ALBERT

Note: Contents: Acknowledgement. - Contributors List. - PART I. INTRODUCTION. - Introduction / D. Prandle. - PART II. BAROCLINIC DYNAMICS. - The influence of coastally trapped waves on the circulation in Jervis Bay, New South Wales / P. D. Craig and P. E. Holloway. - Tidal mixing near the sill of a Scottish sea loch / A. J. Elliott, P. A. Gillibrand and W. R. Turrell. - A topographically induced internal wave and mixing in the Tamar Estuary / D. R. Sturley and K. R. Dyer. - Turbulence and shear induced mixing processes in estuaries / E. J. Derbyshire & J. R. West. - Dynamically-active models in the prediction of estuarine stratification / J. H. Simpson and J. Sharples. - PART III. CIRCULATION. - Circulation Residual flow in Naples Bay and its effect on constituent concentration, constituent flux and residence time / J. Van de Kreeke. - The stratified hydrodynamics of the Palmiet - a prototypical bar-built estuary / J. L. Largier, J. H. Slinger and S. Talijaard. - Salinity structure of a shallow, tributary estuary / W. W. Schroeder, S. P. Dinnel and W. J. Wiseman Jr. - On meteorologically induced subtidal motion in Hangzhou Bay / J. L. Su and W. Chen. - Water level fluctuations in the Atchafalaya Delta, Louisiana: tidal forcing versus river forcing / E. M. Swenson and C. E. Sasser. - Modelling of low-frequency salinity variations in the St. Lawrence Estuary / K. T. Tee. - On the estuatine circulation within the Kattegat / N. Winkel-Steinberg, J. O. Backhaus and T. Pohlmann. - PART IV. SEDIMENTATION. - Sedimentation Observations of fine-sediment concentrations and transport in the turbidity maximum region of an estuary / R. J. Uncles, J. A. Stephens and M. L. Barton. - Velocity asymmetries in frictionally-dominated tidal embayments: longitudinal and lateral variability / C. T. Friedrichs, D. R. Lynch and D. G. Aubrey. - Effects of sea-level rise on muddy coastal margins / R. Kirby. - Acoustic measurements of suspended sediment over sandwaves / P. D. Thome, R. L. Soulsby and P. J. Hardcastle. - Some observations on fluid mud response to water waves / F. Jiang and A. J. Mehta. - The reflection of waves off beaches / J. Darbyshire. - PART V. MODELLING (SEDIMENT). - Dispersion in tidally-averaged transport equation / R. T. Cheng and V. Casulli. - Effect of bends on dilution rates / R. Smith. - Modelling the vertical distribution of suspended sediment in combined wave-current flow / A. G. Davies. - Some considerations on mathematical modelling of morphological processes in tidal regions / Z. B. Wang. - A three-dimensional transport model for dissolved and suspended matter in estuaries and coastal seas / G. C. van Dam and R. A. Louwersheimer. - An estuatine and coastal sand transport model / B. A. O'Connor and J. Nicholson. - PART VI. APPLIED STUDIES. - Current and density structure in the Netherlands coastal zone / W. P. M. de Ruijter, A. van der Giessen and F. C. Groenendijk. - On the distribution of suspended matter and the density driven circulation in the Dutch coastal area / M. Visser. - Coastal dynamics along a rugged coastline / B. King and E. Wolanski. - Transport of hypoxic waters: an estuary-subestuary exchange / A. Y. Kuo and K. Park. - Interdisciplinary study on the tidal front in the Bungo Channel, Japan / T. Yanagi, O. Matsuda, S. Tanabe and S. Uye. - Hydrodynamic modelling for a tidal power project / T. L. Shaw.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1 Einleitung. - 1.1 Definition von Paläo- und Archäomagnetismus. - 1.2 Einordnung der Methoden innerhalb der Geophysik. - 1.3 Aussagemöglichkeiten über den früheren Zustand der Erde. - 1.4 Wechselbeziehungen mit Nachbardisziplinen. - 1.5 Maßsysteme, Einheiten. - 2 Methodische Grundlagen. - 2.1 Eigenschaften und Ursprung des Erdmagnetfeldes. - 2.1.1 Definition der Kenngrößen des Erdmagnetfeldes X, Y, H, Z, F, D, I und ihre Verknüpfungen. - 2.1.2 Ideales und reales Erdmagnetfeld. - 2.1.3 Nichtdipolanteile in Raum und Zeit (Säkularvariation). - 2.1.4 Kugelfunktionsentwicklung und zeitliche Änderungen der Feldgrößen. - 2.1.5 Theorien zum Ursprung des erdmagnetischen Feldes. - 2.2 Gesteinsmagnetische Grundlagen. - 2.2.1 Diamagnetismus, Paramagnetismus, Ferromagnetismus, Antiferromagnetismus und Ferrimagnetismus. - 2.2.1.1 Definition der Magnetisierung und des Diamagnetismus. - 2.2.1.2 Paramagnetismus. - 2.2.1.3 Ferromagnetismus. - 2.2.1.4 Antiferromagnetismus. - 2.2 A.5 Ferrimagnetismus. - 2.2.2 Definition magnetischer Kenngrößen (k, Hc, Js, ..) der Ferro(i)magnetika. - 2.2.3 Anisotropie der Suszeptibilität. - 2.2.4 Selbstentmagnetisierung und magnetische Brechung. - 2.2.5 Kristallanisotropie und Magnetostriktion. - 2.2.6 SD-PSD-MD-Teilchen und ihre typischen Eigenschaften und Unterscheidungsmerkmale. - 2.3 Magnetische und strukturelle Eigenschaften natürlicher Ferrite. - 2.3.1 Magnetit. - 2.3.2 Ternäres System (FeO-TiO2-Fe2O3) und die Mischreihe der Titanomagnetite. - 2.3.3 Hämatit und Maghemit. - 2.3.4 Mischreihe der Hämo-Ilmenite. - 2.3.5 Nichtstöchiometrische Minerale im ternären System der Ti-Oxide, Titanomaghemite. - 2.3.6 Pyrrhotit und Greigit. - 2.3.7 Goethit. - 2.3.8 Methoden zur Identifikation von ferro(i)magnetischen Mineralphasen. - 2.4 Die Typen der remanenten Magnetisierung und ihre spezifischen Eigenschaften. - 2.4.1 Natürliche remanente Magnetisierung NRM. - 2.4.2 Thermoremanente Magnetisierung TRM. - 2.4.3 Partielle thermoremanente Magnetisierung PTRM. - 2.4.4 Chemische Remanenz CRM. - 2.4.5 Sedimentationsremanenz DRM. - 2.4.6 Postsedimentationsremanenz PDDRM. - 2.4.7 Piezoremanenz PRM. - 2.4.8 Viskose Remanenz VRM. - 2.4.9 Isothermale Remanenz IRM. - 2.4.10 Charakteristische Remanenz ChRM. - 2.4.11 Anhysteretische Remanenz ARM. - 2.4.12 Selbstumkehr einer remanenten Magnetisierung. - 2.4.13 Andere Remanenztypen. - 2.5 Typische magnetische Eigenschaften verschiedener Gesteine und archäologischer Materialien. - 2.5.1 Basalte und andere Ergußgesteine. - 2.5.2 Intrusivgesteine. - 2.5.3 Ganggesteine. - 2.5.4 Sandsteine. - 2.5.5 Tonsteine. - 2.5.6 Karbonatgesteine. - 2.5.7 Metamorphe Gesteine. - 2.5.8 Einfluß der Verwitterung. - 2.5.9 Sonstige Gesteine. - 2.5.10 Archäologisches Material. - 2.6 Verfahren zur Analyse einer remanenten Magnetisierung. - 2.6.1 Wechselfeldentmagnetisierung. - 2.6.2 Thermische Entmagnetisierung. - 2.6.3 Chemische Entmagnetisierung. - 2.6.4 Stoßwellenentmagnetisierung. - 2.6.5 Lowrie-Fuller-Test. - 2.6.6 Orthogonale Projektionen (Zijderveld-Diagramme) und Darstellung der Remanenzrichtungen im Schmidtschen Netz. - 2.6.7 Methode der Differenzvektoren. - 2.6.8 Methode der konvergierenden Großkreise. - 2.6.9 Mehrkomponentenanalyse. - 2.7 Alter einer Remanenz und radiometrische Alter. - 2.7.1 Faltungstest. - 2.7.2 Konglomerattest. - 2.7.3 Kontakttest. - 2.7.4 Thellier-Test. - 2.7.5 Reversal-Test. - 2.7.6 Beziehungen zwischen Remanenzalter und radiometrisch oder biostratigraphisch bestimmten Altern. - 2.8 Statistische Methoden zur Analyse von Remanenzrichtungen. - 2.8.1 Mittlere Richtungen und Fisher-Statistik. - 2.8.2 Fehlerfortpflanzung. - 2.8.3 Signifikanztests. - 2.8.4 Analyse und statistische Behandlung von Inklinationsdaten. - 2.9 Berechnung des virtuellen geomagnetischen Pols VGP und des virtuellen geomagnetischen Dipolmoments Mpal. - 2.9.1 VGP-Berechnung auf der Basis der Dipolhypothese. - 2.9.2 Statistische Behandlung der Pollagen. - 2.9.3 Berechnung des virtuellen Dipolmoments Mpal. - 2.10 Methoden zur Bestimmung der Paläointensität. - 2.10.1 Methode unter Verwendung der TRM (Methode Thellier). - 2.10.2 Methode unter Verwendung der ARM (Methode Shaw). - 2.10.3 Methode unter Verwendung der DRM. - 2.11 Probenentnahme und Meßgeräte im Paläomagnetismus und Archäomagnetismus. - 2.11.1 Kriterien für die Auswahl von Beprobungsorten. - 2.11.2 Statistische Minimalanforderungen. - 2.11.3 Bestimmung der horizontalen Referenzebene und einer Referenzrichtung. - 2.11.4 Entnahme von orientierten Handstücken. - 2.11.5 Entnahme von Kernen mit Diamantbohrern und Kolbenloten. - 2.11.6 Probenentnahme bei archäologischen Fundorten. - 2.11.7 Laborgeräte zur Messung magnetischer Parameter. - 2.11.7.1 Messung der remanenten Magnetisierung. - 2.11.7.2 Messung der Suszeptibilität und ihrer Anisotropie. - 2.11.7.3 Messung der Koerzitivkraft Hc. - 2.11.7.4 Messung der Curie-Temperatur Tc. - 2.11.8 Geräte zur Entmagnetisierung von Proben. - 2.11.8.1 Wechselfeldentmagnetisierung. - 2.11.8.2 Thermische Entmagnetisierung. - 2.11.8.3 Chemische Entmagnetisierung. - 2.11.8.4 Spulensysteme für die Kompensation des erdmagnetischen Feldes. - 2.11.8.5 Magnetische Abschirmung. - 2.12 Mikroskopie und Mößbauer-Spektroskopie. - 2.12.1 Erzmikroskopie: Dünnschliffe, Anschliffe. - 2.12.2 Rasterelektronenmikroskopie REM. - 2.12.3 Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie TEM. - 2.12.4 Mößbauer-Spektroskopie. - 3 Ergebnisse des Paläo- und Archäomagnetismus. - 3.1 Geometrie des Erdmagnetfeldes. - 3.1.1 Hypothese vom axialen