Apache Sqoop to Acquire Relational Data 65 Using Apache Flume to Acquire Data Streams 74 Manage Hadoop Work and Data Flows with Apache Oozie 79 Apache Falcon 81 What's Next in Data Ingestion? 82 Summary 82 Chapter 5: Data Munging with Hadoop 85 Why Hadoop for Data Munging? 86 Data Quality 86 The Feature Matrix 93 Summary 106 Chapter 6: Exploring and Visualizing Data 107 Why Visualize Data? 107 Creating Visualizations 112 Using Visualization for Data Science 121 Popular Visualization Tools 121 Visualizing Big Data with Hadoop 123 Summary 124 Part III: Applying Data Modeling with Hadoop 125 Chapter 7: Machine Learning with Hadoop 127 Overview of Machine Learning 127 Terminology 128 Task Types in Machine Learning 129 Big Data and Machine Learning 130 Tools for Machine Learning 131 The Future of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence 132 Summary 132 Chapter 8: Predictive Modeling 133 Overview of Predictive Modeling 133 Classification Versus Regression 134 Evaluating Predictive Models 136 Supervised Learning Algorithms 140 Building Big Data Predictive Model Solutions 141 Example: Sentiment Analysis 145 Summary 150 Chapter 9: Clustering 151 Overview of Clustering 151 Uses of Clustering 152 Designing a Similarity Measure 153 Clustering Algorithms 154 Example: Clustering Algorithms 155 Evaluating the Clusters and Choosing the Number of Clusters 157 Building Big Data Clustering Solutions 158 Example: Topic Modeling with Latent Dirichlet Allocation 160 Summary 163 Chapter 10: Anomaly Detection with Hadoop 165 Overview 165 Uses of Anomaly Detection 166 Types of Anomalies in Data 166 Approaches to Anomaly Detection 167 Tuning Anomaly Detection Systems 170 Building a Big Data Anomaly Detection Solution with Hadoop 171 Example: Detecting Network Intrusions 172 Summary 179 Chapter 11: Natural Language Processing 181 Natural Language Processing 181 Tooling for NLP in Hadoop 184 Textual Representations 187 Sentiment Analysis Example 189 Summary 193 Chapter 12: Data Science with Hadoop-The Next Frontier 195 Automated Data Discovery 195 Deep Learning 197 Summary 199 Appendix A: Book Web Page and Code Download 201 Appendix B: HDFS Quick Start 203 Quick Command Dereference 204 Appendix C: Additional Background on Data Science and Apache Hadoop and Spark 209 General Hadoop/Spark Information 209 Hadoop/Spark Installation Recipes 210 HDFS 210 MapReduce 211 Spark 211 Essential Tools 211 Machine Learning 212 Index 213

Note: Text auf Englisch, Vorwort auf Deutsch, Französisch und Englisch, Zusammenfassung auf Englisch und Deutsch.

Note: Dissertation, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, 2017 , Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation, research questions and overview 1.1.1 Rainfall estimation at high spatial and temporal resolution 1.1.2 Precipitation estimation with cars 1.1.3 Motion estimation from in-situ sensor data 1.2 Outline 2 Basics 2.1 Precipitation 2.1.1 Resolution, accuracy and precision of precipitation measurements 2.1.2 In-situ point measurements of precipitation by rain gauges 2.1.3 Weather radar 2.2 Wireless Sensor Networks 2.2.1 Modeling sensor networks 2.2.2 Sensor network algorithms and protocols 2.3 Statistics 2.3.1 Basics and notation 2.3.2 Regression 2.3.3 Stochastic processes 2.3.4 Stochastic filtering and the Kalman filter 2.3.5 Geostatistics 2.4 Interpolation methods 2.4.1 Inverse-Distance-Weighted 2.4.2 Ordinary kriging 2.4.3 Regression kriging 2.4.4 Cross-validation for performance assessment 2.5 Optical flow 2.5.1 Optical flow intensity conservation 2.5.2 Gradient-based optical flow 2.5.3 Probabilistic optical flow 3 Related Work 3.1 Quantitative precipitation estimation from rain gauges, weather