ALBERT

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgments 1. Statistics for Spatial Data 1.1 Spatial Data and Spatial Models 1.2 Introductory Examples 1.2.1 Geostatistical Data 1.2.2 Lattice Data 1.2.3 Point Patterns 1.3 Statistics for Spatial Data: Why? PART I GEOSTATISTICAL DATA 2. Geostatistics 2.1 Continuous Spatial Index 2.2 Spatial Data Analysis of Coal Ash in Pennsylvania 2.2.1 Intrinsic Stationarity 2.2.2 Square-Root-Differences Cloud 2.2.3 The Pocket Plot 2.2.4 Decomposing the Data into Large- and Small-Scale Variation 2.2.5 Analysis of Residuals 2.2.6 Variogram of Residuals from Median Polish 2.3 Stationary Processes 2.3.1 Variogram 2.3.2 Covariogram and Correlogram 2.4 Estimation of the Variogram 2.4.1 Comparison of Variogram and Covariogram Estimation 2.4.2 Exact Distribution Theory for the Variogram Estimator 2.4.3 Robust Estimation of the Variogram 2.5 Spectral Representations 2.5.1 Valid Covariograms 2.5.2 Valid Variograms 2.6 Variogram Model Fitting 2.6.1 Criteria for Fitting a Variogram Model 2.6.2 Least Squares 2.6.3 Properties of Variogram-Parameter Estimators 2.6.4 Cross-Validating the Fitted Variogram 3. Spatial Prediction and Kriging 3.1 Scale of Variation 3.2 Ordinary Kriging 3.2.1 Effect of Variogram Parameters on Kriging 3.2.2 Lognormal and Trans-Gaussian Kriging 3.2.3 Cokriging 3.2.4 Some Final Remarks 3.3 Robust Kriging 3.4 Universal Kriging 3.4.1 Universal Kriging of Coal-Ash Data 3.4.2 Trend-Surface Prediction 3.4.3 Estimating the Variogram for Universal Kriging 3.4.4 Bayesian Kriging 3.4.5 Kriging Revisited 3.5 Median-Polish Kriging 3.5.1 Gridded Data 3.5.2 Nongridded Data 3.5.3 Median Polishing Spatial Data: Inference Results 3.5.4 Median-Based Covariogram Estimators are Less Biased 3.6 Geostatistical Data, Simulated and Real 3.6.1 Simulation of Spatial Processes 3.6.2 Conditional Simulation 3.6.3 Geostatistical Data 4. Applications of Geostatistics 4.1 Wolfcamp-Aquifer Data 4.1.1 Intrinsic-Stationarity Assumption 4.1.2 Nonconstant-Mean Assumption 4.2 Soil-Water Tension Data 4.3 Soil-Water-Infiltration Data 4.3.1 Estimating and Modeling the Spatial Dependence 4.3.2 Inference on Mean Effects (Spatial Analysis of Variance) 4.4 Sudden-Infant-Death-Syndrome Data 4.5 Wheat-Yield Data 4.5.1 Presence of Trend in the Data 4.5.2 Intrinsic Stationarity 4.5.3 Median-Polish (Robust) Kriging 4.6 Acid-Deposition Data 4.6.1 Spatial Modeling and Prediction 4.6.2 Sampling Design 4.7 Space-Time Geostatistical Data 5. Special Topics in Statistics for Spatial Data 5.1 Nonlinear Geostatistics 5.2 Change of Support 5.3 Stability of the Geostatistical Method 5.3.1 Estimation of Spatial-Dependence Parameters 5.3.2 Stability of the Kriging Predictor 5.3.3 Stability of the Kriging Variance 5.4 Intrinsic Random Functions of Order k 5.5 Applications of the Theory of Random Processes 5.6 Spatial Design 5.6.1 Spatial Sampling Design 5.6.2 Spatial Experimental Design 5.7 Field Trials 5.7.1 Nearest-Neighbor Analyses 5.7.2 Analyses Based on Spatial Modeling 5.8 Infill Asymptotics 5.9 The Many Faces of Spatial Prediction 5.9.1 Stochastic Methods of Spatial Prediction 5.9.2 Nonstochastic Methods of Spatial Prediction 5.9.3 Comparisons and Some Final Remarks PART II LATTICE DATA 6. Spatial Models on Lattices 6.1 Lattices 6.2 Spatial Data Analysis of Sudden Infant Deaths in North Carolina 6.2.1 Nonspatial Data Analysis 6.2.2 Spatial Data Analysis 6.2.3 Trend Removal 6.2.4 Some Final Remarks 6.3 Conditionally and Simultaneously Specified Spatial Gaussian Models 6.3.1 Simultaneously Specified Spatial Gaussian Models 6.3.2 Conditionally Specified Spatial Gaussian Models 6.3.3 Comparison 6.4 Markov Random Fields 6.4.1 Neighbors, Cliques, and the Negpotential Function Q 6.4.2 Pairwise-Only Dependence and Conditional Exponential Distributions 6.4.3 Some Final Remarks 6.5 Conditionally Specified Spatial Models for Discrete Data 6.5.1 Binary Data 6.5.2 Counts Data 6.6 Conditionally Specified Spatial Models for Continuous Data 6. 7 Simultaneously Specified and Other Spatial Models 6.7.1 Simultaneously Specified Spatial Models 6.7.2 Other Spatial Models 6.8 Space-Time Models 7. Inference for Lattice Models 7.1 Inference for the Mercer and Hall Wheat-Yield Data 7.1.1 Data Description 7.1.2 Spatial Lattice Models 7.2 Parameter Estimation for Lattice Models 7.2.1 Estimation Criteria 7.2.2 Gaussian Maximum Likelihood Estimation 7.2.3 Some Computational Details 7.3 Properties of Estimators 7.3.1 Increasing-Domain Asymptotics 7.3.2 The Jackknife and Bootstrap for Spatial Lattice Data 7.3.3 Cross-Validation and Model Selection 7.4 Statistical Image Analysis and Remote Sensing 7.4.1 Remote Sensing 7 .4.2 Ordinary Discriminant Analysis 7.4.3 Markov-Random-Field Models 7.4.4 Edge Processes 7.4.5 Textured Images 7.4.6 Single Photon Emission Tomography 7.4.7 Least Squares and Image Regularization 7.4.8 Method of Sieves 7.4.9 Mathematical Morphology 7.5 Regional Mapping, Scotland Lip-Cancer Data 7.5.1 Exploratory Regional Mapping 7.5.2 Parametric Empirical Bayes Mapping 7.6 Sudden-Infant-Death-Syndrome Data 7.6.1 Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis 7.6.2 Auto-Poisson Model 7 .6.3 Auto-Gaussian Model 7. 