ALBERT

Description: Before linking emissions trading systems, there should be a good understanding of the expected economic implications: How could linking affect the development of the common allowance price, the development of emissions or industrial production, capital flows or liquidity? Answering these questions requires a multitude of data and assumptions and therefore usually the use of economic models. This report gives an overview of various economic models that are suitable for assessing the economic effects of linking. It analyses the economic indicators relevant for the assessment of the effects of linking, formulates requirements for economic models to answer this question, discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different modelling approaches and gives an assessment of which models are suitable in principle for the assessment of linking. Five models were selected for a more detailed description: E3ME, GEM-E3, PACE, POLES, and TIMES-MARKAL.

Description: The study analyses the country background, emissions trends, ongoing activities and barriers relating to the implementation of the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of the Republic of Marshall Islands under the UNFCCC. A special emphasis is laid on further mitigation potentials in the fields of transport - especially low-carbon domestic shipping - and waste reduction, disposal and processing.

Description: Eine Analyse der deutschen Energie- und Klimapolitik hat ergeben: Nur im Maßnahmenfeld "Ausbau der Erneuerbaren Energien im Strombereich" wird voraussichtlich das Ziel ereicht. Dagegen wird in allen anderen Maßnahmenfeldern das Ziel verfehlt oder es bestehen Wirkungsdefizite der eingesetzten Politikinstrumente. Das betrifft insbesondere die Energieeffizienz auf der Nachfrageseite, aber auch die Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung und Erneuerbare Energien-Wärme. Für die Maßnahmenfelder "Fluorierte Treibhausgase", "Industrieprozesse" und "Landwirtschaft" müssen überhaupt erst verbindliche Reduktionsziele festgelegt und Politikinstrumente eingeführt werden.

Description: To minimize the impact of end-of life vehicles on the environment they have to be managed in accordance with the legal requirements. Against this background it is important to comprehend the whereabouts of permanently decommissioned passenger cars. From the available statistical sources it was only possible to account for the whereabouts in parts for the last years. The subject-matter of the research project was the closure of this "statistical gap" to the maximum extent possible. The objectives of the project were the identification of the possible reasons underlying the "statistical gap", the determination, itemisation and, to the maximum extent possible, quantification of information on the actual whereabouts of permanently decommissioned vehicles and the development of measures and instruments that can be used to permanently improve the data situation.

Description: Das Forschungsprojekt untersucht, ob und wie die stoffliche Nutzung von Biomasse in Kaskaden zur Steigerung der Ressourceneffizienz beitragen kann. Es entwickelt eine klare Definition des Begriffs der Kaskadennutzung und analysiert existierende Konzepte der Kaskadennutzung. Als relevante Felder der Kaskadennutzung werden der Holzsektor, der Papiersektor, der Textilsektor und der Kunststoffsektor identifiziert und Ökobilanzen jeweils in diesen vier Sektoren durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen deutliche Umweltvorteile für die Mehrzahl der untersuchten Kaskadenoptionen, es bedarf jedoch der Einzelfallbetrachtung. Ein Bewertungskonzept zur ersten Einschätzung möglicher Kaskadenansätze für Anwender wird entwickelt. Das Projekt empfiehlt, die Kaskadennutzung von Biomasse als "Prinzip" unterstützend in übergreifende Politikziele und Strategien einzubinden.

Description: Many hope that the Global Stocktake under the Paris Agreement can become a catalyst for increased mitigation ambition over time. Based on different theories of change, this paper outlines four governance functions for the Global Stocktake. It can contribute to the Paris Agreement as a pacemaker (stimulating and synchronizing policy processes across governance levels), by ensuring accountability of Parties, by enhancing ambition through benchmarks for action and transformative learning, and by reiterating and refining the guidance and signal provided from the Paris Agreement. The paper further outlines process- and information-related preconditions that would enable an ideal Global Stocktake.

Description: The study analyses the country background, emissions trends, ongoing activities and barriers relating to the implementation of the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of Morocco under the UNFCCC. A special emphasis is laid on further mitigation potentials in the fields of urban environment, the mineral sector and the transport sector. A chapter is dedicated to the relevance and perspectives of coal use.

Description: Before introducing an emissions trading system, jurisdictions have to consider the ex-isting energy and climate policy framework. This report seeks to analyse and evaluate non-ETS climate policy instruments, such as carbon taxes or green certificate trading schemes, regarding their suitability to serve as a basis for establishing emission trading systems. There is a general assessment of prototypical policy instruments. Besides, the report contains insights from case studies in India and Mexico. The report is meant to inform ETS development by showing how existing policy instruments could contribute to this process and by illustrating how non-ETS policy instruments could coexist with an emissions trading system, allowing for an effective policy mix.

Description: The study analyses the country background, emissions trends, ongoing activities and barriers relating to the implementation of the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of Ethiopia under the UNFCCC. A special emphasis is laid on further mitigation potentials in the fields of agriculture, forestry and low-emission transport.

Description: Der vorliegende Bericht fasst die Inhalte des Projekts "Erfolgsbedingungen für Systemsprünge und Leitbilder einer Ressourcenleichten Gesellschaft" im Überblick zusammen und diskutiert diese. Er stellt damit den ersten Band der Berichte zu diesem Projekt dar. Nach einer Einführung wird die Ressourcenleichte Gesellschaft als ressourcenschonende, weitgehend dematerialisierte Gesellschaft mit hoher Lebensqualität definiert. Es folgt eine Vorstellung der Methodik bei der Leitbildentwicklung und die Skizzierung der Leitbilder selbst. Daraufhin werden die Ergebnisse von Diskussionen zu den Leitbildern mit Expertinnen und Experten in sogenannten Stakeholder-Workshops auf der einen Seite sowie mit Vertreterinnen und Vertretern der verschiedenen sozialen Milieus in Fokusgruppen und einer moderierten Online Community auf der anderen Seite dargestellt.

Description: Der Anlass für die Evaluation des Deutschen Ressourceneffizienzprogramms ProgRess ist seine Fortschreibung im Jahr 2020. In zahlreichen Interviews identifizieren die Autorinnen und Autoren Stärken und Schwächen und zeigen Wege für eine institutionelle und strategische Weiterentwicklung auf. Die Bedeutung des Programms wird als überwiegend positiv, die bisherigen Ressourceneffizienzwirkungen hingegen als durchwachsen bewertet. Den Umsetzungsstand konnten die Befragten wenig beurteilen, da Indikatoren bislang nur für einen Teil der Maßnahmen vorhanden sind. Eine Priorisierung der Aktivitäten, verbindlichere Instrumente und Zielvorgaben sowie eine bessere Mittelausstattung gehören zu den Empfehlungen.

Description: This report is a synthesis of the research and re-evaluates the options previously considered in this project (Vieweg et al (2014)) in the light of the negotiation process up to today. The mitigation-related design elements considered are: Participation and differentiation of countries; Types of commitments, including also the compulsory character of the commitments and time aspects; Guidance on ambition of the commitments to assure adequacy of global and individual countries' efforts; Transparency of commitments.

Description: The research project seeks to identify the CDM SD tool's possible shortcomings, and to make structured recommendations on how to improve the EB's SD tool. Findings from this project are meant to have a lighthouse effect on the development of provisions on Sustainable Development within other carbon mechanisms of the UNFCCC and beyond. This report represents the consolidated findings of three work packages within this research project. The first chapter provides some background on the subject at hand, and leads into the report. The following chapter covers the assessment and comparison of the SD provisions of selected flexible mechanisms and multilateral standards.

Description: Im Rahmen des Projektes werden mögliche Bewertungsmaßstäbe für die Erfolgsmessung von Abfallvermeidungsmaßnahmen vertiefend analysiert und bewertet sowie ein passendes Set an Indikatoren erarbeitet und ein geeignetes Daten-Erfassungskonzeptes entwickelt. Bezogen auf das Datenerfassungskonzept gibt es im Bereich Wiederverwendung (WV) erhebliche Datenlücken zu den tatsächlich wiederverwendeten Mengen gebrauchter Produkte. Der vorliegende Zwischenbericht enthält die Ergebnisse einer ersten Datenerhebung auf Basis einer Befragung der 400 Wiederverwendungseinrichtungen in Deutschland. Ergänzend wurde das Potential der aus Online-Angeboten gewinnbaren Gebrauchtprodukte zur WV recherchiert.

Description: Das Forschungsvorhaben befasst sich mit der Fragestellung, welche Faktoren und Bedingungen die Anpassungskapazität von Kommunen in Deutschland maßgeblich beeinflussen. Dazu wurden im Projekt empirische Befragungen mit kleineren und mittleren Kommunen wie auch eine Fachworkshopreihe mit insgesamt elf Kommunen durchgeführt. Vor diesem Hintergrund erarbeitete das Projekt Vorschläge und Unterstützungsangebote zum systematischen Aufbau von Kapazitäten zur Anpassung an den Klimawandel auf lokaler Ebene. Insbesondere die Stärkung institutioneller Faktoren, die die Fähigkeit einer Kommune beeinflussen, sich organisatorisch, prozedural und fachlich-strategisch auf neue Herausforderungen wie den Folgewirkungen des Klimawandels adäquat einzustellen, erweisen sich hier als ein wichtiger Baustein für Unterstützungsansätze.