radar and other data sources 3.1.1 Precipitation estimation with weather radar 3.1.2 Precipitation estimation by interpolation of rain gauges measurements 3.1.3 Geostatistical merging of radar and rain gauge data 3.1.4 Motion-based methods used in nowcasting 3.1.5 New data sources for precipitation estimation 3.2 Decentralized estimation with geosensor networks 3.2.1 Estimation of spatio-temporal field properties with GSN 3.2.2 Object-tracking with GSN 4 Methodology for precipitation intensity estimation at 1-min resolution 4.1 Time-window approach for estimation 4.1.1 Estimation of field motion 4.1.2 Weather radar upsampling 4.1.3 Variogram estimation 4.2 Estimation methods 4.2.1 Spatial rain gauge interpolation methods 4.2.2 Space-time symmetric rain gauge interpolation method 4.2.3 Space-time asymmetric rain gauge interpolation methods 4.2.4 Radar-rain gauge merging methods 4.2.5 Estimation methods solely based on radar 4.3 Summary 5 Methodology for precipitation intensity estimation with car sensors 5.1 Car sensors 5.1.1 Wiper Frequency Sensor 5.1.2 Xanonex optical sensor 5.1.3 Other sensors investigated 5.1.4 Experimental setup and preprocessing 5.2 Theoretical considerations for the calibration of the W-R relationship in the field . 5.3 Dependency between car speed, windscreen angle and sensor readings 5.3.1 Manually-operated windscreen wipers 5.3.2 Automatically-operated windscreen wipers 5.3.3 Xanonex optical sensor 5.4 Summary 6 Methodology for motion estimation with a geosensor network 6.1 Algorithm overview 6.2 Network and field model 6.3 Gradient constraint estimation in the network 6.3.1 Gradient constraint estimation from irregular data 6.3.2 Requirements on node stationarity and sampling synchronicity 6.3.3 Estimation of partial derivative error 6.3.4 Gradient constraint selection and derivation of gradient constraint error 6.4 Temporal coherence: Kalman filter for recursive motion estimation 6.4.1 Estimation of process noise Q 6.4.2 Estimation of measurement noise R 6.4.3 Difference to common Kalman filtering problems 6.5 Algorithm protocol 6.6 Algorithm complexity 6.6.1 Communication complexity 6.6.2 Load balance 6.6.3 Computational complexity of partial derivative estimation 6.6.4 Computational complexity of motion estimation 6.7 Summary 7 Results 7.1 Precipitation intensity estimation at 1-min resolution 7.1.1 Study area and data basis 7.1.2 Performance assessment via cross-validation 7.1.3 Exploratory and visual data analysis 7.1.4 Radar estimation and rain gauge cross-validation results 7.1.5 Summary 7.2 Precipitation intensity estimation with cars 7.2.1 Study area and data basis 7.2.2 Selection of the reference method 7.2.3 Manually-operated windscreen wipers 7.2.4 Automatically-operated windscreen wipers 7.2.5 Xanonex optical rain sensor 7.2.6 Results of experiments on the VW rain track 7.2.7 Summary 7.3 Motion estimation with a geosensor network 7.3.1 Study Area, sensor network and deployment strategies 7.3.2 Error measures 7.3.3 Setting the filter parameters 7.3.4 Results - simulated field 7.3.5 Results - radar field 7.3.6 Summary 8 Summary and discussion of the research hypotheses 8.1 Discussion of research hypotheses 1 and 2: 1-min precipitation intensity estimation 8.2 Discussion of research hypothesis 3: precipitation estimation with cars 8.3 Discussion of research hypothesis 4: decentralized motion estimation 8.4 Outlook 9 Appendix 9.1 Discussion on the 'frozen field' distance function 9.2 Executable Kalman filter equations for the motion estimation algorithm 9.3 Controllability and Observability of the Kalman filter for motion estimation List of Figures List of Tables References

