ALBERT

Beschreibung: This study represents the first investigating potential kinematic boundary conditions for subduction erosion in a systematic manner. For the subduction erosional process, the aperture at the box's rear, which allowed rearward material loss, was shown to have the largest influence on obtained results. If the amount of material leaving the system was larger than the amount of material subducted at the wedge's toe, the margin evolved as erosional. We found the surface slope to be the second important parameter, which strongly controls the amount of basally eroded material.

Beschreibung: This document serves as a record of the processing standards, models & parameters adopted for the generation of monthly and weekly (aligned to GPS weeks) Level-2 gravity field data products by the GRACE Science Data System component at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences.

Beschreibung: SEG-Y data of small-scale high-resolution controlled-source seismic experiment to investigate the mesoscopic fault structure of the Wadi Arava fault, Dead Sea Transform.

Beschreibung: In order to analyze mineralogical-geochemical changes occurring in whole rock reservoir samples (Stuttgart Formation) from the Ketzin pilot CO2 storage site, Brandenburg/Germany as well as to investigate single fluid-mineral reactions laboratory experiments and geochemical modeling were performed. The whole rock core samples of the Stuttgart Formation were exposed to synthetic brine and pure CO2 at experimental P-T conditions and run durations of 5.5 MPa/40 °C/40 months for sandstone and 7.5 MPa/40 °C/6 months for siltstone, respectively. Mineralogical changes in both sets of experiments are generally minor making it difficult to differentiate the natural variability of the whole rock samples from CO2-induced alterations. Results of sandstone experiments suggest dissolution of analcime, anhydrite, the anorthite component of plagioclase, chlorite + biotite, hematite and K-feldspar. Dissolution of anhydrite, the anorthite component of plagioclase and K-feldspar is also observed in siltstone experiments. During equilibrium simulations best matching models were ranked based on a mathematical statistical dispersion relation. The best matching model comprises a mineral combination of the albite component of plagioclase, anhydrite, dolomite, hematite, and illite. The equilibrium modeling showed that it is difficult to match K+, Fe2+ and SO4 2- brine concentrations simultaneously. The best matching subsets of the equilibrium models were finally run including kinetic rate laws. These kinetic simulations reveal that experimentally determined brine data was well matched, but reactions involving K+ and Fe2+ were not completely covered. Generally larger mismatches for dissolved Al3+ and Si4+ in all the completed simulations are most likely related to the sampling strategy and respective inaccuracies in the measured concentrations of dissolved Al3+ and Si4+. The kinetic simulation suppressing mineral precipitation yields best matches with experimental observations. The modeling shows acceptably well matches with measured brine ion concentrations, and the modeling results identified primary minerals as well as key chemical processes. It was also shown that the modeling approach is not capable of completely covering complex natural systems. Experiments on mineral separates were conducted with 2 M NaCl brine and pure CO2 using siderite, illite and labradorite samples. Experimental P-T conditions were 20 (30) MPa and 80 °C; run durations were one (siderite), two (illite) and three weeks (labradorite), respectively. Based on the acquired set of mineralogical-geochemical data the distinct experiments show: (i) dissolution of ankerite and stable siderite, which is therefore interpreted to be a potential CO2 trapping phase, (ii) preferred dissolution of the Ca-smectite component out of the illite-smectite mixed-layer mineral and (iii) dissolution of labradorite, respectively. No mineral precipitates (e.g. carbonate phases) were detected in any of the conducted laboratory experiments, and only one single kinetic simulation predicts the formation of minute amounts of dolomite. Based on the data acquired during this dissertation the mineralogical-geochemical effects of CO2 are minor, and the (chemical) integrity of the Ketzin reservoir system is not significantly affected by injected CO2.

Beschreibung: Reinsch et al. (2013) describe the installation of a novel fibre optic cable behind the anchor casing of the geothermal well HE-53, Hellisheiði geothermal field, SW Iceland. Within this data publication, DTS temperature data, acquired together with optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) data during three different field campaigns are presented. Data have been acquired during the installation in spring 2009, during the onset of a production test in summer 2009 and after a 8.5 month shut-in period in summer 2010.