7 Lattice Data, Simulated and Real 7.7.1 Simulation of Lattice Processes 7.7.2 Lattice Data PART III SPATIAL PATTERNS 8. Spatial Point Patterns 8.1 Random Spatial Index 8.2 Spatial Data Analysis of Longleaf Pines (Pinus palustris) 8.2.1 Data Description 8.2.2 Complete Spatial Randomness, Regularity, and Clustering 8.2.3 Quadrat Methods 8.2.4 Kernel Estimators of the Intensity Function 8.2.5 Distance Methods 8.2.6 Nearest-Neighbor Distribution Functions and the K Function 8.2.7 Some Final Remarks 8.3 Point Process Theory 8.3.1 Moment Measures 8.3.2 Generating Functionals 8.3.3 Stationary and Isotropic Point Processes 8.3.4 Palm Distributions 8.3.5 Reduced Second Moment Measure 8.4 Complete Spatial Randomness, Distance Functions, and Second Moment Measures 8.4.1 Complete Spatial Randomness 8.4.2 Distance Functions 8.4.3 K Functions, 8.4.4 Animal-Behavior Data 8.4.5 Some Final Remarks 8.5 Models and Model Fitting 8.5.1 Inhomogeneous Poisson Process 8.5.2 Cox Process 8.5.3 Poisson Cluster Process 8.5.4 Simple Inhibition Point Processes 8.5.5 Markov Point Process 8.5.6 Thinned and Related Point Processes 8.5.7 Other Models 8.5.8 Some Final Remarks 8.6 Multivariate Spatial Point Processes 8.6.1 Theoretical Considerations 8.6.2 Estimation of the Cross K Function 8.6.3 Bivariate Spatial-Point-Process Models 8.7 Marked Spatial Point Processes 8.7.1 Theoretical Considerations 8.7.2 Estimation of Moment Measures 8.7.3 Marked Spatial-Point-Process Models 8.8 Space-Time Point Patterns 8.9 Spatial Point Patterns, Simulated and Real 8.9.1 Simulation of Spatial Point Patterns 8.9.2 Spatial Point Patterns 9. Modeting Objects 9.1 Set Models 9.1.1 Fractal Sets 9.1.2 Fuzzy Sets 9.1.3 Random Closed Sets: An Example 9.2 Random Parallelograms in IR 2 9.3 Random Closed Sets and Mathematical Morphology 9.3.1 Theory and Methods 9.3.2 Inference on Random Closed Sets 9.4 The Boolean Model 9.4.1 Main Properties 9.4.2 Generalizations of the Boolean Model 9.5 Methods of Boolean-Model Parameter Estimation 9.5.1 Analysis of Random-Parallelograms Data 9.5.2 Analysis of Heather-Incidence Data 9.5.3 Intensity Estimation in the Boolean Model 9.6 Inference for the Boolean Model 9.7 Modeling Growth with Random Sets 9.7.1 Random-Set Growth Models 9.7.2 Tumor-Growth Data 9.7.3 Fitting the Tumor-Growth Parameters References Author Index Subject lndex

Note: Contents: Contribution to the geology of Western Dronning Maud Land: present knowledge, latest results and unsolved problems / Hans-Jürgen Paech, Anatoliy Andreyevich Laiba, Oleg Germanovich Shulyatin, Nikolaj Dmitrievich Aleksashin, Vladimir Vladimirovich Traube. - Results on geological mapping in the Nunataks Area South of the Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica / Hans-Ulrich Wetzel, Werner Stackebrandt, Knut Hahne. - Contribution to the weathering-controlled removal of chemical elements from the active debris layer of the Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica / Jörg Balke, Dietmar Haendel, Wolfgang Krüger. - Sedimentological and tectonical results on sedimentary rocks outcropping at the southern flank of the Shackleton Range, Antarctica / Hans-Jürgen Paech, Knuth Hahne, Ingeborg Maass. - Carbon isotope geothermometry of graphite-bearing marbles from Central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica / Ulrich Wand, Karl Mühle. - Preliminary geochemical study of microcrystalline quartz varieties occurring in volcanic rocks from King George Islands, South Shetland Islands, West Antarctica / Hans-Joachim Blankenburg, Ulrich Wand. - Microfossils in proterozoic sediments from the southern Shackleton Range, Antarctica: a preliminary report / Bernd Weber. - Petrography and geochemistry of lamprophyres from the Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica / Ulrich Wand, Martin Geisler, Dietmar Korich. - A lead isotope study of pegmatitic k-feldspars from the Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica / Karl-Heinz Bielicki, Heide Hiller, Ulrich Wand. - Die Hoch- und Mittelterassen der Zwickauer Mulde, der Chemnitz und der Zschopau im Vorerzgebirgsbecken und im Granulitgebirge (Teil II) / Ludwig Wolf. - Untersuchungen an Tektikten und tektitführenden Sedimenten der Lausitz / Jan-Michael Lange, Manfred Störr. - Nowakia holymensis Bouček 1964 aus den Wissenbacher Schiefern des Braunesumpf-Sattels/Elbingeröder Komplex und deren stratigraphische Beziehung zur Unter-/Mitteldevongrenze / Anke Nagel. - Buchbesprechungen. , Zsfassung der Beitr. in dt. und engl. Sprache , Beitr. teilw. dt., teilw. engl.

