Call number:
AWI A6-01-0208
Type of Medium:
Monograph available for loan
Pages:
XVI, 241 S.
,
graph. Darst.
Edition:
1. Aufl.
ISBN:
0080216153
Series Statement:
Pergamon international library of science, technology, engineering and social studies
URL:
https://d-nb.info/780366913/04
Language:
English
Note:
Contents:
Preface. -
List of Symbols Commonly Used in the Text. -
Acknowledgements. -
1 Introduction. -
2 Properties of Sea Water Relevant to Physical Oceanography. -
Introduction. -
Density. -
Measurement of density, temperature and salinity. -
Relative density, sigma-t and specific volume. -
Tables for density and specific volume as functions of temperature, salinity and pressure. -
Sources of data. -
3 The Basic Physical Laws Used in Oceanography and Classifications of Forces and Motions in the Sea. -
Basic laws. -
Classification of forces and motion. -
4 The Equation of Continuity of Volume. -
The concept of continuity of volume. -
The derivation of the equation of continuity of volume. -
An application of the equation of continuity. -
5 Stability and Double Diffusion. -
Static stabiIity. -
Criterion for static stability (E). -
Numerical values for stability. -
Double diffusion. -
Dynamic stability. -
6 The Equation of Motion in Oceanography. -
The form of the equation of motion. -
Obtaining solutions to the equations, including boundary conditions. -
The derivation of the terms in the equation of motion. -
The pressure term. -
Transforming from axes fixed in space to axes fixed in the rotating earth. -
Gravitation and gravity. -
The Coriolis terms. -
Other accelerations. -
Coordinate systems. -
7 The Role of the Non-Linear Terms in the Equations of Motion. -
The non-linear terms in the equation of motion. -
The friction term for the instantaneous velocity. -
What is the source of the difficulty?. -
Scaling and the Reynolds Number. -
Reynolds stresses. -
Equations for the mean or average motion. -
Reynolds stresses and eddy viscosity. -
Scaling the equations of motion. -
Dynamic stabiIity. -
The effect of density variations on dynamic stability. -
Effects of rotation. -
8 Currents Without Friction: Geostrophic Flow. -
Hydrostatic equiIibrium. -
Inertial flow. -
GeopotentiaI. -
Geopotential surfaces and isobaric surfaces. -
The geostrophic equation. -
Why worry about the geostrophic equation?. -
The geostrophic method for calculating relative velocities. -
An example of the calculation of a geostrophic velocity profile. -
An alternative derivation of the geostrophic equation. -
The 'thermal wind' equations. -
Absolute velocities. -
Relations between isobaric and level surfaces. -
Relations between isobaric and isopycnal surfaces. -
Comments on the geostrophic equation. -
Justification for using the geostrophic approach to obtain the speeds of strong currents. -
9 Currents With Friction. -
Wind-driven circulations - introduction. -
Nansen's qualitative argument. -
The equations of motion with friction included. -
Ekman's solution to the equations of motion with friction present. -
Comments on the above experimental observations. -
Transport and upwelling. -
Upwelling or downwelling away from boundaries. -
Bottom friction and shallow water effects. -
Limitations of the Ekman theory. -
Sverdrup's solution for the wind-driven circulation. -
Orders of magnitude of the terms. -
Application of the Sverdrup equation. -
The general form of the Sverdrup equation. -
The mass transport stream function. -
Westward intensification - Stommel's contribution. -
The planetary wind field. -
Munk's solution. -
Comments on Munk's solution. -
Vorticity. -
Relative vorticity. -
Planetary vorticity. -
Absolute vorticity. -
Potential vorticity. -
Westward intensification of ocean currents explained using conservation of potential vorticity. -
Equatorial undercurrents. -
The boundary layer approach. -
The use of the boundary layer approach to obtain a solution to Munk's equation. -
A simple inertial theory by Stommel. -
10 Thermohaline Effects. -
The deep circulation. -
Equations for salt and temperature (heat) conservation. -
Equations for the average salinity and temperature. -
Reynolds fluxes and eddy diffusivity. -
Thermoclines and the thermohaline circulation. -
The mixed layer of the ocean. -
11 Numerical Models. -
Introduction. -
Numerical methods. -
General approach to numerical modelling of ocean circulations. -
Descriptions of some models of individual oceans. -
O'Brien's two-dimensional wind-driven model of the North Pacific. -
Cox's model of the Indian Ocean. -
Holland and Hirschmann's model of the Atlantic Ocean. -
Two models of the circulation of the world ocean. -
Models of mesoscale eddies. -
Comments on the numerical model solutions. -
12 Waves. -
Introduction. -
Some general characteristics of waves. -
Small amplitude waves. -
Orbital motion of the water particles. -
Refraction and breaking in shallow water; diffraction. -
The generation of waves. -
Measurement of waves. -
ReaI waves. -
Wave generation by the wind; semi-empirical relations. -
Energy of waves. -
Tsunamis or seismic sea waves. -
Internal waves. -
Effects of rotation. -
Modified gravity waves. -
Kelvin waves. -
Planetary or Rossby waves. -
Topographic effects. -
13 Tides. -
Introduction. -
Tide-producing forces. -
Components of the tide-producing forces. -
Ocean responses to the tide-producing forces - tidaI theories. -
The practical approach to tide prediction. -
The measurement of tides. -
Types of tides. -
Tidal currents. -
Tides in bays-resonance. -
Storm surges. -
14 Some Presently Active and Future Work. -
APPENDIX I Mathematical Review with Some Elementary Fluid Mechanics. -
Introduction. -
Scalars and vectors. -
Derivatives. -
The individual or total derivative. -
Integrals. -
Fields. -
Descriptions of fluid flow. -
Convergences and divergences. -
Hydrostatic pressure. -
Slope effects. -
CompressibiIity. -
Centripetal and centrifugal forces. -
APPENDIX 2 Units Used in Physical Oceanography. -
Introduction. -
Base units. -
Derived and temporary units. -
Units used in dynamic oceanography and some numerical values. -
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING AND FOR REFERENCE. -
INDEX.
Location:
AWI Reading room
Branch Library:
AWI Library
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