ALBERT

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgments 1. Statistics for Spatial Data 1.1 Spatial Data and Spatial Models 1.2 Introductory Examples 1.2.1 Geostatistical Data 1.2.2 Lattice Data 1.2.3 Point Patterns 1.3 Statistics for Spatial Data: Why? PART I GEOSTATISTICAL DATA 2. Geostatistics 2.1 Continuous Spatial Index 2.2 Spatial Data Analysis of Coal Ash in Pennsylvania 2.2.1 Intrinsic Stationarity 2.2.2 Square-Root-Differences Cloud 2.2.3 The Pocket Plot 2.2.4 Decomposing the Data into Large- and Small-Scale Variation 2.2.5 Analysis of Residuals 2.2.6 Variogram of Residuals from Median Polish 2.3 Stationary Processes 2.3.1 Variogram 2.3.2 Covariogram and Correlogram 2.4 Estimation of the Variogram 2.4.1 Comparison of Variogram and Covariogram Estimation 2.4.2 Exact Distribution Theory for the Variogram Estimator 2.4.3 Robust Estimation of the Variogram 2.5 Spectral Representations 2.5.1 Valid Covariograms 2.5.2 Valid Variograms 2.6 Variogram Model Fitting 2.6.1 Criteria for Fitting a Variogram Model 2.6.2 Least Squares 2.6.3 Properties of Variogram-Parameter Estimators 2.6.4 Cross-Validating the Fitted Variogram 3. Spatial Prediction and Kriging 3.1 Scale of Variation 3.2 Ordinary Kriging 3.2.1 Effect of Variogram Parameters on Kriging 3.2.2 Lognormal and Trans-Gaussian Kriging 3.2.3 Cokriging 3.2.4 Some Final Remarks 3.3 Robust Kriging 3.4 Universal Kriging 3.4.1 Universal Kriging of Coal-Ash Data 3.4.2 Trend-Surface Prediction 3.4.3 Estimating the Variogram for Universal Kriging 3.4.4 Bayesian Kriging 3.4.5 Kriging Revisited 3.5 Median-Polish Kriging 3.5.1 Gridded Data 3.5.2 Nongridded Data 3.5.3 Median Polishing Spatial Data: Inference Results 3.5.4 Median-Based Covariogram Estimators are Less Biased 3.6 Geostatistical Data, Simulated and Real 3.6.1 Simulation of Spatial Processes 3.6.2 Conditional Simulation 3.6.3 Geostatistical Data 4. Applications of Geostatistics 4.1 Wolfcamp-Aquifer Data 4.1.1 Intrinsic-Stationarity Assumption 4.1.2 Nonconstant-Mean Assumption 4.2 Soil-Water Tension Data 4.3 Soil-Water-Infiltration Data 4.3.1 Estimating and Modeling the Spatial Dependence 4.3.2 Inference on Mean Effects (Spatial Analysis of Variance) 4.4 Sudden-Infant-Death-Syndrome Data 4.5 Wheat-Yield Data 4.5.1 Presence of Trend in the Data 4.5.2 Intrinsic Stationarity 4.5.3 Median-Polish (Robust) Kriging 4.6 Acid-Deposition Data 4.6.1 Spatial Modeling and Prediction 4.6.2 Sampling Design 4.7 Space-Time Geostatistical Data 5. Special Topics in Statistics for Spatial Data 5.1 Nonlinear Geostatistics 5.2 Change of Support 5.3 Stability of the Geostatistical Method 5.3.1 Estimation of Spatial-Dependence Parameters 5.3.2 Stability of the Kriging Predictor 5.3.3 Stability of the Kriging Variance 5.4 Intrinsic Random Functions of Order k 5.5 Applications of the Theory of Random Processes 5.6 Spatial Design 5.6.1 Spatial Sampling Design 5.6.2 Spatial Experimental Design 5.7 Field Trials 5.7.1 Nearest-Neighbor Analyses 5.7.2 Analyses Based on Spatial Modeling 5.8 Infill Asymptotics 5.9 The Many Faces of Spatial Prediction 5.9.1 Stochastic Methods of Spatial Prediction 5.9.2 Nonstochastic Methods of Spatial Prediction 5.9.3 Comparisons and Some Final Remarks PART II LATTICE DATA 6. Spatial Models on Lattices 6.1 Lattices 6.2 Spatial Data Analysis of Sudden Infant Deaths in North Carolina 6.2.1 Nonspatial Data Analysis 6.2.2 Spatial Data Analysis 6.2.3 Trend Removal 6.2.4 Some Final Remarks 6.3 Conditionally and Simultaneously Specified Spatial Gaussian Models 6.3.1 Simultaneously Specified Spatial Gaussian Models 6.3.2 Conditionally Specified Spatial Gaussian Models 6.3.3 Comparison 6.4 Markov Random Fields 6.4.1 Neighbors, Cliques, and the Negpotential Function Q 6.4.2 Pairwise-Only Dependence and Conditional Exponential Distributions 6.4.3 Some Final Remarks 6.5 Conditionally Specified Spatial Models for Discrete Data 6.5.1 Binary Data 6.5.2 Counts Data 6.6 Conditionally Specified Spatial Models for Continuous Data 6. 7 Simultaneously Specified and Other Spatial Models 6.7.1 Simultaneously Specified Spatial Models 6.7.2 Other Spatial Models 6.8 Space-Time Models 7. Inference for Lattice Models 7.1 Inference for the Mercer and Hall Wheat-Yield Data 7.1.1 Data Description 7.1.2 Spatial Lattice Models 7.2 Parameter Estimation for Lattice Models 7.2.1 Estimation Criteria 7.2.2 Gaussian Maximum Likelihood Estimation 7.2.3 Some Computational Details 7.3 Properties of Estimators 7.3.1 Increasing-Domain Asymptotics 7.3.2 The Jackknife and Bootstrap for Spatial Lattice Data 7.3.3 Cross-Validation and Model Selection 7.4 Statistical Image Analysis and Remote Sensing 7.4.1 Remote Sensing 7 .4.2 Ordinary Discriminant Analysis 7.4.3 Markov-Random-Field Models 7.4.4 Edge Processes 7.4.5 Textured Images 7.4.6 Single Photon Emission Tomography 7.4.7 Least Squares and Image Regularization 7.4.8 Method of Sieves 7.4.9 Mathematical Morphology 7.5 Regional Mapping, Scotland Lip-Cancer Data 7.5.1 Exploratory Regional Mapping 7.5.2 Parametric Empirical Bayes Mapping 7.6 Sudden-Infant-Death-Syndrome Data 7.6.1 Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis 7.6.2 Auto-Poisson Model 7 .6.3 Auto-Gaussian Model 7. 7 Lattice Data, Simulated and Real 7.7.1 Simulation of Lattice Processes 7.7.2 Lattice Data PART III SPATIAL PATTERNS 8. Spatial Point Patterns 8.1 Random Spatial Index 8.2 Spatial Data Analysis of Longleaf Pines (Pinus palustris) 8.2.1 Data Description 8.2.2 Complete Spatial Randomness, Regularity, and Clustering 8.2.3 Quadrat Methods 8.2.4 Kernel Estimators of the Intensity Function 8.2.5 Distance Methods 8.2.6 Nearest-Neighbor Distribution Functions and the K Function 8.2.7 Some Final Remarks 8.3 Point Process Theory 8.3.1 Moment Measures 8.3.2 Generating Functionals 8.3.3 Stationary and Isotropic Point Processes 8.3.4 Palm Distributions 8.3.5 Reduced Second Moment Measure 8.4 Complete Spatial Randomness, Distance Functions, and Second Moment Measures 8.4.1 Complete Spatial Randomness 8.4.2 Distance Functions 8.4.3 K Functions, 8.4.4 Animal-Behavior Data 8.4.5 Some Final Remarks 8.5 Models and Model Fitting 8.5.1 Inhomogeneous Poisson Process 8.5.2 Cox Process 8.5.3 Poisson Cluster Process 8.5.4 Simple Inhibition Point Processes 8.5.5 Markov Point Process 8.5.6 Thinned and Related Point Processes 8.5.7 Other Models 8.5.8 Some Final Remarks 8.6 Multivariate Spatial Point Processes 8.6.1 Theoretical Considerations 8.6.2 Estimation of the Cross K Function 8.6.3 Bivariate Spatial-Point-Process Models 8.7 Marked Spatial Point Processes 8.7.1 Theoretical Considerations 8.7.2 Estimation of Moment Measures 8.7.3 Marked Spatial-Point-Process Models 8.8 Space-Time Point Patterns 8.9 Spatial Point Patterns, Simulated and Real 8.9.1 Simulation of Spatial Point Patterns 8.9.2 Spatial Point Patterns 9. Modeting Objects 9.1 Set Models 9.1.1 Fractal Sets 9.1.2 Fuzzy Sets 9.1.3 Random Closed Sets: An Example 9.2 Random Parallelograms in IR 2 9.3 Random Closed Sets and Mathematical Morphology 9.3.1 Theory and Methods 9.3.2 Inference on Random Closed Sets 9.4 The Boolean Model 9.4.1 Main Properties 9.4.2 Generalizations of the Boolean Model 9.5 Methods of Boolean-Model Parameter Estimation 9.5.1 Analysis of Random-Parallelograms Data 9.5.2 Analysis of Heather-Incidence Data 9.5.3 Intensity Estimation in the Boolean Model 9.6 Inference for the Boolean Model 9.7 Modeling Growth with Random Sets 9.7.1 Random-Set Growth Models 9.7.2 Tumor-Growth Data 9.7.3 Fitting the Tumor-Growth Parameters References Author Index Subject lndex