Note: Contents: Foreword. - Notes and changes. - Glossary. - List of abbreviations. - Resedaceae. - Droseraceae. - Crassulaceae. - Saxifragaceae. - Paranassiaceae. - Grossulariaceae. - Rosaceae. - Leguminosae. - Oxalidaceae. - Geraniaceae. - Linaceae. - Euphorbiaceae. - Polygalaceae. - Aceraceae. - Hippocastanaceae. - Balsaminaceae. - Aquifoliaceae. - Celastraceae. - Rhamnaceae. - Tiliaceae. - Malvaceae. - Thymelaeaceae. - Elaeagnaceae. - Guttiferae. - Violaceae. - Cistaceae. - Tamaricaceae. - Elatinaceae. - Cucurbitaceae. - Lythraceae. - Trapaceae. - Onagraceae. - Haloragaceae. - Hippuridaceae. - Cornaceae. - Araliaceae. - Umbelliferae. - References. - Plates. - Index.

Note: Table of Contents PROLOGUE The Geological History of Cenozoic Polar Oceans: Arctic Versus Antarctic - An Introduction / U. Bleil, and J. Thiede PHYSIOGRAPHY AND PLATE TECTONICS OF THE POLAR DEEP-SEA BASINS AND THEIR CONTINENTAL MARGINS Morphology and Plate Tectonics: The Modern Polar Oceans / G. L. Johnson The Opening of the Arctic Ocean / L. A. Lamer, R. D. Müller, S. P. Srivastava, and W. Roest On the Tectonic Evolution and Paleoceanographic Significance of the Fram Strait Gateway / Y. Kristoffersen The Evolution of the Svalbard Margins: Synthesis and New Results / E. Sundvor, and A. Austegard The Western Barents Sea During the Cenozoic / T. O. Vorren, G. Richardsen, S.-M. Knutsen, and E. Henriksen Structures in Rift-Basin Sediments on the Conjugate Margins of Western Tasmania, South Tasman Rise, and Ross Sea, Antarctica / K Him, M. Hemmerich, U. Salge, and O. Eiken A Fine-Scale Seismic Stratigraphy of the Eastern Margin of the Weddell Sea / H. Miller, J. P. Henriet, N. Kaul, and A. Moons Some Speculations Regarding the Nature of the Explora-Andenes Escarpment, Weddell Sea / J. P. Henriet, and H. Miller POLAR ICE - COVERS AS GEOLOGICAL AGENTS A Comparison of Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice and the Effects of Different Properties on Sea Ice Biota / M. Spindler Sea Ice Characteristics and the Role of Sediment Inclusions in Deep-Sea Deposition: Arctic - Antarctic Comparisons / Pfirman, M. A. Lange, I. Wollenburg, and P. Schlosser Cycles, Rhythms, and Events in Quaternary Arctic and Antarctic Glaciomarine Deposits / R. Henrich Cenozoic Glacier Fluctuations in Polar Regions - Terrestrial Records From Antarctica and the North Atlantic Sector of the Arctic / B. G. Andersen Past Changes in Precipitation Rate and Ice Thickness as Derived From Age-Depth Profiles in Ice-Sheets; Application to Greenland and Canadian Arctic Ice Core Records / N. Reeh Stability of the Arctic Ocean Ice-Cover and Pleistocene Warming Events: Outlining the Problem / D. L. Clark Late Weichselian Ice Recession in the Central Barents Sea / A. Elverhøi, M. Nyland-Berg, L. Russwurm, and A. Solheim MODERN DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS OF POLAR OCEANS Distribution Patterns of Calcareous Foraminifers in Arctic Ocean Sediments / N. V. Befyaeva, and T. A. Khusid Physiographic and Biologic Factors Controlling Surface Sediment Distributionin the Fram Strait / H. Berner, and G. Wefer Norwegian - Iceland Seas: Transfer Functions Between Marine Planktic Diatoms and Surface Water Temperature / H. Schroder, and N. Koc Karpuz Particle Sedimentation and Productivity in Antarctic Waters of the Atlantic Sector / G. Wefer, G. Fischer, D. K Futterer, R Gersonde, S. Honjo, and D. Ostermann Sediment Patterns in the Southern Weddell Sea: Filchner Shelf and Filchner Depression / D. K. Futterer, and M. Melles QUATERNARY HISTORY AND PALEOCEANOGRAPHY OF POLAR OCEANS The Last Deglaciation in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres: A Comparison Based on Oxygen Isotope, Sea Surface Temperature Estimates, and Accelerator 14C Dating From Deep-Sea Sediments / E. Bard, L. D. Labeyrie, J.-J. Pichon, M. Labracherie, M. Arnold, J. Duprat, J.Moyes, and J.-C. Duplessy Synthesis of Arctic and Sub-Arctic Coccolith Biochronology and History of North Atlantic Drift Water Influx During the Last 500.000 Years / G. Gard, and J. Backman Coccoliths in Sediments of the Eastern Arctic Basin / M. Baumann Foraminiferal Assemblages in Sediments From Mendeleev Ridge, Arctic Ocean / N. V. Befyaeva, and T. A. Khusid Physical and Acoustic Properties of Arctic Ocean Deep-Sea Sediments: Paleoclimatic Implications / J. Mienert, L. A. Mayer, G. A. Jones, and J. W. King High Resolution 10Be and 230Th Stratigraphy of Late Quaternary Sediments From the Fram Strait (Core 23235) / A. Eisenhauer, A. Mangini, R Botz, P. Walter, J. Beer, G. Bonani,M. Suter, H. J.Hofmann, and W. Wölfli The Enigma of Oxygen Isotope Stage 5 in the Central Fram Strait / S. E. I. Kohler, and R F. Spielhagen Dropstones in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea - Indications of Late Quaternary Circulation Patterns? / J. Bischof Glacial to Interglacial Changes in the Isotopic Gradients of Southern Ocean Surface Water / C. D. Charles, and R G. Fairbanks Stable Isotope Record and Late Quaternary Sedimentation Rates at the Antarctic Continental Margin / H. Grobe, A. Mackensen, H.