Description: Vor dem Hintergrund der europäischen Klimaschutzziele bis 2050 und der damit erforderlichen Dekarbonisierung der Wirtschaft werden in dem Vorhaben die Weiterentwicklungsoptionen der europäischen Energieeffizienzpolitiken untersucht. Es werden die Sektoren private Haushalte, Verkehr und Industrie betrachtet sowie der förderliche Rahmen, d. h. auch sektorübergreifende Instrumente. In den vorgeschlagenen Politikpaketen soll sich die Vielfalt der Instrumententypen abbilden. Neben Best-Practice-Beispielen liegen Länderstudien für drei große Volkswirtschaften der EU vor (Deutschland, Frankreich, Italien) und mit Polen auch eine Länderstudie für einen Mitgliedstaat aus dem mittelosteuropäischen Raum.

Description: The study analyses the country background, emissions trends, ongoing activities and barriers relating to the implementation of the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of Indonesia under the UNFCCC. A special emphasis is laid on further mitigation potentials. Fields of mitigation assessed are land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) governance and monitoring as well as electricity demand and generation. A chapter is dedicated to the ongoing and planned increase in coal use - contrary to mitigation ambition in other fields - including an analysis of the economic role and local impacts of coal.

Description: Standardised Baselines (SBs) shall improve the opportunities for least developed countries and other underrepresented regions to participate in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). SBs allow for shifting the effort of developing baseline scenarios and additionality testing from the individual project to the sectoral level. This research project followed two separate approaches in order to gather experiences with the development of SBs and to contribute to the advancement of the SB regulatory framework. Under the first approach, an SB for rural electrification in Ethiopia was developed in cooperation with the Ethiopian Designated National Authority, which submitted the SB to the UNFCCC Secretariat. In the second part of the project, a scoping study assesses how SBs can be developed to cover complex integrated production processes. The Indonesian cement sector was chosen as case for this study.

Description: Deutschland hat ein enormes Vermögen in Form von Bauwerken, Infrastrukturen und sonstigen langlebigen Gütern angehäuft. Hierin befindet sich ein wertvolles Sekundärrohstoffreservoir - ein anthropogenes Materiallager. Es ist als Kapitalstock der Zukunft zu begreifen, den es systematisch zu bewirtschaften gilt. In der überwiegend Input-dominierten Ressourceneffizienzdiskussion findet dieser Kapitalstock bislang nur wenig Beachtung. Eine Ursache hierfür ist unzureichendes Wissen über die Größe und Zusammensetzung dieses Materiallagers sowie über dessen Veränderungsdynamik. Das Vorhaben sollte dazu beitragen, die Wissensbasis diesbezüglich deutlich zu erweitern. Mit den Ergebnissen des Projektes liegt nun ein differenziertes Bild über Materialflüsse und Materialbestände vor, die in langlebigen Gütern in Deutschland gebunden sind und von diesen ausgelöst werden. Neben umfangreichen Daten wurde ein Konzept vorgelegt, das Grundlagen zum Aufbau eines langfristigen Monitorings des anthropogenen Lagers durch eine kontinuierliche Fortschreibung von Bestandsveränderungen liefert.

Description: Kunststoffabfälle, die nach dem Gebrauch von Kunststoffprodukten anfallen, werden in Deutschland noch immer überwiegend energetisch verwertet. Hemmnisse für eine werkstoffliche Verwertung sind zum Beispiel Zusatzstoffe, die die Recyclingfähigkeit einschränken, die zunehmende Verwendung von Verbunden, die gemischte Sammlung und die mangelnde Wirtschaftlichkeit. Ziel dieses Projektes ist, für die nach dem Gebrauch im Gewerbe und bei Haushalten anfallenden Kunststoffabfälle und ggf. weitere Wertstoffe die Frage zu beantworten, ob und unter welchen Randbedingungen diese dem Restabfall oder derzeit energetisch genutzten Fraktionen entzogen und so die werkstoffliche Verwertung gesteigert werden kann. Das Projekt entwickelt einen integrierten Policymix, der sowohl beim Angebot, der Nachfrage als auch den Marktbedingungen für den Einsatz von Sekundärkunststoffen ansetzt.

Description: Altfahrzeuge enthalten sowohl Schadstoffe als auch Wertstoffe und sind daher nach den Vorgaben der Altfahrzeugverordnung ordnungsgemäß zu behandeln und zu verwerten. Gefahren für die Umwelt können so vermieden und Wertstoffe zurückgewonnen werden. Dementsprechend ist es wichtig, dass die ordnungsgemäße Behandlung und Verwertung von Altfahrzeugen auch belegt werden kann. Grundlegend ist vor diesem Hintergrund, dass nachvollziehbar ist, wo Fahrzeuge verbleiben, die außer Betrieb gesetzt und in Deutschland nicht wieder zum Straßenverkehr zugelassen werden. Mit den vorliegenden statistischen Angaben war dies in den letzten Jahren nur teilweise möglich. Beispielsweise war vor Projektbeginn für das Jahr 2013 der Verbleib von 1,18 Millionen Fahrzeugen nicht aufklärbar. Ziel des Vorhabens war es daher, den Verbleib von außer Betrieb gesetzten Fahrzeugen möglichst lückenlos aufzuklären. Darauf aufbauend erarbeiteten die Autoren Vorschläge, um die Datenlage dauerhaft zu verbessern.

Description: Elektro- und Elektronikaltgeräte enthalten eine Vielzahl von umwelt- und ressourcenrelevanten Metallen wie Gold und Neodym, welche derzeit noch nicht optimal recycelt werden. Im vorliegenden Projekt wurden die Mengenpotenziale von 10 dieser Metalle in 30 ressourcenrelevanten Elektrogerätearten quantifiziert und die bestehenden Verluste bei der Elektroaltgeräte-Entsorgung von der Sammlung über die Behandlung bis zur Metallrückgewinnung über Mengenstrombilanzen ermittelt, teilweise unterstützt durch Sortieranalysen und Behandlungsversuche. Die Studie leitet daraus Maßnahmenempfehlungen zur Optimierung der Erfassungsstrukturen sowie der Behandlungs- und Verwertungssysteme für Elektroaltgeräte aus privaten Haushalten zur Rückgewinnung der betrachteten Metalle ab.

Description: Das Ziel dieser Untersuchung war, das technische Regelleistungspotenzial von BHKW in Deutschland für die Jahre 2010, 2020 und 2030 zu bestimmen. Der Fokus lag auf den kleineren Leistungsbereichen für die objektscharfe Versorgung von Wohngebäuden sowie von gewerblichen Objekten (Nichtwohngebäuden). Ergänzend wurde exemplarisch eine größere BHKW-Anlage mit Wärmenetz und ein industrieller Anwendungsfall untersucht.

Description: Im Rahmen des Forschungsprojektes wurde auf der Ebene von privaten Haushalten untersucht, in welchem Ausmaß eine Bedürfnisbefriedigung mit materiellen Gütern innerhalb der Randbedingungen von globaler Gerechtigkeit, einer nachhaltigen Rohstoffnutzung und einer umweltverträglichen Gesellschaft möglich ist. Zur Bestimmung des Rohstoffbedarfs langlebiger Haushaltsgüter wurden das methodische Konzept der Verfügungskorridore entwickelt und empirisch fundiert sowie global tragfähige Ausstattungen für verschiedene Haushalte prototypisch dargestellt. Das im Rahmen des Projekts entwickelte Webtool veranschaulicht wesentliche Ergebnisse des Forschungsvorhabens. Vor dem Hintergrund ihrer eigenen Haushaltsausstattungen wird den Nutzer/-innen des Webtools das Forschungsthema "Rohstoffverbrauch und Nachhaltigkeit" exemplarisch veranschaulicht, wodurch eine konkrete Reflexion des eigenen Konsumverhaltens ermöglicht wird.

Description: The study analyses the country background, emissions trends, ongoing activities and barriers relating to the implementation of the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of the Islamic Republic of Iran under the UNFCCC. A special emphasis is laid on further mitigation potentials in the fields of demand-side efficiency through energy-price reform, upstream oil and gas efficiency (with an emphasis on gas flaring) and a sustainable energy mix (with an emphasis on renewable energies).