Note: Contents: 1. INTRODUCTION. - 1.1 What is Synoptic Meteorology?. - 1.1.1 Historical background. - 1.1.2 Classification of atmospheric phenomena. - 1.1.3 Atmospheric phenomena as fractals. - 1.1.4 The role of observations and theory. - 1.1.5 The mystery of synoptic meteorology. - 1.1.6 The organization of this text. - 1.2 Units and Variables. - 1.2.1 The MKS system. - 1.2.2 The MTS system. - 1.2.3 Other useful conversion factors. - 1.3 Coordinate Systems. - 1.3.1 Cartesian coordinates. - 1.3.2 Natural coordinates. - 1.3.3 The representation of the wind field. - 1.3.4 Pressure coordinates. - 1.3.5 Isentropic coordinates. - 1.3.6 σ coordinates. - 1.3.7 Invariance. - 1.3.8 The total derivative. - Note. - References. - 2. SCALAR FIELDS AND THEIR KINEMATICS. - 2.1 The Pressure (Height) Field. - 2.1.1 What is kinematics?. - 2.1.2 A description of features in the pressure (height) field. - 2.1.3 Analysis of the pressure (height) field. - 2.1.4 Kinematics of the pressure (height) field. - 2.1.5 The hydrostatic equation and the reduction of pressure to a reference level. - 2.2 The Temperature and Moisture Fields. - 2.3 The Measurement of Scalar Fields. - 2.3.1 Introduction. - 2.3.2 The measurement of pressure. - 2.3.3 The measurement of height. - 2.3.4 The measurement of temperature. - 2.3.5 The measurement of humidity. - 2.3.6 Clouds. - 2.3.7 The measurement of precipitation. - 2.3.8 Instrument platforms. - Notes. - References. - Problems. - 3. KINEMATICS OF THE WIND FIELD. - 3.1 Properties of the Horizontal Wind Field. - 3.1.1 The decomposition of a linear wind field. - 3.1.2 Translation. - 3.1.3 Divergence. - 3.1.4 Vorticity. - 3.1.5 Deformation. - 3.1.6 Summary. - 3.1.7 Trajectories. - 3.2 The Computation of Divergence, Vorticity, and Deformation. - 3.2.1 The expressions for divergence, vorticity, and deformation on the Earth's surface. - 3.2.2 Finite-difference computations. - 3.2.3 Integral computations of divergence, vorticity, and deformation. - 3.2.4 The linear vector point function method. - 3.3 Properties of the Three-Dimensional Wind Field. - 3.4 Measuring the Wind Field. - 3.4.1 Introduction. - 3.4.2 Wind-measuring instruments: Dependence of the properties of an object upon wind speed. - 3.4.3 Wind-measuring instruments: The tracking of tracers moving with the horizontal component of the wind. - Notes. - References. - Problems. - 4. ELEMENTARY ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS AND THERMODYNAMICS. - 4.1 The Law of Motion. - 4.1.1 The equation of fluid motion on a rotating sphere: Vector form. - 4.1.2 The equations of fluid motion on a rotating sphere: Scalar form. - 4.1.3 The geostrophic wind. - 4.1.4 The isallobaric wind and the inertial-advective wind. - 4.1.5 The equations of motion in natural coordinates. - 4.1.6 The thermal wind. - 4.2 The Equation of Continuity. - 4.2.1 The equation of continuity in height coordinates. - 4.2.2 The equation of continuity in pressure coordinates. - 4.2.3 The equation of continuity in isentropic coordinates. - 4.2.4 The kinematic boundary condition. - 4.2.5 The dynamic boundary condition. - 4.3 The Thermodynamic Equation. - 4.3.1 Dry thermodynamics. - 4.3.2 Moist thermodynamics. - 4.4 Friction. - 4.4.1 Molecular friction. - 4.4.2 Turbulent friction. - 4.4.3 The surface boundary layer. - 4.4.4 The friction layer. - 4.4.5 The turbulent transport of general quantities. - 4.4.6 The antitriptic wind. - 4.5 The Vorticity Equation. - 4.5.1 Derivation of the vorticity equation in height coordinates. - 4.5.2 The Bjerknes and Kelvin circulation theorems. - 4.5.3 Physical interpretation of the vorticity equation and the circulation theorems. - 4.5.4 The vorticity equation in pressure coordinates. - 4.5.5 The vorticity equation in isentropic coordinates and Ertel's potential vorticity. - 4.5.6 The horizontal vorticity equation. - 4.5.7 The three-dimensional vorticity equation in a compressible atmosphere. - 4.6 Energetics. - 4.7 Thermodynamic Retrieval. - References. - Problems. - 5. QUASIGEOSTROPHIC THEORY. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Estimating the Terms in the Vorticity and Thermodynamic Equations. - 5.2.1 Substitution of the analytical-model equations into the vorticity and thermodynamic equations. - 5.2.2 The relationship between w and ω. - 5.2.3 The kinematic boundary conditions for midlatitude, synoptic-scale systems. - 5.2.4 A simplified vorticity equation. - 5.2.5 The thermodynamic equation for synoptic-scale systems in the midlatitudes. - 5.2.6 The effects of diabatic heating and static stability. - 5.3 Estimating Vertical Motion from the Observed Wind and Mass Fields. - 5.3.1 The kinematic method. - 5.3.2 The adiabatic method. - 5.3.3 The vorticity method. - 5.3.4 Satellite infrared photograph technique. - 5.4 Estimating Local Height Tendencies from the Observed Wind and Mass Fields. - 5.5 The Quasigeostrophic Vorticity and Thermodynamic Equations. - 5.5.1 The quasigeostrophic approximation. - 5.5.2 The quasigeostrophic vorticity and thermodynamic equations. - 5.5.3 The quasigeostrophic equations of motion. - 5.6 Derivation of the Quasigeostrophic ω and Height-tendency Equations. - 5.6.1 The quasigeostrophic vorticity and thermodynamic equations expressed in terms of the height field. - 5.6.2 The quasigeostrophic ω equation. - 5.6.3 The quasigeostrophic height-tendency equation. - 5.6.4 The quasigeostrophic ω equation and height-tendency equation with diabatic heating and friction. - 5.7 Interpretation of the Quasigeostrophic ω-Equation. - 5.7.1 Mathematical interpretation. - 5.7.2 Physical interpretation. - 5.7.3 The Trenberth formulation of the quasigeostrophic ω equation. - 5.7.4 The Q-vector representation of the quasigeostrophic ω equation. - 5.7.5 Comparison of the different quasigeostrophic ω equations. - 5.8 The Quasigeostrophic Potential Vorticity Form of the Height-Tendency Equation. - 5.9 Static-Stability Effects on Vertical Motion. - 5.9.1 The effects of horizontal variations in static stability on vertical motion. - 5.9.2 Effective static stability. - 5.10 Interpretation of the Quasigeostrophic Height-Tendency Equation. - 5.10.1 Mathematical interpretation. - 5.10.2 Physical interpretation. - 5.11 The Effects of Vertical Variations in Static Stability on the Geopotential-Height Tendency. - Note. - References. - Problems. - Selected Answers to Problems. - Appendix 1. Review of Vector Notation. - Appendix 2. Implications of Hydrostatic Balance for the Horizontal and Vertical Scales of Meteoro­logical Phenomena. - Appendix 3. Matrix Notation. - Index.