geozentrischen Dipol. - 3.1.2 Archäosäkularvariation. - 3.1.3 Quartäre Säkularvariation. - 3.1.4 Paläosäkularvariation. - 3.1.5 Exkursionen des Erdmagnetfeldes. - 3.2 Polwanderungskurven größerer Kontinentalschollen. - 3.2.1 Scheinbare oder echte Polwanderung?. - 3.2.2 Scheinbare Polwanderungskurven der großen Kontinentalschollen. - 3.2.3 Scheinbare Polwanderungskurven von Mikroplatten. - 3.3 Feldumkehr und Polaritätszeitskalen. - 3.3.1 Selbstumkehr der Remanenz oder Feldumkehr?. - 3.3.2 Polaritätszeitskala der letzten 0.7 Ma. - 3.3.3 Polaritätszeitskala der letzten 5 Ma. - 3.3.4 Polaritätszeitskala der letzten 150 Ma. - 3.3.5 Polaritätszeitskalen der früheren geologischen Vergangenheit. - 3.3.6 Feldverhalten während einer Feldumkehr. - 3.3.7 Statistik der Feldumkehrungen. - 3.4 Paläointensität des Erdmagnetfeldes. - 3.4.1 Ergebnisse von archäologischen Proben. - 3.4.2 Paläointensitäten der geologischen Vergangenheit. - 3.4.3 Paläointensität während einer Feldumkehr. - 4 Anwendung des Paläomagnetismus auf geologische, petrologische und archäologische Fragestellungen. - 4.1 Anwendungen in der Geologie und der Tektonik. - 4.1.1 Paläorekonstruktion von Kontinentverteilungen. - 4.1.2 Paläobreitenbestimmungen von Krustenblöcken. - 4.1.3 Nachweis von Rotationsbewegungen. - 4.1.4 Altersbestimmung mit Hilfe der scheinbaren Polwanderungskurven. - 4.1.5 Datierung mit der Magnetostratigraphie. - 4.2 Gesteinsmagnetische Untersuchungen. - 4.2.1 Suszeptibilität und Magnetitgehalt. - 4.2.2 Anisotropie der magnetischen Suszeptibilität. - 4.2.3 Messung magnetischer Eigenschaften bei tiefen Temperaturen. - 4.2.4 Koenigsbergerscher Q-Faktor. - 4.2.5 Js/T-Kurven zur Identifikation von ferro(i)magnetischen Mineralien. - 4.2.6 IRM-Erwerbskurven und Entmagnetisierung der IRMs mit Wechselfeldern und thermisch. - 4.3 Anwendungen in der Archäologie. - 4.3.1 Datierung mit Hilfe von Standardkurven der Inklination und Deklination. - 4.3.2 Rekonstruktion archäologischer Objekte. - 5 Bibliographie. - 5.1 Gesteinsmagnetismus, Mineralogie. - 5.2 Paläomagnetismus und Archäomagnetismus. - 5.3 Zitierte Literatur . - Anhang. - Programme. - Sachverzeichnis.

Note: Inhalt Prolog 1. Der Fluß und das Grab 2. Reisen mit dem KGB 3. Ein Amerikaner in Sibirien 4. Die letzten Schoren 5. Asbestdschungel 6. Industrielles Ödland 7. Verbrechen ... 8. ... und Strafe 9. Das Wunder von Jurga 10. Die Bombenbauer 11. Wo Stalin König war 12. Die Toteninsel 13. Gottes unvollendetes Werk 14. Enttäuschte Hoffnungen 15. Jurten im Wind 16. Auf der Suche nach den Schamanen 17. Kraftprobe in Dodge City 18. Nukleare Geheimnisse 19. Die Rentiernomaden 20. Eine Bahnstrecke ins Nirgendwo 21. Der Zug nach Workuta 22. Die Frau, die Stalin töten wollte 23. Eine Überlebende Epilog: Die russische Seele

Note: Contents: 1. Introduction. - (1) The purposes of the long-term plan report. - (2) The background and particulars of this report. - (3) Contents of this report. - 2.Changes in the Arctic environment to date and in the near future. - 3. History of Arctic environmental research. - 4. Abstracts of all themes. - (1) Elucidation of abrupt environmental change in the Arctic associated with the on-going global warming. - Theme 1: Arctic amplification of global warming. - Theme 2: Mechanisms and influence of sea ice decline. - Theme 3: Biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem changes. - Theme 4: Ice sheet, glaciers, permafrost, snowfall, snow cover and hydrological cycle. - Theme 5: Interactions between the Arctic and the entire earth. - Theme 6: Predicting future environmental conditions of the Arctic based on paleoenvironmental records. - Theme 7: Effects of the Arctic environment on human society. - (2) Elucidation of environmental change concerning biodiversity. - Theme 8: Effects on terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity. - Theme 9: Influence on marine ecosystem and biodiversity. - (3) Broad and important subjects on the Arctic environment. - Theme 10: Geospace environment. - Theme 11: Interaction of surface environment change with solid earth. - Theme 12: Basic understanding on formation and transition process of permafrost. - (4) Development of methods enabling breakthroughs in environmental research. - Theme A: Sustainable seamless monitoring. - Theme B: Earth system-modeling for inter-disciplinary research. - Theme C: Data assimilation to connect monitoring and modeling. - 5. Improvement of research foundation. - Authors and reviewers.