-W. Hubberten, V. Spiess, and D.K Futterer PRE-QUATERNARY RECORDS OF POLAR OCEAN HISTORY Evolution of Biosiliceous Sedimentation Patterns - Eocene through Quaternary: Paleoceanographic Response to Polar Cooling / J. G. Baldauf, and J. A. Barron Neogene to Recent Palynostratigraphy of Circum-Arctic Basins: Results of ODP Leg 104, Norwegian Sea, Leg 105, Baffin Bay, and DSDP Site 611, Irminger Sea / P.J. Mudie, A. de Vernal, and M.J. Head Miocene to Quaternary Paleoceanography in the Northern North Atlantic: Variability in Carbonate and Biogenic Opal Accumulation / G. Bohrmann, R Henrich, and J. Thiede Neogene and Pleistocene Glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere and Late Miocene - Pliocene Global Ice Volume Fluctuations: Evidence From the Norwegian Sea / E. Jansen, J. Sjoholm, U. Bleil, and J. A. Erichsen Southern Ocean Response to the Intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation at 2.4 Ma / D. A. Hodell, and P. F. Ciesielski Pliocene - Pleistocene Paleoceanography in the Weddell Sea - Siliceous Microfossil Evidence / A. Abelmann, R. Gersonde, and V. Spiess Polar Front Fluctuations and the Upper Gauss to Brunhes Paleoceanographic Record in the Southeast Atlantic Ocean / F. Westall, and J. Fenner Authors Index Subject Index

Note: Contents: Topographische und thematische Karten zur Ergebnisdarstellung der Spitzbergen-Expedition (SPE) 1990-1992 / K. BRUNNER & G. HELL. - Geodätische Arbeiten zur Untersttitzung der SPE-Teilprojekte / P. RAWIEL & S. RESSING. - Geologie und tektonische Entwicklung der Germaniahalvøya, Haakon VII Land, NW-Spitzbergen (Svalbard) / K. PIEPJOHN, & F. THIEDIG. - Zur jungquartären Vereisungsgeschichte und Landschaftsentwicklung in NW-Spitzbergen (Liefde-, Bock- und Woodfjord) / W. D. BLÜMEL, J. EBERLE & B. EITEL. - Zur Gletschergeschichte des Liefdefjords/NW-Spitzbergen / G. FURRER. - First results of structural and sedimentological investigations in the Liefdefjord and Woodfjord (northern Spitsbergen) / E. A. KROEMER, R. MÄUSBACHER, J. MÜLLER & R. SCHACHT. - Zur Entwicklung der postglazialen Sedimentation im Bereich des Liefdefjordes, NW-Spitzbergen / R. BAUMHAUER, & U. GLASER. - Evolution and age of shorelines along Woodfiord, northern Spitsbergen / H. BRÜCKNER & R. A. HALFAR. - Geomorphologische Kartierung der Germania Halvøya am Liefdefjorden (Nordwest-Spitzbergen) mit optischen Fernerkundungsdaten / G. STÄBLEIN & V. HOCHSCHILD. - Recent fluvial sediment budgets in glacial and periglacial environments, NW Spitsbergen / D. BARSCH, M. GUDE, R. MÄUSBACHER, G. SCHUKRAFT & A. SCHULTE. - Glacial dynamics, material transfer and sedimentation of Erikbreen and Hannabreen, Liefdefjorden, northern Spitsbergen / J. L. SOLLID, B. ETZELMÜLLER, G. VATNE & R. S. ØDEGARD. - Glaziologie und Glazialmorphologie des Liefde- und Bockfjordgebietes, NW-Spitzbergen / L. KING & M. VOLK. - Saisonaler Verlauf des Vorfluterchemismus im Kvikkåa-Einzugsgebiet (Liefdefjorden, NW-Spitzbergen) / M. POTSCHIN & H. LESER. - Terrain as an important controlling factor for climatological, meteorological and hydrological processes in NW-Spitsbergen / D. SCHERER & E. PARLOW. - Frostbodenformen im inneren Woodfjord, NW-Spitsbergen / D. THANNHEISER & I. MÖLLER. - Vegetationsgeographisch-synsoziologische Untersuchungen am Liefdefjord (NW-Spitzbergen) / D. THANNHEISER. - Vegetationsdecke und ökologischer Feuchtegrad als Indikatoren für solifluidale Prozesse in hocharktischen Ökosystemen des Liefdefjordes (NW-Spitzbergen) / E. SCHMITT. - Die Kartierung der Bodengesellschaften auf der Germania-Halbinsel (Liefdefjord/Spitzbergen) - Vorgehensweise, Abgrenzungskriterien und Bodensystematik / J. EBERLE & W. D. BLÜMEL. - Merkmale chemischer Verwitterung in hochpolaren Böden - Ergebnisse pedologisch-sedimentologischer Untersuchungen in NW-Spitzbergen / W. D. BLÜMEL & J. EBERLE. - Humuszustand und typische Humusprofile bei Böden der oligotrophen Tundra NW-Spitzbergens / L. WEBER & W. D. BLÜMEL. - The pattern of carbon-mineralisation in the high-arctic Tundra (Western and Northern Spitsbergen) as an expression of landscape ecologic environment heterogeneity / CH. WÜTHRICH, C. DÖBELI, D. SCHAUB & H. LESER. - Aufbau, Zerfall und Bedeutung der Meereisdecke am Liefdefjord, NW-Spitzbergen / L. KING & J. KNIES. , Beitr. teilw. dt., teilw. engl.