Note: Contents Part I Introduction 1 Understanding Change Through the Lens of Resilience / Wanglin Yan and Will Galloway Part II Recognizing Vulnerability 2 Japan After March 11th 2011: Between Swift Reconstruction and Sustainable Restructuring / Christian Dimmer 3 Climate Change Vulnerability of Olive Oil Groves in Dry Areas of Tunisia: Case Study in the Governorate of Médenine / Mohamed Ouessar 4 The Vehicle Transportation Problem in the Megacity São Paulo (Brazil) / Renato Cesar Sato and Luciana Ferreira da Silva 5 Disasters and Their Impacts on Air Quality in the Human Living Environment / Yoshika Sekine and Naohide Shinohara 6 Vulnerability of Pastoral Social-Ecological Systems in Mongolia / T. Chuluun, M. Altanbagana, Dennis Ojima, R. Tsolmon and B. Suvdantsetseg Part III Awareness and Preparedness for Change 7 The Importance of Information Availability for Climate Change Preparedness in the Cultural Heritage Sector: A Comparison Between the UK and Japan / Matthew Jones 8 Anticipating Environmental Change in Development Planning for the Archipelago of Indonesia / Abimanyu Takdir Alamsyah 9 Institutional and Technical Innovation in Pakistan for Resilience to Extreme Climate Events / Pervaiz Amir 10 Development of an International Institutional Framework for Climate Adaptation and Practice in Adaptation Planning in Developing Countries / Makoto Kato 11 Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation Products and Services by Japanese Companies with Base-of-the- Economic-Pyramid (BoP) Businesses / Tokutaro Hiramoto 12 Systems Established for Reconstruction After the Great East Japan Earthquake, and the Current Situation on the Ground / Sosuke Tanaka Part IV Tools and Methods for Building Resiliency 13 Developing an ICT-Based Toolbox for Resilient Capacity Building: Challenges, Obstacles and Approaches / Qian Ye, Xiaobing Hu and Zhangang Han 14 Development of Tools to Assess Vulnerability to Climate Change in South Asia / Upali Imbulana 15 Development Plan as a Tool to Improve the Disaster Resilience of Urban Areas / Ranjith Perera and Dzul Khaimi bin Khailani 16 Swarm Planning—Developing a Tool for Innovative Resilience Planning / Rob Roggema and Nikolay Popov Part V Transformation from Disaster and Crisis 17 Green Infrastructure in Reconstruction After the 2011 Earthquake and Tsunami: A Case Study of Historical Change on Awaji Island in Japan / Tomohiro Ichinose 18 The Long Term Economic Value of Holistic Ecological Planning for Disaster Risk / Misato Uehara 19 Disaster Response and Public Consultation in Cleaning Up Radioactive Contamination of the Environment / Mimi Nameki 20 Building Resilience in Africa Through Transformation and a Green Economy: Challenges and Opportunities / Andries Jordaan Part VI Building Resiliency with Community 21 Community Based Environmental Design: Empowering Local Expertise in Design Charrettes / Rob Roggema, Lisa Vos and John Martin 22 Solar-Based Decentralized Energy Solution—A Case of Entrepreneur Based Model from Rural India / Manjushree Banerjee, I.H. Rehman and Jitendra Tiwari 23 The Importance of Social Capital in Building Community Resilience / Daniel P. Aldrich 24 The Veneer House Experience: The Role of Architects in Recovering Community After Disaster / Hiroto Kobayashi Part VII Conclusion 25 Understanding Resilience Through the Lens of Change / Will Galloway and Wanglin Yan