Note: Contents: 1 General Introduction. - 1.1 The Climate System. - 1.2 The Atmosphere. - 1.3 Energy Budget and Atmospheric Composition. - 1.4 The Water Cycle. - 1.5 Aerosols and Climate Change. - 1.6 Outline of this Textbook. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles. - 2 Atmospheric Aerosols. - 2.1 Definitions. - 2.2 Sources of Aerosols and Aerosol Precursors. - 2.2.1 Marine Aerosols. - 2.2.2 Desert Dust. - 2.2.3 Volcanic Aerosols. - 2.2.4 Biogenic Aerosols. - 2.2.5 Biomass Burning Aerosols. - 2.2.6 Aerosols from Fossil Fuel Combustion. - 2.3 Spatial and Temporal Aerosol Distributions. - 2.4 Aerosol-Cloud-Radiation Interactions. - 2.5 Climate Effects of Aerosols. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 3 Physical, Chemical and Optical Aerosol Properties. - 3.1 Fine, Accumulation and Coarse Modes. - 3.2 Size Distribution. - 3.3 Chemical Composition. - 3.3.1 Aerosol Mixture. - 3.3.2 Inorganic Aerosols. - 3.3.3 Black Carbon Aerosols. - 3.3.4 Organic Aerosols. - 3.3.5 Geographic Distribution of Aerosol Chemical Composition. - 3.4 Refractive Index. - 3.5 Deliquescence, Efflorescence and Hysteresis. - 3.6 Definition of Aerosol Optical Properties. - 3.6.1 Absorption and Scattering Cross Sections. - 3.6.2 Phase Function. - 3.6.3 Upscatter Fractions. - 3.7 Calculation of Aerosol Optical Properties. - 3.7.1 Mie Theory. - 3. 7.2 Extinction, Scattering and Absorption. - 3.7.3 Optical Depth and Angström Coefficient. - 3.8 Optical Properties of Nonspherical Aerosols. - 3.9 Aerosols and Atmospheric Visibility. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 4 Aerosol Modelling. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Emissions. - 4.2.1 Generalities. - 4.2.2 Fossil Fuels, Biofuels, and Other Anthropogenic Sources. - 4.2.3 Vegetation Fires. - 4.2.4 Sea Spray. - 4.2.5 Desert Dust. - 4.2.6 Dimethylsulphide. - 4.2.7 Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds. - 4.2.8 Volcanoes. - 4.2.9 Resuspension. - 4.3 Atmospheric Processes. - 4.3.1 Nucleation. - 4.3.2 Condensation of Semi-Volatile Compounds. - 4.3.3 Coagulation. - 4.3.4 In-Cloud Aerosol Production. - 4.3.5 Wet Deposition. - 4.3.6 Dry Deposition. - 4.3.7 Sedimentation. - 4.3.8 Aerosol Transport. - 4.4 Modelling Approaches. - 4.4.1 Bulk Approach. - 4.4.2 Sectional Approach. - 4.4.3 Modal Approach. - 4.5 Example: The Sulphur Budget. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 5 Interactions of Radiation with Matter and Atmospheric Radiative Transfer. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Electromagnetic Radiation. - 5.2.1 Generalities. - 5.2.2 Definitions. - 5.3 Interactions of Radiation with Matter. - 5.3.1 Matter, Energy and Spectral Lines. - 5.3.2 Intensity of Spectral Lines. - 5.3.3 Spectral Line Profiles. - 5.3.4 Processes of lnteractions of Radiation with Matter. - 5.4 Modelling of the Interaction Processes. - 5.4.1 Molecular Absorption Coefficient. - 5.4.2 Scattering Phase Function. - 5.4.3 Molecular Scattering. - 5.4.4 Absorption and Scattering by Aerosols. - 5.4.5 Thermal Emission. - 5.5 Atmospheric Radiative Transfer. - 5.5.1 Equation of Radiative Transfer. - 5.5.2 Extinction Only. - 5.5.3 Scattering Medium. - 5.5.4 Plane-Parallel Atmosphere. - 5.5.5 Resolution of the Equation of Radiative Transfer. - 5.6 Absorption Bands, Energy, and Actinic Fluxes. - 5.6.1 Main Molecular Absorption Bands in the Atmosphere. - 5.6.2 Radiative Flux. - 5.6.3 Two-Flux Method. - 5.6.4 Stefan-Boltzmann Law. - 5.6.5 Radiative Budget. - 5.6.6 Actinic Fluxes. - 5.6.7 Polarization of Radiation. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 6 In Situ and Remote Sensing Measurements of Aerosols. - 6.1 Introduction to Aerosol Remote Sensing. - 6.2 Passive Remote Sensing: Measurement of the Extinction. - 6.2.1 General Principles. - 6.2.2 Ground-Based Photometry. - 6.2.3 Spaceborne Occultation Measurements. - 6.2.4 Retrieval of Aerosol Size Distribution. - 6.3 Passive Remote Sensing: Measurement of the Scattering. - 6.3.1 General Principles. - 6.3.2 Ground-Based Measurement of Scattered Radiation. - 6.3.3 Spaceborne Measurements of Scattered Radiation. - 6.4 Measurement of Infrared Radiation. - 6.4.1 General Principles. - 6.4.2 Spaceborne Nadir Measurement of Infrared Radiation. - 6.4.3 Spaceborne Limb Measurement of Infrared Radiation. - 6.5 Active Remote Sensing: Lidar. - 6.5.1 General Principles. - 6.5.2 The Lidar Equation. - 6.5.3 Raman Lidar. - 6.6 In Situ Aerosol Measurements. - 6.6.1 Measurement of Aerosol Concentrations. - 6.6.2 Measurement of Aerosol Chemical Composition. - 6.6.3 Measurement of Aerosol Scattering. - 6.6.4 Measurement of Aerosol Absorption. - 6.7 Conclusions. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 7 Aerosol Data Assimilation. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Basic Principles of Data Assimilation. - 7.3 Applications of Data Assimilation for Aerosols. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 8 Aerosol-Radiation Interactions. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Atmospheric Radiative Effects Due to Aerosols. - 8.2.1 Simplified Equation for Scattering Aerosols. - 8.2.2 Simplified Equation for Absorbing Aerosols. - 8.2.3 Radiative Transfer Calculations. - 8.2.4 Global Estimates and Sources of Uncertainty. - 8.3 Rapid Adjustments to Aerosol-Radiation Interactions. - 8.4 Radiative Impact of Aerosols on Surface Snow and Ice. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 9 Aerosol-Cloud lnteractions. - 39.1 Introduction. - 9 .1.1 Cloud Formation. - 9 .1.2 Cloud Distribution. - 9 .1.3 Aerosol-Cloud Interactions. - 9.2 Aerosol Effects on Liquid Clouds. - 9 .2.1 Saturation Pressure of Water Vapour. - 9.2.2 Kelvin Effect. - 9.2.3 Raoult's Law. - . - 9.2.4 Köhler Theory. - 9.2.5 Extensions to the Köhler Theory. - 9.2.6 CCN and Supersaturation in the Cloud. - 9.2.7 Dynamical and Radiative Effects in Clouds. - 9.2.8 Principle of the Cloud Albedo Effect. - 9.2.9 Observations of the Cloud Albedo Effect. - 9.2.10 Adjustments in Liquid Water Clouds. - 9.2.11 Rapid Adjustments Occurring in Liquid Clouds. - 9.3 Aerosols Effects on Mixed-Phased and Ice Clouds. - 9.3.1 Elements of Microphysics of Ice Clouds. - 9.3.2 Impact of Anthropogenic Aerosols on Ice Clouds. - 9.4 Forcing Due to Aerosol-Cloud lnteractions. - 9.5 Aerosols, Contrails and Aviation-Induced Cloudiness. - 9.5.1 Formation of Condensation Trails. - 9.5.2 Estimate of the Climate Impact of Contrails. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 10 Climate Response to Aerosol Forcings. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Radiative Forcing, Feedbacks and Climate Response. - 10.2.1 Radiative Forcing. - 10.2.2 Climate Feedbacks. - 10.2.3 Rapid Adjustments and Effective Radiative Forcing. - 10.2.4 Climate Response and Climate Efficacy. - 10.3 Climate Response to Aerosol Forcings. - 10.3.1 Equilibrium Response. - 10.3.2 Past Emissions. - 10.3.3 Detection and Attribution of Aerosol Impacts. - 10.3.4 Future Emissions Scenarios. - 10.4 Nuclear Winter. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 11 Biogeochemical Effects and Climate Feedbacks of Aerosols. - 11 .1 Introduction. - 11.2 Impact of Aerosols on Terrestrial Ecosystems. - 11.2.1 Diffuse Radiation and Primary Productivity. - 11.2.2 Aerosols as a Source of Nutrients. - 11.2.3 Acidification of Precipitation. - 11.3 Impact of Aerosols on Marine Ecosystems. - 11.4 Aerosols-Atmospheric Chemistry Interactions. - 11.4.1 Interactions with Tropospheric Chemistry. - 11.4.2 Impact of Stratospheric Aerosols on the Ozone Layer and Ultravialet Radiation. - 11.5 Climate Feedbacks Involving Marine Aerosols. - 11.5.1 Sulphate Aerosols from DMS Emissions. - 11.5.2 Marine Aerosols. - 11.5.3 Other Aerosols of Maritime Origin. - 11.6 Climate Feedbacks Involving Continental Aerosols. - 11.6.1 Secondary Organic Aerosols. - 11.6.2 Primary Aerosols of Biogenic Origin. - 11.6.3 Aerosols from Vegetation Fires. - 11.6.4 Desert Dust. - 11.7 Climate Feedbacks Involving Stratospheric Aerosols. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 12 Strato

Note: Table of Contents: List of contributors. - Cryosphere Science: Series Preface. - Preface. - Acknowledgments. - About the companion website. - 1 Remote sensing and the cryosphere. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Remote sensing. - 1.2.1 The electromagnetic spectrum and blackbody radiation. - 1.2.2 Passive systems. - 1.2.3 Active systems. - 1.3 The cryosphere. - References. - 2 Electromagnetic properties of components of the cryosphere. - 2.1 Electromagnetic properties of snow. - 2.1.1 Visible/near-infrared and thermal infrared. - 2.1.2 Microwave region. - 2.2 Electromagnetic properties of sea ice. - 2.2.1 Visible/near-infrared and thermal infrared. - 2.2.2 Microwave region. - 2.3 Electromagnetic properties of freshwater ice. - 2.4 Electromagnetic properties of glaciers and ice sheets. - 2.4.1 Visible/near-infrared and thermal infrared. - 2.4.2 Microwave region. - 2.5 Electromagnetic properties of frozen soil. - 2.5.1 Visible/near-infrared and thermal infrared. - 2.5.2 Microwave region. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 3 Remote sensing of snow extent. - 3.1 lntroduction. - 3.2 Visible/near-infrared snow products. - 3.2.1 The normalized difference snow index (NDSI). - 3.3 Passive microwave products. - 3.4 Blended VNIR/PM products. - 3.5 Satellite snow extent as input to hydrological models. - 3.6 Concluding remarks. - Acknowledgments. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 4 Remote sensing of snow albedo, grain size, and pollution from space. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Forward modeling. - 4.3 Local optical properties of a snow layer. - 4.4 Inverse problem. - 4.5 Pitfalls of retrievals. - 4.6 Conclusions. - Acknowledgments. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 5 Remote sensing of snow depth and snow water equivalent. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Photogrammetry. - 5.3 LiDAR. - 5.4 Gamma radiation. - 5.5 Gravity data. - 5.6 Passive microwave data. - 5.7 Active microwave data. - 5.8 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 6 Remote sensing of melting snow and ice. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 General considerations on optical/thermal and microwave sensors and techniques for remote sensing of melting. - 6.2.1 Optical and thermal sensors. - 6.2.2 Microwave sensors. - 6.2.3 Electromagnetic properties of dry and wet snow. - 6.3 Remote sensing of melting over land. - 6.4 Remote sensing of melting over Greenland. - 6.4.1 Thermal infrared sensors. - 6.4.2 Microwave sensors. - 6.5 Remote sensing of melting over Antarctica. - 6.6 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - 7 Remote sensing of glaciers. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Fundamentals. - 7.3 Satellite instruments for glacier research. - 7.4 Methods. - 7.4.1 Image classification for glacier mapping. - 7.4.2 Mapping debris-covered glaciers. - 7.4.3 Glacier mapping with SAR data. - 7.4.4 Assessing glacier changes. - 7.4.5 Area and length changes. - 7.4.6 Volumetrie glacier changes. - 7.4.7 Glacier velocity. - 7.5 Glaciers of the Greenland ice sheet. - 7.5.1 Surface elevation. - 7.5.2 Glacier extent. - 7.5.3 Glacier dynamics. - 7.6 Summary. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 8 Remote sensing of accumulation over the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. - 8.1 Introduction to accumulation. - 8.2 Spaceborne methods for determining accumulation over ice sheets. - 8.2.1 Microwave remote sensing. - 8.2.2 Other remote sensing techniques and combined methods. - 8.3 Airborne and ground-based measurements of accumulation. - 8.3.1 Ground-based. - 8.3.2 Airborne. - 8.4 Modeling of accumulation. - 8.5 The future for remote sensing of accumulation. - 8.6 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - Website cited. - 9 Remote sensing of ice thickness and surface velocity. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.1.1 Electrical properties of glacial ice. - 9.2 Radar principles. - 9.2.1 Radar sounder. - 9.2.2 Radar equation. - 9.3 Pulse compression. - 9.4 Antennas. - 9.5 Example results. - 9.6 SAR and array processing. - 9.7 SAR Interferometry. - 9. 7.1 Introduction. - 9.7.2 Basic theory. - 9.7.3 Practical considerations of InSAR systems. - 9.7.4 Application of InSAR to Cryosphere remote sensing. - 9.8 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - 10 Gravimetry measurements from space. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Observing the Earth's gravity field with inter-satellite ranging. - 10.3 Surface mass variability from GRACE. - 10.4 Results. - 10.5 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - 11 Remote sensing of sea ice. - 11.1 Introduction. - 11.2 Sea ice concentration and extent. - 11.2.1 Passive microwave radiometers. - 11.2.2 Active microwave - scatterometry and radar. - 11.2.3 Visible and infrared. - 11.2.4 Operational sea ice analyses. - 11.3 Sea ice drift. - 11.4 Sea ice thickness and age, and snow depth. - 11.4.1 Altimetric thickness estimates. - 11.4.2 Radiometric thickness estimates. - 11.4.3 Sea ice age estimates as a proxy for ice thickness. - 11.5 Sea ice melt onset and freeze-up, albedo, melt pond fraction and surface temperature. - 11.5.1 Melt onset and freeze-up. - 11.5.2 Sea ice albedo and melt pond fraction. - 11.5.3 Sea ice surface temperature. - 11.6 Summary, challenges and the road ahead. - References. - Acronyms. - Website cited. - 12 Remote sensing of lake and river ice. - 12.1 Introduction. - 12.2 Remote sensing of lake ice. - 12.2.1 Ice concentration, extent and phenology. - 12.2.2 Ice types. - 12.2.3 Ice thickness and snow on ice. - 12.2.4 Snow/ice surface temperature. - 12.2.5 Floating and grounded ice: the special case of shallow Arctic/sub-Arctic lakes. - 12.3 Remote sensing of river ice. - 12.3.1 Ice extent and phenology. - 12.3.2 lce types, ice jams and flooded areas. - 12.3.3 Ice thickness. - 12.3.4 Surface flow velocities. - 12.3.5 Incorporating SAR-derived ice information into a GIS-based system in support of river-flow modeling and flood forecasting. - 12.4 Conclusions and outlook. - Acknowledgments. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 13 Remote sensing of permafrost and frozen ground. - 13.1 Permafrost - an essential climate variable of the "Global Climate Observing System". - 13.2 Mountain permafrost. - 13.2.1 Remote sensing of surface features and permafrost landforms. - 13.2.2 Generation of digital elevation models. - 13.2.3 Terrain elevation change and displacement. - 13.3 Lowland permafrost - identification and mapping of surface features. - 13.3.1 Land cover and vegetation. - 13.3.2 Permafrost landforms. - 13.3.3 Landforms and processes indicating permafrost degradation. - 13.4 Lowland permafrost - remote sensing of physical variables related to the thermal permafrost state. - 13.4.1 Land surface temperature through thermal remote sensing. - 13.4.2 Freeze-thaw state of the surface soil through microwave remote sensing. - 13.4.3 Permafrost mapping with airborne electromagnetic surveys. - 13.4.4 Regional surface deformation through radar interferometry. - 13.4.5 A gravimetric signal of permafrost thaw?. - 13.5 Outlook - remote sensing data and permafrost models. - References. - Acronyms. - 14 Field measurements for remote sensing of the cryosphere. - 14.1 Introduction. - 14.2 Physical properties of interest. - 14.2.1 Surface properties. - 14.2.2 Sub-surface properties. - 14.3 Standard techniques for direct measurements of physical properties. - 14.3.1 Topography. - 14.3.2 Snow depth. - 14.3.3 Snow water equivalent and density. - 14.3.4 Temperature. - 14.3.5 Stratigraphy. - 14.3.6 Sea ice depth and ice thickness. - 14.4 New techniques for high spatial resolution measurements. - 14.4.1 Topography. - 14.4.2 Surface properties. - 14.4.3 Sub-surface properties. - 14.5 Simulating airborne and spaceborne observations from the ground. - 14.5.1 Active microwave. - 14.5.2 Passive microwave. - 14.6 Sampling strategies for remote sensing field campaigns: concepts and examples. - 14.6.1 Ice sheet campaigns. - 14.6.2 Seasonal snow campaigns. - 14.6.3 Sea ice campaigns. - 14.7 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 15 Remote sensing missions and the cryosphere. - 15.1 In

Note: Contents: 1 Introduction. - 2 Geology of the Floor of Bering and Chukchi Seas - American Studies. - 3 Late Quaternary Sediments of Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska. - 4 Quaternary Marine Transgressions in Alaska. - 5 Quaternary Geology of the Alaskan Shore of Chukchi Sea. - 6 Quaternary Geology of Western Seward Peninsula, Alaska. - 7 Paleogeography of Chukotka During Late Neogene and Quaternary Time. - 8 Radiocarbon Chronology in Siberia. - 9 Neogene and Early Quaternary Vegetation of Northwestern North America and Northeastern Asia. - 10 Quaternary Vegetational History of Arctic Alaska. - 11 Vegetation of Eastern Siberia During the Anthropogene Period. - 12 Distribution, Ecology, and Cytology of the Ogotoruk Creek Flora and the History of Beringia. - 13 Mammal Remains of Pre-Wisconsin Age in Alaska. - 14 On the Origin of the Mammalian Fauna of Canada. - 15 The Effect of the Bering Land Bridge on the Quaternary Mammalian Faunas of Siberia and North America. - 16 Palearctic-Nearctic Mammalian Dispersal in the Late Cenozoic. - 17 The Stratigraphy of Tjbrnes, Northern Iceland, and the History of the Bering Land Bridge. - 18 Cenozoic Migrations of Marine Invertebrates Through the Bering Strait Region. - 19 Marine Mammals and the History of Bering Strai. - 20 Depth Changes in Bering Sea During the Upper Quaternary, as Indicated by Benthonic Foraminifera. - 21 Diatom Floras and the History of Okhotskand Bering Seas. - 22 On Migrations of Hunters across the Bering Land Bridge in the Upper Pleistocene. - 23 Human Migration and Permanent Occupation in the Bering Sea Area. - 24 The Cenozoic History of Beringia - A Synthesis. - General Index. - Index to Faunal and Floral Taxa.