Note: Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Habil., 1993 u.d.T.: Energy requirements of the pygoscelid penguins

Note: Contents Julian A. Dowdeswell and James D. Scourse: Preface --- Julian A. Dowdeswell and James D. Scourse: On the description and modelling of glacimarine sediments and sedimentation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:1-13, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.01 --- G. S. Boulton: Sedimentary and sea level changes during glacial cycles and their control on glacimarine facies architecture / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:15-52, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.02 --- Ross D. Powell: Glacimarine processes at grounding-line fans and their growth to ice-contact deltas / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:53-73, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.03 --- Ellen A. Cowan and Ross D. Powell: Suspended sediment transport and deposition of cyclically interlaminated sediment in a temperate glacial fjord, Alaska, U.S.A. / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:75-89, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.04 --- Eugene W. Domack: Laminated terrigenous sediments from the Antarctic Peninsula: the role of subglacial and marine processes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:91-103, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.05 --- Robert Gilbert: Rafting in glacimarine environments / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:105-120, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.06 --- Julian A. Dowdeswell and Tavi Murray: Modelling rates of sedimentation from icebergs / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:121-137, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.07 --- Paul R. Carlson, Terry R. Bruns, and Michael A. Fisher: Development of slope valleys in the glacimarine environment of a complex subduction zone, Northern Gulf of Alaska / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:139-153, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.08 --- Alec E. Aitken: Fossilization potential of Arctic fjord and continental shelf benthic macrofaunas / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:155-176, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.09 --- James P. M. Syvitski, K. William G. LeBlanc, and R. E. Cranston: The flux and preservation of organic carbon in Baffin Island fjords / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:177-199, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.10 --- Ian J. Fairchild and Baruch Spiro: Carbonate minerals in glacial sediments: geochemical clues to palaeoenvironment / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:201-216, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.11 --- C. M. T. Woodworth-Lynas and J. Y. Guigné: Iceberg scours in the geological record: examples from glacial Lake Agassiz / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:217-233, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.12 --- Jens Bischof, Joachim Koch, Michaela Kubisch, Robert F. Spielhagen, and Jörn Thiede: Nordic Seas surface ice drift reconstructions: evidence from ice rafted coal fragments during oxygen isotope stage 6 / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:235-251, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.13 --- Anders Solheim, Lars Russwurm, Anders Elverhøi, and Mona Nyland Berg: Glacial geomorphic features in the northern Barents Sea: direct evidence for grounded ice and implications for the pattern of deglaciation and late glacial sedimentation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:253-268, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.14 --- Tore O. Vorren, Erland Lebesbye, and Kjell B. Larsen: Geometry and genesis of the glacigenic sediments in the southern Barents Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:269-288, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.15 --- D. Huddart and J. D. Peacock: Early Holocene morainal bank sedimentology and marine ecology, Skjoldungebrae gorge, North Scoresby Land, East Greenland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:289-305, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.16 --- Rodney L. Stevens: Proximal and distal glacimarine deposits in southwestern Sweden: contrasts in sedimentation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:307-316, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.17 --- A. R. Lord: The Pleistocene—Holocene transition in Southwestern Sweden and the recognition of deglaciation effects in adjacent seas / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:317-328, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.18 --- J. D. Scourse, W. E. N. Austin, R. M. Bateman, J. A. Catt, C. D. R. Evans, J. E. Robinson, and J. R. Young: Sedimentology and micropalaeontology of glacimarine sediments from the Central and Southwestern Celtic Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:329-347, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.19 --- M. S. Stoker: Glacially-influenced sedimentation on the Hebridean slope, northwestern United Kingdom continental margin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:349-362, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.20 --- Carolyn H. Eyles and Martin B. Lagoe: Sedimentation patterns and facies geometries on a temperate glacially-influenced continental shelf: the Yakataga Formation, Middleton Island, Alaska / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:363-386, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.21 --- A. C. M. Moncrieff and M. J. Hambrey: Marginal-marine glacial sedimentation in the late Precambrian succession of East Greenland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:387-410, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.22

