ALBERT

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Universität Bremen, 1989 , Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache

Note: Table of Contents: Copyright; Additional copies. - Foreword and acknowledgements. - Chapter 1. Cosmochemistry of the Rare Earth Elements: Condensation and Evaporation Processes / by William V. Boynton. - Introduction. - Meteorites. - Astrophysical context for interpretation of cosmochemical data. - Solar nebula. - Solar abundances. - Cosmochemical properties of the REE. - REE condensation reactions. - Activity coefficients. - Partial pressures. - Solid / gas distribution coefficients. - Why are the REE volatilities so different?. - Calculated REE patterns. - Early condensates. - Removing REE in the gas. - Comparison with meteoritic data. - Ultra-refractory component. - Group II inclusions. - FUN inclusions. - REE condensation as a function of oxygen fugacity. - Rims on CAI. - What have we learned from the REE?. - High temperatures were achieved in the solar nebula. - A very efficient mechanism for gas/dust separation existed in the solar nebula. - The high nebular temperatures existed for a long time. - A very intense, very brief, heat source also existed. - The solar nebula was a chaotic environment. - Summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 2. Radiogenic Isotope Geochemistry of Rare Earth Elements / by P. Jonathan Patchett. - Introduction. - Long-lived radioactive isotopes of Rare Earth Elements. - 138La-138Ce decay. - 147Sm-143Nd decay. - 176Lu-176Hf decay. - Cemical variations of La/Ce, Sm/Nd and Lu/Hf ratios. - Geochronological studies. - La-Ce and Lu-Hf chronology. - Sm-Nd chronology. - Defining bulk planetary isotopic evolution. - Isotopic study of planetary interiors. - The Moon. - The Earth. - Nd isotopes in studies of terrestrial crustal evolution. - Model Nd ages of continental crust. - Growth curves for the continental crust. - Origin of granitoids. - Nd isotopes and the sedimentary system. - Characterization of whole crustal terranes. - Crustal Lu-Hf isotopic studies. - Major unsolved problems. - Continental crustal growth curve. - Abundance of Archean continental crust. - Origin of mantle isotopic variations. - References. - Chapter 3. Partitioning of Rare Earth Elements between Major Silicate Minerals and Basaltic Melts / by Gordon A. McKay. - Introduction. - Usefulness of the REE for petrogenetic modelling. - Scope of this chapter. - Caveat. - How partition coefficients are measured. - Phenocryst/matrix studies of natural samples. - Experimental measurement of partition coefficients. - Basic experimental approach. - Equilibrium. - Percent level doping technique. - Beta-track mapping technique. - Other experimental approaches. - Henry's law: The applicability of percent-level doping results. - Factors governing mineral/melt partitioning. - Ionic size and charge of trace element. - Crystal field effects. - Cristallographic versus defect sites: The Henry's law question. - Phase compositions. - Oxidation state. - Thermodynamic relationships: Dependence of partitioning on temperature and composition. - Other predictive approaches. - Special applications. - Eu as an oxygen fugacity indicator. - Origin of the Eu anomaly in lunar mare basalts. - REE partition coefficient patterns for the major minerals. - Plagioclase. - Olivine. - Pyroxene. - Low-Ca pyroxene. - High-Ca pyroxene. - Garnet. - Future directions. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 4. An Approach to Trace Element Modeling Using a Simple Igneous System as an Example / by Gilbert N. Hanson. - Introduction. - Review of trace element equations. - Melting. - Fractional crystallization. - Melting versus fractional crystallization. - Essential structural constituents. - Example of petrogenetic approach. - Discussion and summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 5. Rare Earth Elements in Upper Mantle Rocks / by W. F. McDonough and Fredrick A. Frey. - Introduction. - Massive peridotites. - Massive peridotites: dominantly lherzolite Western Alps - Lanzo. - Western Alps -Baldissero, Balmuccia. - Eastern Liguria, Italy. - Western Liguria, Italy. - Eastern Pyrenees - France. - Ronda, Spain Effects of late stage alteration on REE. - What can be inferred about the melting process and the segregated melts?. - Massive peridotites: pyroxenite layers and veins and their wall rocks. - Amphibole-bearing pyroxenite veins. - Anhydrous pyroxenite layers. - How were the pyroxenite layers created? Evidence for multistage processes. - Implications for mantle enrichment processes (metasomatism). - Massive peridotites: dominantly harzburgite. - Oceanic peridotites. - Ultramafic xenoliths. - Group I spinel peridotites. - Garnet peridotites. - Pyroxenite and related xenoliths. - Models for REE abundance trends in peridotite xenoliths. - Megacrysts, minerals in xenoliths and damong inclusions. - Megacrysts. - Minerals in peridotites and pyroxenites. - Inclusions in diamonds. - Summary: comparison of peridotites from massifs and xenoliths and implications of REE data for Upper Mantle composition. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 6. Rare Earth Elements in Metamorphic Rocks / by Richard I. Grauch. - Introduction. - REE residence in metamorphic rocks. - REE mobility during metamorphism. - REE content of metamorphic rocks. - Suggestions for future work. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 7. Rare Earth Elements in Sedimentary Rocks: Influence of Provenance and Sedimentary Processes / by Scott M. McLennan. - Introduction. - Rare earth element properties and sedimentary rocks. - Cosmochemical considerations. - Geochemical considerations. - Aqueous geochemistry. - Normalizing and notation. - Sedimentary processes. - Weathering. - Diagenesis. - Sedimentary sorting. - REE and provenance studies. - Sedimentary rocks and crustal abundances. - Sedimentation and plate tectonics. - Archean sedimentary rocks and the Archean crust. - Archean greenstone belts. - REE in sedimentary rocks and crustal evolution. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 8. Aqueous Geochemistry of Rare Earth Elements / by Douglas G. Brookins. - Introduction. - The trivalent lanthanides (Ln III). - Types of complexes in solution. - Hydrolysis products. - Phosphate complexes. - Carbonate complexes. - Halide complexes. - Complexes with total dissolved sulfur. - Gadolinium-Terbium fractionation?. - Scandium and Yttrium. - Europium (II). - Cerium (IV). - Eh-pH diagrams. - Cerium. - Europium. - Other lanthanides. - Lanthanides in ocean waters. - Lanthanides and actinides. - Concluding remarks. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 9. Rare Earth Elements in Lunar Materials / by Larry A. Haskin. - Introduction. - The nature of planet moon. - The magma ocean hypothesis and its presumed products. - Lunar REE patterns. - Highland plutonic rocks. - Anorthosites. - Durâtes, troctolites, norites, and gabbros. - Lunar felsite (granite). - Highland volcanic rocks: KREEP. - Mare basalts. - Mare basalt sources as magma ocean products. - Assimilation of crusted material during basalt petrogenesis. - Glassy spherules. - Soils and breccias. - Caveat. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 10. Compositional and Phase Relations among Rare Earth Element Minerals / by Donald M. Burt. - Introduction. - Geochemical background. - Minerals. - Coupled substitutions. - Vector treatment. - Application to selected mineral groups. - Fluorides. - Carbonates. - Fluorocarbonates. - Monazite, xenotime, zircon, and related phases. - Apatites. - Florencite and related phases. - A-B oxides (niobates, tantalates, titanates, ferrites). - Fergusonitelbetafergusonite, ABO4. - Perovskite, ABO3. - Aeschyniteleuxenite, AB2O6. - Pyrochlore, A1-2B2O6(O,F,OH). - Allanite. - Titanite. - Garnet. - Gadolinite. - Chevkinite/perrierite. - Element distributions: acid-base relations. - Summary. - Acknowledgemen

