ALBERT

Note: CONTENTS: Preface to the Second Edition. - Preface to the First Edition. - 1 The Atmosphere. - 1.1 History and Evolution of the Earth's Atmosphere. - 1.2 Climate. - 1.3 The Layers of the Atmosphere. - 1.4 Pressure in the Atmosphere. - 1.4.1 Units of Pressure. - 1.4.2 Variation of Pressure with Height in the Atmosphere. - 1.5 Temperature in the Atmosphere. - 1.6 Expressing the Amount of a Substance in the Atmosphere. - 1.7 Spatial and Temporal Scales of Atmospheric Processes. - Problems. - References. - 2 Atmospheric Trace Constituents. - 2.1 Atmospheric Lifetime. - 2.2 Sulfur-Containing Compounds. - 2.2.1 Dimethyl Sulfide (CH3SCH3). - 2.2.2 Carbonyl Sulfide (OCS). - 2.2.3 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2). - 2.3 Nitrogen-Containing Compounds. - 2.3.1 Nitrous Oxide (N2O). - 2.3.2 Nitrogen Oxides (NO* = NO + NO2). - 2.3.3 Reactive Odd Nitrogen (NOy). - 2.3.4 Ammonia (NH3). - 2.4 Carbon-Containing Compounds. - 2.4.1 Classification of Hydrocarbons. - 2.4.2 Methane. - 2.4.3 Volatile Organic Compounds. - 2.4.4 Biogenic Hydrocarbons. - 2.4.5 Carbon Monoxide. - 2.4.6 Carbon Dioxide. - 2.5 Halogen-Containing Compounds. - 2.5.1 Methyl Chloride (CH3C1). - 2.5.2 Methyl Bromide (CH3Br). - 2.6 Atmospheric Ozone. - 2.7 Particulate Matter (Aerosols). - 2.7.1 Stratospheric Aerosol. - 2.7.2 Chemical Components of Tropospheric Aerosol. - 2.7.3 Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN). - 2.7.4 Sizes of Atmospheric Particles. - 2.7.5 Sources of Atmospheric Paniculate. - 2.7.6 Carbonaceous Particles. - 2.7.7 Mineral Dust. - 2.8 Emission Inventories. - 2.9 Biomass Burning. - Appendix 2.1 Air Pollution Legislation. - Appendix 2.2 Hazardous Air Pollutants (Air Toxics). - Problems. - References. - 3 Chemical Kinetics. - 3.1 Order of Reaction. - 3.2 Theories of Chemical Kinetics. - 3.2.1 Collision Theory. - 3.2.2 Transition State Theory. - 3.2.3 Potential Energy Surface for a Bimolecular Reaction. - 3.3 The Pseudo-Steady-State Approximation. - 3.4 Reactions of Excited Species. - 3.5 Termolecular Reactions. - 3.6 Chemical Families. - 3.7 Gas-Surface Reactions. - Appendix 3 Free Radicals. - Problems. - References. - 4 Atmospheric Radiation and Photochemistry. - 4.1 Radiation. - 4.1.1 Solar and Terrestrial Radiation. - 4.1.2 Energy Balance for Earth and Atmosphere. - 4.1.3 Solar Variability. - 4.2 Radiative Flux in the Atmosphere. - 4.3 Beer-Lambert Law and Optical Depth. - 4.4 Actinic Flux. - 4.5 Atmospheric Photochemistry. - 4.6 Absorption of Radiation by Atmospheric Gases. - 4.7 Absorption by O2 and O3 122. - 4.8 Photolysis Rate as a Function of Altitude. - 4.9 Photodissociation of O3 to Produce O and O(1D). - 4.10 Photodissociation of NO2. - Problems. - References. - 5 Chemistry of the Stratosphere. - 5.1 Overview of Stratospheric Chemistry. - 5.2 Chapman Mechanism. - 5.3 Nitrogen Oxide Cycles. - 5.3.1 Stratospheric Source of NO* from N2O. - 5.3.2 NO* Cycles. - 5.4 HO* Cycles. - 5.5 Halogen Cycles. - 5.5.1 Chlorine Cycles. - 5.5.2 Bromine Cycles. - 5.6 Reservoir Species and Coupling of the Cycles. - 5.7 Ozone Hole. - 5.7.1 Polar Stratospheric Clouds. - 5.7.2 PSCs and the Ozone Hole. - 5.7.3 Arctic Ozone Hole. - 5.8 Heterogeneous (Nonpolar) Stratospheric Chemistry. - 5.8.1 The Stratospheric Aerosol Layer. - 5.8.2 Heterogeneous Hydrolysis of N2O5. - 5.8.3 Effect of Volcanoes on Stratospheric Ozone. - 5.9 Summary of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion. - 5.10 Transport and Mixing in the Stratosphere. - 5.11 Ozone Depletion Potential. - Problems. - References. - 6 Chemistry of the Troposphere. - 6.1 Production of Hydroxyl Radicals in the Troposphere. - 6.2 Basic Photochemical Cycle of NO2, NO, and O3. - 6.3 Atmospheric Chemistry of Carbon Monoxide. - 6.3.1 Low NO* Limit. - 6.3.2 High NO* Limit. - 6.3.3 Ozone Production Efficiency. - 6.3.4 Theoretical Maximum Yield of Ozone from CO Oxidation. - 6.4 Atmospheric Chemistry of Methane. - 6.5 The NO* and NOy, Families. - 6.5.1 Daytime Behavior. - 6.5.2 Nighttime Behavior. - 6.6 Ozone Budget of the Troposphere and Role of NO*. - 6.6.1 Ozone Budget of the Troposphere. - 6.6.2 Role of NO*. - 6.7 Tropospheric Reservoir Molecules. - 6.7.1 H2O2, CH3OOH, and HONO. - 6.7.2 Peroxyacyl Nitrates (PANs). - 6.8 Relative Roles of VOC and NOx in Ozone Formation. - 6.8.1 Importance of the VOC/NOx Ratio. - 6.8.2 Ozone Isopleth Plot. - 6.9 Simplified Organic/NOx Chemistry. - 6.10 Chemistry of Nonmethane Organic Compounds in the Troposphere. - 6.10.1 Alkanes. - 6.10.2 Alkenes. - 6.10.3 Aromatics. - 6.10.4 Aldehydes. - 6.10.5 Ketones. - 6.10.6 α, β-Unsaturated Carbonyls. - 6.10.7 Ethers. - 6.10.8 Alcohols. - 6.11 Atmospheric Chemistry of Biogenic Hydrocarbons. - 6.12 Atmospheric Chemistry of Reduced Nitrogen Compounds. - 6.12.1 Amines. - 6.12.2 Nitriles. - 6.12.3 Nitrites. - 6.13 Atmospheric Chemistry (Gas Phase) of Sulfur Compounds. - 6.13.1 Sulfur Oxides. - 6.13.2 Reduced Sulfur Compounds (Dimethyl Sulfide). - 6.14 Tropospheric Chemistry of Halogen Compounds. - 6.14.1 Chemical Cycles of Halogen Species. - 6.14.2 Tropospheric Chemistry of CFC Replacements: Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). - Problems. - References. - 7 Chemistry of the Atmospheric Aqueous Phase. - 7.1 Liquid Water in the Atmosphere. - 7.2 Absorption Equilibria and Henry's Law. - 7.3 Aqueous-Phase Chemical Equilibria. - 7.3.1 Water. - 7.3.2 Carbon Dioxide-Water Equilibrium. - 7.3.3 Sulfur Dioxide-Water Equilibrium. - 7.3.4 Ammonia-Water Equilibrium. - 7.3.5 Nitric Acid-Water Equilibrium. - 7.3.6 Equilibria of Other Important Atmospheric Gases. - 7.4 Aqueous-Phase Reaction Rates. - 7.5 S(IV)-S(VI) Transformation and Sulfur Chemistry. - 7.5.1 Oxidation of S(IV) by Dissolved O3. - 7.5.2 Oxidation of S(IV) by Hydrogen Peroxide. - 7.5.3 Oxidation of S(IV) by Organic Peroxides. - 7.5.4 Uncatalyzed Oxidation of S(IV) by O2. - 7.5.5 Oxidation of S(IV) by O2 Catalyzed by Iron and Manganese. - 7.5.6 Comparison of Aqueous-Phase S(IV) Oxidation Paths. - 7.6 Dynamic Behavior of Solutions with Aqueous-Phase Chemical Reactions. - 7.6.1 Closed System. - 7.6.2 Calculation of Concentration Changes in a Droplet with Aqueous-Phase Reactions. - Appendix 7.1 Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data. - Appendix 7.2 Additional Aqueous-Phase Sulfur Chemistry. - 7.A.1 S(IV) Oxidation by the OH Radical. - 7.A.2 Oxidation of S(IV) by Oxides of Nitrogen. - 7.A.3 Reaction of Dissolved SO2 with HCHO. - Appendix 7.3 Aqueous-Phase Nitrite and Nitrate Chemistry. - 7.A.4 NOx Oxidation. - 7.A.5 Nitrogen Radicals. - Appendix 7.4 Aqueous-Phase Organic Chemistry. - Appendix 7.5 Oxygen and Hydrogen Chemistry. - Problems. - References. - 8 Properties of the Atmospheric Aerosol. - 8.1 The Size Distribution Function. - 8.1.1 The Number Distribution nN(Dp). - 8.1.2 The Surface Area, Volume, and Mass Distributions. - 8.1.3 Distributions Based on In Dp and log Dp. - 8.1.4 Relating Size Distributions Based on Different Independent Variables. - 8.1.5 Properties of Size Distributions. - 8.1.6 The Lognormal Distribution. - 8.1.7 Plotting the Lognormal Distribution. - 8.1.8 Properties of the Lognormal Distribution. - 8.2 Ambient Aerosol Size Distributions. - 8.2.1 Urban Aerosols. - 8.2.2 Marine Aerosols. - 8.2.3 Rural Continental Aerosols. - 8.2.4 Remote Continental Aerosols. - 8.2.5 Free Tropospheric Aerosols. - 8.2.6 Polar Aerosols. - 8.2.7 Desert Aerosols. - 8.3 Aerosol Chemical Composition. - 8.4 Spatial and Temporal Variation. - 8.5 Vertical Variation. - Problems. - References. - 9 Dynamics of Single Aerosol Particles. - 9.1 Continuum and Noncontinuum Dynamics: The Mean Free Path. - 9.2 The Drag on a Single Particle: Stokes' Law. - 9.2.1 Corrections to Stokes' Law: The Drag Coefficient. - 9.2.2 Stokes' Law and Noncontinuum Effects: Slip Correction Factor. - 9.3 Gravitational Settling of an Aerosol Particle. - 9.4 Motion of an Aerosol Particle in an External Force Field. - 9.5 Brownian Motion of Aerosol Particles. - 9.5.1 Particle Diffusion. - 9.5.2 Aerosol Mobility and Drift Velocity. - 9.5.3 Mean Free Path of an Aerosol Particle. - 9.6 Aer