Note: CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS FOREWORD / E. Imre Friedmann and Anne B. Thistle MARINE ENVIRONMENTS MICROBIAL PROCESSES IN THE SOUTHERN OCEANS / David M. Karl PHYTOPLANKTON / Sayed Z. El-Sayed and Greta A. Fryxell PROTOZOOPLANKTON / D. L Garrison and M. M. Gowing MICROORGANISMS IN ANTARCTIC SEA ICE / A. C. Palmisano and D. L Garrison NEARSHORE BENTHIC MARINE SEDIMENTS / D. C. White, G. A. Smith, J. B. Guckert, and P. O. Nichols DEGRADATION OF PARTICULATE ORGANIC MATERIAL IN THE ANTARCTIC / James T. Staley and Russell P. Herwig TERRESTRIAL AND FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENTS MICROORGANISMS IN THE ANTARCTIC ICE / S. S. Abyzov THE MICROBIOLOGY OF ANTARCTIC SOILS / H. S. Vishniac TERRESTRIAL LITHOPHYTIC (ROCK) COMMUNITIES / James A. Nienow and E. Imre Friedmann SOILS HEATED BY VOLCANISM / Paul A. Broady LICHENS IN THE ANTARCTIC REGION / Ludger Kappen ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATORS OF MICROBIAL ACTIVITY IN CONTINENTAL ANTARCTIC LAKES / George M. Simmons, Jr., J. Robie Vestal, and Robert A. Wharton, Jr. MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES AND PROCESSES IN ANTARCTIC FLOWING WATERS / W. F. Vincent, C. Howard-Williams, and P. A. Broady OTHER TOPICS HUMAN INFECTIOUS DISEASES / Harold G. Muchmore, E. Nan Scott, and Alan J. Parkinson RELEVANCE OF ANTARCTIC MICROBIAL ECOSYSTEMS TO EXOBIOLOGY / Christopher P. McKay PROTECTION OF ANTARCTIC MICROBIAL HABITATS / Sidney Draggan INDEX

Note: Contents: Acknowledgements. - lntroduction. - 1 Russian policy in the far North 1897-1917. - Introduction. - Bear Island and Spitsbergen. - The Kara Sea and Novaya Zemlya. - Polar exploration. - Exploitation of the North. - 2 Soviet sovereignty in the Arctic and the advent of flying 1917-32. - Arctic flying and its legal consequences. - Canada's choice between sector theory and effective occupation. - Shenandoah: the United States reject a sectorial division. - No theoretical alternatives to the sector theory. - Norge: the Soviet Union adopts the sector theory. - Trans-Arctic air routes: the sector becomes a 'historical reality'. - 3 The Stalinization of Arctic exploration. - The Krasin affair. - Soviet expeditions after the Krasin. - The Krasin: increasing public attention for the Arctic. - The first communist books about the Arctic. - Vize: the 'founding father' of Arctic history in the Soviet Union. - Vize's first book. - Samoylovich as a historian. - 4 In Stalin's time 1932-53. - The Northern Sea Route as a legitimation for the Soviet sector?. - The Chelyuskin: Stalin discovers the propaganda value of the Arctic. - Consequences for Arctic historiography and shipping. - 1937: the first Soviet air expedition. - Soviet criticism of the sector theory. - The Northern Sea Route in 1937. - 5 Arctic policy during the Cold War. - The Northern Sea Route as a theme. - The Passage as a regular sea route. - The Cold War: the Soviet Union falls back on the sector theory. - The sector, the Antarctic and Russo-American relations. - The revision of the sector theory by the Soviet Union. - The North: the historic waters doctrine. - The historic waters doctrine and the West. - 6 Historiography in the Cold War. - The influence of the historic waters doctrine on historiography. - The Zaliv Simsa findings. - First attempts to develop an early history of Arctic Russia. - The professionalization of Arctic studies. - Belov's early work: Semen Dezhnev. - Belov's first major work: Volume I. - Pinkhenson's Volume II: theoretical framework and implications. - Lenin's influence. - Classics of polar literature. - Literature about high-latitude expeditions. - 7 The age or the nuclear submarine. - The nuclear submarine: the doctrine in practice. - The Soviet reaction. - The doctrine and the Law of the Sea. - Support from Canada. - Alternative theories. - 8 Arctic shipping since 1953. - Destalinization and sea power. - Expansion of Arctic shipping. - Specialization. - 9 The western-section: winter navigation. - Introduction. - The Noril' sk mines. - Soviet attempts. - 10 The season of 1983. - The eastern section. - 'Arktika-1983'. - Shipping used on the eastern section. - 11 Arctic studies since 1953. - Broadening the field. - Archaeological expeditions. - Historical monuments. - The early nineteenth century: a success story. - Volume IV. - General works and new lines of enquiry after Belov. - New topics. - Conclusion. - Appendix. - Glossary. - Bibliography. - Index.

Note: Contents Preface Notation The governing physical laws 1.1 The first law of thermodynamics 1.2 Conservation of matter 1.3 Newton's second law of motion 1.4 Coordinate systems 1.5 Hydrostatic balance and its implications 1.6 Vorticity 1.7 The quasi-geostrophic approximation 1.8 Potential vorticity and the omega equation 1.9 Ertel's potential vorticity 1.10 Problems 2 Observing and modelling global circulations 2.1 Averaging the atmosphere 2.2 The global observing network 2.3 Numerical weather prediction models 2.4 The analysis-forecast cycle 2.5 Global circulation models 2.6 Problems 3 The atmospheric heat engine 3.1 Global energy balance 3.2 Local radiative balance 3.3 Thermodynamics of fluid motion 3.4 Observed atmospheric heating 3.5 Problems 4 The zonal mean meridional circulation 4.1 Observational basis 4.2 The Held-Hou model of the Hadley circulation 4.3 More realistic models of the Hadley circulation 4.4 Zonal mean circulation in midlatitudes 4.5 A Lagrangian view of the meridional circulation 4.6 Problems 5 Transient disturbances in the midlatitudes 