Description: Ziel dieses Berichts im Rahmen des Projekts "Erfolgsbedingungen für Systemsprünge und Leitbilder einer Ressourcenleichten Gesellschaft" ist es, eine solche Ressourcenleichte Gesellschaft zu definieren. Hierzu wird zunächst der Rahmen für eine Ressourcenleichte Gesellschaft durch Aufbereitung der relevanten Diskurse bestimmt. Kapitel 1 zeichnet die zeitgeschichtliche Entwicklung des ressourcenbezogenen Nachhaltigkeitsdiskurses von 1972 bis in die Gegenwart nach. Aus dieser Analyse werden relevante Gesichtspunkte für eine Ressourcenleichte Gesellschaft identifiziert und am Ende des Kapitels in einer Übersicht dargestellt. Das zweite Kapitel entwickelt darauf aufbauend den bereits genannten definitorischen Rahmen, d.h. es erfolgt eine grundsätzliche Erarbeitung der normativen Kriterien, die eine solche Gesellschaft ausmachen sollte. Kapitel 3 skizziert dann existierende Zugänge zur Ressourcenleichten Gesellschaft und zeigt wichtige Merkmale dieser Ansätze auf, welche zur Entwicklung der Ressourcenleichten Gesellschaft durch Kontrastierung oder Übernahme von Merkmalen beitragen können.

Description: Today more than 45 % of all energy-related CO2 emissions come from burning coal. Thus, reducing CO2 emissions from coal use is a necessity for reaching the targets of the Paris Agreement. This will not only pose challenges for coal consumers (restructuring of the energy system), but also for countries whose economy is strongly depending on the production of coal. This paper examines the role of coal in three countries, which are or were in recent years among the top coal exporters: Indonesia, Colombia and Vietnam. Understanding challenges and possible transition pathways in these countries will help to develop global strategies to reduce CO2 emissions from coal in the short to mid-term.

Description: Das Kreislaufwirtschaftsgesetz (KrWG) verlangt mit Bezug auf das Abfallvermeidungsprogramm (AVP) die Benennung zweckmäßiger Maßstäbe für Abfallvermeidungsmaßnahmen (AVM), anhand derer die Fortschritte bei der Entkopplung der mit der Abfallerzeugung verbundenen Auswirkungen auf Mensch und Umwelt vom Wirtschaftswachstum erfasst werden können. Das AVP benennt mögliche Indikatoren, allerdings ist unklar, inwieweit diese das Entstehen von Abfällen darstellen oder die Effekte von AVM abbilden können. Mögliche Bewertungsmaßstäbe für die Messung des Abfallvermeidungserfolges wurden analysiert, auf ihre Eignung geprüft und ein Set an Indikatoren erarbeitet, um eine kontinuierliche Messung des Erfolges von AVM zu ermöglichen.

Description: Auf dem Weg in eine Ressourcenleichte Gesellschaft benötigen die betroffenen Akteurinnen und Akteure Leitbilder, an denen sie einen massiven Wandel wie diesen orientieren können. Der vorliegende Band stellt fünf solcher Leitbilder dar. Sie waren Hauptbestandteil des Projekts "Erfolgsbedingungen für Systemsprünge und Leitbilder einer ressourcenleichten Gesellschaft" und wurden mithilfe der Szenario -Methode erstellt. Inhaltlich wurden sie von Pionierinnen und Pionieren sowie Expertinnen und Experten ressourcenleichten Lebens erarbeitet, so dass alltagsnahe, praxistaugliche Elemente für die Leitbilder entwickelt wurden. Die Leitbilder zeigen eine große Spannbreite von Möglichkeiten, einen massiven gesellschaftlichen Wandel, wie er für eine Ressourcenleichte Gesellschaft nötig wäre, zu erreichen. Entsprechend unterschiedlich sind auch die möglichen Ressourcenschonungseffekte. Diese werden abschließend dargestellt und miteinander verglichen.

Description: In summer 2017, the ICDP SUSTAIN project (Surtsey Underwater volcanic System for Thermophiles, Alteration processes and INnovative concretes), drilled three cored boreholes (Table 1) through Surtsey at sites ≤10 m from a cored hole obtained in 1979. Drilling through the still hot volcano was carried out with an Atlas Copco CS1000 drill rig, whose components were transported by helicopter to Surtsey and re-assembled on site. The first vertical borehole, SE-02a, was cored in HQ diameter to 152 meters below surface (m b.s.) during August 7-16. It was terminated due to borehole collapse. A second vertical (SE-02b) cored borehole was then drilled in HQ diameter to 192 m during August 19-26. Wireline borehole logging in SE-02b was performed August 26. The anodized NQ-sized aluminum tubing of the Surtsey Subsurface Observatory was installed in SE-02b to 181 m depth on August 27. A third borehole, SE-03, angled 35° from vertical and directed 264°, was drilled from August 28 to September 4 and reached a measured depth of 354 m (~290 m vertical depth) under the eastern crater. The core is HQ diameter to a measured depth of 213 m and NQ diameter from 213-354 m measured depth. The core traverses the deep conduit and intrusions of the volcano to a total vertical depth of 290 m b.s. Seawater drilling fluid for boreholes SE-02a and SE-02b was filtered and doubly UV-sterilized at the drill site. No mud products were employed while coring SE-02a, while small amounts of attapulgite mud were used in SE-02b and SE-03. Core samples for geochemical analyses of pore water and microbiological investigations were collected on site from all three boreholes. About 650 m of core was transported by helicopter to Heimaey, 18 km northeast of Surtsey, to a processing laboratory where the core was scanned, documented, and described. Additional core processing has taken place at the Náttúrufraedistofnun Íslands, the Icelandic Institute of Natural History in Gardabaer, where both the 1979 and 2017 cores are stored.

Description: On a beautiful summer day Emma and Steven want to have fun at their favourite lake. However, a mysterious situation thwarts their plans. This leads the two friends on an unexpected quest ... Join Emma and Steven as they explore the vast, intriguing and efficient world of stable isotopes: What are isotopes? How do isotopes work? And last but not least, how can isotopes help Emma and Steven to finally answer the question: Who poisoned Family Mole?

Description: Length: 32 min What forms the landscapes of the Earth with its mountains, rivers, soils, the places we live in? Is Earth’s surface shaped when rocks are uplifted by geologic forces, and are then destroyed by rain, ice, and wind; or do plants with their roots, animals that dig into soil and the vast number of microorganisms shape the landscapes? Watch the scientists of the German-Chilean “EarthShape” project study these questions along a fascinating landscapes in Chile, and in their home laboratories. A science movie designed and produced by Friedhelm von Blanckenburg from GFZ Potsdam, Germany, Kirstin Übernickel from Universität Tübingen, and Wolfgang Dümcke from Filmbüro Potsdam, Germany, within the DFG-funded research network “EarthShape – Earth Surface Shaping by Biota” which is coordinated by Todd Ehlers (Universität Tübingen) und Friedhelm von Blanckenburg (GFZ Potsdam).

Description: The GIZ Transboundary Water Management in Central Asia programme supports Tajik-Kyrgyz cooperation on the shared Isfara river basin by means of sustainable basin planning and management through capacity building. In addition, the rehabilitation of small-scale infrastructure and automatised flow measurement systems ensure a safe and fair allocation of water resources. As a result, improved water management and infrastructure in the Isfara River contribute to better information and water availability for more than 200,000 agricultural water users across both countries. Alongside already established methods of transboundary cooperation in the basin, which has complicated boundary issues, the hereinafter described measures counteract latent tensions among Tajik and Kyrgyz communities over the limited resource of arable land, which is closely linked to water. The GIZ Transboundary Water Management in Central Asia programme is implemented on behalf of the German Federal Foreign Office and cofunded by the European Union.

Description: Deliverable D5.2 presents the experimental outcome of jetting experiments at simulated reservoir conditions. Different rock types are tested under various conditions with the use of three different types of test bench. At first jetting experiments are conducted under submerged conditions in order to derive a better understanding of the governing erosion mechanism. Therefore pitting tests are combined with PIV measurements in order to derive and explain the erosion pattern of the occurring cavitation erosion and why the rock is more like to be eroded by the stagnation pressure of the impinging jet. Second, jetting experiments under pressure controlled conditions are performed. Rate of penetrations (ROP) of up to 100 m/h can be achieved which proofs the successful application of RJD technology especially in sand stone reservoir rock types. Especially the rotating nozzle design bears the highest potential for jetting operations where the static nozzle designs tend to fail, especially when pore pressure increases. The third experimental series under application of a bi- axial stress field show that the current RJD technology, as being used by project partner WSG, is not able to penetrate harder sandstone rock types (e.g. Dortmund sandstone) when field operating conditions are applied. The induced stress in the specimen does not initiate or enhance ROP. A second experiment thereby shows that higher nozzle exit speeds can lead to massive breakouts. Fourth, experiments are performed under a tri-axial stress field in collaboration with TU DELFT. Rock cubes are tested under different and very severely stress regimes while jetting into them. Compared to tests at atmospheric conditions it can be stated that the application of a stress field does not enhance the erosion of rock. At last experiments are conducted with the project partner WSG in order to determine the jetability of the Icelandic Basalt rock type and Icelandic inter basalt sediment layer. The experiments show that already higher pump pressures result in higher jetting performance, hence making them jetable as previously not expected. Furthermore the experiments approved the feasibility of the planned field test in Iceland when the soft sediment layer is the target zone. All in all the experiments conducted with the RJD technology show different results at simulated reservoir conditions compared to those at atmospheric which are described in deliverable D5.1 (Hahn & Wittig, 2017). Therefor, further testing at conditions representing the reservoir conditions more closer are needed in order to better understand and analyze the jetting process downhole.