Note: Text. engl. und russ. - Teilw. in kyrill. Schr.

Note: Zugl.: Greifswald, Univ., Diss., 2005

Note: Contents: 1. Introduction. 2. RC Filter. 3. General linear time invariant systems. 4. The seismometer. 5. The sampling process. 6. Analog-to-digital conversion. 7. From infinitely continuous to finite discrete. 8. The digital anti-alias filter. 9. Inverse and simulation filtering of digital seismograms. 10. The measurement of wavelet parameters from digital seismograms. References. Appendix: Solution to problems.

Note: Contents 1. Introduction 1.1 Historical Background 1.2 Some Examples of Spectral Methods 1.2.1 A Fourier Galerkin Method for the Wave Equation 1.2.2 A Chebyshev Collocation Method for the Heat Equation 1.2.3 A Legendre Galerkin with Numerical Integration (G-NI) Method for the Advection-Diffusion-Reaction Equation 1.2.4 A Legendre Tau Method for the Poisson Equation 1.2.5 Basic Aspects of Galerkin, Collocation, G-NI and Tau Methods 1.3 Three-Dimensional Applications in Fluids: A Look Ahead 2. Polynomial Approximation 2.1 The Fourier System 2.1.1 The Continuous Fourier Expansion 2.1.2 The Discrete Fourier Expansion 2.1.3 Differentiation 2.1.4 The Gibbs Phenomenon 2.2 Orthogonal Polynomials in (−1, 1) 2.2.1 Sturm-Liouville Problems 2.2.2 Orthogonal Systems of Polynomials 2.2.3 Gauss-Type Quadratures and Discrete Polynomial Transforms 2.3 Legendre Polynomials 2.3.1 Basic Formulas 2.3.2 Differentiation 2.3.3 Orthogonality, Diagonalization and Localization 2.4 Chebyshev Polynomials 2.4.1 Basic Formulas 2.4.2 Differentiation 2.5 Jacobi Polynomials 2.6 Approximation in Unbounded Domains 2.6.1 Laguerre Polynomials and Laguerre Functions 2.6.2 Hermite Polynomials and Hermite Functions 2.7 Mappings for Unbounded Domains 2.7.1 Semi-Infinite Intervals 2.7.2 The Real Line 2.8 Tensor-Product Expansions 2.8.1 Multidimensional Mapping 2.9 Expansions on Triangles and Related Domains 2.9.1 Collapsed Coordinates and Warped Tensor-Product Expansions 2.9.2 Non-Tensor-Product Expansions 2.9.3 Mappings 3. Basic Approaches to Constructing Spectral Methods 3.1 Burgers Equation 3.2 Strong and Weak Formulations of Differential Equations 3.3 Spectral Approximation of the Burgers Equation 3.3.1 Fourier Galerkin 3.3.2 Fourier Collocation 3.3.3 Chebyshev Tau 3.3.4 Chebyshev Collocation 3.3.5 Legendre G-NI 3.4 Convolution Sums 3.4.1 Transform Methods and Pseudospectral Methods 3.4.2 Aliasing Removal by Padding or Truncation 3.4.3 Aliasing Removal by Phase Shifts 3.4.4 Aliasing Removal for Orthogonal Polynomials 3.5 Relation Between Collocation, G-NI and Pseudospectral Methods 3.6 Conservation Forms 3.7 Scalar Hyperbolic Problems 3.7.1 Enforcement of Boundary Conditions 3.7.2 Numerical Examples 3.8 Matrix Construction for Galerkin and G-NI Methods 3.8.1 Matrix Elements 3.8.2 An Example of Algebraic Equivalence between G-NI and Collocation Methods 3.9 Polar Coordinates 3.10 Aliasing Effects 4. Algebraic Systems and Solution Techniques 4.1 Ad-hoc Direct Methods 4.1.1 Fourier Approximations 4.1.2 Chebyshev Tau Approximations 4.1.3 Galerkin Approximations 4.1.4 Schur Decomposition and Matrix Diagonalization 4.2 Direct Methods 4.2.1 Tensor Products of Matrices 4.2.2 Multidimensional Stiffness and Mass Matrices 4.2.3 Gaussian Elimination Techniques 4.3 Eigen-Analysis of Spectral Derivative Matrices 4.3.1 Second-Derivative Matrices 4.3.2 First-Derivative Matrices 4.3.3 Advection-Diffusion Matrices 4.4 Preconditioning 4.4.1 Fundamentals of Iterative Methods for Spectral Discretizations 4.4.2 Low-Order Preconditioning of Model Spectral Operators in One Dimension 4.4.3 Low-Order Preconditioning in Several Dimensions 4.4.4 Spectral Preconditioning 4.5 Descent and Krylov Iterative Methods for Spectral Equations 4.5.1 Multidimensional Matrix-Vector Multiplication 4.5.2 Iterative Methods 4.6 Spectral Multigrid Methods 4.6.1 One-Dimensional Fourier Multigrid Model Problem 4.6.2 General Spectral Multigrid Methods 4.7 Numerical Examples of Direct and Iterative Methods 4.7.1 Fourier Collocation Discretizations 4.7.2 Chebyshev Collocation Discretizations 4.7.3 Legendre G-NI Discretizations 4.7.4 Preconditioners for Legendre G-NI Matrices 4.8 Interlude 5. Polynomial Approximation Theory 5.1 Fourier Approximation 5.1.1 Inverse Inequalities for Trigonometric Polynomials 5.1.2 Estimates for the Truncation and Best Approximation Errors 5.1.3 Estimates for the Interpolation Error 5.2 Sturm-Liouville Expansions 5.2.1 Regular Sturm-Liouville Problems 5.2.2 Singular Sturm-Liouville Problems 5.3 Discrete Norms 5.4 Legendre Approximations 5.4.1 Inverse Inequalities for Algebraic Polynomials 5.4.2 Estimates for the Truncation and Best Approximation Errors 5.4.3 Estimates for the Interpolation Error 5.4.4 Scaled Estimates 5.5 Chebyshev Approximations 5.5.1 Inverse Inequalities for Polynomials 5.5.2 Estimates for the Truncation and Best Approximation Errors 5.5.3 Estimates for the Interpolation Error 5.6 Proofs of Some Approximation Results 5.7 Other Polynomial Approximations 5.7.1 Jacobi Polynomials 5.7.2 Laguerre and Hermite Polynomials 5.8 Approximation in Cartesian-Product Domains 5.8.1 Fourier Approximations 5.8.2 Legendre Approximations 5.8.3 Mapped Operators and Scaled Estimates 5.8.4 Chebyshev and Other Jacobi Approximations 5.8.5 Blended Trigonometric and Algebraic Approximations 5.9 Approximation in Triangles and Related Domains 6. Theory of Stability and Convergence 6.1 Three Elementary Examples Revisited 6.1.1 A Fourier Galerkin Method for the Wave Equation 6.1.2 A Chebyshev Collocation Method for the Heat Equation 6.1.3 A Legendre Tau Method for the Poisson Equation 6.2 Towards a General Theory 6.3 General