Beschreibung: We recover coseismic static surface deformation by double integration of strong motion accelerometric data. Compared to GPS measurement, the advantage of strong motion data is that they have the potential to provide real-time coseismic static displacements. Strong motion data, however, has the classic problem of baseline offsets which produce unrealistic displacements after double integration is applied. We adopted a bilinear line fitting of empirical baseline correction method to overcome such problem. We investigate the improvement methods of baseline correction that constrain the maximum flatness of the displacement trace and use the cumulative energy ratio as a threshold. We apply the methods to data sets of the 2003, Mw 8.3 Tokachi-Oki earthquake, the 2007, Mw 7.7 Tocopilla earthquake, the 2010, Mw 7.8 Mentawai earthquake and the 2011, Mw 9.0 Tohoku earthquake. We show that, in general, the results of strong motion derived displacements are comparable to nearby GPS data for most data sets, although for far-field data the method may lead to poor results. It confirms that cumulative energy ratio is appropriate to be used as a threshold of baseline correction method. The very large and very good quality of boreholes strong motion data of the Tohoku earthquake gives opportunity to investigate the method deeply. We analyze the dependency of the method on hypocenter distance, magnitude and rupture model of the earthquake. We found that the method has a strong dependency on the given parameters, particularly on hypocenter distance. We also show that the method should be distinguished for horizontal and vertical components. Using our improvement method in this study, the deviations of vector length between strong motion derived displacements and nearby GPS data either for horizontal or vertical components, are significantly minimized. Further study, we optimize the use of valuable rapid static displacement data obtained from strong motion or GPS near-source station. We introduce a centroid grid search method to calculate the moment magnitude by using Okada (1985) model. Our method calculates reasonable moment magnitude using data even only from single station. This method can be done very rapidly within about 5 minutes. It provides crucial information e.g. for making tsunami warning decision.

Beschreibung: [...] The approach followed in this study is based on the detailed analyses of the relationships between thermal conductivity of rock-forming minerals, which are most abundant in sedimentary rocks, and the properties measured by standard logging tools (i.e., gamma ray, density, sonic interval transit time, hydrogen index, and photoelectric factor). By using multivariate statistics separately for clastic, carbonate and evaporite rocks, the findings from these analyses allow the development of prediction equations from large artificial data sets that predict matrix thermal conductivity within an error of 4 to 11%, without being affected by the limitations mentioned above.

Beschreibung: The intention of this article is to present the definitions of different functionals of the Earth’s gravity field and possibilities for their approximative calculation from a mathematical representation of the outer potential.

Beschreibung: Within this thesis, passive seismic data collected during the two-year TIPAGE deployment in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan from 2008 to 2010, are analyzed. This is the first modern digital seismological dataset for this politically unstable region, all previous studies either relied on globally recorded data or some short-term deployments of analog stations in Afghanistan during the late 1960s and 70s. Modern seismological techniques applied to the collected digital seismic data provide a wealth of new constraints on regional crustal and sub-crustal structure, leading to a better understanding of active tectonic processes.

Beschreibung: For the present work we carry out our research with two objectives : (A) Constructing a high resolution three-dimensional velocity model of the upper mantle. (B) Probing convection and deformation of the mantle through analysis of seismic anisotropy. In our study we determine the three dimensional Sv wave speed and the azimuthal anisotropy model by analyzing vertical component multimode Rayleigh wave seismograms. We use data of broadband stations within and around China. We construct the three dimensional model using a two step procedure.