Description: In this deliverable, the objectives of the Imperial College team are to consider jetted boreholes in the context of conventional borehole wall-rock stability analysis and to utilise an in-house advanced combined finite-discrete element code to examine the wall-rock failure process for jetted holes. The geomechanical modelling of Lateral Stability in D7.2 presented here is in addition to the main focus on modelling the water-jetting breakdown of the rock itself, reported in D7.1.

Description: The aim of this research is to investigate the failure mechanism for different types of rock in the context of water jet drilling and to predict the jet-ability or assess the radial jet drilling (RJD) performance prior to drilling and at the well petrophysical analysis stage. The main approach is to numerically simulate the water jet drilling for different types of rock using ICL’s in-house fluid-solid coupling codes. The rock properties, CT-scan data and jetting results obtained from D4.1 (Bakker et al., 2018) and D5.1 (Hahn et al., 2017) provide a good foundation for the related numerical results.

Description: The GEOFON program consists of a global seismic network (GE Network), a seismological data centre (GEOFON DC) and a global earthquake monitoring system (GEOFON EQinfo). These three pillars are part of the MESI research infrastructure of the Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences aiming at facilitating scientific research. GEOFON provides real-time seismic data, access to its own and third party data from the archive facilities as well as global and rapid earthquake information. The GEOFON Seismological Software can be considered a fourth cross-cutting module of the GEOFON Program. Data, services, products and software openly distributed by GEOFON are used by hundreds of scientists and data centres worldwide. Its earthquake information service is accessed directly by tens of thousands of visitors. The SeisComP software package is the flagship software provided to the community, which is geared for seismic observatory and data centre needs and used extensively to support our internal operations. Like all other MESI (Modular Earth Science Infrastructure) modules GEOFON has the majority of users outside the GFZ as well as an external advisory committee that provides advice to the GFZ Executive Board and to the GEOFON team. This report describes the main activities carried out within the three GEOFON pillars and the software development group.

Description: A temporary seismic array was installed in combination with a meteorological station in the Dead Sea valley, Jordan. Within the scope of the HGF virtual institute DESERVE we operated 15 temporary seismic stations between February 2014 and February 2015 together with a nearby meteorological station close to the east coast of the Dead Sea. The main aim was to acquire data to study the influence of wind on seismic records and retrieve related meteorological parameters. The study area is scarcely populated and has ideal meteorological conditions to study periodically occurring winds.

Description: The German-Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System (GITEWS) has been established after the devastating Tsunami in the Indian Ocean on December 26, 2004. It became an integral part of the Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System (InaTEWS) providing sensor networks and core computational components. GITEWS follows an “end-to-end” approach to cover the complete warning chain from rapid hazard detection over decision support to capacity development of communities at risk and the implementation of disaster reduction measures. PROTECTS (Project for Training, Education and Consulting for Tsunami Early Warning Systems) followed GITEWS with its main focus on system refinements, capacity building, and elaborated training measures that covered all aspects of the GITEWS Project. This paper discusses the specific challenges of Tsunami Early Warning in Indonesia, describes recent developments in instrumentation and data analysis and summarizes the system performance over the past 5 years.

Description: Preface 5Abstract 101. Introduction 102. Instrumentation 132.1 Seismic System 142.2 The GPS-System 182.3 Oceanographic Instruments 203. The Modelling-System 223.1 Source Modelling 233.2 TsunAWI Modelling System 243.3 Mesh Generation 263.4 Simulation System (SIM) 283.5 “On-the-fly”-System easyWave 324. Tsunami Early Warning Decision Support 334.1 The InaTEWS DSS 334.2 Experiences and Enhancements 374.3 Testing and Training Environment 385. System Performance 396. Tsunami Risk Assessment – Linking National Level Early Warning with Local Level Disaster Risk Reduction 436.1 The Approach: From Science to Practical Implementation 436.2 Multi-Scenario Tsunami Hazard Assessment 456.3 High Resolution Tsunami Inundation Modelling for Hazard Assessment 476.4 Exposure and Vulnerability Assessment 486.5 Tsunami Risk Assessment 486.6 Experiences and Enhancements 497. Tsunami Preparedness at Community Level - Experiences from 7 Years of Capacity Development in Indonesia 507.1 The Setting 517.2 Our Experiences 517.3 Project Documentation: TsunamiKit 588. Conclusions 58Acknowledgements 60References 61

Description: In July 2007 GFZ hosted ILP’s first Potsdam Conference, titled “Frontiers in Integrated Solid Earth Sciences”. The results of this meeting were presented in an over 400 pages large Springer book, the first volume of a new series on the International Year of Planet Earth (IYPE). In October 2010 ILP’s Second Potsdam Conference took place, entitled “Solid Earth – Basic Science for the Human Habitat”, again in Potsdam. More than 70 scientists from more than 20 states worldwide came together and shared their results, ideas and visions. This time, in September 2015, ILP’s 35th birthday was the motivation for “Celebrating Excellence in Solid Earth Sciences”. Together with more than 50 scientists, members of the ILP Task Forces and Coordinating Committees, the ILP bureau and ILP’s office came together for three days in September.

Description: Length: 1 min

Description: Length: 32 min What forms the landscapes of the Earth with its mountains, rivers, soils, and the places we live in? One view holds that Earth’s surface is shaped when rocks are uplifted by geologic forces, and are then destroyed by rain, ice, and wind that carve landscapes by erosion and weathering. Another view suggests that the green layer of life between rocks below and climate above is the key player. Do plants with their roots, animals that dig into soil and the vast number of microorganisms shape the landscapes? Or do minerals, soil, and water provide the environment for them to live? Or are they both interdependent? Can they together resist the massive climate change imposed by humans today? Watch the scientists of the German-Chilean “EarthShape” project study these questions along a climate gradient in Chile, in the National Parks Pan de Azúcar, La Campana, and Nahuelbuta. Take a tour through fascinating landscapes and see the young scientists study the interactions between geology and biology, from the dry Atacama Desert to dense forests, and in their sophisticated home laboratories. See how feedbacks control Earth’s climate. A science movie designed and produced by Friedhelm von Blanckenburg from GFZ Potsdam, Germany, Kirstin Übernickel from Universität Tübingen, and Wolfgang Dümcke from Filmbüro Potsdam, Germany, within the German National Science Foundation (DFG) funded research network “EarthShape – Earth Surface Shaping by Biota” which is coordinated by Todd Ehlers (Universität Tübingen) und Friedhelm von Blanckenburg (GFZ Potsdam).

Description: There has been growing recognition of the importance of the accurate seismic locations in quantitative seismological studies, such as seismic hazard analyses, fault zone characterization, and Earth's deformation. Accurate estimation of seismic locations is critical since a wrong estimate of the seismic source location will result in wrong interpretations in the subsequent analyses. We present SCOTER, an open-source Python program package that is designed to relocate multiple seismic events by using P- and S-wave station correction terms. The package implements static and shrinking-box source-specific station terms techniques extended to regional and teleseimic distances and adopted for probabilistic, non-linear, global-search location for large-scale multiple-event location. This program provides robust relocation results for seismic event sequences over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales by applying empirical corrections for the biasing effects of 3-D velocity structure. Written in the Python programming language, SCOTER is run as a stand-alone command-line tool (requiring no knowledge of Python) and also provides a set of sub-commands to develop inputs (dataset, configuration etc) and export results (hypocenter parameters, travel-time residuals etc) { routine but non-trivial tasks that can consume much user time. This package can be used for relocation in local, regional, and teleseimic scales. We describe SCOTER's functionality, design and technical implementation, accompanied by an overview of its use cases. As an illustration, we demonstrate the applicability of this tool through two examples based on (1) a catalogue of several hundred events in the Arctic plate boundary region using regional and teleseismic arrival times and (2) a small dataset of low-magnitude seismic events recorded by dense, local stations at the western Iberia, central Portugal. The relocated datasets highlight the future potential for applying the SCOTER relocation tool to greatly improve the relative location accuracy among nearby events.