Formulation of Spectral Approximations to Linear Steady Problems 6.4 Galerkin, Collocation, G-NI and Tau Methods 6.4.1 Galerkin Methods 6.4.2 Collocation Methods 6.4.3 G-NI Methods 6.4.4 Tau Methods 6.5 General Formulation of Spectral Approximations to Linear Evolution Problems 6.5.1 Conditions for Stability and Convergence: The Parabolic Case 6.5.2 Conditions for Stability and Convergence: The Hyperbolic Case 6.6 The Error Equation 7. Analysis of Model Boundary-Value Problems 7.1 The Poisson Equation 7.1.1 Legendre Methods 7.1.2 Chebyshev Methods 7.1.3 Other Boundary-Value Problems 7.2 Singularly Perturbed Elliptic Equations 7.2.1 Stabilization of Spectral Methods 7.3 The Eigenvalues of Some Spectral Operators 7.3.1 The Discrete Eigenvalues for Lu = −uxx 7.3.2 The Discrete Eigenvalues for Lu = −νuxx + βux 7.3.3 The Discrete Eigenvalues for Lu = ux 7.4 The Preconditioning of Spectral Operators 7.5 The Heat Equation 7.6 Linear Hyperbolic Equations 7.6.1 Periodic Boundary Conditions 7.6.2 Nonperiodic Boundary Conditions 7.6.3 The Resolution of the Gibbs Phenomenon 7.6.4 Spectral Accuracy for Non-Smooth Solutions 7.7 Scalar Conservation Laws 7.8 The Steady Burgers Equation Appendix A. Basic Mathematical Concepts A.1 Hilbert and Banach Spaces A.2 The Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality A.3 Linear Operators Between Banach Spaces A.4 The Fr´echet Derivative of an Operator A.5 The Lax-Milgram Theorem A.6 Dense Subspace of a Normed Space A.7 The Spaces Cm(Ω), m ≥ 0 A.8 Functions of Bounded Variation and the Riemann(-Stieltjes) Integral A.9 The Lebesgue Integral and Lp-Spaces A.10 Infinitely Differentiable Functions and Distributions A.11 Sobolev Spaces and Sobolev Norms A.12 The Sobolev Inequality A.13 The Poincar´e Inequality A.14 The Hardy Inequality A.15 The Gronwall Lemma Appendix B. Fast Fourier Transforms Appendix C. Iterative Methods for Linear Systems C.1 A Gentle Approach to Iterative Methods C.2 Descent Methods for Symmetric Problems C.3 Krylov Methods for Nonsymmetric Problems Appendix D. Time Discretizations D.1 Notation and Stability Definitions D.2 Standard ODE Methods D.2.1 Leap Frog Method D.2.2 Adams-Bashforth Methods D.2.3 Adams-Moulton Methods D.2.4 Backwards-Difference Formulas D.2.5 Runge-Kutta Methods D.3 Integrating Factors D.4 Low-Storage Schemes References Index

Note: Contents Acknowledgments Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 Discovery 1.2 General Introduction 1.3 Just for Fun — An Isotope Biography of Mr. Polychaete Chapter 2. Isotope Notation and Measurement Overview 2.1 The Necessary Minimum for Ecologists 2.2 Why Use the 5 Notation? 2.3 Why Is 8 a Good Substitute for % Heavy Isotope? 2.4 8 and the Ratio-of-Ratios 2.5 Chapter Summary Chapter 3. Using Stable Isotope Tracers Overview 3.1 Isotope Circulation in the Biosphere 3.2 Landscape Ecology and Isotope Maps 3.3 Community Ecology and Invasive Species in Food Webs 3.4 Life History Ecology and Animal Migrations 3.5 Plants, Microbes, and Scaling Up 3.6 Chapter Summary Chapter 4. Isotope Chi ("I Chi") Overview 4.1 Chocolate Isotopes 4.2 Oxygen in the Sea 4.3 Equations for Isotope Chi ("I Chi") 4.4 Building an I Chi Gain-Loss Model, Step by Step 4.5 Errors in I Chi Models 4.6 Exact Equations for I Chi Models 4.7 Cows in a Pasture 4.8 Chapter Summary Chapter 5. Mixing Overview 5.1 Isotope Mixing in Food Webs 5.2 Isotope Sourcery 5.3 Mixing Mechanics 5.4 Advanced Mixing Mechanics 5.5 Mixing Assumptions and Errors or the Art and Wisdom of Using Isotope Mixing Models 5.6 River Sulfate and Mass-Weighted Mixing 5.7 A Special Muddy Case and Mixing Through Time 5.8 The Qualquan Chronicles and Mixing Across Landscapes 5.9 Dietary Mixing, Turnover, and a Stable Isotope Clock 5.10 Chapter Summary Chapter 6. Isotope Additions Overview 6.1 Addition Addiction 6.2 The Golden Spike Award for Isotopes 6.3 Chapter Summary Chapter 7. Fractionation Overview 7.1 Fractionation Fundamentals 7.2 Isotopium and Fractionation in Closed Systems 7.3 A Strange and Routine Case 7.4 A Genuine Puzzle — Fractionation or Mixing? 7.5 Cracking the Closed Systems 7.6 Equilibrium Fractionation, Subtle Drama in the Cold 7.7 A Supply/Demand Model for Open System Fractionation 7.8 Open System Fractionation and Evolution of the Earth's Sulfur Cycle 7.9 Open System Legacies 7.10 Conducting Fractionation Experiments 7.11 Chapter Summary Chapter 8. Scanning the Future Overview 8.1 The Isotope Scanner 8.2 Mangrove Maude 8.3 The Beginner's Advantage—Imagine! 8.4 Chapter Summary Appendix. Important Isotope Equations and Useful Conversions Index Supplemental Electronic Materials on the Accompanying CD A. Chapter 1 Color Figures and Cartoon Problems B. Chapter 2 Color Figures and Cartoon Problems Technical Supplement 2A: Measuring Spiked Samples Technical Supplement 2B: Ion Corrections Technical Supplement 2C: The Ratio Notation and The Power of 1 C. Chapter 3 Color Figures and Cartoons Problems D. Chapter 4 Color Figures and Cartoons Problems I Chi Spreadsheets E. Chapters 5 Color Figures and Cartoons Problems I Chi Spreadsheets F. Chapter 6 Color Figure and Cartoon Problems I Chi Spreadsheet Technical Supplement 6A: How Much Isotope Should I Add? Technical Supplement 6B: Noisy Data and Data Analysis with Enriched Samples G. Chapter 7 Color Figures and Cartoons Problems I Chi Spreadsheets Technical Supplement 7A: A Chemist's View of Isotope Effects Technical Supplement 7B: Derivations of Closed System Isotope Equations H. Chapter 8 Color Figures and Cartoons Problems I. All Problems for Chapters 1-8 J. All Answers to Problems for Chapters 1-8 K. All Figures and Cartoons L. All I Chi Spreadsheets M. A Reading List