Note: Contents Part I Distribution and Characteristics of Arctic Ice Shelves 1 Arctic Ice Shelves: An Introduction / Julian A. Dowdeswell and Martin O. Jeffries 2 The Ellesmere Ice Shelves, Nunavut, Canada / Martin O. Jeffries 3 Eurasian Arctic Ice Shelves and Tidewater Ice Margins / Julian A. Dowdeswell 4 Greenland Ice Shelves and Ice Tongues / Niels Reeh Part II Physical Processes and Historical Changes of Arctic Ice Shelves 5 Changes in Canadian Arctic Ice Shelf Extent Since 1906 / Derek Mueller, Luke Copland, and Martin O. Jeffries 6 The Surface Mass Balance of the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf and Ward Hunt Ice Rise, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada / Carsten Braun 7 Holocene History of Arctic Ice Shelves / John H. England, David J.A. Evans, and Thomas R. Lakeman 8 An Overview of Paleoenvironmental Techniques for the Reconstruction of Past Arctic Ice Shelf Dynamics / Dermot Antoniades 9 Arctic Ice Shelf Ecosystems / Anne D. Jungblut, Derek Mueller, and Warwick F. Vincent Part III Arctic Ice Shelf Calving Processes and Ice Islands 10 Factors Contributing to Recent Arctic Ice Shelf Losses / Luke Copland, Colleen Mortimer, Adrienne White, Miriam Richer McCallum, and Derek Mueller 11 Ice Island Drift Mechanisms in the Canadian High Arctic / Wesley Van Wychen and Luke Copland 12 Recent Changes in Sea Ice Plugs Along the Northern Canadian Arctic Archipelago / Sierra Pope, Luke Copland, and Bea Alt 13 The Military Importance and Use of Ice Islands During the Cold War / William F. Althoff 14 Russian Drifting Stations on Arctic Ice Islands / Igor M. Belkin and Sergey A. Kessel 15 Risk Analysis and Hazards of Ice Islands / Mark Fuglem and Ian Jordaan Erratum Index

Note: Table of Contents Preface Part I. Foundations of Data Systems 1. Reliable, Scalable, and Maintainable Applications Thinking About Data Systems Reliability Hardware Faults Software Errors Human Errors How Important Is Reliability? Scalability Describing Load Describing Performance Approaches for Coping with Load Maintainability Operability: Making Life Easy for Operations Simplicity: Managing Complexity Evolvability: Making Change Easy Summary 2. Data Models and Query Languages Relational Model Versus Document Model The Birth of NoSQL The Object-Relational Mismatch Many-to-One and Many-to-Many Relationships Are Document Databases Repeating History? Relational Versus Document Databases Today Query Languages for Data Declarative Queries on the Web MapReduce Querying Graph-Like Data Models Property Graphs The Cypher Query Language Graph Queries in SQL Triple-Stores and SPARQL The Foundation: Datalog Summary 3. Storage and Retrieval Data Structures That Power Your Database Hash Indexes SSTables and LSM-Trees B-Trees Comparing B-Trees and LSM-Trees Other Indexing Structures Transaction Processing or Analytics? Data Warehousing Stars and Snowflakes: Schemas for Analytics Column-Oriented Storage Column Compression Sort Order in Column Storage Writing to Column-Oriented Storage Aggregation: Data Cubes and Materialized Views Summary 4. Encoding and Evolution Formats for Encoding Data Language-Specific Formats JSON, XML, and Binary Variants Thrift and Protocol Buffers Avro The Merits of Schemas Modes of Dataflow Dataflow Through Databases Dataflow Through Services: REST and RPC Message-Passing Dataflow Summary Part II. Distributed Data 5. Replication Leaders and Followers Synchronous Versus Asynchronous Replication Setting Up New Followers Handling Node Outages Implementation of Replication Logs Problems with Replication Lag Reading Your Own Writes Monotonic Reads Consistent Prefix Reads Solutions for Replication Lag Multi-Leader Replication Use Cases for Multi-Leader Replication Handling Write Conflicts Multi-Leader Replication Topologies Leaderless Replication Writing to the Database When a Node Is Down Limitations of Quorum Consistency Sloppy Quorums and Hinted Handoff Detecting Concurrent Writes Summary 6. Partitioning Partitioning and Replication Partitioning of Key-Value Data