Description: The German Research Centre for Geosciences GFZ operates a satellite-receiving station at Ny-Ålesund, Spitsbergen since 2001. Valuable support for several satellite missions was provided by the station on a best effort basis, while technical and software related issues, as well as uncertainties regarding important system properties, hindered any project participations with more binding commitments. The upcoming US-German GRACE-Follow On satellite mission with on-board GNSS-RO and gravity measurements and subsequent “near real-time” respectively low latency processing chains raised the demand to integrate the Ny-Ålesund station as the primary data receiving station of the mission’s ground segment. This required the demonstration of improved station performance and reliability with a perspective of sustainability as well as the determination of important antenna system parameters, such as the ratio of antenna gain to system noise (G/T). Analysis of receiving problems at the station in the past and considerations on methods to determine the station antennas characteristics suggested that improved antenna operation software was the most important and straightforward element on the planned way. Disappointing experiences with antenna operation programs of third parties, e.g., from shortcomings of functions, flexibility and support, indicated that the effort for an in-house development would pay off. Consequently new software for the semi-automatic operation of the antennas at the satellite receiving station at Ny-Ålesund was developed within this work. Main development objectives were the elimination of antenna operation problems which occurred in the past, to improve the station reliability, and to introduce program features for the support of required antenna measurements, e.g., such that use the sun as a natural radio signal source. Other focal points during the development were the program-internal timing routines, a compact, informative and operation-safe graphical user interface (GUI) and advanced operation logging features. Lessons learned by the operation of software from other parties in the years since 2001 were respected and even some hardware related issues with the antenna systems at Ny-Ålesund were solved by means of the new software. The new software “NYA-Sattrack” provides all required and desired functions, including some unconventional features. One example is the option to use two different external satellite orbit prediction programs and two sets of prediction elements (twoline elements). An operator can switch between the corresponding pass predictions at any time, even during a satellite contact with already moving antenna. This might be useful, e.g., in a Launch and Early Orbit Phase (LEOP), when different predictions from different sources and with uncertain quality have to be used. Another example is the generation of graphical logs for each satellite contact. An operator can check these logs very fast and simultaneously with normal, text-based logs through a built-in log-viewer function. An eventually desired adaptation to other antenna system types with different technical properties is explicitly supported by the software design as all antenna-specific program code is allocated to individual software interface modules (Dynamic Link Libraries). The new program “NYA-GPS-SYNC” maintains the accuracy of the antenna operation computer clock to support precise operation timing. The two different antenna positioning systems (Elevation over Azimuth and X over Y) of the satellite-receiving station at Ny-Ålesund are operated routinely with NYA-Sattrack since July 2014 and each of the antennas tracks more than 25 satellite passes per day. The number of outages related to antenna operation issues and the manual effort for the operation of the antennas has decreased significantly since introduction of NYA-Sattrack. The new program features of NYA-Sattrack, e.g., such as the sun-tracking mode combined with scan modes, strongly supported the determination of important antenna system characteristics and the detection of a source of radio interference. All achievements of this work have a benefit for supported missions, e.g., due to a better knowledge about technical boundary conditions for contact planning and less data losses during data reception. NYA-Sattrack significantly improved the reliability, efficiency and sustainability to support current and future satellite missions and the Ny-Ålesund ground station is ready to work as the primary downlink station for the GRACE-FO mission, due for launch in February 2018.

Description: Das Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ betreibt seit 2001 eine Satelliten-Empfangsstation bei Ny-Ålesund auf Spitzbergen. Die Station hat, so gut es ging, wertvolle Dienste für etliche Satellitenmissionen geleistet. Verbindliche Verpflichtungen in Projekten konnten aber, wegen hard- und softwaretechnischer Probleme und den nur unsicher bekannten Leistungsparametern der Station, nicht eingegangen werden. Die aufkommende US-amerikanisch-deutsche GRACE-Follow On Satellitenmission für GNSS-RO- und Schwerefeldmessungen und die sich daran anschließenden nahe-Echtzeit Datenverarbeitungsketten führten zu dem Wunsch, die Ny-Ålesund Station als primäre Empfangsstation im Bodensegment der Mission zu integrieren. Dies erforderte den Nachweis von verbesserten Betriebseigenschaften, sowie verbesserter Betriebszuverlässigkeit und Zukunftssicherheit, und die Bestimmung wichtiger Antennenparameter, wie dem Verhältnis von Antennengewinn zu Systemrauschen (G/T). Analysen zu Empfangsproblemen an der Station in der Vergangenheit und Überlegungen zur Bestimmung der Antennencharakteristika legten nahe, dass der wichtigste und direkteste Schritt auf diesem Weg eine verbesserte Software für den Betrieb der Antennen sein würde. Wegen in verschiedener Hinsicht enttäuschenden Erfahrungen mit Antennenbetriebssoftware von Dritten, z.B. wegen unzureichenden Funktionen und mangelnder Flexibilität und Unterstützung, wurde angenommen, dass sich der Aufwand für eine eigene Programmentwicklung auszahlen würde. Infolgedessen wurde mit dieser Arbeit eine neue Software für den halb-automatischen Betrieb der Antennen an der Satelliten-Empfangsstation Ny-Ålesund entwickelt. Die wichtigsten Punkte dabei waren die Lösung der in der Vergangenheit beobachteten Betriebsprobleme mit den Antennen, bzw. die Verbesserung der Zuverlässigkeit der Station, und Funktionen für Messungen an und mit den Antennen, z.B. mit Nutzung der Sonne als natürliche Quelle für Radiosignale. Andere Schwerpunkte der Entwicklung waren die zeitlichen Abläufe im Programm, eine kompakte, informative und betriebssichere graphische Nutzerschnittstelle (GUI) und erweiterte Möglichkeiten zum Protokollieren (Loggen) des Betriebs. Dabei wurden die seit 2001 mit dem Betrieb von extern beschaffter Software gemachten Erfahrungen berücksichtigt und sogar durch Hardware verursachte Probleme beim Betrieb der Antennen in Ny-Ålesund durch die neue Software gelöst. Das neue Programm „NYA-Sattrack“ stellt alle benötigten und gewünschten Funktionen bereit, inklusive einiger ungewöhnlicher Funktionen. Ein Beispiel ist die Möglichkeit zur Nutzung von zwei unterschiedlichen externen Programmen zur Bahnvorhersage mit unterschiedlichen Bahnelementen (twoline elements). Ein Operator kann so jederzeit zwischen den beiden entsprechenden Bahnvorhersagen wechseln, sogar während eines Satellitenkontakts mit sich bereits bewegenden Antennen. Dies könnte z.B. in der ersten Zeit nach einem Satellitenstart nützlich sein, wenn unterschiedliche Bahnberechnungen mit unsicherer Genauigkeit von unterschiedlichen Quellen verwendet werden müssen. Ein anderes Beispiel ist die Erzeugung graphischer Logs für die einzelnen Satellitenkontakte. Diese Logs lassen sich von einem Operator sehr schnell überprüfen, durch eine integrierte Anzeigefunktion sogar zusammen mit den textbasierten Logdateien. Eine möglicherweise gewünschte Anpassung des Programms für andere Antennen mit unterschiedlichen Betriebseigenschaften wird dadurch unterstützt, dass antennenspezifischer Programmcode in Programmerweiterungen (Dynamic Link Libraries) platziert wurde. Das neue Programm “NYA-GPS-SYNC” kontrolliert die Uhr des Computers für die Antennensteuerung und sorgt so für einen zeitlich präzisen Betrieb. Die beiden unterschiedlichen Antennenpositionierungssysteme an der Satelliten- Empfangsstation Ny-Ålesund (Elevation über Azimut und X über Y) werden seit Juli 2014 routinemäßig mit NYA-Sattrack betrieben. Jede der beiden Antennen bedient mehr als 25 Satellitenkontakte pro Tag. Seit der Einführung von NYA-Sattrack haben betriebsbedingte Ausfälle stark abgenommen, ebenso der manuelle Aufwand zum Betrieb der Antennen. Die neuen Funktionen von NYA-Sattrack, wie z.B. das Verfolgen der Sonne mit einer Antenne in Kombination mit speziellen Bewegungsmustern, haben die Bestimmung wichtiger Antennenparameter und das Erkennen einer funktechnischen Störquelle ermöglicht. Alle erzielten Ergebnisse nützen indirekt auch den unterstützten Missionen, z.B. durch bessere Kenntnis der technischen Randbedingungen für die Planung von Kontakten und geringere Datenverluste beim Datenempfang. NYA-Sattrack hat die Zuverlässigkeit, Effektivität und Nachhaltigkeitsperspektive der Station für die Unterstützung aktueller und zukünftiger Satellitenmissionen stark verbessert, so dass diese nun für den geplanten Einsatz als primäre Empfangsstation für GRACE-FO bereit ist (geplanter Start im Februar 2018).

Description: This brochure is designed for scientists and engineers of upcoming drilling projects and explains the key steps and important challenges in planning and executing continental scientific drilling.