Note: Zugl.: München,Univ. der Bundeswehr, Diss., 2005

Note: Contents Preface Part I Anatomy of a cyclone 1 Anatomy of a cyclone 1.1 A 'typical' extra-tropical cyclone 1.2 Describing the atmosphere 1.3 Air masses and fronts 1.4 The structure of a typical extra-tropical cyclone Review questions 2 Mathematical methods in fluid dynamics 2.1 Scalars and vectors 2.2 The algebra of vectors 2.3 Scalar and vector fields 2.4 Coordinate systems on the Earth 2.5 Gradients of vectors 2.6 Line and surface integrals 2.7 Eulerian and Lagrangian frames of reference 2.8 Advection Review questions 3 Properties of fluids 3.1 Solids, liquids, and gases 3.2 Thermodynamic properties of air 3.3 Composition of the atmosphere 3.4 Static stability 3.5 The continuum hypothesis 3.6 Practical assumptions 3.7 Continuity equation Review questions 4 Fundamental forces 4.1 Newton's second law: F=ma 4.2 Body, surface, and line forces 4.3 Forces in an inertial reference frame 4.4 Forces in a rotating reference frame 4.5 The Navier-Stokes equations Review questions 5 Scale analysis 5.1 Dimensional homogeneity 5.2 Scales 5.3 Non-dimensional parameters 5.4 Scale analysis 5.5 The geostrophic approximation Review questions 6 Simple steady motion 6.1 Natural coordinate system 6.2 Balanced flow 6.3 The Boussinesq approximation 6.4 The thermal wind 6.5 Departures from balance Review questions 7 Circulation and vorticity 7.1 Circulation 7.2 Vorticity 7.3 Conservation of potential vorticity 7.4 An introduction to the vorticity equation Review questions 8 Simple wave motions 8.1 Properties of waves 8.2 Perturbation analysis 8.3 Planetary waves Review questions 9 Extra-tropical weather systems 9.1 Fronts 9.2 Frontal cyclones 9.3 Baroclinic instability Review questions Part II Atmospheric phenomena 10 Boundary layers 10.1 Turbulence 10.2 Reynolds decomposition 10.3 Generation of turbulence 10.4 Closure assumptions Review questions 11 Clouds and severe weather 11.1 Moist processes in the atmosphere 11.2 Air mass thunderstorms 11.3 Multi-cell thunderstorms 11.4 Supercell thunderstorms and tornadoes 11.5 Mesoscale convective systems Review questions 12 Tropical weather 12.1 Scales of motion 12.2 Atmospheric oscillations 12.3 Tropical cyclones Review questions 13 Mountain weather 13.1 Internal gravity waves 13.2 Flow over mountains 13.3 Downslope windstorms Review questions 14 Polar weather 14.1 Katabatic winds 14.2 Barrier winds 14.3 Polar lows Review questions 15 Epilogue: the general circulation 15.1 Fueled by the Sun 15.2 Radiative-convective equilibrium 15.3 The zonal mean circulation 15.4 The angular momentum budget 15.5 The energy cycle Appendix A - symbols Appendix Β - constants and units Bibliography Index