Note: Contents: Introduction Data printouts Late reports Notes Numerical station index Alphabetical station index Appendix 1 Laboratories which have co-operated or are co-operating in the IAEA/WMO network Tritium laboratories Stable isotopes laboratories

Note: Contents Contributors page Preface Plates Part One: Fundamentals of Large Eddy Simulation 1 Some Historical Remarks on the Use of Nonlinear Viscosities / Joseph Smagorinsky 2 Subgrid-Scale Modeling / Joel H. Ferziger 3 Some Basic Challenges for Large Eddy Simulation Research / Steven A. Orszag, Ilya Staroselsky, and Victor Yakhot 4 Some Contributions of Two-Point Closure to Large Eddy Simulations / Jackson R. Herring and Robert M. Kerr 5 Stochastic Backscatter Formulation for three-Dimensional Compressible Flows / Cecil E. Leith Part Two: Large Eddy Simulation in Engineering 6 Applications of Large Eddy Simulations in Engineering: An Overview / Ugo Piomelli Incompressible Flows 7 Large Eddy Simulation of Scalar Transport with the Dynamic Subgrid-Scale Model / William Cabot and Parviz Moin 8 Renormalization Group Theory Simulation of Transitional and Turbulent Flow over a Backward-Facing Step / George E. Karniadakis, Steven A. Orszag, and Victor Yakhot 9 Spectral Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Shear Flows / Marcel Lesieur, Olivier Métais , Xavier Normand, and Aristeu Silveira-Neto 10 Anisotropic Representation of Subgrid-Scale Reynolds Stress in Large Eddy Simulation / Kiyosi Horiuti 11 Large Eddy Simulation of Transitional Flow / Thomas A. Zang and Ugo Piomelli Compressible and Reacting Flows 12 Direct Numerical Simulation and Large Eddy Simulation of Compressible Turbulence / Gordon Erlebacher and Mohammed Y. Hussaini 13 Large Eddy Simulation of Mixing Layers / Saad A. Ragab and Shaw-Ching Sheen 14 A Linear-Eddy Mixing Model for Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Combustion / Suresh Menon, Patrick A. McMurtry, and Alan R. Kerstein 15 Direct Numerical Simulation and Large Eddy Simulation of Reacting Homogeneous Turbulence / Cyrus K. Madnia and Peyman Givi Part Three: Large Eddy Simulation in Geophysics 16 Large Eddy Simulation in Geophysical Turbulence Parameterization: An Overview / John C. Wyngaard and Chin-Hoh Moeng Atmospheric Sciences 17 Using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System in the Large Eddy Simulation Mode: From inhomogeneous Surfaces to Cirrus Clouds / William R. Cotton, Robert L. Walko, Keeley R. Costigan, Piotr J. Flatau, and Roger A. Pielke 18 Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Convection over Flat and Wavy Surfaces / Ulrich Schumann Physical Oceanography 19 The Role of Oceans in Climate Change: A Challenge to Large Eddy Simulation / Greg Holloway 20 Modeling the Oceanic Planetary Boundary Layer / James C. McWilliams, Patrick C. Gallacher, Chin-Hoh Moeng, and John C. Wyngaard 21 Diapycnal Mixing in the Ocean: A Review / Peter Müller 22 Near-Surface Mixing and the Ocean's Role in Climate / Mark A. Cane Environmental Flows 23 Conjunctive Filtering Procedures in Surface Water Flow and Transport / Keith W. Bedford and Woon K. Yeo 24 Leonard and Cross-Term Approximations in the Anisotropically Filtered Equations of Motion / Alvaro A. Aldama 25 Large Eddy Simulation as a Tool in Engineering and Geophysics: Panel Discussion / Thomas A. Zang Part Four: Large Eddy Simulation and Massively Parallel Computing 26 Parallel Computing for Large Eddy Simulation / Cecil E. Leith 27 Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Large Eddy Simulation, and Massively Parallel Computing / William P. Dannevik Index

Note: Table of Contents PROLOGUE The Geological History of Cenozoic Polar Oceans: Arctic Versus Antarctic - An Introduction / U. Bleil, and J. Thiede PHYSIOGRAPHY AND PLATE TECTONICS OF THE POLAR DEEP-SEA BASINS AND THEIR CONTINENTAL MARGINS Morphology and Plate Tectonics: The Modern Polar Oceans / G. L. Johnson The Opening of the Arctic Ocean / L. A. Lamer, R. D. Müller, S. P. Srivastava, and W. Roest On the Tectonic Evolution and Paleoceanographic Significance of the Fram Strait Gateway / Y. Kristoffersen The Evolution of the Svalbard Margins: Synthesis and New Results / E. Sundvor, and A. Austegard The Western Barents Sea During the Cenozoic / T. O. Vorren, G. Richardsen, S.-M. Knutsen, and E. Henriksen Structures in Rift-Basin Sediments on the Conjugate Margins of Western Tasmania, South Tasman Rise, and Ross Sea, Antarctica / K Him, M. Hemmerich, U. Salge, and O. Eiken A Fine-Scale Seismic Stratigraphy of the Eastern Margin of the Weddell Sea / H. Miller, J. P. Henriet, N. Kaul, and A. Moons Some Speculations Regarding the Nature of the Explora-Andenes Escarpment, Weddell Sea / J. P. Henriet, and H. Miller POLAR ICE - COVERS AS GEOLOGICAL AGENTS A Comparison of Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice and the Effects of Different Properties on Sea Ice Biota / M. Spindler Sea Ice Characteristics and the Role of Sediment Inclusions in Deep-Sea Deposition: Arctic - Antarctic Comparisons / Pfirman, M. A. Lange, I. Wollenburg, and P. Schlosser Cycles, Rhythms, and Events in Quaternary Arctic and Antarctic Glaciomarine Deposits / R. Henrich Cenozoic Glacier Fluctuations in Polar Regions - Terrestrial Records From Antarctica and the North Atlantic Sector of the Arctic / B. G. Andersen Past Changes in Precipitation Rate and Ice Thickness as Derived From Age-Depth Profiles in Ice-Sheets; Application to Greenland and Canadian Arctic Ice Core Records / N. Reeh Stability of the Arctic Ocean Ice-Cover and Pleistocene Warming Events: Outlining the Problem / D. L. Clark Late Weichselian Ice Recession in the Central Barents Sea / A. Elverhøi, M. Nyland-Berg, L. Russwurm, and A. Solheim MODERN DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS OF POLAR OCEANS Distribution Patterns of Calcareous Foraminifers in Arctic Ocean Sediments / N. V. Befyaeva, and T. A. Khusid Physiographic and Biologic Factors Controlling Surface Sediment Distributionin the Fram Strait / H. Berner, and G. Wefer Norwegian - Iceland Seas: Transfer Functions Between Marine Planktic Diatoms and Surface Water Temperature / H. Schroder, and N. Koc Karpuz Particle Sedimentation and Productivity in Antarctic Waters of the Atlantic Sector / G. Wefer, G. Fischer, D. K Futterer, R Gersonde, S. Honjo, and D. Ostermann Sediment Patterns in the Southern Weddell Sea: Filchner Shelf and Filchner Depression / D. K. Futterer, and M. Melles QUATERNARY HISTORY AND PALEOCEANOGRAPHY OF POLAR OCEANS The Last Deglaciation in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres: A Comparison Based on Oxygen Isotope, Sea Surface Temperature Estimates, and Accelerator 14C Dating From Deep-Sea Sediments / E. Bard, L. D. Labeyrie, J.