Beschreibung: Film 6: "Scientific Drilling at the pilot site Ketzin" (Length 08:53) "At the pilot site Ketzin three wells were drilled to depths of 750 to 810 meters in 2007 before the start of CO2 injection ..." In 2011 a fourth, and 2012, the fifth well was constructed. This last well (Ktzi 203) for the first time offers the unique opportunity to gain samples (cores) from a storage reservoir that have been exposed to CO2 for more than four years. How were these samples (cores) gained and studied? Production Year: 2012

Beschreibung: Py4HIP is an open-source software tool for Heat-In-Place calculations implemented as a self-explanatory Jupyter notebook written in Python (Py4HIP.ipynb) Calculating the Heat In Place (HIP) is a standard method for assessing the geothermal potential for a defined geological unit (e.g., Nathenson, 1975; Muffler and Cataldi, 1978; Garg and Combs, 2015). The respective implementation in Py4HIP is based on a volumetric quantification of contained energy after Muffler and Cataldi (1978), where the geological unit at hand is considered spatially variable in terms of its temperature, thickness, porosity, density and volumetric heat capacity of its solid and fluid (brine) components. The energy values

Beschreibung: The airborne hyperspectral image was acquired by the AVIRIS-Next Generation (AVIRIS-NG) instrument during the AVIRIS-NG Europe 2021 HyperSense campaign that has been conducted as a joint effort of ESA, NASA/JPL and the University of Zurich. Acquired was an agricultural area near Irlbach, Germany on May 30th, 2021. The data was preprocessed (radiometrically, geometrically and atmospherically corrected) to contain 419 bands in the 402 - 2495 nm spectral range. Metadata was acquired on the same day for the variables Leaf Area Index (LAI), Leaf Chlorophyll content, crop height and phenology. An overview of metadata acquisition and processing can be found in the HYPERedu YouTube videos on ground reference data acquisition in the field and ground reference data acquisition in the lab. More details on LAI and chlorophyll acquisition can be found in the field data guides assembled by the authors of this dataset via enmap.org (Danner et al., 2015; Süß et al., 2015). The dataset is made publically available within the massive open online course (MOOC) "Beyond the Visible - Introduction to Imaging Spectroscopy for Agricultural Applications", available from December 2022.

Beschreibung: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests on feldspar sand FS900S used for the simulation of brittle behaviour in crust- and lithosphere-scale analogue experiments at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern (Zwaan et al. in prep; Richetti et al. in prep). The materials have been characterized by means of internal friction parameters as a remote service by the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam (Germany). According to our analysis both materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the feldspar sand are μP = 0.65, μD = 0.57, and μR = 0.62, respectively, and the Cohesion of the feldspar sand is in the order of 5-20 Pa. An insignificant rate-weakening of less than 1% per ten-fold rate change is registered for the feldspar sand. Granular healing is also minor.

Beschreibung: This dataset includes five stations of an Ocean Bottom Seismometer (OBS) experiment conducted at the southern end of the Fonualei Rift and Spreading Center in the Lau Basin, southwestern Pacific. The OBS recorded continuously for 32-days on 4 components, including a hydrophone and a 3-component 4.5 Hz geophone. The experiment was conducted during RV Sonne cruise SO267, project ARCHIMEDES I. In the article, the authors report an increasing trend of methane emissions for June and July at a permafrost site in Siberia (Lena River Delta). Using the longest set of observational methane flux data in the Arctic, the authors demonstrate that the continuous warming has begun to trigger the projected enhancement of methane release in Arctic permafrost ecosystems. This software is written in MATLAB. Running the codes ([.m files](Code)) and loading the data files ([.mat files](Data)) requires the pre-installation of [MATLAB](/https://de.mathworks.com/products/matlab.html). IMPORTANT: The repository only contains dummy data. The data that is needed to run the code can be requested by Torsten Sachs and Christian Wille (contact authors). Although the scripts and the data files have been tested for newer versions of MATLAB (〉= MATLAB R2017a). The code might also run in older versions of MATLAB, but this has not been tested.