Note: Contents Theme 1 History of Antarctic Research 1.1 The Road to Gondwana via the Early SCAR Symposia / A. B. Ford 1.2 Exploring the Unknown: History of the First German South Polar Expedition 1901–1903 / C. Lüdecke Theme 2 Antarctica – The Old Core 2.1 Characteristics of Metamorphosed Banded Iron Formation and Its Relation to the Magnetic Anomaly in the Mt. Riiser-Larsen Area, Amundsen Bay, Enderby Land, Antarctica / M. Funaki, P. Dolinsky, N. Ishikawa, A. Yamazaki 2.2 Experimental Constraints on the Decompressional P-T Paths of Rundvågshetta Granulites, Lützow-Holm Complex, East Antarctica / T. Kawasaki, Y. Motoyoshi 2.3 Sapphirine – Orthopyroxene – Garnet Granulite from Schirmacher Hills, Central Dronning Maud Land / S. Baba, M. Owada, E. S. Grew, K. Shiraishi 2.4 Genesis of Ferropotassic A-Type Granitoids of Mühlig-Hofmannfjella, Central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica / M. J. D’Souza, A. V. K. Prasad, R. Ravindra 2.5 Late Pan-African Fluid Infiltration in the Mühlig-Hofmann- and Filchnerfjella of Central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica / A. K. Engvik, S. Elvevold 2.6 Electron Microprobe (EMP) Dating on Monazite from Forefinger Point Granulites, East Antarctica: Implication for Pan-African Overprint / Y. Motoyoshi, T. Hokada, K. Shiraishi 2.7 Tectonic Subdivision of the Prince Charles Mountains: A Review of Geologic and Isotopic Data / E. V. Mikhalsky, A. A. Laiba, B. V. Beliatsky 2.8 Crustal Provinces of the Prince Charles Mountains Region and Surrounding Areas in the Light of Aeromagnetic Data / A. V. Golynsky, V. N. Masolov, V. S. Volnukhin, D. A. Golynsky 2.9 Magnetic Anomalies of the Grove Mountains Region and Their Geological Significance / A. V. Golynsky, D. A. Golynsky, V. N. Masolov, V. S. Volnukhin Theme 3 The Continent Beneath the Ice 3.1 ADMAP – A Digital Magnetic Anomaly Map of the Antarctic / A. V. Golynsky, M. Chiappini, D. Damaske, F. Ferraccioli, C. A. Finn, T. Ishihara, H. R. Kim, L. Kovacs, V. N. Masolov, P. Morris, R. von Frese 3.2 Identifying Major Sedimentary Basins Beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet from Aeromagnetic Data Analysis / R. E. Bell, M. Studinger, G. Karner, C. A. Finn, D. D. Blankenship 3.3 Bedrock Plateaus within the Ross Embayment and beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, Formed by Marine Erosion in Late Tertiary Time / D. S. Wilson, B. P. Luyendyk 3.4 Inversion of Airborne Gravity Data Acquired over Subglacial Lakes in East Antarctica / I. Y. Filina, D. D. Blankenship, L. Roy, M. K. Sen, T. G. Richter, J. W. Holt 3.5 Russian Geophysical Studies of Lake Vostok, Central East Antarctica / V. N. Masolov, S. V. Popov, V. V. Lukin, A. N. Sheremetyev, A. M. Popkov 3.6 Morphology of the Subglacial Bed Relief of Lake Vostok Basin Area (Central East Antarctica) Based on RES and Seismic Data / S. V. Popov, A. N. Lastochkin, V. N. Masolov, A. M. Popkov 3.7 Deep Reflection Imaging beneath the Mizuho Plateau, East Antarctica, by SEAL-2002 Seismic Experiment / M. Yamashita, H. Miyamachi, M. Kanao, T. Matsushima, S. Toda, M. Takada, A. Watanabe 3.8 Seismic Anisotropy beneath Northern Victoria Land from SKS Splitting Analysis / S. Pondrelli, L. Margheriti, S. Danesi Theme 4 Gondwana Margins in Antarctica 4.1 Scouting Craton’s Edge in Paleo-Pacific Gondwana / C. A. Finn, J. W. Goodge, D. Damaske, C. M. Fanning 4.2 The Matusevich Fracture Zone in Oates Land, East Antarctica / G. Kleinschmidt, A. L. Läufer 4.3 Tectonic Model for Development of the Byrd Glacier Discontinuity and Surrounding Regions of the Transantarctic Mountains during the Neoproterozoic – Early Paleozoic / E. Stump, B. Gootee, F. Talarico 4.4 Depositional Environments of the Byrd Group, Byrd Glacier Area: A Cambrian Record of Sedimentation, Tectonism, and Magmatism / B. Gootee, E. Stump 4.5 Late-Ross Structures in the Wilson Terrane in the Rennick Glacier Area (Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica) / A. L. Läufer, G. Kleinschmidt, F. Rossetti 4.6 Style of Uplift of Paleozoic Terranes in Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica: Evidence from K-Ar Age Patterns / C. J. Adams Theme 5 Antarctic Peninsula Active Margin Tectonics 5.1 Patagonia – Antarctica Connections before Gondwana Break-Up / F. Hervé, H. Miller, C. Pimpirev 5.2 Moho Depth along the Antarctic Peninsula and Crustal Structure across the Landward Projection of the Hero Fracture Zone / T. Janik, P. Þroda, M. Grad, A. Guterch 5.3 Crustal Thinning and the Development of Deep Depressions at the Scotia- Antarctic Plate Boundary (Southern Margin of Discovery Bank, Antarctica) / J. Galindo-Zaldívar, J. C. Balanyá, F. Bohoyo, A. Jabaloy, A. Maldonado, J. M. Martínez-Martínez, J. Rodríguez-Fernández, E. Suriñach 5.4 Bransfield Basin Tectonic Evolution / J. Galindo-Zaldívar, L. Gamboa , A. Maldonado, S. Nakao, Y. Bochu 5.5 The Sedimentary Sequences of Hurd Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands: Part of the Late Jurassic–Cretaceous Depositional History of the Antarctic Peninsula / C. Pimpirev, K. Stoykova, M. Ivanov, D. Dimov 5.6 Regional Structures and Geodynamic Evolution of North Greenwich (Fort Williams Point) and Dee Islands, South Shetland Islands / J. F. Dumont, E. Santana, F. Hervé, C. Zapata 5.7 The Eocene Volcaniclastic Sejong Formation, Barton Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica: Evolving Arc Volcanism from Precursory Fire Fountaining to Vulcanian Eruptions / S. B. Kim, Y. K. Sohn, M. Y. Choe 5.8 Elephant Island Recent Tectonics in the Framework of the Scotia-Antarctic-South Shetland Block Triple Junction (NE Antarctic Peninsula) / J. Galindo-Zaldívar, A. Maestro, J. López-Martínez, C. S. de Galdeano 5.9 Tectonics and Geomorphology of Elephant Island, South Shetland Islands / J. López-Martínez, R. A. J. Trouw, J. Galindo-Zaldívar, A. Maestro, L. S. A. Simões, F. F. Medeiros, C. C. Trouw 5.10 Geodynamical Studies on Deception Island: DECVOL and GEODEC Projects / M. Berrocoso, A. García-García, J. Martín-Dávila, M. Catalán-Morollón, M. Astiz, M. E. Ramírez, C. Torrecillas, J. M. E. de Salamanca Theme 6 Antarctic Rift Tectonics 6.1 Mawson Breccias Intrude Beacon Strata at Allan Hills, South Victoria Land: Regional Implications / D. H. Elliot, E. H. Fortner, C. B. Grimes 6.2 What Supports the Marie Byrd Land Dome? An Evaluation of Potential Uplift Mechanisms in a Continental Rift System / W. E. LeMasurier 6.3 A Multi-Phase Rifting Model for the Victoria Land Basin, Western Ross Sea / F. J. Davey, L. De Santis 6.4 Rift History of the Western Victoria Land Basin: A new Perspective Based on Integration of Cores with Seismic Reflection Data / C. R. Fielding, S. A. Henrys, T. J. Wilson 6.5 Constraints on the Timing of Extension in the Northern Basin, Ross Sea / S. C. Cande, J. M. Stock 6.6 The Structure of the Continental Margin off Wilkes Land and Terre Adélie Coast, East Antarctica / J. B. Colwell, H. M. J. Stagg, N. G. Direen, G. Bernardel, I. Borissova 6.7 Post-Rift Continental Slope and Rise Sediments from 38° E to 164° E, East Antarctica / P. E. O’Brien, S. Stanley, R. Parums Theme 7 Antarctic Neotectonics, Observatories and Data Bases 7.1 On Seismic Strain-Release within the Antarctic Plate / A. M. Reading 7.2 Vertical Crustal Deformation in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica: Observation versus Model Prediction / M. Scheinert, E. Ivins, R. Dietrich, A. Rülke 7.3 Seismic Activity Associated with Surface Environmental Changes of the Earth System, around Syowa Station, East Antarctica / M. Kanao, K. Kaminuma 7.4 Geodynamic Features and Density Structure of the Earth’s Interior of the Antarctic and Surrounded Regions with the Gravimetric Tomography Method / R. Kh. Greku, V. P. Usenko, T. R. Greku 7.5 Some Recent Characteristics of Geomagnetic Secular Variations in Antarctica / A. Meloni, L. R. Gaya-Piqué, P. De Michelis, A. De Santis 7.6 Topographic and Geodetic Research by GPS, Echosounding and ERS Altimetric, and SAR Interferometric Surveys during Ukrainian Antarctic Expeditions in the West Antarctic / R. Greku, G. Milinevsky, Y. Ladanovsky, P. Bahmach, T. Greku 7.7 Geodetic Research o