-J. Pichon, M. Labracherie, M. Arnold, J. Duprat, J.Moyes, and J.-C. Duplessy Synthesis of Arctic and Sub-Arctic Coccolith Biochronology and History of North Atlantic Drift Water Influx During the Last 500.000 Years / G. Gard, and J. Backman Coccoliths in Sediments of the Eastern Arctic Basin / M. Baumann Foraminiferal Assemblages in Sediments From Mendeleev Ridge, Arctic Ocean / N. V. Befyaeva, and T. A. Khusid Physical and Acoustic Properties of Arctic Ocean Deep-Sea Sediments: Paleoclimatic Implications / J. Mienert, L. A. Mayer, G. A. Jones, and J. W. King High Resolution 10Be and 230Th Stratigraphy of Late Quaternary Sediments From the Fram Strait (Core 23235) / A. Eisenhauer, A. Mangini, R Botz, P. Walter, J. Beer, G. Bonani,M. Suter, H. J.Hofmann, and W. Wölfli The Enigma of Oxygen Isotope Stage 5 in the Central Fram Strait / S. E. I. Kohler, and R F. Spielhagen Dropstones in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea - Indications of Late Quaternary Circulation Patterns? / J. Bischof Glacial to Interglacial Changes in the Isotopic Gradients of Southern Ocean Surface Water / C. D. Charles, and R G. Fairbanks Stable Isotope Record and Late Quaternary Sedimentation Rates at the Antarctic Continental Margin / H. Grobe, A. Mackensen, H.-W. Hubberten, V. Spiess, and D.K Futterer PRE-QUATERNARY RECORDS OF POLAR OCEAN HISTORY Evolution of Biosiliceous Sedimentation Patterns - Eocene through Quaternary: Paleoceanographic Response to Polar Cooling / J. G. Baldauf, and J. A. Barron Neogene to Recent Palynostratigraphy of Circum-Arctic Basins: Results of ODP Leg 104, Norwegian Sea, Leg 105, Baffin Bay, and DSDP Site 611, Irminger Sea / P.J. Mudie, A. de Vernal, and M.J. Head Miocene to Quaternary Paleoceanography in the Northern North Atlantic: Variability in Carbonate and Biogenic Opal Accumulation / G. Bohrmann, R Henrich, and J. Thiede Neogene and Pleistocene Glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere and Late Miocene - Pliocene Global Ice Volume Fluctuations: Evidence From the Norwegian Sea / E. Jansen, J. Sjoholm, U. Bleil, and J. A. Erichsen Southern Ocean Response to the Intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation at 2.4 Ma / D. A. Hodell, and P. F. Ciesielski Pliocene - Pleistocene Paleoceanography in the Weddell Sea - Siliceous Microfossil Evidence / A. Abelmann, R. Gersonde, and V. Spiess Polar Front Fluctuations and the Upper Gauss to Brunhes Paleoceanographic Record in the Southeast Atlantic Ocean / F. Westall, and J. Fenner Authors Index Subject Index

Note: Table of Contents: Airborne lidar for measurements of atmospheric gases and aerosols / Edward C. Browell. - Lidar observation of aerosol stratigication in the case of sea breeze circulation near the shore / I. Kolev, O. Parvanov, B. Kaprielov, E. Donev, D. Ivanov. - Laser radar observation of the fog by "Yamase Wind" from the Okhotsk sea / M. Jyumonji and H. Uchiyama. - An overview of lidar studies of the atmosphere at Pune, India / P. C. S. Devara, P. E. Raj, G. Pandithurai and S. Sharma. - Lidar activity in China / Huanling Hu. - Technique for determining atmospheric aerosol optical parameters by multi-wavelength laser sounding / A. P. Chaikovsky, V. N. Shcherbakov, S. B. Tauroginskaya. - Aerosol microphysical properties influence on lidar particle size retrieval / Y. Emery, C. Flesia, A. Mugnai. - Stratifications and size distributions of aerosols derived from simultaneous measurements with lidar and radiometers / Tadahiro Hayasaka, Yasuhiko Meguro, Yasuhiro Sasano and Tamio Takamura. - Retrieval of aerosol size distribution moments with multi-wavelength lidar / L. de Schoulepnikoff, B. Stein, R. Rairoux. - Dial and long-path measurements of pollution / Martin J. T. Milton. - Dial measurement of CH4, CO2, CO and N2O using a tunable IR source based on the Ti:Sapphire laser / Michihiro Uchiumi, Oi Choo Chee, Katsunori Muraoka, Mitsuno Maeda and Osamu Uchino. - Trace gas fluxes in the convective boundary layer observed with DIAL and Radar-RASS / C. Senff, M. Bauer, J. Bösenberg, G. Grabbe, G. Peters, T. Schaberl. - Remote Sensing of mass fluxes of trace gases in the boundary layer / Ch. Werner, R. Haus, F. Köpp and K. Schäfer. - Contrail observation by ground based scanning lidar / Volker Freudenthaler, Frank Homburg and Horst Jäger. - Airborne lidar and radiometric detection and analysis of chemical plumes / Edward E. Uthe. - Development of an imaging laser radar for long-range gas plume visualization / Thomas J. Kulp, Randall Kennedy, Michael Delong, and Darrel Garvis. - Numerical study of a pump and probe lidar experiment for in situ tropospheric measurements of the OH radical / A. Clappier, B. Calpini, E. Durieux, L. Fiorani, L. Jaquet, H. van den Bergh. - Iron Boltzmann factor lidar: proposed new remote seinsing technique for mesospheric temperature / Jerry A. Gelbwachs. - A new method for monitoring asbestos fiber aerosols by measuring polarization of scattered light: principle / Norihisa Hiromoto, Toshikazu Itabe, Ken-ichi Araki, and Shigeo Ito. - Dual-dial measurements of ozone profiles / Zhien Wang, Huanling Hu, Jun Zhou. - Three dimensional imaging at 10 km using a diode pumped soild state ladar / J. R. Brandt and T. D. Steiner. - High spectral resolution lidar measurements using an I2 absorption filter / E. W. Eloranta and P. Piironen. - Computer modeling of a lidar receiving system with a nanosecond resolution / D. V. Stoyanov and T. N. Dreischuh. - Lidar observation of the troposphere in Tokyo / Toshiyuki Murayama. - A program for the environmental monitoring by laser radar of Metro Manila, Philippines / Minella C. Alarcon. - Laser altimetry measurements of Okhotsk Sea Ice from an airplane / Mitsuno