Description: The International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) performed a dual-phase scientific drilling project to investigate mountain-building processes called Collisional Orogeny in the Scandinavian Caledonides (COSC). The borehole COSC-1 was drilled through the Lower Seve Nappe, as the first of two 2.5 km deep drill holes close to Åre, central Sweden. The recovered rocks comprise a 1650 m thick suite of high grade gneisses and amphibolites with clear Seve Nappe affinities, while the lower 850 m com-prise rather homogenous mylonitic gneisses with interfingered K-rich phyllonite bands of cm to several m size and some intercalated amphibolites. The different lithologies all crosscut the core in a subhorizontal direction with foliation of gneisses and phyllonites in the same direction. Albite and garnet porphyroblasts with pressure shadows show syn-deformational growth and the same sub-horizontal alignment. The focus was to detect chemical and mineralogical differences in mylonitic and host rocks and to relate these differences to either metasomatism and deformation or inher-ited source rock variance. Another goal of this work is to compare chemical core scanning instruments. For this purpose, two different μ-Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (μ-EDXRF), Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and hyperspectral imaging tech-niques served to measure seven samples from the lower 850 m of the COSC-1 core. This report will explain the data sets gained during this study. The metadata will be pre-sented in an additional file including XRF data from the AVAATECH XRF core scanner in a text file as well as data sets of the other used devices in original file formats.

Description: Already today, Central Asia faces water stress with competing water uses and prevailing low water use efficiencies. For the future, climate, hydrologic and socio- economic changes are going to exacerbate the situation. Research undertaken in the frame of the CAWa project revealed that based on the climate model scenarios climate change will result in a further increase of mean annual, winter and summer air temperature, and a substantial further reduction of glacier-covered area in the Tien Shan, e.g. the Naryn basin by 20 – 60 % up to 2050 compared to the present state. The river runoff regime is expected to shift from a glacio-nival to a pluvio-nival runoff regime with increasing discharge in springtime and decreasing discharge in the summer months for more pessimistic climate scenarios. By 2050, the increasing temperature triggers an increase in crop water requirements by 5–15 % for most of the traditional crops in the Fergana valley. A detailed scenario analysis for the Fergana valley showed that the economies can cope with the future conditions if (1) water use efficiencies in irrigated agriculture are increased by applying new irrigation technologies and improving irrigation infrastructure, and (2) the land use is adjusted in favour of new cash-crops like vegetables, fruits, and grapes. These are “no-regret” adaptation measures which the Central Asian economies should undertake to cope with the socio-economic changes alone, even if there was no climate change.

Description: Length: 3 min Watch the fascinating cycle through which plants obtain the mineral nutrients that they need to grow. Plants “eat” mineral nutrients like phosphorous or potassium from the soil and rock that their roots grow in. But this natural resource is limited. To prevent running out of nutrients, hyphae (long thread-like cells of fungi that are attached to roots) recycle phosphorus from falling leaves, and return it to the trees. In dry landscapes plants take up their phosphorus directly from rock. See the fundamental difference of ecosystems in different climates. An animated science movie designed and produced by Friedhelm von Blanckenburg from GFZ Potsdam, Germany, Michaela Dippold from Universität Göttingen, Germany, and Andreas Schulz from Filmbüro Potsdam, Germany within the DFG Project ““EarthShape – Earth Surface Shaping by Biota”.

Description: Movie 7: "The abandonment of a CO2 storage site – pilot project Ketzin" (Length 10:39) Produktionsjahr: 2015

Description: Length: 32 min Was formt die Oberfläche der Erde, auf der wir leben? Ihre Berge, ihre Flüsse, die Täler, die Böden? Ein wissenschaftliches Paradigma besagt, dass Landschaften geformt werden, wenn Gesteine durch geologische Kräfte gehoben werden. Dann werden sie mit Regen, Eis und Wind durch Erosion und Verwitterung wieder zerstört. Doch welche Rolle spielt die grüne Schicht des Lebens, die sich zwischen den nackten Felsen und dem Klima darüber ausbreitet? Gestalten etwa Pflanzen mit ihren Wurzeln und Tiere, die den Boden durchwühlen und die Vielzahl der Mikroorganismen die Landschaft? Oder bestimmen umgekehrt Minerale, Boden und Wasser die Formen des Lebens? Oder sind sie beide voneinander abhängig? Können Biosphäre und Geosphäre gemeinsam dem massiven Klimawandel widerstehen, den der Mensch heute verursacht? Erleben Sie, wie die Wissenschaftler des deutsch-chilenischen Projekts "EarthShape" diese Fragen entlang eines Klimagradienten in Chile, in den Nationalparks Pan de Azúcar, La Campana und Nahuelbuta untersuchen. Wir erleben eine Tour durch faszinierende Landschaften und erleben, wie die jungen Wissenschaftlerinnen die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Geologie und Biologie untersuchen: von der trockenen Atacama-Wüste bis hin zu dichten Regenwäldern; und in hoch-technischen Laboratorien. Sehen Sie, wie Rückkopplungen das Klima der Erde beeinflussen. Dieser Wissenschaftsfilm wurde von Friedhelm von Blanckenburg vom GFZ Potsdam, Kirstin Übernickel von der Universität Tübingen und Wolfgang Dümcke vom Filmbüro Potsdam im Rahmen des von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) geförderten Forschungsnetzwerks "EarthShape - Earth Surface Shaping by Biota" konzipiert und produziert. Das Forschungsnetzwerk wird von Todd Ehlers (Universität Tübingen) und Friedhelm von Blanckenburg (GFZ Potsdam) koordiniert.

Description: Length: 10 min Was formt die Oberfläche der Erde, auf der wir leben: ihre Berge, ihre Flüsse, die Täler, die Böden? Wird die Erdoberfläche geformt, wenn Gesteine durch geologische Kräfte hochgehoben und dann durch Regen, Eis und Wind zerstört werden oder prägen Pflanzen mit ihren Wurzeln, Tiere, die in den Boden graben, und die große Anzahl von Mikroorganismen die Landschaft? Erleben Sie, wie die Wissenschaftler des deutsch-chilenischen Projekts "EarthShape" diese Fragen entlang einer faszinierenden Landschaft in Chile und in ihren Laboratorien zu Hause untersuchen. Ein Wissenschaftsfilm, der von Friedhelm von Blanckenburg vom GFZ Potsdam, Kirstin Übernickel von der Universität Tübingen und Wolfgang Dümcke vom Filmbüro Potsdam im Rahmen des DFG-geförderten Forschungsnetzwerks "EarthShape - Earth Surface Shaping by Biota" konzipiert und produziert wird. Das Netzwerk wird von Todd Ehlers (Universität Tübingen) und Friedhelm von Blanckenburg (GFZ Potsdam) koordiniert wurde.

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Description: This E-book collates expert articles published on the Shale Gas Information Platform SHIP website (http://www.shale-gas-information-platform.org). The Shale Gas Information Platform is a network of international experts who share their expertise on different aspects of shale gas. With News, Basic Information and Expert Articles, SHIP features the scientific perspective within the current debate, adding factual argument to the pros and cons discussed publicly. The network is brought together by the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. Most articles presented in this book are available in German and/or Polish on the SHIP website.

Description: Glacial contribution to eustatic sea level rise is currently dominated by loss of the smaller glaciers and ice caps, about 40% of which are tidewater glaciers that lose mass through calving ice bergs. The most recent predictions of glacier contribution to sea level rise over the next century are strongly dependent upon models that are able to project individual glacier mass changes globally and through time. A relatively new promising technique for monitoring glacier calving is through the use of passive seismology. CalvingSEIS aims to produce high temporal resolution, continuous calving records for the glaciers in Kongsfjord, Svalbard, and in particular for the Kronebreen glacier laboratory through innovative, multi-disciplinary monitoring techniques combining fields of seismology and bioacoustics to detect and locate individual calving events autonomously and further to develop methods for the quantification of calving ice volumes directly from the seismic and acoustic signals.

Description: This document provides information on the site effects studies carried out in Kyrgyzstan. These studies are carried out within the Global Change Observatory Central Asia of the GFZ and the Earthquake Model Central Asia (EMCA). Furthermore, the site effects estimated using different approaches are incorporated into the probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) for Bishkek.

Description: Raw-, SEG-Y and other supplementary data of the landside deployment from the amphibious wide-angle seismic experiment ALPHA are presented. The aim of this project was to reveal the crustal and lithospheric structure of the subducting Adriatic plate and the external accretionary wedge in the southern Dinarides. Airgun shots from the RV Meteor were recorded along two profiles across Montenegro and northern Albania.

Description: This publication compiles the operational data (flow rate, cumulative mass, density, injection temperature, electrical conductivity and in-well pressure data) recorded during a field experiment on brine injection at the Ketzin pilot site during October 2015 to January 2015. Anyone should feel free to make use of the published data for any ethical purpose (civil use) – for example for process modelling and engineering.