Partitioning by Key Range Partitioning by Hash of Key Skewed Workloads and Relieving Hot Spots Partitioning and Secondary Indexes Partitioning Secondary Indexes by Document Partitioning Secondary Indexes by Term Rebalancing Partitions Strategies for Rebalancing Operations: Automatic or Manual Rebalancing Request Routing Parallel Query Execution Summary 7. Transactions The Slippery Concept of a Transaction The Meaning of ACID Single-Object and Multi-Object Operations Weak Isolation Levels Read Committed Snapshot Isolation and Repeatable Read Preventing Lost Updates Write Skew and Phantoms Serializability Actual Serial Execution Two-Phase Locking (2PL) Serializable Snapshot Isolation (SSI) Summary 8. The Trouble with Distributed Systems Faults and Partial Failures Cloud Computing and Supercomputing Unreliable Networks Network Faults in Practice Detecting Faults Timeouts and Unbounded Delays Synchronous Versus Asynchronous Networks Unreliable Clocks Monotonic Versus Time-of-Day Clocks Clock Synchronization and Accuracy Relying on Synchronized Clocks Process Pauses Knowledge, Truth, and Lies The Truth Is Defined by the Majority Byzantine Faults System Model and Reality Summary 9. Consistency and Consensus Consistency Guarantees Linearizability What Makes a System Linearizable? Relying on Linearizability Implementing Linearizable Systems The Cost of Linearizability Ordering Guarantees Ordering and Causality Sequence Number Ordering Total Order Broadcast Distributed Transactions and Consensus Atomic Commit and Two-Phase Commit (2PC) Distributed Transactions in Practice Fault-Tolerant Consensus Membership and Coordination Services Summary Part III. Derived Data 10. Batch Processing Batch Processing with Unix Tools Simple Log Analysis The Unix Philosophy MapReduce and Distributed Filesystems MapReduce Job Execution Reduce-Side Joins and Grouping Map-Side Joins The Output of Batch Workflows Comparing Hadoop to Distributed Databases Beyond MapReduce Materialization of Intermediate State Graphs and Iterative Processing High-Level APIs and Languages Summary 11. Stream Processing Transmitting Event Streams Messaging Systems Partitioned Logs Databases and Streams Keeping Systems in Sync Change Data Capture Event Sourcing State, Streams, and Immutability Processing Streams Uses of Stream Processing Reasoning About Time Stream Joins Fault Tolerance Summary 12. The Future of Data Systems Data Integration Combining Specialized Tools by Deriving Data Batch and Stream Processing Unbundling Databases Composing Data Storage Technologies Designing Applications Around Dataflow Observing Derived State Aiming for Correctness The End-to-End Argument for Databases Enforcing Constraints Timeliness and Integrity Trust, but Verify Doing the Right Thing Predictive Analytics Privacy and Tracking Summary Glossary Index

Note: Contents 1 Curves, Maps and Hotspots: The Diversity and Distribution of Araneomorph Spiders in the Neotropics / Adalberto J. Santos, Antonio D. Brescovit, Márcia de Oliveira-Tomasi, Philip Russo, and Ubirajara Oliveira 2 Behavior and Biology of Mygalomorphae / Fernando Pérez-Miles and Carlos Perafán 3 Neotropical Arachnological Collections: Basic Tools for the Development of Spider Research / Antonio D. Brescovit, Oscar Francke, Álvaro Laborda, Griselda Montiel Parra, Cristina Scioscia, Miguel Simó, and Carlos Víquez Núñez 4 Habitat Selection and Dispersal / Dinesh Rao 5 Dispersal Strategies, Genetic Diversity, and Distribution of Two Wolf Spiders (Araneae, Lycosidae): Potential Bio-Indicators of Ecosystem Health of Coastal Dune Habitats of South America / Leticia Bidegaray-Batista, Miquel Arnedo, Ana Carlozzi, Carolina Jorge, Patricio Pliscoff, Rodrigo