Ishizu, Tetsuro Aoki, Kohei Mizutani, Masao Takabe, Tosikazu Itabe. - Airborne lidar sensing of Lake Baikal water area / I. E. Penner and V. S. Shamanaev. - The Pacific '93 Aircraft Lidar Experiment / Raymond M. Hoff, Michael Harwood and Andrew Sheppard. - Lidar observation of turbulent structure in marine boundary layer / Susumu Yamagishi, Hiroshi Yamanouchi, and Masayuki Tsuchiya. - Analytical inversion method for the lidar equation: sensitivity to multiple scattering and particle shape / C. Flesia and A. Starkov. - Lidar sensing of aerosol optical parameters in lower troposphere / Yu. S. Balin and I. A. Razenkov. - Multi-wavelength laser sounding of the troposphere over continental regions / A. P. Chaikovsky, I. S. Hutko, A. P. Ivanov, F. P. Osipenko, V. N. Shcherbakov, S. B. Tauroginskaya. - Tropospheric aerosol measurements using Lidar, sunphotometer and particle counter / Tamio Takamura, Yasuhiro Sasano, and Tadahiro Hayasaka. - Wavelength dependence of aerosol optical parameters measured by a tuneable lidar / Ryoichi Toriumi and Hideo Tai and Hiroshi Okumura and Nobuo Takeuchi. - Aerosol extinction profiling with CO2-lidar / Arne Hågård and Rolf Persson. - High spectral resolution lidar measurements of particle size / E. W. Eloranta and P. Piironen. - Dial measurements of nitrogen dioxide based on solid-state lasers / Ryoichi Toriumi and Hideo Tai, Nobuo Takeuchi. - Airborne UV-Dial urban plume measurements / James L. McElroy, Curtis M. Edmonds, and Donald H. Bundy, Hans Moosmüller, Rudolpha M. Jorgensen, Raul J. Alvarez, II. - Surveillance of industrial emissions using lidar techniques / Hand Edner, Pär Ragnarson, and Eva Wallinder. - Lidar measurements of volcanic gas fluxes / Hans Edner, Pär Ragnarson, Sune Svanberg, and Eva Wallinder. - Extending the CO2 dial mapping capability. Observations of gaseous diffusion over complex terrain / S. Egert, D. Peri, J. Sivan, Y. Baungarten. - Studies the stratospheric aerosol layer by spectral-polarization lidar / A. P. Chaikovsky, A. P. Ivanov, F. P. Osipenko, V. N. Shcherbakov. - Theory of lidar using Modulation Interference Radar (MIR) and its fundamental experiments using super sonic waves / Motoharu Jinguuji, Sachio Ehara and Tohru Mogi. - Synthetic aperture laser radar for 10 µm-Band high -resolution imaging / Shin Yoshikado and Tadashi Aruga. - An ozone-aerosol lidar and a three-wavelength inversion technique / Qiu Jinhuan. - Measurement of depolarization and fluorescence of the cedar pollen for lidar application / Katsuya Kiuchi, Makoto Abo and Chikao Nagasawa. - Lidar studies of light scattering anisotropy in the atmosphere / B. V. Kaul, A. L. Kuznetsov and I. V. Samokhvalov. - Depolarization measurements with the high spectral resolution lidar / E. W. Eloranta and P. Piironen. - Lidar polarization measurements necessity in two cases of study of processes in the atmospheric planetary boundary layer / I. Kolev, O. Parvanov, B. Kaprielov. - Comparison of multiple scattering in cloud and fog / Yuici Okazaki, Kazuo Noguchi, Hiroshi Okumura, Nobuo Takeuchi. - Cloud microstructure effect on the lidar return with multiple scattering / E. P. Zege, I. L. Katsev, I. N. Polonsky, A. A. Kokhanovsky. - Measurements of upper tropospheric moisture with a raman lidar / Scott E. Bisson and J. E. M. Goldsmith, Anthony D. Del Genio. - Temporal and spatial variability of atmospheric water vapor / S. H. Melfi, Keith Evans, David Whiteman, and Richard Ferrare. - Temperature effect on water vapor measurements with CO2 differential absorption lidars / Avishai Ben-David. - Dial measurements of water vapor using two narrowband Ti:Sapphire lasers / Chikao Nagasawa, Makoto Abo, Kenji Kimiyama. - Water vapor DIAL using an Alexandrite regenerative amplifier / V. Wulfmeyer, J. Bösenberg. - A comparison of water vapor measurements made by Raman lidar and radiosondes / R. A. Ferrare, S. H. Melfi, D. N. Whiteman, K. D. Evans, F. J. Schmidlin. - Daytime raman lidar profiling of atmospheric water vapor / J. E. M. Goldsmith and Scott E. Bisson. - Scale invariant properties of water vapor measured by a raman lidar / Keith D. Evans, S. H. Melfi, R. A. Ferrare, D. N. Whiteman, A. Marshak and A. Davis. - Micro pulse lidar systems and applications / James Spinhirne. - Compact lidar systems for surface, ship-based, and airborne remote sensing of the atmosphere / R. M. Hardesty, C. J. Grund, W. L. Eberhard, B. J. Rye, and Y. Zhao. - All solid-state laser system for airborne water vapor concentration measurements in the stratosphere using the dial technique in the near infrared / G. Ehret, W. Renger, E. Murphy and Ch. Werner. - Overview of lidar activities at NASDA / Akira Kikuchi, Takashi Noguchi. - Extending the dynamic range of differential absorption lidar measure

Note: Contents: PART I - GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE EARTH AND THE EARTHLIKE PLANETS. - 1 What Is Geochemistry?. - 1.1 Early History. - 1.2 Geochemistry in the U.S.S.R. - 1.3 V. M. Goldschmidt. - 1.4 Modern Geochemistry. - References. - 2 In the Beginning. - 2.1 The Big Bang. - 2.2 Stellar Evolution. - 2.3 Nucleosynthesis. - 2.4 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 3 The Solar System. - 3.1 Origin of the Solar System. - 3.2 Origin of the Earthlike Planets. - 3.3 Satellites of the Outer Planets. - 3.4 Pictures of Our Solar System. - 3.5 Summary. - 3.6 Books on Planetary Geology. - References. - 4 The Electronic Structure of Atoms. - 4.1 The Atom of Thomson and Rutherford. - 4.2 Bohr's Theory of the Hydrogen Atom. - 4.3 Emission of X-rays - A Small Digression. - 4.4 Schrödinger's Model of the Atom. - 4.5 The Aufbau Principle. - 4.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 5 The Periodic Table and Atomic Weights. - 5.1 Mendeleev's Periodic Table. - 5.2 The Modern Periodic Table. - 5.3 Basic Principles of Atomic Physics. - 5.4 Atomic Weights. - 5.5 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 6 Chemical Bonds, Ionic Radii, and Crystals. - 6.1 Electron Donors Versus Acceptors. - 6.2 Measures of Metallic Character. - 6.3 Bonding in Molecules. - 6.4 Ionic Crystals. - 6.5 Ionic Radii. - 6.