Note: Teilweise in deutscher, englischer, französischer, russischer und spanischer Sprache

Note: John Parnell: Geofluids: introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 78:vii-ix, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1994.078.01.01 --- W.S. Fyfe: The water inventory of the Earth: fluids and tectonics / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 78:1-7, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1994.078.01.02 --- Large-Scale Fluid Flow --- R. Van Balen and S. Cloetingh: Tectonic control of the sedimentary record and stress-induced fluid flow: constraints from basin modelling / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 78:9-26, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1994.078.01.03 --- David Deming: Fluid flow and heat transport in the upper continental crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 78:27-42, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1994.078.01.04 --- Alan M. Jessop and Jacek A. Majorowicz: Fluid flow and heat transfer in sedimentary basins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 78:43-54, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1994.078.01.05 --- G. Neil Phillips, Patrick J. Williams, and Geoffrey De Jong: The nature of metamorphic fluids and significance for metal exploration / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 78:55-68, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1994.078.01.06 --- Deformation and Fluid Flow --- Richard H. Sibson: Crustal stress, faulting and fluid flow / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 78:69-84, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1994.078.01.07 --- R. Muir Wood: Earthquakes, strain-cycling and the mobilization of fluids / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 78:85-98, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1994.078.01.08 --- R.J. Knipe and A.M. McCaig: Microstructural and microchemical consequences of fluid flow in deforming rocks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 78:99-111, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1994.078.01.09 --- E.L. Stephenson, A.J. Maltman, and R.J. Knipe: Fluid flow in actively deforming sediments: ‘dynamic permeability’ in accretionary prisms / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 78:113-125, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1994.078.01.10 --- Fluid Flow and Reservoir Evolution --- Knut Bjørlykke: Fluid-flow processes and diagenesis in sedimentary basins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 78:127-140, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1994.078.01.11 --- P.S. Ringrose and P.W.M. Corbett: Controls on two-phase fluid flow in heterogeneous sandstones / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 78:141-150, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1994.078.01.12 --- Fluid Chemistry; Metal-Organic Interactions --- Jeffrey S. Hanor: Origin of saline fluids in sedimentary basins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 78:151-174, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1994.078.01.13 --- Thomas H. Giordano and Yousif K. Kharaka: Organic ligand distribution and speciation in sedimentary basin brines, diagenetic fluids and related ore solutions / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 78:175-202, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1994.078.01.14 --- Royston H. Filby: Origin and nature of trace element species in crude oils, bitumens and kerogens: implications for correlation and other geochemical studies / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 78:203-219, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1994.078.01.15 --- Keith Nicholson: Fluid chemistry and hydrological regimes in geothermal systems: a possible link between gold-depositing and hydrocarbon-bearing aqueous systems / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 78:221-232, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1994.078.01.16 --- Fluid Evolution: Migration and Precipitation of Hydrocarbons and Metals --- Ulrich Mann: An integrated approach to the study of primary petroleum migration / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 78:233-260, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1994.078.01.17 --- Bernd R.T. Simoneit: Organic matter alteration and fluid migration in hydrothermal systems / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 78:261-274, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1994.078.01.18 --- John Parnell: Hydrocarbons and other fluids: paragenesis, interactions and exploration potential inferred from petrographic studies / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 78:275-291, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1994.078.01.19 --- Anthony D. Fowler: The role of geopressure zones in the formation of hydrothermal Pb-Zn Mississippi Valley type mineralization in sedimentary basins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 78:293-300, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1994.078.01.20 --- R. Metcalfe, C.A. Rochelle, D. Savage, and J.W. Higgo: Fluid-rock interactions during continental red bed diagenesis: implications for theoretical models of mineralization in sedimentary basins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 78:301-324, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1994.078.01.21 --- Tracers of Fluid Evolution --- I.R. Duddy, P.F. Green, R.J. Bray, and K.A. Hegarty: Recognition of the thermal effects of fluid flow in sedimentary basins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 78:325-345, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1994.078.01.22 --- C.J. Ballentine and R.K. O’nions: The use of natural He, Ne and Ar isotopes to study hydrocarbon-related fluid provenance, migration and mass balance in sedimentary basins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 78:347-361, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1994.078.01.23