Postiglioni, Miguel Simó, and Anita Aisenberg 6 Webs: Diversity, Structure and Function / Sean J. Blamires, Shichang Zhang, and I-Min Tso 7 Spider–Plant Interactions: An Ecological Approach / João Vasconcellos-Neto, Yuri Fanchini Messas, Hebert da Silva Souza, German Antonio Villanueva-Bonila, and Gustavo Quevedo Romero 8 Spiders as Plant Partners: Complementing Ant Services to Plants with Extrafloral Nectaries / Kleber Del-Claro, Vanessa Stefani, Larissa Nahas, and Helena Maura Torezan-Silingardi 9 Foraging Strategies of Cursorial and Ambush Spiders / Rodrigo H. Willemart and Mariángeles Lacava 10 Trophic Niches and Trophic Adaptations of Prey-Specialized Spiders from the Neotropics: A Guide / Stano Pekár, Luis Fernando García, and Carmen Viera 11 Spiders Associated with Agroecosystems: Roles and Perspectives / Marco Antonio Benamú, Mariángeles Lacava, Luis Fernando García, Martín Santana, and Carmen Viera 12 Sexual Selection in Neotropical Spiders: Examples from Selected Groups / Luiz Ernesto Costa-Schmidt, María José Albo, Fedra Bollatti, Franco Cargnelutti, Lucía Calbacho-Rosa, Sofía Copperi, Nelson Ferretti, Matías Izquierdo, and Alfredo V. Peretti 13 Parental Care and Sociality / Carmen Viera and Ingi Agnarsson 14 Plasticity and Cognition in Spiders / Hilton F. Japyassú 15 Anti-Predator Strategies / Felipe M. Gawryszewski 16 Host Behavioural Manipulation of Spiders by Ichneumonid Wasps / Marcelo O. Gonzaga, Thiago G. Kloss, and Jober F. Sobczak

Note: Contents Part I Introduction, Historical Aspects and Sources of UV Light 1 History of UV Lamps, Types, and Their Applications / Shamim I. Ahmad, Luisa Christensen, and Elma Baron Part II UV Photoproducts, Damage to DNA and Mutagenesis 2 Ultraviolet Light Induced Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species / T.L. de Jager, A.E. Cockrell, and S.S. Du Plessis Part III UV Light and Human Diseases 3 UV-Induced Molecular Signaling Differences in Melanoma and Non-melanoma Skin Cancer / Feng Liu-Smith, Jinjing Jia, and Yan Zheng 4 Xeroderma Pigmentosa Group A (XPA), Nucleotide Excision Repair and Regulation by ATR in Response to Ultraviolet Irradiation / Phillip R. Musich, Zhengke Li, and Yue Zou 5 Impact of Ultraviolet Light on Vitiligo / Rasnik K. Singh 6 Polymorphous Light Eruption / Marcella Guarrera 7 Ultraviolet Radiations: Skin Defense-Damage Mechanism / Dheeraj Mohania, Shikha Chandel, Parveen Kumar, Vivek Verma, Kumar Digvijay, Deepika Tripathi, Khushboo Choudhury, Sandeep Kumar Mitten, and Dilip Shah 8 Ultraviolet Photobiology in Dermatology / Luisa Christensen, Amanda Suggs, and Elma Baron 9 Ultraviolet A-1 in Dermatological Diseases / Torello M. Lotti and Serena Gianfaldoni 10 Photodermatoses in the Pigmented Skin / Vinod Kumar Sharma and Kanika Sahni 11 Psycho-Neuro-Endocrine- Immunology: A Psychobiological Concept / Katlein França and Torello M. Lotti Part IV UV Light Benefits to Man 12 Ultraviolet B Radiation: The Vitamin D Connection / Michael F. Holick 13 Role of Vitamin D in Rheumatoid Arthritis / Mattia Bellan, Pier Paolo Sainaghi, and Mario Pirisi 14 Asthma and Allergy “Epidemic” and the Role of Vitamin D Deficiency / Konstantinos Douros, Barbara Boutopoulou, Sotirios Fouzas, and Ioanna Loukou 15 Vitamin D Metabolism and the Implications for Atherosclerosis / Amanda L. Bennett and Carl J. Lavie 16 Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus / Claire Michael Issa 17 Impact of UV Radiation on Genome Stability and Human Health / Sujit Roy 18 Vitamin D, Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Factors / Tea Skaaby, Betina H. Thuesen, and Allan Linneberg Part V UV Light in Sterilization 19 Biofilms: Microbial Strategies for Surviving UV Exposure / Carla