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 7 Ionic Substitution in Crystals. - 7.1 Goldschmidt's Rules of Substitution. - 7.2 Camouflage, Capture, and Admission. - 7.3 Coupled Substitution: Key to the Feldspars. - 7.4 Distribution Coefficients and Geothermometers. - 7.5 Geochemical Classification of the Elements. - 7.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 8 Isotopic Geochronometers. - 8.1 Decay Modes. - 8.2 Law of Radioactivity. - 8.3 Methods of Dating. - 8.4 Cosmogenic Radionuclides. - 8.5 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 9 Chemical Differentiation of the Solar System. - 9.1 The Sun. - 9.2 Meteorites. - 9.3 The Moon. - 9.4 Mars. - 9.5 Venus. - 9.6 Comets. - 9.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 10 Chemical Differentiation of the Earth. - 10.1 Internal Structure of the Earth. - 10.2 The Continental Crust: Major Elements. - 10.3 The Continental Crust: Trace Elements. - 10.4 Differentiation of Igneous Rocks. - 10.5 Differentiation of Sedimentary Rocks. - 10.6 Differentiation of the Hydrosphere. - 10.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - PART II - CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND THE STABILITY OF MINERALS. - 11 Acids and Bases. - 11.1 Chemical Reactions and Equilibria. - 11.2 The Law of Mass Action. - 11.3 Dissociation of Weak Acids and Bases. - 11.4 Solubility of Insoluble Bases. - 11.5 pH Control of Dissociation Equilibria. - 11.6 Solubility of Amorphous Silica. - 11.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 12 Salts and Their Ions. - 12.1 Solubility of Salts. - 12.2 Hydrolysis. - 12.3 Activities and Concentrations. - 12.4 Solubility of Calcium Carbonate. - 12.5 Chemical Weathering. - 12.6 Transformation of Potassium Feldspar to Kaolinite. - 12.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 13 Thermodynamics. - 13.1 Definitions. - 13.2 The First Law. - 13.3 Enthalpy. - 13.4 Heats of Reaction. - 13.5 Heat Capacity. - 13.6 The Second Law. - 13.7 Gibbs Free Energy. - 13.8 Derivation of the Law of Mass Action. - 13.9 Fugacity and Activity. - 13.10 The van't Hoff Equation. - 13.11 Solubility of Amorphous Silica Between 0 and 100 °C. - 13.12 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 14 Mineral Stability Diagrams. - 14.1 Chemical Weathering of Feldspars. - 14.2 Formation of Zeolites. - 14.3 Magnesium Silicates. - 14.4 Solubility Diagrams. - 14.5 Fugacity Diagrams. - 14.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 15 Clay Minerals. - 15.1 Crystal Structure. - 15.2 Classification and Chemical Composition. - 15.3 Gibbs Free Energies of Formation. - 15.4 Stability Diagrams. - 15.5 Colloidal Suspensions and Ion Exchange. - 15.6 Dating of Clay Minerals. - 15.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 16 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions. - 16.1 Balancing Equations of Oxidation- Reduction Reactions. - 16.2 The Electromotive Series. - 16.3 The Emf of Electrochemical Cells. - 16.4 Stability Limits of Water in Terms of Eh and pH. - 16.5 Stability of Iron Compounds. - 16.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 17 Isotope Fractionation. - 17.1 Principles of Isotope Fractionation. - 17.2 Mathematical Relations. - 17.3 Isotope Fractionation in the Hydrosphere. - 17.4 Oxygen Isotope Composition of Calcite. - 17.5 Oxygen and Hydrogen in Clay Minerals. - 17.6 Groundwater and Geothermal Brines. - 17.7 Isotope Fractionation of Carbon. - 17.8 Isotope Compositions of Strontium in Carbonate Rocks. - 17.9 Isotope Fractionation of Sulfur. - 17.10 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 18 Mixing and Dilution. - 18.1 Binary Mixtures. - 18.2 Dilution. - 18.3 Evaporative Concentration. - 18.4 Ternary Mixtures. - 18.5 Isotopic Mixtures of One Element. - 18.6 Isotopic Mixtures of Two Elements. - 18.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 19 Rates of Geochemical Processes. - 19.1 Rates of Chemical Reactions. - 19.2 Transport of Matter: Advection. - 19.3 Transport of Matter: Diffusion. - 19.4 Growth of Concretions During Diagenesis. - 19.5 Growth of Monomineralic Layers. - 19.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - PART Ill - APPLICATIONS OF GEOCHEMISTRY TO THE SOLUTION OF GLOBAL PROBLEMS. - 20 Consequences of Chemical Weathering. - 20.1 Changes in Chemical Composition of Rocks. - 20.2 Normative Mineral Composition of Weathering Products. - 20.3 Susceptibility of Minerals to Weathering. - 20.4 Formation of Placer Deposits. - 20.5 Provenance Determination by Isotopic Dating. - 20.6 Formation of Soils. - 20.7 Geomicrobiology. - 20.8 Food Production and Population Growth. - 20.9 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 21 Chemical Composition of Surface Water. - 21.1 Chemical Analysis of Water in Streams. - 21.2 Chemical Composition of Streams. - 21.3 Chemical Composition of Meteoric Precipitation. - 21.4 Normative Minerals from Water Compositions. - 21.5 Evaporative Concentration. - 21.6 Water Quality. - 21.7 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 22 Chemical Weathering of Mineral Deposits. - 22.1 Metallic Mineral Deposits. - 22.2 Oxidation of Iron Sulfides and the Role of Bacteria. - 22.3 Eh- pH Diagram for Copper Minerals. - 22.4 Supergene Enrichment of Fe-Cu Sulfide Deposits. - 22.5 Replacement of Pyrite by Chalcocite. - 22.6 Oxidation of Ore Minerals of Other Metals. - 22.7 Geochemical Exploration. - 22.8 Production and Consumption of Mineral Resources. - 22.9 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 23 Geochemical Cycles. - 23.1 The Principle of Mass Balance. - 23.2 Mass Balance for Major Elements in the Ocean. - 23.3 Mass Balance for Trace Elements in the Ocean. - 23.4 The Cycles of C-H-O-N. - 23.5 The Sulfur Cycle. - 23.6 Summary. - Problems. - References. - 24 Environmental Geochemistry: Disposal of Radioactive Waste. - 24.1 The Big Picture. - 24.2 High-Level Radioactive Waste. - 24.3 Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste. - 24.4 Geochemistry of Plutonium. - 24.5 Eh-pH Diagrams for Neptunium and Plutonium. - 24.6 Analog Studies: The Natural Reactors at Oklo, Gabon. - 24.7 Reactor Accidents: Chernobyl, U.S.S.R. - 24.8 Summary. - Problems. - References. - Appendix. - Standard Gibbs Free Energies (G°f) and Standard Enthalpies of Formation (H°f). - Author Index. - Subject Index.