Beschreibung: Orbital products describe positions and velocities of satellites, be it the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) satellites or Low Earth Orbiter (LEO) satellites. These orbital products can be divided into the fastest available ones, the Near Realtime Orbits (NRT), which are mostly available within 15 to 60 minutes delay, followed by Rapid Science Orbit (RSO) products with a latency of two days and finally the Precise Science Orbit (PSO) which, with a latency of up to a few weeks, are the most delayed. The absolute positional accuracy increases with the time delay. This dataset compiles the RSO products for various LEO missions and the appropriate GNSS constellation in sp3 format. The individual solutions for each satellite mission are published with individual DOI as part of this compilation. GNSS Constellation: • GNSS 24h (v01) • GNSS 30h (v02) LEO Satellites: • CHAMP • GRACE • GRACE-FO • SAC-C • TanDEM-X/ TerraSAR-X Each solution is given in the Conventional Terrestrial Reference System (CTS). • The GNSS RSOs are 30-hour long arcs starting at 21:00 the day before the actual day and ending at 03:00 the day after. The accuracy of the GPS RSO sizes at the 3-cm level in terms of RMS values of residuals after Helmert transformation onto IGS combined orbit solutions (Version 1 GNSS RSOs are 24-hour long arcs starting at 00:00 and ending at 24:00 the actual day). • The LEO RSOs are generated based on these 30-hour GNSS RSOs in two pieces for the actual day with arc lengths of 14 hours and overlaps of 2 hours. One starting at 22:00 and ending at 12:00, one starting at 10:00 and ending at 24:00. The accuracy of the LEO RSOs is at the level of 1-2 cm in terms of SLR validation. The exact time covered by an arc is defined in the header of the files and indicated as well as in the filename. This dataset compiles RSO products for various LEO missions and the corresponding GNSS constellation in sp3 format in a revised processing version 2. The switch from previous version 1 to 2 was performed on 18-Feb-2019. Major changes from version 1 to 2 are the change from IERS 2003 to IERS 2010 conventions and ITRF 2008 to ITRF-2014, as well as the temporal extension of the GNSS constellation from previous 24 hours (version 1) to 30 hours (version 2) arcs. This temporal expansion eliminates the chaining of two consecutive 24-hour GNSS constellation solutions previously used to process day-overlapping LEO arcs in Version 1. This 24h GNSS constellation (Version 1) will continue to operate and be stored on the ISDC ftp server, as discussed in more detail in Section 8.1. All RSO LEO arcs will no longer be continued in version 1 after the changeover date and will only be available in version 2 since then.

Beschreibung: The scope of the Science Plan is to describe the scientific background, applications, and activities of the Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program (EnMAP) imaging spectroscopy mission. Primarily, this document addresses scientists and funding institutions, but it may also be of interest to environmental stakeholders and governmental agencies. It is designed to be a living document that will be updated throughout the entire mission lifetime. Chapter 1 provides a brief overview of the principles and current state of imaging spectroscopy. This is followed by an introduction to the EnMAP mission, including its objectives and impact on international programs as well as major environmental and societal challenges. Chapter 2 describes the EnMAP system together with data products and access, calibration/validation, and synergies with other missions. Chapter 3 gives an overview of the major fields of application such as vegetation and forests, geology and soils, coastal and inland waters, cryosphere, urban areas, atmosphere and hazards. Finally, Chapter 4 outlines the scientific exploitation strategy, which includes the strategy for community building and training, preparatory flight campaigns and software developments. A list of abbreviations is provided in the annex to this document and an extended glossary of terms and abbreviations is available on the EnMAP website.

Beschreibung: The goal of this thesis is to close these gaps (exclude aliasing effect, improve the sensitivity towards short period waves and increase the resolution of the results) and prove, that the RO technique is a powerful tool to derive high resolution global results of absolute momentum flux.

Beschreibung: The WHU-GRACE-GPD01s models are the latest monthly gravity field solutions recovered from GRACE intersatellite geopotential difference (GPD) data processed at the School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, China. The intersatellite GPDs are estimated from GRACE Level-1B (RL03) data based on the improved energy balance equation and remove-compute-restore (RCR) technique, and the background models are consistent with GRACE Level-2 processing standards document (RL06). Further details are presented in Zhong et al. (2020, 2022). The WHU-GRACE-GPD01s models include two sets of GRACE monthly solutions: one is the unconstrained monthly solutions with the maximum degree and order of 60, the other is the constrained monthly solutions up to the maximum degree and order 96 with Kaula regularization constraint, and the optimal regularization parameter is determined using variance component estimation (VCE). This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41974015, 41474019, 42061134007) and the Project Supported by the Special Fund of Hubei Luojia Laboratory (Grant No. 220100004).