Note: CONTENTS: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. - 1. INTRODUCTION. - 1.1. Background. - 1.2. Definition of the coastal zone. - 1.3. Modelling for marine pollution studies. - 2. MODELLING FRAMEWORK. - 2.1. lntroduction. - 2.2. Questions to be answered. - 2.3. Other model dependencies on the nature of the questions. - 2.3.1. Near-field models. - 2.3.2. Far-field models. - 2.4. Conceptual model of contaminant dispersion. - 2.4.1. Description of water column processes. - 2.4.2. Description of the sea bed processes. - 2.4.3. Sources and sinks. - 2.5. Selection of components of the conceptual model. - 3. MODEL CONSTRUCTION. - 3.1. Modelling approach. - 3.1.1. Deterministic modelling approach. - 3.1.2. Stochastic modelling. - 3.2. Hydrodynamic model. - 23.2.1. From simple to complex models . - 3.2.2. Model complexity and predictability. - 3.2.3. Dealing with the problern of open boundaries. - 3.3. Sub-models. - 3.3.1. Sediment transport model. - 3.3.2. Biological transport model. - 3.3.3. Benthic transport model. - 4. MODEL FORMULATION AND PARAMETERIZATION OF PROCESSES. - 4.1. lntroduction. - 4.1.1. Philosophy. - 4.1.2. Levels of parameterization. - 4.2. Parameterization in transport models. - 4.2.1. Hydrodynamical model. - 4.2.2. Pollutant transport model: advection-diffusion equation. - 4.2.3. Sediment transport models. - 4.2.4. Biological transport models. - 4.3. Contaminant transport model: couplings between transport models. - 4.3.1. Biota-water interactions. - 4.3.2. Biota-particle interactions. - 4.3.3. Particle-water interactions. - 4.4. Decay and production. - 4.5. Parameterization in transport models for the sea bed. - 4.6. Characterizing source terms. - 5. CASE STUDIES. - 5 .1. Introduction. - 5.2. Cadmium in an estuary. - 5.2.1. Statement of the management problem. - 5.2.2. Model construction. - 5.2.3. Example calculations. - 5.2.4. Additional comments. - 5.3. Monazite sand dregded from an estuary. - 5.3.1. Statement of the management problern. - 5.3.2. Model construction. - 5.3.3. Specific examples. - 5.4. Impact of the disposal of titanium dioxide wastes into coastal waters. - 5.4.1. Statement of the management problem. - 5.4.2. Model construction. - 5.4.3. Example calculations. - 5.4.4. Additional comments. - 5.5. Nutrient inputs to Osaka Bay. - 5.5.1. Statement of the management problem. - 5.5.2. Model construction. - 5.5.3. Example calculations. - 5.5.4. Additional comments. - 5.6. Sewage discharge near a beach. - 5.6.1. Statement of the management question. - 5.6.2. Model construction. - 5.6.3. Example calculations. - 5.6.4. Additional comments. - 5.7. Model for the Dutch North Sea water quality management plan. - 5. 7 .1. Statement of the management problem. - 5.7.2. Model construction. - 5.7.3. Example calculations. - 5.7.4. Additional comments. - 5.8. Radioactive discharges from a nuclear reprocessing plant. - 5.8.1. Statement of the management problem. - 5.8.2. Model construction. - 5.8.3. Additional comments. - 5.9. Overall observations. - 6. QUALITY ASSURANCE PROCEDURES. - 6.1. Introduction. - 6.2. Verification. - 6.3. Sensitivity analysis. - 6.4. Validation. - 7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. - REFERENCES. - ANNEX I. COASTAL REGIMES. - A1.1. Estuaries. - A1.1.1 Stratified estuaries. - A1.1.2. Partially-mixed and well-mixed estuaries. - A1.1.3. Fjords. - A1.1.4. Hybrid estuaries. - A1.1.5. Transverse characteristics of estuaries. - A1.2. Inshore embayments. - A1.3. Open continental shelf. - A1.3.1. Example of a wide shelf. - A1.3.2. Example of a narrow shelf. - A1.4. Marginal seas. - A1.4.1. Example of a marginal sea with a sill: the Baltic Sea. - A1.4.2. Example of a marginal semi-constrained sea: the North Sea. - A1.5. The Arctic shelves. - References to Annex 1. - ANNEX 2. DETAILS ON PARAMETERIZATION OF PROCESSES. - A2.1. Introduction. - A2.2. Hydrodynamic transport models: momentum transfer. - A2.3. Sediment transport models. - A2.3.1. Bed-load transport. - A2.3.2. Suspended sediment transport. - A2.3.3. Grain size distributions. - A2.3.4. Gravitational settling. - A2.3.5. Critical bed shear stress. - A2.4. Biological transport models. - A2.5. Benthic transport models. - A2. 6. Coupling between transport models. - A2.6.1. Biota-water interactions. - A2.6.2. Sediment-water interactions. - A2.7. Diagenesis: water-sediment interactions. - A2.8. Parameterization of the source term. - A2.8.1. Nature of source. - A2.8.2. Bulk sources. - A2.8.3. Disposal procedure. - A2.8.4. Specific chemical compounds. - References to Annex 2. - LIST OF WORKING GROUP MEMBERS, SECRETARIAT AND MEETINGS. - GESAMP REPORTS AND STUDIES.