Note: Ersch. unregelmäßig , Beiträge teilweise in Englisch

Note: Inhalt = Content 1. Vorwort = Introduction 2. Ausgewählte Forschungsthemen = Selected research topics Algen im Klimawandel: Neue Messmethoden zeigen den Gasaustausch der Zellen in Echtzeit = Algae and climate change: new methods show the gas exchange of cells in real time / Björn Rost, Klaus-Uwe Richter Arktische Klimaprozesse und globale atmo-sphärische Auswirkungen = Arctic climate processes and global atmo-spheric impacts / Klaus Dethloff, Annette Rinke, Elena Sokolova, Subodh Kumar Saha Das Klima der letzten 10 000 Jahre: Eine Verknüpfung aus Beobachtungsdaten, Umweltarchiven und Modellstudien = The climate of the last 10 000 years: Combining observational data with environ-mental archives and model studies / Gerrit Lohmann Chemische Ökologie mariner Protisten - Bedeutung für die Dynamik mariner Nahrungsketten = Chemical ecology of marine protists - implications for marine food web dynamics / Allan Cembella, Uwe John, Bernd Krock, Tilman Alpermann, Urban Tillmann Nährstoffbelastung des Wattenmeeres: Besserung in Sicht = Eutrophication of the Wadden Sea: Signs of improvement / J. E. E. van Beusekom, M. Loebl, K. Reise, A. Schanz Planktonregen im Südpolarmeer: Das europä-ische Eisendüngungsexperiment EIFEX (Euro-pean Iron Fertilization Experiment) = Plankton rain in the Southern Ocean: The Euro-pean Iron Fertilization Experiment EIFEX / Philipp Assmy, Boris Cisewski, Joachim Henjes, Christine Klaas, Oliver Sachs Sind Lebensgemeinschaften polarer Meere Verlierer der Klimaveränderung? = Does global warming pose a threat to polar ecosystems? / Gisela Lannig, Ute Jacob, Thomas Brey, Rainer Knust, Hans-O. Pörtner Marine Genomik – Von den Genen zur Evolution und Ökologie mariner Organismen = Marine Genomics – through genomes to evolution and ecology of marine organisms / Klaus Valentin Frostblumen: Salzige Kristalle auf dünnem Eis = Frost flowers: salty crystals on thin ice / Hans-Werner Jacobi, Sandra Lehmann Gemeinsam in den Hausgarten: Deutsch-französische Kooperation in der Tiefseeforschung = Together ‘en route‘ for HAUSGARTEN:Franco-German co-operation in deep-sea research / Thomas Soltwedel, Michael Klages Fernerkundung in arktischen Periglazial-landschaften – Auf den Spuren der Permafrost-dynamik = Remote sensing in Arctic periglacial landscapes – The tracing of permafrost dynamics / Guido Große, Dirk Wagner, Lutz Schirrmeister Frühling im Weddellmeer: Biologisch-physikalische Wechselwirkungen zwischen Atmosphäre, Eis und Ozean = Go with the floe: biological-physical interac-tions between atmosphere, ice and ocean in the Weddell Sea / Christian Haas, Gerhard Dieckmann, Hartmut Hellmer, Michael Schröder 3. Forschung = Research MARCOPOLI 3.1 MARINE 3.2 COAST 3.3 POLAR 3.4 Neue Themen = Additional funding 4. Entwicklungen in den Fachbereichen = Progresses in the Scientific Divisions 5. Neue Technologien = New technologies 6. Logistik und Forschungsplattformen = Logistics and research platforms 7. Nationale und internationale Zusammenarbeit = National and international cooperation 8. Mariner Umweltschutz = Marine environmental protection 9. Informationszentrum = Information centre 10. Bibliothek = Library 11. Technologietransfer = Technology transfer 12. Presse- und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit = Public relations department 13. Personeller Aufbau und Haushaltsentwicklung = Personnel structure and budget trends 14. Veröffentlichungen, Patente = Publications, patents Anhang = Annex

Note: IntroductionMain Assumptions of the Assignment Process -- Definition of Collapse -- Proposing a Range for Fatality Rates in a Collapsed Building -- Assignments of judgment-based fatality rates -- Conclusions. ..

Note: Methodology of Lithium Analytical Chemistry and Isotopic MeasurementsCosmochemistry of Lithium -- Li Partitioning, Diffusion and Associated Isotopic Fractionation: Theoretical and Experimental Insights -- Lithium in the Deep Earth: Mantle and Crustal Systems -- The Surficial Realm: Low Temperature Geochemistry of Lithium..

Note: Part 1 Why Global Cooperation Research 1. The evolution of human cooperation—lessons learned for the future of global governance 2. The behavioral dimension of international cooperation 3. Cooperation in conflict. Ubiquity, limits and potential of working together at the international levelPart 2 Human behavior and cooperation across disciplines 4. The cooperative bias in humans’ biological history 5. Cooperation among humans 6. Can we think of the future? Cognitive barriers to future-oriented decision making 7. Approaching cooperation via complexity 8. The concrete utopia of the gift. A genuine sociological approach to interdisciplinary cooperation theory Part 3 Interdisciplinary approaches to global cooperation 9. The possibilities of global we-identities 10. Diplomatic Cooperation: An evolutionary perspective 11. Cognizing cooperation: clues and cues for institutional design

Note: Thermodynamics and the Earth systemEnergy and entropy -- The first and second law of thermodynamics -- Thermodynamic limits -- Dynamics, structures, and maximization -- Radiation -- Motion -- Hydrologic cycling -- Geochemical cycling -- Land -- Human activity -- The thermodynamic Earth system..

Note: Contents: Part I By Stephen M. Gardiner 1. How Will We be Remembered? ; 2. Betraying the Future ; 3. Who Are We and What Do We Want? ; 4. Justice vs. Extortion Part II By David A. Weisbach ; 5. Introduction to Part II ; 6. Climate Policy and Self-Interest ; 7. The Role of Claims of Justice in Climate Change Policy ; 8. Summing Up ; Part III Responses ; 9. 'The Feasible is Political' ; 10. Weisbach Responds to Gardiner

Note: Contents: 1. Bioeconomy Strategies ; 2. Development of Second-Generation Biorefineries ; 3. Biorefineries: Industry Status and Economics ; 4. Sustainability Considerations for the Future Bioeconomy ; 5. Biomass Supply and Trade Opportunities of Preprocessed Biomass for Power Generation ; 6. Commodity-Scale Biomass Trade and Integration with Other Supply Chains ; 7. Commoditization of Biomass Markets ; 8. Transition Strategies: Resource Mobilization Through Merchandisable Feedstock Intermediates ; Conclusions

Note: Land and Water Resources of Siberia, their Functioning and Ecological StateStatus Report about Understanding, Monitoring and Controlling Landscape Processes in Siberia -- Methods for Monitoring the Chemical Composition of Lake Baikal Water -- Microbiological Monitoring of Lake Baikal -- Developing the Regional Indicator Indexes of Zooplankton for Water Quality Class Determination of Water Bodies in Siberia -- Measuring and Estimating Fluxes of Carbon, Major and Trace Elements to the Arctic Ocean -- Measuring Snowmelt in Siberia: Causes, Process and Consequences -- Estimation of Biomass and Net Primary Production (NPP) in West Siberian Boreal Ecosystems: In-Situ and Remote Sensing Methods -- GIS and Remote Sensing Data Based Methods for Monitoring Water and Soil Objects in the Steppe Biome of Western Siberia -- Significant Siberian Vegetation Change is Inevitably Brought on by the Changing Climate..

Note: The Sun. The formation of the stars and the Sun ; The characteristics of the Sun ; A representation of the Sun ; The internal structure of the Sun ; The photosphere, solar radiation, the solar wind ; The thermal profile of the solar atmosphere ; Solar dynamics ; The Sun: the source of space weather -- The Earth. The Earth within the solar system ; The internal structure of the Earth : the geomagnetic field ; The atmosphere of the Earth ; The magnetosphere -- Toward a space weather. The consequences of solar agressions on our technological environment ; Other impacts of solar activity ; Space weather in order to forecast -- Appendices..