C.C.R. de Carvalho 20 UV Induced Mutagenicity in Water: Causes, Detection, Identification and Prevention / Roberta (C.H.M.) Hofman-Caris 21 Role of Ultraviolet Disinfection in the Prevention of Surgical Site Infections / Sarah Simmons, Charles Dale, James Holt, Katie Velasquez, and Mark Stibich 22 UV Disinfection of Wastewater and Combined Sewer Overflows / John Gibson, Jennifer Drake, and Bryan Karney Part VI UV Light in Phototherapy 23 Phototherapy in Atopic Dermatitis / José María Ortiz-Salvador and Amparo Pérez-Ferriols 24 Phototherapy of Psoriasis, a Chronic Inflammatory Skin Disease / Emőke Rácz and Errol P. Prens 25 Ultraviolet Irradiation of Blood: “The Cure That Time Forgot”? / Michael R. Hamblin 26 From UV Protection to Protection in the Whole Spectral Range of the Solar Radiation: New Aspects of Sunscreen Development / Leonhard Zastrow, Martina C. Meinke, Stephanie Albrecht, Alexa Patzelt, and Juergen Lademann 27 Safety and Efficacy of Phototherapy in the Management of Eczema / Annalisa Patrizi, Beatrice Raone, and Giulia Maria Ravaioli Part VII Tanning Saloon 28 UV Driven Tanning Salons: Danger on Main Street / Jean-François Doré and Marie-Christine Chignol Part VIII UV Dosimeters 29 Dose Quantification in UV Phototherapy / David Robert Grimes Index

Note: Contents 1 Nitrogen Excretion in Aquatic Crustaceans / Dirk Weihrauch, Sandra Fehsenfeld, and Alex Quijada-Rodriguez 2 Nitrogenous Waste Metabolism Within Terrestrial Crustacea, with Special Reference to Purine Deposits and Their Metabolism / Stuart M. Linton, Jonathan C. Wright, and Caitlin G. Howe 3 Gill Ion Transport ATPases and Ammonia Excretion in Aquatic Crustaceans / Francisco A. Leone, Malson N. Lucena, Daniela P. Garçon, Marcelo R. Pinto, and John C. McNamara 4 Nitrogen Excretion and Metabolism in Insects / M. J. O’Donnell and Andrew Donini 5 Nitrogen Excretion in Nematodes, Platyhelminthes, and Annelids / Alex R. Quijada-Rodriguez, Aida Adlimoghaddam, and Dirk Weihrauch 6 Acid–Base Regulation in Aquatic Decapod Crustaceans / Sandra Fehsenfeld and Dirk Weihrauch 7 Cell Biology of Reef-Building Corals: Ion Transport, Acid/Base Regulation, and Energy Metabolism / Martin Tresguerres, Katie L. Barott, Megan E. Barron, Dimitri D. Deheyn, David I. Kline, and Lauren B. Linsmayer 8 Acid–Base Regulation in Insect Haemolymph / Philip G.D. Matthews 9 Acid–Base Loops in Insect Larvae with Extremely Alkaline Midgut Regions / Horst Onken and David F. Moffett 10 pH Regulation and Excretion in Echinoderms / Meike Stumpp and Marian Y. Hu 11 Acid–Base Regulation and Ammonia Excretion in Cephalopods: An Ontogenetic Overview / Marian Hu and Yung-Che Tseng Service Part Index

Note: Contents 1. Introduction 2. Gravity measurements 3. Gravity values 4. Gravity errors 5. Conclusions References

Note: Beiträge überwiegend deutsch, teilweise englisch

Note: Contents: Introduction: The Challenge of Inequality ; I A Brief History Of Inequality ; 1 The Rise of Inequality ; 2 Empires of Inequality ; 3 Up and Down ; II War ; 4 Total War ; 5 The Great Compression ; 6 Preindustrial Warfare and Civil War ; III Revolution ; 7 Communism ; 8 Before Lenin ; IV Collapse ; 9 State Failure and Systems Collapse ; V Plague ; 10 The Black Death ; 11 Pandemics, Famine, and War ; VI Alternatives ; 12 Reform, Recession, and Representation ; 13 Economic Development and Education ; 14 What If ? From History to Counterfactuals ; VII Inequality Redux And The Future Of Leveling ; 15 In Our Time ; 16 What Does the Future Hold? ; Appendix: The Limits of Inequality

Note: Contents: 1: Introduction ; 2: Framework ; 3: Traditional topics ; 4: Constrained credit ; 5: Net worth ; 6: Real estate ; 7: Commerical banks ; 8: Methods