Note: CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS FOREWORD / E. Imre Friedmann and Anne B. Thistle MARINE ENVIRONMENTS MICROBIAL PROCESSES IN THE SOUTHERN OCEANS / David M. Karl PHYTOPLANKTON / Sayed Z. El-Sayed and Greta A. Fryxell PROTOZOOPLANKTON / D. L Garrison and M. M. Gowing MICROORGANISMS IN ANTARCTIC SEA ICE / A. C. Palmisano and D. L Garrison NEARSHORE BENTHIC MARINE SEDIMENTS / D. C. White, G. A. Smith, J. B. Guckert, and P. O. Nichols DEGRADATION OF PARTICULATE ORGANIC MATERIAL IN THE ANTARCTIC / James T. Staley and Russell P. Herwig TERRESTRIAL AND FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENTS MICROORGANISMS IN THE ANTARCTIC ICE / S. S. Abyzov THE MICROBIOLOGY OF ANTARCTIC SOILS / H. S. Vishniac TERRESTRIAL LITHOPHYTIC (ROCK) COMMUNITIES / James A. Nienow and E. Imre Friedmann SOILS HEATED BY VOLCANISM / Paul A. Broady LICHENS IN THE ANTARCTIC REGION / Ludger Kappen ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATORS OF MICROBIAL ACTIVITY IN CONTINENTAL ANTARCTIC LAKES / George M. Simmons, Jr., J. Robie Vestal, and Robert A. Wharton, Jr. MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES AND PROCESSES IN ANTARCTIC FLOWING WATERS / W. F. Vincent, C. Howard-Williams, and P. A. Broady OTHER TOPICS HUMAN INFECTIOUS DISEASES / Harold G. Muchmore, E. Nan Scott, and Alan J. Parkinson RELEVANCE OF ANTARCTIC MICROBIAL ECOSYSTEMS TO EXOBIOLOGY / Christopher P. McKay PROTECTION OF ANTARCTIC MICROBIAL HABITATS / Sidney Draggan INDEX

Note: CONTENTS: 1 The Soil Solid Phase. - 1.1 Characteristics of the Primary Particles. - 1.1.1 Characterization of Particle Size. - 1.1.2 Classification of Textural Size Fractions. - 1.1.3 Chemical and Mineralogical Properties. - Sand and Silt Fraction. - Clay Fraction. - 1.1.4 Shape of Soil Particles. - 1.1.5 Surface Area of Soil Particles. - Relationship to Particle Size. - Relationship to Clay Mineralogy. - 1.1.6 Surface Properties of Clay Particles. - Density of Charge. - Ionic Adsorption. - Cation Adsorption. - Diffuse Double Layer. - Cation Exchange Equations. - Anion Adsorption. - Adsorption of Nonelectrolytes. - Ion Adsorption and Flocculation. - Adsorption Isotherms. - Adsorption of Gases. - Measurement of Specific Surface Area. - Measurement of Cation Exchange Capacity. - 1.2 Characteristics of Bulk Soil. - 1.2.1 Volume Fractions. - 1.2.2 Bulk and Mineral Densities. - Measurement of Bulk Density. - 1.2.3 Soil Structure. - Aggregation. - Aggregate Analysis. - Stability of Structure. - Problems. - 2 Water Retention in Soil. - 2.1 Properties of Water. - 2.1.1 Molecular Properties of Water. - 2.1.2 Fluid Properties of Water. - Thermal and Mechanical Properties. - Surface Tension and Interfacial Curvature. - Contact Angle. - Capillary Rise. - Viscosity. - Osmotic Pressure. - 2.1.3 Water Near Particle Surfaces. - 2.2 Soil Water Content. - 2.2.1 Definitions. - 2.2.2 Measurement of Soil Water Content. - Measurement of [Theta]g. - Measurement of [Theta]v by Mass and Volume Estimation. - Measurement of [Theta]v by Gamma Ray Attenuation. - Measurement of [Theta]v by Neutron Attenuation. - Measurement of [Theta]v by Time Domain Reflectometry. - 2.3 Energy State of Water in Soil. - 2.3.1 Potential Energy of Water in Soil. - 2.3.2 Reference or Standard State. - 2.3.3 Total Soil Water Potential. - 2.3.4 Components of Water Potential. - Gravitational Potential. - Solute Potential. - Tensiometer Pressure Potential. - Matric Potential. - Air Pressure Potential. - Hydrostatic Pressure Potential. - Overburden Pressure Potential. - Wetness Potential. - 2.4 Analysis of Systems at Equilibrium. - 2.5 Measurements of Components of Water Potential. - 2.5.1 Direct Measurement of Potential Components. - 2.5.2 Measurement Devices. - Piezometer Tube. - Tensiometer. - Soil Psychrometer. - 2.6 Water Characteristic Function. - 2.6.1 Measurement. - Hanging Water Column. - Pressure Plate. - Equilibration over Salt Solutions. - 2.6.2 Hysteresis in Water Content-Energy Relationships. - 2.7 Appendix: Gamma Ray Attenuation. - 2.7.1 Transmission through a Pure Substance i. - 2.7.2 Transmission through a Heterogeneous Material. - 2.7.3 Transmission through Soil. - Problems. - 3 Water Movement in Soil. - 3.1 Water Flow in Capillary Tubes. - 3.1.1 Poiseuille's Law. - 3.2 Water Flow in Saturated Soil. - 3.2.1 Darcy's Law. - 3.2.2 Measurement of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity. - 3.2.3 Calculation of Hydrostatic Pressure in Soil Columns. - 3.2.4 Water Flow in Saturated Layered Soil. - 3.3 Water Flow in Unsaturated Soil. - 3.3.1 Buckingham-Darcy Flux Law. - 3.3.2 Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity. - 3.3.3 Capillary Tube Model of Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity. - 3.3.4 Steady-State Water Flow Problems. - Integral Form of Darcy's Law. - Evaporation from a Water Table. - Steady-State Downward Water Flow. - Measurement of Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity. - 3.3.5 Water Conservation Equation. - 3.3.6 Richards Equation for Transient Water Flow. - Water Content Form of Richards Equation. - Matric Potential Form of Richards Equation. - Water Diffusivity Function Dw([Theta]). - Water Capacity Function Cw([Theta]). - 3.3.7 Model Functional Forms. - 3.3.8 Water Flow Calculations in Unsaturated Soil. - Steady-State Water Flow through a Crop Root Zone. - Water Flow through Unsaturated Layered Soil. - 3.4 Multidimensional Flow. - 3.5 Appendix: Solution of First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations. - 3.5.1 Method 1: Separation of Variables. - 3.5.2 Method 2: Integrating Factors. - Problems. - 4 The Field Soil Water Regime. - 4.1 Field Water Balance. - 4.1.1 Analysis of Field Water Content and Matric Potential Profiles. - 4.1.2 Equilibrium and Steady-State Profiles. - 4.1.3 Transient Flow Processes in the Field. - 4.2 Infiltration. - 4.2.1 Empirical Infiltration Models. - Kostiakov Equation. - Horton Equation. - 4.2.2 Green-Ampt Infiltration Model. - 4.2.3 Philip Infiltration Model. - Horizontal Infiltration. - Vertical Infiltration. - 4.2.4 Infiltration into Nonhomogeneous Soil Profiles. - 4.2.5 Infiltration When RainfallIs Limiting. - 4.2.6 Two- and Three-Dimensional Infiltration. - 4.3 Redistribution. - 4.3.1 Redistribution of Water in Soil Profiles. - 4.3.2 Field Capacity Concept. - 4.4 Field Measurement of Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity. - 4.5 Water Flow through Structural Voids. - 4.6 Evaporation. - Problems. - 5 The Soil Thermal Regime. - 5.1 Atmospheric Energy Balance. - 5.1.1 Extraterrestrial Radiation. - Stefan-Boltzmann Law. - Energy-Wavelength Laws. - 5.1.2 Solar Radiation. - Interactions with Atmosphere. - Net Radiation. - 5.1.3 Physical Factors Affecting Solar Radiation. - Albedo. - Latitude. - Exposure. - Distribution of Land and Water. - Vegetation. - 5.2 Soil Surface Energy Balance. - 5.2.1 Energy Balance Equation. - Components of Energy Balance. - 5.2.2 Measurement of Evapotranspiration. - Aerodynamic Transport Equations. - Penman Combination Equation. - 5.3 Heat Flow in Soil. - 5.3.1 Heat Flux Equation. - 5.3.2 Heat Conservation Equation. - 5.3.3 Thermal Properties of Soil. - Heat Capacity. - Thermal Conductivity. - Measurement of Thermal Conductivity. - 5.3.4 Applications of Heat Flow Equation. - Steady-State Heat Flow Problems. - Annual Temperature Changes in Soil. - 5.3.5 Soil Temperature Observations. - Diurnal Variations. - Annual Variations. - Problems. - 6 Soil Aeration. - 6.1 Composition of Soil Air. - 6.2 Gas Reactions In Soil. - 6.2.1 CO2 Production in Soil. - 6.2.2 O2 Consumption in Soil. - 6.3 Gas Transport through Soil. - 6.3.1 Gas Conservation Equation. - 6.3.2 Gas