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Description: The movie features the workshop for primary school children "Geochemical Treasure Hunt". Length: 6:37 min

Description: The implementation of Integrated Water and Land Resources Management (IWLRM) in Central Asia is facing substantial challenges today. The most basic challenge among them, to which many other challenges can be traced back, is the building and development of capacities at the individual and organizational levels. This Policy Brief reviews the capacity building approaches taken by the German Water Initiative for Central Asia (“Berlin Process”), in particular: (1) short-term vocational trainings for water professionals offered by the CAWa research project, (2) regional master programme “Integrated Water Management” implemented at the German-Kazakh University in Almaty, (3) training module on river basin planning developed within the GIZ program “Transboundary Water Management in Central Asia”. These approaches address mainly the individual level of capacity building, but with the establishment of river basin commissions, the GIZ programme targeted also the institutional level. Key factors of success were the regional and trans-sectoral approach taken by all three programmes, the linking of science and practice, and the tailoring of the training contents to the practical needs of the participants.

Description: In our meeting Dynamic Earth – from Alfred Wegener to today and beyond we will review how Wegener‘s findings evolved into to modern Earth system science including its impact on climate and the Earth surface, and how this system affects our daily life: where humans live, what risks we are exposed to, where we find our resources. In the meeting we will hold sessions that cover the entire geoscience spectrum (from mineral physics over solid earth geodynamics to the climate sciences) and that explore the consequences of Wegeners findings on how humans use our planet today (from energy and mineral resources over georisks to utilisation of the subsurface and materials for modern society). We have invited keynote speakers that are eminent international scientists in these fields. In events open to the general public we will get an account of Wegeners final trip to Greenland on the history of science of his hypothesis.

Description: The Collisional Orogeny in the Scandinavian Caledonides (COSC) scientific drilling project focuses on mountain building processes in a major mid‐Paleozoic orogen in western Scandinavia and its comparison with modern analogues. The project investigates a subduction‐generated complex (Seve Nappes) and how these in part under ultra‐high pressure conditions metamorphosed outer continental margin and continent‐ocean transition zones (COT) assemblages were emplaced onto the Baltoscandian platform and there influenced the underlying allochthons and the basement in a section provided by two fully cored 2.5 km deep drill holes. This operational report concerns the first drill hole, COSC‐1 (ICDP 5054‐1‐A), drilled from early May to late August 2014. It sampled a thick section of the lower part of the Seve Complex and was planned to penetrate its basal thrust zone into the underlying lower grade metamorphosed allochthon. The drill hole reached a depth of 2495.8 m and nearly 100 % core recovery was achieved. Although planning was based on existing geological mapping and new high‐resolution seismic surveys, the drilling resulted in some surprises: the Lower Seve Nappe proved to be composed of rather homogenous gneisses, with only subordinate mafic bodies and its basal thrust zone was unexpectedly thick (〉 800 m). The drill hole did not penetrate the bottom of the thrust zone. However, lower grade metasedimentary rocks were encountered in the lowermost part of the drill hole together with garnetiferous mylonites tens of metres thick. The tectonostratigraphic position is still unclear and geological and geophysical interpretations are under revision. The compact gneisses host only 8 fluid conducting zones of limited transmissivity between 300 m and total depth. Downhole measurements suggest an uncorrected average geothermal gradient of ~20°C/km. The drill core was documented on‐site and XRF scanned off site. During various stages of the drilling, the borehole was documented by comprehensive downhole logging. This operational report provides an overview over the COSC‐1 operations from drilling preparations to the sampling party and describes the available datasets and sample material.

Description: A temporary seismic array of short-period seismometers was installed in the 8-story AHEPA hospital, located in the city of Thessaloniki, N. Greece. The scope of the survey was to assess the dynamic characteristics of the RC-building by processing ambient vibration recordings of more than 40 seismic stations installed at different positions in the building. Part of the instruments was used in a soil experiment, outside of the hospital, to study possible Soil Structure Interaction phenomena. In addition to above experiments, a site-specific survey was performed in the Volvi basin, 30km ENE of the city of Thessaloniki. The scope of this experiment was to investigate the soil properties and the geometry of the subsurface geology.

Description: LITHOS-CAPP is the German contribution to the international ScanArray experiment. ScanArray is an array of broadband seismometers with which we aim to study the lithosphere and upper mantle beneath the Scandinavian Mountains and the Baltic Shield. LITHOS-CAPP contributed 20 broadband recording stations from September 2014 to October 2016, 10 in Sweden and 10 in Finland, continuously recordings at 100 samples per second. The stations were deployed by the KIT Geophysical Institute and GFZ section 2.4 (seismology). They form part of the temporary network ScanArrayCore (FDSN network code 1G 2012-2017)

Description: The Scientific Technical Report describes supplementary material to the publication by Grünthal et al. (2018) on the earthquake model for the probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) of Germany, version 2016. In particular, it contains detailed information, additional figures, tables and electronic data concerning seismicity, seismic source zone models, maximum magnitudes, seismicity rates of the seismic source zones, model data related to distributions of focal depth and tectonic regime parameters. It also supplies seismic hazard maps for Germany with a broad range of parametrizations.

Description: This brochure is designed for scientists and engineers of upcoming drilling projects and explains the key steps and important challenges in planning and executing continental scientific drilling.

Description: The processing of Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) data and the estimation of displacement is a nonlinear and user-driven procedure that can introduce large errors for noisy backscatter points. Results may differ significantly depending on chosen thresholds, filter settings, constraints and final interpretation. Thus the identification of valid PS with rather low errors in the SAR data is a crucial step in the PSI workflow. PSI-Explorer is a scientific prototype of our visual-analytics (VA) approach supporting this important task. The prototype is written in Java and operates on Matlab files.

Description: The consequences of climate change are highly important in the polar regions as ice-sheets and glaciers respond strongly to change in average temperature. The analysis of seismic signals (icequakes) emitted by glaciers (i.e., cryo-seismology) is thus gaining importance as a tool for monitoring glacier activity. To understand the scaling relation between regional glacier-related seismicity and actual small-scale local glacier dynamics and to calibrate the identified classes of icequakes to locally observed waveforms, a temporary passive seismic monitoring experiment was conducted in the vicinity of the calving front of Kronebreen, one of the fastest tidewater glaciers on Svalbard (Fig. 1). By combining the local observations with recordings of the nearby GEOFON station GE.KBS, the local experiment provides an ideal link between local observations at the glacier to regional scale monitoring of NW Spitsbergen. During the 4-month operation period from May to September 2013, eight broadband seismometers and three 4-point short-period arrays were operating around the glacier front of Kronebreen.

Description: In the context of Integrated Water Resources Management(IWRM), informed decision making requires accurate,timely, spatially extensive, consistent and wellunderstood data sets on climate, water and land resources.Earth observation technologies provide suchdata sets as well as methods and tools for the generationof high-quality data products to support planningand decision-making. This Policy Brief advocates theuse of Earth observation technologies and their integrationinto operational monitoring and decision-supportsystems in Central Asia based on examples fromthe CAWa project.

Description: Engineering seismological models (incl. ground amplification and topographic effects) of key structures in Tiryns and Midea, Greece, will be used to test the hypothesis of seismogenic causes of the decline of the Mycenaean settlements in the 12th century BC.

Description: Length: 4 min Imagine a planet without plants. Would a landscape on that planet differ from a landscape with plants as we know it? There are two ways to tell: we can either compare natural landscapes with each other, or use computer models. We show one model for a landscape that is covered with a dense forest and one that carries almost no vegetation. Be surprised by the large difference you see in these between these two landforms! An animated science movie designed and produced by Todd Ehlers from the University of Tübingen, Germany, Andreas Schulz from Filmbüro Potsdam, Germany, with contributions of Manuel Schmid Willi Kappler, and Friedhelm von Blanckenburg, Germany within the DFG Project ““EarthShape – Earth Surface Shaping by Biota”.