Beschreibung: The International Geodynamics and Earth Tide Service (IGETS) was established in 2015 by the International Association of Geodesy. IGETS continues the activities of the Global Geodynamics Project (GGP) between 1997 and 2015 to provide support to geodetic and geophysical research activities using superconducting gravimeter (SG) data within the context of an international network. As part of this network, the Onsala station (code OS, instrument GWR OSG 054) was established in 2009 thanks to the financial support of the Committee for Infrastructure of the Swedish Research Council, until 2021, and of the Swedish geodetic survey Lantmäteriet since 2021. Continuous time-varying gravity and atmospheric pressure data from OS are integrated in the IGETS data base hosted by ISDC (Information System and Data Centre) at GFZ. The OS station (longitude: 11.9266 E; latitude: 57.3858 N and elevation: 7.93 m) is located at the Onsala Space Observatory, south of Gothenbourg, a well instrumented site for geodetic and meteorological studies (https://www.chalmers.se/en/researchinfrastructure/oso/Pages/default.aspx). An air-circulation system controls the humidity and temperature in the gravimeter house and there are 3 pillars available. Absolute gravity measurements are done every year by Lantmäteriet. - The time series of gravity and barometric pressure started in July 2009 and is going on. - The time sampling of the raw gravity and barometric pressure data of IGETS Level 1 is 1 minute. For a detailed description of the IGETS data base and the provided files see Voigt et al. (2016, http://doi.org/10.2312/GFZ.b103-16087). Rainfall data are also provided as auxiliary data to IGETS database. OS data are used in conjunction with projects of the Nordic Geodetic Commission (NKG) - Working Group for Geodynamics (https://www.nordicgeodeticcommission.com/working-group-of-geodynamics/). Interactive graphs are available at https://lab3.oso.chalmers.se/wx/gravimeter_data/

Beschreibung: This dataset provides results from rheological tests of glucose syrup from two suppliers tested within the EPOS Multi-scale Laboratories (MSL) trans-national access (TNA) program 2019 at the Laboratory of Experimental Tectonics (LET), Univ. Roma TRE, Italy. Syrups Glucowheat 45/81 (GW45) and Glucowheat 60/79 (GW60) are produced by Blattmann Schweiz AG, Switzerland (2019 batch). Syrups GlucoSweet 44 (GS44) and GlucoSweet 62 (GS62) are produced by ADEA (Amidi Destrini ed Affini), Italy (2019 batch) . The four tested glucose syrups are labeled according to their DE value (dextrose equivalent value). For tested products from Blattmann Schweiz AG, the second number refers to the weight percentage of dry substance. Glucose syrup GS44 is used in full lithospheric scale analogue experiments at the Tectonic Modelling Lab (TecLab) at the University of Bern, Switzerland as a low-viscosity material simulating the asthenospheric mantle lithosphere to provide isostatic equilibration. The materials have been analyzed using a MCR301 Rheometer (Anton Paar) equipped with parallel plates geometry and rotational regime . To prevent the evaporation of the samples during the measurements, an external water-lock device has been used.

Beschreibung: The new unconstrained GRACE monthly solution SWPU-GRACE2021 is recently developed with the dynamic approach. The reprocessed GRACE L1B RL03 data and de-aliasing product AOD1B RL06 are applied to compute SWPU-GRACE2021. The arc length is variable according to the L1B data quality, but the maximum is no more than 24 hours. The bias vector and scale matrix of the GRACE Accelerometer observation ACC1B product are estimable parameters. The data covers the period from April 2002 to Mai 2017. Due to data quality problems, there are some data gaps between September 2016 and April 2017.