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Historical literature review Relationships between midwinter temperature and freezing season Mean freezing index 4 Average January air temperature U.S. comparative study Correlation of AJAT and duration of freezing season Relationships between average January air temperature and snow conditions U.S. relationships German relationships Mapping of average January air temperatures Analysis of observed AJ AT data Development of detailed maps Application and discussion Examples Influence of vegetation Literature cited Appendix A. interpretation of snow cover by satellite Appendix B. Contour, station elevation and Aj AT maps for East and West Germany

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental procedure Grain growth Stressed particle contacts Fluid pressure Packing geometry Temperature distribution and heat flow Fluid and impurity flows Results The liquid film Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Experimental design Similitude considerations The model Model operation Results Velocity Fence height Porosity Model correlation Summary and conclusions Recommeqdations for future work Literature cited Appendix A

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction and statement of problem Review of relevant analyses and tests Determination of the largest ice force on an isolated structure Preliminary remarks The buckling analysis of a floating wedge Proposed method to determine Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction 1. The problem 2. Abstract of the result Part I. Fundamental solutions 3. Fuchsian type solutions 4. Contour integral solution 5. Integration of the integral solution 6. Fundamental solutions for α = 1 7. Fundamental solutions for α = 0 8. Eigenvalues for α = 0 9. Fundamental solutions for α 〉 1 Part II. Asymptotic expansions 10. Asymptotic expansion for 0 〈 α ⩽1 11. Asymptotic expansion for 1 ≦ α ≦ 2 12. Asymptotic expansion for 2 ≦ α ≦ ∞ Part III. Eigenvalues 13. Range of eigenvalues 14. Eigenvalues for the free-edge condition 15. Eigenvalues for the clamped-edge and simple-edge conditions 16. Deflection Acknowledgement Literature cited Appendix A. Analytical continuation at the singular point Appendix B. Tensorial transformations Appendix C. Comparison of the semi-infinite plate buckling with the asymptotic buckling

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S.customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Freeze-thaw system Construction materials Controlled environment test section Outdoor sections Temperature monitoring instrumentation Repetitive plate bearing test apparatus Test results and analyses Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Locale and techniques Observations Vertical variations in crystal orientation Regional variations in crystal orientation Summary of observations Causes Initial ice skim Earth’s magnetic field Currents Conclusions and consequences Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction Descriptions of road test sections Test equipment and procedures Field repetitive plate bearing tests Data analysis General Layered-elastic analysis of the pavement systems Statistical analysis Flexural analysis Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Resilient surface deflections for the test points

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction Types of pipelines and cables Potential hazards to pipelines and cables Areas of concern Waterdepth Sea ice Icebergs and ice islands Submarine permafrost Ice gouging Seabed erosion by water jets Protection methods Protection of unburied pipes and cables Protection by burial Backhoe digging Wireline equipment Plowing and ripping from the surface Plowing and ripping by self-propelled seabed vehicles Bucket ladder dredges Suction dredging Conventional cutterhead dredges Low pressure water jetting Bottom-traveling cutterhead dredges Explosive methods Novel methods Disc saws, wheel ditchers and milling drums Ladder trenchers and chain saws Repetitive impulse devices High pressure water jets Flame jets and plasma torches Electrical discharge and electromagnetic radiation Chemical methods Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Experimental procedure Snow collection Spectrophotometric methods Data analysis Potential sources of error Presentation of results Continuous-scan measurements Comparison of sequential bandpass and continuous-scan measurements Theoretical calculations Discussion of results Differences in amplitude of reflectance measurements Irregularities in the shape of spectral reflectance curves The true spectral reflectance of snow in the ultraviolet region Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Absolute reflectance values of pressed BaSO4 powder

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction The protected membrane roof Winter construction considerations Construction costs Conclusion

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction Terminology Forces on individual cutters Torque force and tool force Forces on the rotor axis Tractive thrust and down thrust Alternative tool force formulations Vehicle traction Power/weight ratio Weight and balance Force, torque, speed and power Specific energy Efficiency and performance index Power density Power requirements for ejection of cuttings Hydrodynamic resistance in underwater cutting