5.1 Timescales of atmospheric motion 5.2 The structure of transient eddies 5.3 Atmospheric energetics 5.4 Theories of baroclinic instability 5.5 Baroclinic lifecycles and high frequency transients 5.6 Problems 6 Wave propagation and steady eddies 6.1 Observations of steady eddies 6.2 Barotropic model 6.3 Application to observed steady eddies 6.4 Vertical propagation of Rossby waves 6.5 The Eliassen-Palm flux 6.6 Eliassen-Palm fluxes and baroclinic lifecycles 6.7 Problems 7 Three-dimensional aspects of the global circulation 7.1 Zonal variations in the tropics 7.2 Monsoon circulations 7.3 Midlatitude storm zones and jets 7.4 Interactions between transient and steady eddies 7.5 The global transport of water vapour 7.6 Problems 8 Low frequency variability of the circulation 8.1 Low frequency transients 8.2 Teleconnection-patterns 8.3 Stratospheric oscillations 8.4 Intraseasonal oscillation 8.5 The Southern Oscillation 8.6 Blocking of the midlatitude flow 8.7 Chaos and ultra low frequency variability 8.8 Problems 9 The stratosphere 9.1 The seasonal cycle of the stratospheric circulation 9.2 Wave propagation and mean flow interactions 9.3 The production and transport of ozone 9.4 Exchange of matter across the tropopause 9.5 Problems 10 Planetary atmospheres and other fluid systems 10.1 Major influences on planetary circulations 10.2 Terrestrial circulations 10.3 Slowly rotating atmospheres 10.4 The atmospheric circulation of the giant planets 10.5 Large scale ocean circulation 10.6 Laboratory systems 10.7 Problems Appendix Solutions to Problems Bibliography References Index

Note: Contents Preface Introduction List of Symbols Part I Fundamentals Chapter 1 Identification of Clouds 1.1 Atmospheric Structure and Scales 1.2 Cloud Types Identified Visually 1.2.1 Genera, Species, and Étages 1.2.2 Low Clouds 1.2.3 Middle Clouds 1.2.4 High Clouds 1.2.5 Orographic Clouds 1.3 Cloud Systems Identified by Satellite 1.3.1 Mesoscale Convective Systems 1.3 .2 Hurricanes 1.3.3 Extratropical Cyclones Chapter 2 Atmospheric Dynamics 2.1 The Basic Equations 2.1.1 Equation of Motion 2.1.2 Equation of State 2.1.3 Thermodynamic Equation 2.1.4 Mass Continuity 2.1.5 Water Continuity 2.1.6 The Full Set of Equations 2.2 Balanced Flow 2.2.1 Quasi-Geostrophic Motion 2.2.2 Semigeostrophic Motions 2.2.3 Gradient-Wind Balance 2.2.4 Hydrostatic Balance 2.2.5 Thermal Wind 2.2.6 Cyclostrophic Balance 2.3 Anelastic and Boussinesq Approximations 2.4 Vorticity 2.5 Potential Vorticity 2.6 Perturbation Form of the Equations 2.6.1 Equation of State and Continuity Equation 2.6.2 Thermodynamic and Water-Continuity Equations 2.6.3 Equation of Motion 2.6.4 Eddy Kinetic Energy Equation 2.7 Oscillations and Waves 2.7.1 Buoyancy Oscillations 2.7.2 Gravity Waves 2.7.3 Inertial Oscillations 2.7.4 Inertio-Gravity Waves 2.8 Adjustment to Geostrophic and Gradient Balance 2.9 Instabilities 2.9.1 Buoyant, Inertial, and Symmetric Instabilities 2.9.2 Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability 2.9.3 Rayleigh-Benard Instability 2.10 Representation of Eddy Fluxes 2.10.1 K-Theory 2.10.2 Higher-Order Closure 2.10.3 Large-Eddy Simulation 2.11 The Planetary Boundary Layer 2.11.1 The Ekman Layer 2.11.2 Boundary-Layer Stability 2.11.3 The Surface Layer Chapter 3 Cloud Microphysics 3.1 Microphysics of Warm Clouds 3.1.1 Nucleation of Drops 3.1.2 Condensation and Evaporation 3.1.3 Fall Speeds of Drops 3.1.4 Coalescence 3.1.5 Breakup of Drops 3.2 Microphysics of Cold Clouds 3.2.1 Homogeneous Nucleation of Ice Particles 3.2.2 Heterogeneous Nucleation of Ice Particles 3.2.3 Deposition and Sublimation 3.2.4 Aggregation and Riming 3.2.5 Hail 3.2.6 Ice Enhancement 3.2.7 Fall Speeds of Ice Particles 3.2.8 Melting 3.3 Types of Microphysical Processes and Categories of Water Substance in Clouds 3.4 Water-Continuity Equations 3.5 Explicit Water-Continuity Models 3.5.1 General 3.5.2 Explicit Modeling of Warm Clouds 3.5.3 Explicit Modeling of Cold Clouds 3.6 Bulk Water-Continuity Models 3 .6.1 Bulk Modeling of Warm Clouds 3.6.2 Bulk Modeling of Cold Clouds Chapter 4 Radar Meteorology 4.1 General Characteristics of Meteorological Radars 4.2 Reflectivity Measurements 4.2.1 Obtaining Reflectivity from Returned Power 4.2.2 Relating Reflectivity to Precipitation 4.2.3 Estimating Areal Precipitation from Radar Data 4.3 Polarization Data 4.4 Doppler Velocity Measurements 4.4.1 Radial Velocity 4.4.2 Velocity and Range Folding 4.4.3 Vertical Incidence Observations 4.4.4 Range-Height Data 4.4.5 Velocity-Azimuth Display Method 4.4.6 Multiple-Doppler Synthesis 4.4.7 Retrieval of Thermodynamic and Microphysical Variables Part II Phenomena Chapter 5 Shallow-Layer Clouds 5.1 Fog and Stratus in a Boundary Layer Cooled from Below 5.1.1 General Considerations 5.1.2 Turbulent Mixing in Fog 5.1.3 Radiation Fog 5. 1.4 Arctic Stratus 5.2 Stratus, Stratocumulus, and Small Cumulus in a Boundary Layer Heated from Below 5.2.1 General Considerations 5.2.2 Cloud-Topped Mixed Layer 5.2.3 Mesoscale Structure of Mixed-Layer Clouds 5.3 Cirriform Clouds 5.3.1 General Considerations 5.3.2 Cirrus Uncinus 5.3.3 Ice-Cloud Outflow from Cumulonimbus 5.3.4 Cirriform Cloud in a Thin Layer Apart from a Generating Source 5.4 Altostratus and Altocumulus 5.4.1 Altostratus and Altocumulus Produced as Remnants of Other Clouds 5.4.2 Altocumulus as High-Based Convective Clouds 5.4.3 Altostratus and Altocumulus as Shallow-Layer Clouds Aloft 5.4.4 Ice Particle Generation by Altocumulus Elements 5.4.5 Interaction of Altocumulus and Lower Cloud Layers Chapter 6 Nimbostratus 6.1 Stratiform Precipitation 6.1.1 Definition and Distinction from Convective Precipitation 6.1.2 Radar-Echo Structure 6.1.3 Microphysical Observations 6.1.4 Role of Convection 