Note: Contents: Abstract. - Kurzfassung. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Motivation. - 1.2 Scientific questions. - 1.3 Method. - 2 Background and state of the science. - 2.1 The atmospheric aerosol. - 2.1.1 Relevance. - 2.1.2 Aerosol processes. - 2.1.3 Aerosol properties. - 2.2 The influence of ship emissions. - 2.3 Aerosol modeling. - 2.3.1 Selected results. - 2.3.2 Motivation to expand on previous work. - 2.3.3 The computational approach. - 2.3.4 Existing aerosol microphysics submodels. - 2.3.5 MADE3 as a successor of MADE and MADE-in. - 3 The aerosol submodel MADE3. - 3.1 Aerosol characteristics. - 3.1.1 Modes. - 3.1.2 Species. - 3.1.3 Mathematical representation of aerosol characteristics. - 3.2 Aerosol processes. - 3.2.1 Gas–particle partitioning. - 3.2.2 Condensation of H2SO4 and organic vapors. - 3.2.3 New particle formation. - 3.2.4 Coagulation. - 3.2.5 Renaming. - 3.2.6 Aging of insoluble particles. - 4 Box model tests. - 4.1 Model description: MADE vs. MADE3. - 4.2 Model description: PartMC-MOSAIC. - 4.3 Test case scenario. - 4.4 Results: MADE3 vs. MADE. - 4.4.1 Size distributions. - 4.4.2 Composition. - 4.5 Results: MADE3 vs. PartMC-MOSAIC. - 4.5.1 Size distributions. - 4.5.2 Composition. - 4.6 Summary and conclusions. - 5 MADE3 in the atmospheric chemistry general circulation model EMAC. - 5.1 Basic settings. - 5.2 Emissions. - 5.3 Transport. - 5.4 Gas phase chemistry. - 5.5 Cloud formation. - 5.5.1 Stratiform clouds. - 5.5.2 Convective clouds. - 5.6 Cloud and precipitation processing of the aerosol. - 5.7 Wet deposition. - 5.8 Dry deposition. - 5.9 Sedimentation. - 5.10 Optical properties. - 6 Evaluation of simulated tropospheric aerosol properties. - 6.1 Data comparability. - 6.2 The MADE3 aerosol within EMAC. - 6.2.1 Near-surface mass concentrations. - 6.2.2 Vertical distributions. - 6.2.3 Size distributions. - 6.2.4 Aerosol optical depth. - 6.2.5 Global tropospheric burdens and residence times. - 6.2.6 Summary and conclusions. - 6.3 Comparison to MADE. - 6.4 New features of MADE3. - 7 Effects of oceanic ship emissions on atmospheric aerosol particles. - 7.1 Effects of year 2000 emissions. - 7.1.1 Near-surface concentrations. - 7.1.2 Near-surface size distributions. - 7.1.3 Tropospheric burdens. - 7.2 Effects of an idealized fuel sulfur content reduction. - 7.3 Summary and conclusions. - 8 Summary, conclusions, and outlook. - Appendix. - A.1 Particle evolution in the box model study. - A.2 Gas phase chemical mechanism. - A.3 Liquid phase chemical mechanism. - A.4 Mode assignment of cloud residual aerosol. - A.4.1 Terminology. - A.4.2 Basic assumptions. - A.4.3 Algorithm for residual assignment. - A.5 Year 2000 aerosol in EMAC with MADE3. - A.6 Near-surface mass concentration evaluation. - References. - Acronyms, symbols, and species names. - Acronyms. - Symbols. - Tracers and chemical species. - Danksagung.

Note: Zugl.: Helsinki, Univ., Diss., 2006

Note: Contents: 1. The rule we live by ; 2. Habits of the mind ; 3. A taste for fairness ; 4. Covenants without sword ; 5. Informational cascades and unpopular norms ; 6. The evolution of a fairness norm

Note: Ch. 1. Structure and development of a plant : an overview -- ch. 2. The protoplast : plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasmic organelles -- ch. 3. The protoplast : endomembrane system, secretory pathways, cytoskeleton, and stored compounds -- ch. 4. Cell wall -- ch. 5. Meristems and differentiation -- ch. 6. Apical meristems -- ch. 7. Parenchyma and collenchyma -- ch. 8. Sclerenchyma -- ch. 9. Epidermis -- ch. 10. Xylem : cell types and developmental aspects -- ch. 11. Xylem : secondary xylem and variations in wood structure -- ch. 12. Vascular cambium -- ch. 13. Phloem : cell types and developmental aspects -- ch. 14. Phloem : secondary phloem and variations in its structure -- ch. 15. Periderm -- ch. 16. External secretory structures -- ch. 17. Internal secretory structures.

Note: Why agent-based modelling is useful for economists -- Starting agent-based modelling -- Heterogeneous demand -- Social demand -- Benefits of barter -- The market -- Labour market -- International trade -- Banking -- The tragedy of the commons.

Note: Introduction and overview -- Climate policies in the United States -- Theories of climate policy -- The structural theory applied to the cases -- Causes of climate policies in the fifty states -- Air-pollution and energy policy making in California (the 1940s to the 1980s) -- Climate policy making in California (the 2000s to the present) -- Energy and climate policy making in New York State -- Energy and climate policy making by the federal government -- Conclusions : political opportunities for climate policy in the United States.