Beschreibung: Ireland Array is an array of 20 broadband seismometers that was operated by the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies across the Republic of Ireland. The array comprised up to 20 stations running simultaneously, all equipped with Trillium 120PA seismometers and Taurus data loggers. The 20 stations were installed in 20102012. Some of the stations were moved to new locations in Ireland in the course of the operation of the array, either in order to enhance the data sampling of the island or when the old deployment sites became unsuitable. Ireland Array dramatically increased the seismic data sampling of Ireland and enabled advances and discoveries in the studies of the structure and evolution of Ireland’s crust and lithosphere, seismicity of Ireland, and mechanisms of the Paleogene intraplate volcanism in Ireland and surroundings.

Beschreibung: Project SWEAP (Southwest Indian Ridge Earthquakes and Plumes), a collaborative effort led by the Alfred-Wegener-Institute, installed a network of 10 broad-band ocean bottom seismometers (OBS) along the ultraslow-spreading Oblique Supersegment of the Southwest Indian Ridge. The presented data set covers the continuous records of 8 stations of the network provided by the DEPAS instrument pool. One station of the original network could not be recovered, another one did not return data. The instruments were spaced at roughly 15 km intervals in a triangular shape network to either side of the rift axis covering about 60 km along axis between 13°E and 13.8°E and 60 km across axis between 52°S and 52.6°S. The determination of the OBS positions is described by Schmid et al. (2016). The network design was optimized for detecting and locating deep seismicity in the area. The rift valley was filled with soft silica ooze, producing considerable delay of S-phases at selected stations. Instrument deployment started during RV Polarstern cruise ANT-XXIX/2 on December 05 2012. Instrument recovery was completed during RV Polarstern cruise ANT-XXIX/8 on November 26 2013. 5 Refraction seismic lines were acquired by RV Polarstern cruise ANT-XXIX/8 from November 17 to 19 in 2013. All OBS could be synchronized with the GPS clock upon recovery such that skew values describing the clock drift are available for all stations. The non-linear clock drift of station SWE05 was determined by means of noise cross-correlations and applied to the data set. All other stations show a linear drift, which was corrected.

Beschreibung: Gakkel Deep is a pilot project that installed a network of four broadband ocean bottom seismometers (OBS) near Gakkel Deep, the deepest depression in the Arctic Ocean, at the eastern end of the ultraslow spreading Gakkel Ridge. The area is covered year-round by sea ice. In order to enable a safe recovery of the OBS in a sea ice covered ocean, the OBS were modified to include a positioning system that allows to track the instruments at meter accuracy during descent and ascent and when stuck beneath ice floes. This pilot studied aimed at testing the recovery procedure of the OBS, checking the performance of the modified instrument design, getting an overview of ambient seismic noise at the bottom of the Arctic Ocean and at contributing to a better understanding of the origin of the Gakkel Deep depression with more than 3000 m of topography. The network is shaped as a rectangle with 8 km and 10 km side length and is centered at about 82°N 119.5°E at water depths between 3600 m and 4100 m. It is positioned slightly to the east of the present plate boundary in an area with volcanic structures. Instruments from the German Instrument Pool of Amphibian Seismology (DEPAS) were deployed during RV Polarstern cruise PS115/2 on September 15, 2018. Instrument recovery was completed during RV Polarstern cruise PS122/1 on September 27, 2019. The data set contains about 377 days of continuous records at 250 Hz sample rate. The station locations were determined with Ultra Short Baseline (USBL) ranging, the accuracy is approx. 10 m. The non-linear clock drift was determined by means of noise cross-correlations and applied to the data set.

Beschreibung: This publication is a result of the 11th TRACE conference (Tree Rings in Archaeology, Climatology and Ecology) organized by the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Deutsches Archäologisches Institut (DAI), Berlin and the Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Eberswalde, on May 08th – 12th 2012 in Potsdam and Eberswalde, Germany. [...] After review 25 short papers are published in this volume giving an overview of the wide spectrum of fields in tree-ring research.