Description: Radial water jet drilling uses the power of a focused uid jet, which is capable of drilling multiple laterals of about 100 m length out of an existing well and thereby stimulating the well with full control on the operational parameters like initial direction of the lateral, length, uid pressure etc. In contrast to hydraulic stimulation treatments, this technology can potentially provide a network of enhanced uid pathways around a geothermal well to intersect with existing high permeable structures like fracture or karst systems within the reservoir, independent of the ambient stress eld. Applying RJD, laterals typically have a diameter ranging from about 25 mm to 50 mm, depending on jetting parameters like pressure and ow rate as well as rock properties. Drilling a single lateral in a cased well requires approximately 12 hours, as the casing has to be penetrated using a coiled tubing operated milling bit before jetting into the formation. In case the target zone is open-hole, jetting a lateral is considerably faster. Compared to conventional hydraulic stimulation treatments with required uid volumes of more than 1000 m3, only a fraction of this is needed for RJD (〈 1 m3). In addition, no pressure will be applied to the reservoir, thereby reducing environmental risk as well as the risk of induced seismicity considerably. Although RJD is investigated and applied in the hydrocarbon industry, applications in geothermal wells are very rare. If the technology can be shown to increase the eciency of a geothermal well, it will provide an interesting alternative to conventional hydraulic stimulation treatments. RJD shows highest eciency in terms of performance increase in reservoirs with low permeability (〈 10 mD). The most important criteria for the well are the minimum diameter (4 1/2" OD casings) and maximum along hole depth (about 5 km). So far, RJD operations have been performed in wells with a an inclination of up to 46 . Technologies, however, have been developed to perfom RJD operations even in horizontal well sections. Depending on the initial production; for tight gas reservoirs the gas production can be improved with a factor 4-7, simulation for geothermal wells suggest a potential performance increase by a factor of up to 3 when 8 laterals of 100 meter are successfully drilled and geological conditions are favourable. Since the potential increase depends on the type of the geothermal reservoir as well as its properties, the improvement factor has to be conrmed by eld experiments. Currently no major hazards to the well have been identied. The main risk associated with a RJD treatment appears to be sand production from the open-hole completion. However since the amount of experience and well-documented cases is limited, not all risks may have been identied at this moment in time. Major uncertainties in the production estimates are the long-term (〉1 year) stability of the jetted laterals and the eect of sub-surface heterogeneity. The jet-ability of typical geothermal reservoir rocks is also not well documented. As the jet-ability strongly depends on physical rock properties and in-situ reservoir conditions, which are signicantly dierent to typical hydrocarbon reservoirs, the feasibility of RJD in dierent geological settings has to be evaluated. Although, RJD presents a low cost stimulation method with currently no major identied risk to the well nor to the environment, experience with RJD in the geothermal industry is rare. Field applications are therefore key to evaluate the potential of the RJD stimulation technology for geothermal applications.

Description: Based on the aviailable material we come to the conclusion that jetting has no direct influence on the surrounding area. Analysis on multiple scales: μm (porosity); cm (mechanical and acoustical properties); dm scale (elastic properties with and without a jetted hole) do not show a significant changes compared to in-tact material, nor can a significant change be detected with respect to distance to a jetted hole. Results fall within the intra-block variability, and differences between blocks can be well explained by block-to-block variation. True-triaxial elastic deformation tests have been designed and ran to test the effect of a lateral (jetted hole) on the elastic properties. The jetted hole itself was jetted with a rotating nozzle type, producing cilindrical holes. Comparing laboratory tests with a numerical model proved that the laboratory results may be well compared to a model with cylindrical hole embedded in a rock mass, much like a conventional borehole. The stress field around the jetted hole can therefore be well aproximated by the Kirsh-equations, modified for compression.

Description: Work at GZB (International Geothermal Centre) had been focused on several potential, novel micro type drilling technologies. These technologies have been investigated and discussed to determine possible future options. In this report the different technologies are being presented, starting with abrasive enhanced jetting, followed by pulsation and mechanically supported drilling, ending with percussion type mechanical rock destruction and drilling. Their influence on rock disintegration and drilling efficiency have been investigated in several laboratory experiments. These were carried out to manifest a better understanding of each potential technology. The results are being presented and discussed regarding the potential increase in drilling performance versus lessons learned within WP 5.1 as well as their applicability in the field. Water jets enhanced with abrasive particles have the ability to penetrate into virtually any rock type with rather low hydraulic power. However, the (downhole) applicability in the field is commonly a challenge due to extremely fast and high wear on the pertinent material and equipment other than the rock itself, including the jetting BHA (bottom hole assembly) and nozzles. In order to partly overcome this dilemma a dedicated nozzle for abrasive mixing has been designed and patented. It may be found under patent number DE 10 2016 125 916.0. Pulsating water jets are a different approach to enhance the efficiency of rock destruction via water jet. Both techniques are based on pure high pressure jets, one adding particles to a constant jet (abrasive jetting), the other one dividing and cutting a constant jet into small, short sections to generate not constant impulses (pulsation). Various tests were carried out under reservoir type conditions inside the autoclave system “iBOGS mini”. So far the effect of pulsation seems to be low compared to the suppressed cavitation erosion mechanism under elevated pressure conditions. A very different approach is the use of micro turbines powered by the high pressure water, combined with a mechanical drill bit. The hydraulic energy of the intensified water is not directly used to penetrate the rock, but rather to generate rotation even with substantial torque via a micro turbine system. Thus, the jetting action is neglectable, as the mechanical bit does the cutting into the rock mass with rather high rotation speeds. Testing showed rather high efficiency regarding drilling speed. The technology works also independently of the rock type. All tested rock types including granite were drilled successfully with rather low hydraulic power of 10 kW (e.g. turbine differential pressures of 150 bar and flow rates of about 40 l/min). Future testing at macro and meso scale levels are being planned to verify reliability, drilling direction and more. As of now, this technology seems to be the most promising for hard rock formations in the very near future. One challenge may be their slightly larger geometrical shape and size regarding the current downhole installation scheme. But this is underway to be solved in the near future. On the final end of the possible spectrum for high pressure jet drilling from pure jetting (e.g. SURE WP 5.1 to 5.3) to transforming the intensified, high pressure water to eventually generate and gain more mechanical support over jetting are percussion engines as being known and used in so called DTH (down-the-hole) hammers. Here, the intensified water does generate medium frequency mechanical blows (“pulses”, e.g. 50 – 70 Hz) by powering a piston and drill bit for rock disintegration with very high drilling speeds. The differential pressure across such a hammer with approx. 180 bar is at the same level as for the before mentioned micro turbines and thus, much lower than for direct high pressure water jetting. Compared to the turbine, the hammer works with a highly dynamic force and low rotation, whereas the turbine is based on a very constant load or weight on bit (WOB) with rather high rotation speed (RPM), generating more of a grinding effect. However, the hammer ́s geometrical shape, namely its length, makes it much more difficult to be deployed downhole for micro drilling, while also some rotation needs to be generated. Here is more work underway as well. To summarize high pressure jet drilling, the full scale of currently possible solutions from pure high pressure jetting to mechanically enhanced or supported jet type drilling including abrasives, pulsation, micro turbines and percussion motors were considered and being looked at regarding their possible application in hard rock formations and future potential.

Description: Radial Jet Drilling (RJD) is a technique to stimulate wells by creating small-diameter laterals from vertical or deviated wells using hydraulic jets. The laterals, also called radials, can be up to 100 m in length. To analyze under which sub-surface conditions the radials improve the well performance most, a step-wise approach is followed in which first the performance of a single stimulated well is analyzed and in a second step, the performance of a doublet system is analyzed. Finally, case studies that are more detailed are simulated. For the single well case, a good first estimate of radial stimulation performance for different reservoir conditions can be obtained from (semi-) analytical solutions. These results show that the anisotropy in the permeability and the thickness of the reservoir influence the relative increase in productivity/injectivity most. The permeability influences in particular the absolute performance of the stimulated well. Many aspects not included in the semi-analytical solution also influence the performance of the radial stimulation: - Since the radials are open hole, stability for friable rocks or deep reservoirs is unlikely. This depends on the in-situ stress conditions. Collapsed radials probably have much lower performance or no effect at all. - The uncertainty in the radial path and diameter decreases the expected benefits from radials significantly depending on the type of reservoir. For example for a layered reservoir, the expected increase may be tens of percent lower. - Due to the small diameter (0.02-0.05 m) and rough surface of the radials and the high rates of geothermal wells, viscous pressure drop due to flow in the radials has to be taken into account for prediction of performance. For example for a radius of 0.04 m and well rate of 3600 m3/d, expected increase in performance is halved when taking into account pressure drop. - Heterogeneity in the permeability has a strong impact on the performance of the radials. Performance of individual radials depends in first approximation on the local permeability. However, this is difficult to capture in general terms. - Near well bore damage (positive skin) and prior stimulation (negative skin) have a large impact on the expected increase due to stimulation. In case the radials can be used to by-pass near well damage, performance can be much higher than predicted using the analytical equations. - Heterogeneity due to fault and/or fractures, voids, sharp transitions or layering all make potential success more uncertain and predictability lower due to potential issues with jetting. Whether increased performance for a single well can be translated to similar increased performance of a doublet depends on the doublet settings and subsurface conditions. For a fixed doublet distance or field size, an increase in rate due to improved performance of the wells will result in a reduced field life. The increased well performance can also be used to lower pumping cost at a fixed rate and thus improve performance of the doublet. It was found, that for most subsurface systems, the impact of the radials on production temperature was minor (for constant rate). Only for some fractured systems, short-circuiting can be increased due to radials. Overall, the ideal candidate for radial stimulation is a reservoir which is not too deep, in homogeneous, competent rock with a well with near well bore damage or in a not too deep anisotropic reservoir in which the main well is not drilled beneficially compared to the main direction of permeability.