6.2 Nimbostratus with Shallow Embedded Convection Aloft 6.3 Nimbostratus Associated with Deep Convection 6.4 Radiation and Turbulent Mixing in Nimbostratus Chapter 7 Cumulus Dynamics 7.1 Buoyancy 7.2 Pressure Perturbation 7.3 Entrainment 7.3.1 General Considerations 7.3.2 Continuous, Homogeneous Entrainment 7.3.3 Discontinuous, Inhomogeneous Entrainment 7.4 Vorticity 7.4.1 General Considerations 7.4.2 Horizontal Vorticity 7.4.3 Vertical Vorticity 7.5 Modeling of Convective Clouds 7.5.1 General Considerations 7.5.2 One-Dimensional Time-Dependent Model 7.5.3 Two- and Three-Dimensional Models Chapter 8 Thunderstorms 8.1 Small Cumulonimbus Clouds 8.2 Multicell Thunderstorms 8.3 Supercell Thunderstorms 8.4 Environmental Conditions Favoring Different Types of Thunderstorms 8.5 Supercell Dynamics 8.5.1 Storm Splitting and Propagation 8.5.2 Directional Shear 8.6 Transition of the Supercell to the Tomadic Phase 8.7 Nonsupercell Tornadoes and Waterspouts 8.8 The Tornado 8.8.1 Observed Structure and Life Cycle 8.8.2 Tornado Vortex Dynamics 8.9 Gust Fronts 8.10 Downbursts 8.10.1 Definitions and Descriptive Models 8.10.2 Effects of Microbursts on Aircraft 8.10.3 Dynamics of Microbursts 8.11 Lines of Thunderstorms Chapter 9 Mesoscale Convective Systems 9.1 General Characteristics of the Cloud and Precipitation Patterns 9.1.1 Satellite Observations 9.1.2 Precipitation Structure 9.1.3 Life Cycle of a Precipitation Area 9.2 The Squall Line with Trailing Stratiform Precipitation 9.2.1 General Features 9.2.2 The Convective Region 9.2.3 The Stratiform Region 9.3 General Kinematic Characteristics of Mesoscale Convective Systems 9.3.1 Divergence Associated with Mesoscale Convective Systems 9.3.2 Vorticity in Regions Containing Mesoscale Convective Systems Chapter 10 Clouds in Hurricanes 10.1 General Features of Hurricanes 10.1.1 Definition and Regions of Formation 10.1.2 General Pattern of Clouds and Precipitation 10.1.3 Storm-Scale Kinematics and Thermodynamics 10.2 The Inner-Core Region 10.3 Basic Hurricane Dynamics 10.4 Clouds and Precipitation in the Eyewall 10.4.1 Slantwise Circulation in the Eyewall Cloud 10.4.2 Strength of the Radial-Vertical Circulation in the Eyewafl Cloud 10.4.3 Vertical Convection in the Eyewall 10.4.4 Downdrafts 10.4.5 Eyewall Propagation 10.5 Rainbands Chapter 11 Precipitating Clouds in Extratropical Cyclones 11.1 Structure and Dynamics of a Baroclinic Wave 11.1.1 Idealized Horizontal and Vertical Structure 11.1.2 Dynamics Governing Large-Scale Vertical Air Motion 11.1.3 Application of the Omega Equation to a Real Baroclinic Wave 11.1.4 Low-Level Cyclone Development 11.2 Circulation at a Front 11.2.1 Quasi-Geostrophic Frontogenesis 11.2.2 Semigeostrophic Frontogenesis 11.2.3 Moist Frontogenesis 11.2.4 Some Simple Theoretical Examples 11.3 Horizontal Patterns of Frontal Zones in Developing Cyclones 11.4 Clouds and Precipitation in a Frontal Cyclone 11.4.1 Satellite-Observed Cloud Patterns 11.4.2 Distribution of Precipitation within the Cloud Pattern 11.4.3 Narrow Cold-Frontal Rainbands 11.4.4 Wide Cold-Frontal Rainbands 11.4.5 Warm-Frontal Rainbands 11.4.6 Clouds and Precipitation Associated with the Occlusion 11.5 Clouds in Polar Lows 11.5.1 Comma-Cloud System 11.5.2 Small Hurricane-like Vortex Chapter 12 Orographic Clouds 12.1 Shallow Clouds in Upslope Flow 12.2 Wave Clouds Produced by Long Ridges 12.2.1 Flow over Sinusoidal Terrain 12.2.2 Flow over a Ridge of Arbitrary Shape 12.2.3 Clouds Associated with Vertically Propagating Waves 12.2.4 Clouds Associated with Lee Waves 12.2.5 Nonlinear Effects: Large-Amplitude Waves, Blocking, the Hydraulic Jump, and Rotor Clouds 12.3 Clouds Associated with Flow over Isolated Peaks 12.4 Orographic Precipitation 12.4.1 Seeder-Feeder Mechanism over Small Hills 12.4.2 Upslope Condensation 12.4.3 Orographic Convection References Index

Note: Contents Preface 1 Introduction 1.1 Fields 1.2 Geophysical equipment 1.3 Geophysical data 1.4 Bases and base networks 2 Gravity method 2.1 Physical basis of the gravity method 2.2 Gravity meters 2.3 Gravity reductions 2.4 Gravity surveys 2.5 Field interpretation 3 Magnetic method 3.1 Magnetic properties 3.2 The magnetic field of the Earth 3.3 Magnetic instruments 3.4 Magnetic survey practice 3.5 5 imple magnetic interpretation 4 Radioactivity surveys 4.1 Natural radiation 4.2 Radiation detectors 4.3 Radiometric surveys 5 Electric current methodsgeneral considerations 5.1 Resistivity 5.2 Electrode arrays 5.3 Equipment for resistivity surveys 6 Direct-current methods 6.1 SP surveys 6.2 Resistivity profiling 6.3 Resistivity depth-sounding 7 Induced polarization 7.1 Polarization fundamentals 7.2 Time-domain IP surveys 7.3 Frequency-domain surveys 7.4 Handling IP data 8 Electromagnetic methods 8.1 Induction principles 8.2 Continuous-wave systems 8.3 Other e.m. techniques 9 VLF methods 9.1 VLF radiation 9.2 VLF instruments 9.3 VLF maps 10 Seismic methods - general considerations 10.1 Seismic waves 10.2 Seismic sources 10.3 Detection of seismic waves 10.4 Recording seismic waves 11 Seismic reflection 11.1 Reflection theory 11.2 Reflection surveys 12 Seismic refraction 12.1 Refraction surveys 12.2 Field interpretation 12.3 Limitations of the refraction method Appendix Terrain corrections for Hammer zones B to M References and further reading Index

Note: Contents: 44. Selaginellaceae / P. J. Stafford. - 45. Oleaceae / W. Punt, J. A. A. Bos and P. P. Hoen. - 46. Geraniaceae / P. J. Stafford and S. Blackmore. - 47. Juglandaceae / J. A. A. Bos and W. Punt. - 48. Cornaceae / P. J. Stafford and G. L. A. Heath. - 49. Globulariaceae / W. Punt and A. Marks. - 50. Buxaceae / W. Punt and A. Marks. - 51. Ranunculaceae / G. C. S. Clarke, W. Punt and P. P. Hoen. - Index.