Note: Contents: 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Chapter Summary. - 1.2 The Meaning of the Book’s Title. - 1.3 Historical Background. - 1.4 How to Read This Book. - 1.5 Further Reading. - References. - PART 1 BASIC THEORETICAL CONCEPTS. - 2 Discrete-Time Signals and Systems. - 2.1 Chapter Summary. - 2.2 Basic Definitions and Concepts. - 2.3 Discrete-Time Signals: Sequences. - 2.3.1 Basic Sequence Operations. - 2.3.2 Basic Sequences. - 2.3.3 Deterministic and Random Signals. - 2.4 Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems. - 2.4.1 Impulse Response of an LTI System and Linear Convolution. - 2.4.2 An Example of Linear Convolution. - 2.4.3 Interconnections of LTI Systems. - 2.4.4 Effects of Stability and Causality Constraints on the Impulse Response of an LTI System. - 2.4.5 Finite (FIR) and Infinite (IIR) Impulse Response Systems. - 2.4.6 Linear Constant-Coefficient Difference Equation (LCCDE). - 2.4.7 Examples of LCCDE. - 2.4.8 The Solutions of an LCCDE. - 2.4.9 From the LCCDE to the Impulse Response: Examples. - 2.4.10 Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions of LTI Systems. - References. - 3 Transforms of Discrete-Time Signals. - 3.1 Chapter Summary. - 3.2 z-Transform. - 3.2.1 Examples of z-Transforms and Special Cases. - 3.2.2 Rational z-Transforms. - 3.2.3 Inverse z-Transform. - 3.2.4 The z-Transform on the Unit Circle. - 3.2.5 Selected z-Transform Properties. - 3.2.6 Transfer Function of an LTI System. - 3.2.7 Output Sequence of an LTI System. - 3.2.8 Zeros and Poles: Forms for Rational Transfer Functions. - 3.2.9 Inverse System. - 3.3 Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT). - 3.3.1 An Example of DTFT Converging in the Mean-Square Sense. - 3.3.2 Line Spectra. - 3.3.3 Inverse DTFT. - 3.3.4 Selected DTFT Properties. - 3.3.5 The DTFT of a Finite-Length Causal Sequence. - 3.4 Discrete Fourier Series (DFS). - 3.4.1 Selected DFS Properties. - 3.4.2 Sampling in the Frequency Domain and Aliasing in the Time Domain. - 3.5 Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). - 3.5.1 The Inverse DFT in Terms of the Direct DFT. - 3.5.2 Zero Padding. - 3.5.3 Selected DFT Properties. - 3.5.4 Circular Convolution Versus Linear Convolution. - 3.6 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). - 3.7 Discrete Trigonometric Expansion. - 3.8 Appendix: Mathematical Foundations of Signal Representation. - 3.8.1 Vector Spaces. - 3.8.2 Inner Product Spaces. - 3.8.3 Bases in Vector Spaces. - 3.8.4 Signal Representation by Orthogonal Bases. - 3.8.5 Signal Representation by Standard Bases. - 3.8.6 Frames and Biorthogonal Bases. - 3.8.7 Summary and Complements. - References. - 4 Sampling of Continuous-Time Signals. - 4.1 Chapter Summary. - 4.2 Sampling Theorem. - 4.3 Reconstruction of a Continuous-Time Signal from Its Samples. - 4.4 Aliasing in the Frequency Domain and Anti-Aliasing Filter. - 4.5 The Uncertainty Principle for the Analog Fourier Transform. - 4.6 Support of a Continuous-Time Signal in the Time and Frequency Domains. - 4.7 Appendix: Analog and Digital Frequency Variables. - References. - 5 Spectral Analysis of Deterministic Discrete-Time Signals. - 5.1 Chapter Summary. - 5.2 Issues in Practical Spectral Analysis. - 5.2.1 The Effect of Windowing. - 5.2.2 The Effect of Spectral Sampling. - 5.3 Classical Windows. - 5.4 The Kaiser Window. - 5.5 Energy and Power Signals and Their Spectral Representations. - 5.6 Correlation of Deterministic Discrete-Time Signals. - 5.6.1 Correlation of Energy Signals. - 5.6.2 Correlation of Power Signals. - 5.6.3 Effect of an LTI System on Correlation Properties of Input and Output Signals. - 5.7 Wiener-Khinchin Theorem. - 5.7.1 Energy Signals and Energy Spectrum. - 5.7.2 Power Signals and Power Spectrum. - References. - PART 2 DIGITAL FILTERS. - 6 Digital Filter Properties and Filtering Implementation. - 6.1 Chapter Summary. - 6.2 Frequency-Selective Filters. - 6.3 Real-Causal-Stable-Rational (RCSR) Filters. - 6.4 Amplitude Response. - 6.5 Phase Response. - 6.5.1 Phase Discontinuities and Zero-Phase Response. - 6.5.2 Linear Phase (LP). - 6.5.3 Generalized Linear Phase (GLP). - 6.5.4 Constraints on GLP Filters. - 6.6 Digital Filtering Implementation. - 6.6.1 Direct Forms. - 6.6.2 Transposed-Direct Forms. - 6.6.3 FIR Direct and Transposed-Direct Forms. - 6.6.4 Direct and Transposed-Direct Forms for LP FIR Filters. - 6.6.5 Cascade and Parallel Forms. - 6.7 Zero-Phase Filtering. - 6.8 An Incorrect Approach to Filtering. - 6.9 Filtering After Downsampling. - 6.9.1 Theory of Downsampling. - 6.9.2 An Example of Filtering After Downsampling. - References. - 7 FIR Filter Design. - 7.1 Chapter Summary. - 7.2 Design Process. - 7.3 Specifications of Digital Filters. - 7.3.1 Constraints on the Magnitude Response. - 7.3.2 Constraints on the Phase Response. - 7.4 Selection of Filter Type: IIR or FIR?. - 7.5 FIR-Filter Design Methods and Approximation Criteria. - 7.6 Properties of GLP FIR Filters. - 7.6.1 Factorization of the Zero-Phase Response. - 7.6.2 Zeros of the Transfer Function. - 7.6.3 Another Form of the Adjustable Term. - 7.7 Equiripple FIR Filter Approximations: Minimax Design. - 7.8 Predicting the Minimum Filter Order. - 7.9 MPR Algorithm. - 7.10 Properties of Equiripple FIR Filters. - 7.11 The Minimax Method for Bandpass Filters. - References. - 8 IIR Filter Design. - 8.1 Chapter Summary. - 8.2 Design Process. - 8.3 Lowpass Analog Filters. - 8.3.1 Laplace Transform. - 8.3.2 Transfer Function and Design Parameters. - 8.4 Butterworth Filters. - 8.5 Chebyshev Filters. - 8.5.1 Chebyshev-I Filters. - 8.5.2 Chebyshev-II Filters. - 8.6 Elliptic Filters. - 8.7 Normalized and Non-normalized Filters. - 8.8 Comparison Among the Four Analog Filter Types. - 8.9 From the Analog Lowpass Filter to the Digital One. - 8.9.1 Bilinear Transformation. - 8.9.2 Design Procedure. - 8.9.3 Examples. - 8.10 Frequency Transformations. - 8.10.1 From a Lowpass to a Highpass Filter. - 8.10.2 From a Lowpass to a Bandpass Filter. - 8.10.3 From a Lowpass to a Bandstop Filter . - 8.11 Direct Design of IIR Filters. - 8.12 Appendix. - 8.12.1 Trigonometric Functions with Complex Argument. - 8.12.2 Elliptic Integrals. - 8.12.3 Jacobi Elliptic Functions. - 8.12.4 Landen-Gauss Transformation. - 8.12.5 Elliptic Rational Function. - References. - PART 3 SPECTRAL ANALYSIS. - 9 Statistical Approach to Signal Analysis. - 9.1 Chapter Summary. - 9.2 Preliminary Considerations. - 9.3 Random Variables. - 9.4 Ensemble Averages. - 9.5 Stationary Random Processes and Signals. - 9.6 Ergodicity. - 9.7 Wiener-Khinchin Theorem for Random Signals and Power Spectrum. - 9.8 Cross-Power Spectrum of Two Random Signals. - 9.9 Effect of an LTI System on a Random Signal. - 9.10 Estimation of the Averages of Ergodic Stationary Signals. - 9.10.1 General Concepts in Estimation Theory. - 9.10.2 Mean and Variance Estimation. - 9.10.3 Autocovariance Estimation. - 9.10.4 Cross-Covariance Estimation. - 9.11 Appendix: A Road Map to the Analysis of a Data Record. - References. - 10 Non-Parametric Spectral Methods. - 10.1 Chapter Summary. - 10.2 Power Spectrum Estimation. - 10.3 Periodogram. - 10.3.1 Bias. - 10.3.2 Variance. - 10.3.3 Examples. - 10.3.4 Variance Reduction by Band- and Ensemble-Averaging. - 10.4 Bartlett’s Method. - 10.5 Modified Periodogram. - 10.6 Welch’s Method. - 10.7 Blackman-Tukey Method. - 10.8 Statistical Significance of Spectral Peaks. - 10.9 MultiTaper Method. - 10.10 Estimation of the Cross-Power Spectrum of Two Random Signals. - 10.11 Use of the FFT in Power Spectrum Estimation. - 10.12 Power Spectrum Normalization. - References. - 11 Parametric Spectral Methods. - 11.1 Chapter Summary. - 11.2 Signals with Rational Spectra . - 11.3 Stochastic Models and Processes. - 11.3.1 Autoregressive-Moving Average (ARMA) Model. - 11.3.2 Autoregressive (AR) Model. - 11.3.3 Moving Average (MA) Model. - 11.3.4 How the AR and MA Modeling Approaches Are Theoretically Related. - 11.3.5 First-Order AR and MA Models: White, Red and Blue Noise. - 11.3.6 Higher-Order AR Models. - 11.4 The AR Approach to Spectral Estimation. - 11.5 AR Modeling and Linear Prediction. - 11.6

Note: Beiträge überwiegend deutsch, teilweise englisch

Note: Machine generated contents note:1. Inclusive Developmen t: Debates and Issues -- 2. Inclusive Development and the Burdens of History -- 3. Addressing the Social Deficit in the Wake of Neoliberal Reforms -- 4. Mexico and Indonesia : Politics and Development in Weak States -- 5. Chile : Moving towards Greater Inclusion: From Political Polarization to Consensus -- 6. South Korea : Authoritarianism, Democracy, and the Struggle to Maintain Inclusive Development -- 7. Conclusions: The Politics and Policies of Inclusive Development..