Convection in Soil. - Temperature Effects. - Barometric Pressure Effects. - Wind Effects. - Rainfall Effects. - Mass Flow of Gases into Buildings. - 6.3.3 Gas Diffusion. - Measurement of Gas Diffusion Coefficients in Soil. - Measurement of Gas Flux in Field. - 6.3.4 Gas Transport Equation. - 6.4 Gas Transport Modeling in Soil. - 6.4.1 Steady-State O2 Transport and Consumption. - 6.4.2 Steady-State and Transient CO2 Transport and Evolution. - 6.4.3 O2 Depletion at the Plant Root Interface. - 6.5 Flow of Water Vapor through Soil. - 6.5.1 Water Vapor Flux Equation. - 6.5.2 Approximate Water Vapor Flux Law. - 6.6 Measurement of O2 Diffusion and Consumption in Soil. - Problems. - 7 Solute Transport in Soil. - 7.1 Solute Conservation Equation. - 7.1.1 Solute Storage in Soil. - 7.1.2 Solute Flux through Soil. - 7.1.3 Convection-Dispersion Model of Hydrodynamic Dispersion. - 7.2 Convection-Dispersion Equation. - 7.2.1 Transport of Inert, Nonadsorbing Solutes. - Breakthrough Time. - Effect of Dispersion. - Drainage Breakthrough Curves. - Transport of Pulses through Soil. - 7.2.2 Transport of Inert, Adsorbing Chemicals. - Adsorption Isotherms. - Breakthrough Time. - Effect of Dispersion. - 7.2.3 Effect of Soil Structure on Transport. - Mobile-Immobile Water Model. - 7.2.4 Reactions of Chemicals in Soil. - First-Order Decay. - Convection-Dispersion Equation and First-Order Decay. - Piston Flow Model and First-Order Decay. - 7.2.5 Transport of Volatile Organic Compounds through Soil. - Phase Partitioning Laws. - Linear Partitioning Laws. - Effective Liquid-Vapor Diffusion. - Total Solute Flux. - Volatilization of Chemicals from Soil. - 7.3 Transfer Function Model of Solute Transport through Soil. - 7.3.1 Solute Transport Volume. - 7.3.2 Solute Lifetime and Travel Time Distribution Functions. - 7.3.3 Transfer Function Equation. - 7.3.4 Measurement of Transfer Function Parameters. - 7.3.5 Model Distribution Func

Note: Contents Julian A. Dowdeswell and James D. Scourse: Preface --- Julian A. Dowdeswell and James D. Scourse: On the description and modelling of glacimarine sediments and sedimentation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:1-13, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.01 --- G. S. Boulton: Sedimentary and sea level changes during glacial cycles and their control on glacimarine facies architecture / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:15-52, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.02 --- Ross D. Powell: Glacimarine processes at grounding-line fans and their growth to ice-contact deltas / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:53-73, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.03 --- Ellen A. Cowan and Ross D. Powell: Suspended sediment transport and deposition of cyclically interlaminated sediment in a temperate glacial fjord, Alaska, U.S.A. / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:75-89, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.04 --- Eugene W. Domack: Laminated terrigenous sediments from the Antarctic Peninsula: the role of subglacial and marine processes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:91-103, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.05 --- Robert Gilbert: Rafting in glacimarine environments / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:105-120, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.06 --- Julian A. Dowdeswell and Tavi Murray: Modelling rates of sedimentation from icebergs / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:121-137, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.07 --- Paul R. Carlson, Terry R. Bruns, and Michael A. Fisher: Development of slope valleys in the glacimarine environment of a complex subduction zone, Northern Gulf of Alaska / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:139-153, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.08 --- Alec E. Aitken: Fossilization potential of Arctic fjord and continental shelf benthic macrofaunas / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:155-176, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.09 --- James P. M. Syvitski, K. William G. LeBlanc, and R. E. Cranston: The flux and preservation of organic carbon in Baffin Island fjords / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:177-199, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.10 --- Ian J. Fairchild and Baruch Spiro: Carbonate minerals in glacial sediments: geochemical clues to palaeoenvironment / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:201-216, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.11 --- C. M. T. Woodworth-Lynas and J. Y. Guigné: Iceberg scours in the geological record: examples from glacial Lake Agassiz / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:217-233, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.12 --- Jens Bischof, Joachim Koch, Michaela Kubisch, Robert F. Spielhagen, and Jörn Thiede: Nordic Seas surface ice drift reconstructions: evidence from ice rafted coal fragments during oxygen isotope stage 6 / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:235-251, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.13 --- Anders Solheim, Lars Russwurm, Anders Elverhøi, and Mona Nyland Berg: Glacial geomorphic features in the northern Barents Sea: direct evidence for grounded ice and implications for the pattern of deglaciation and late glacial sedimentation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:253-268, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.14 --- Tore O. Vorren, Erland Lebesbye, and Kjell B. Larsen: Geometry and genesis of the glacigenic sediments in the southern Barents Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:269-288, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.15 --- D. Huddart and J. D. Peacock: Early Holocene morainal bank sedimentology and marine ecology, Skjoldungebrae gorge, North Scoresby Land, East Greenland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:289-305, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.16 --- Rodney L. Stevens: Proximal and distal glacimarine deposits in southwestern Sweden: contrasts in sedimentation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:307-316, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.17 --- A. R. Lord: The Pleistocene—Holocene transition in Southwestern Sweden and the recognition of deglaciation effects in adjacent seas / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:317-328, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.18 --- J. D. Scourse, W. E. N. Austin, R. M. Bateman, J. A. Catt, C. D. R. Evans, J. E. Robinson, and J. R. Young: Sedimentology and micropalaeontology of glacimarine sediments from the Central and Southwestern Celtic Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:329-347, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.19 --- M. S. Stoker: Glacially-influenced sedimentation on the Hebridean slope, northwestern United Kingdom continental margin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:349-362, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.20 --- Carolyn H. Eyles and Martin B. Lagoe: Sedimentation patterns and facies geometries on a temperate glacially-influenced continental shelf: the Yakataga Formation, Middleton Island, Alaska / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:363-386, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.21 --- A. C. M. Moncrieff and M. J. Hambrey: Marginal-marine glacial sedimentation in the late Precambrian succession of East Greenland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 53:387-410, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.22