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  • Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory  (53)
  • Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat  (46)
  • Koebenhavn : Reitzels  (19)
  • English  (72)
  • Russian  (46)
  • Bulgarian
  • Japanese
  • Swedish
  • 1985-1989  (118)
Collection
Language
  • English  (72)
  • Russian  (46)
  • Bulgarian
  • Japanese
  • Swedish
Years
Year
  • 1
    Call number: MOP 46675 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 19 Seiten
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
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  • 2
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Call number: MOP 47149 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 500 S.
    Language: Russian
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
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  • 3
    Call number: SR 91.1185(7)
    In: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse. Serie A
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 69 S. + 1 Beil.
    ISBN: 8742107385
    Series Statement: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse : Serie A 7
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 4
    Call number: SR 91.1185(10)
    In: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse. Serie A
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 24 S.
    ISBN: 8742107385
    Series Statement: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse : Serie A 10
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 5
    Call number: SR 91.1185(13)
    In: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse. Serie A
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 37 S.
    ISBN: 8742107466
    Series Statement: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse : Serie A 13
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 6
    Call number: SR 91.1185(19)
    In: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse. Serie A
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 48 S.
    ISBN: 8742107512
    Series Statement: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse : Serie A 19
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 7
    Call number: SR 91.1185(20)
    In: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse. Serie A
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 89 S.
    ISBN: 8742107539
    Series Statement: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse : Serie A 20
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 8
    Call number: SR 91.1185(21)
    In: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse. Serie A
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 73 S.
    ISBN: 8742107555
    Series Statement: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse : Serie A 21
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 9
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Koebenhavn : Reitzels
    Associated volumes
    Call number: SR 93.0769(9)
    In: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse. Serie B
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 68 S.
    ISBN: 8742107407
    Series Statement: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse : Serie B 9
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 10
    Call number: SR 93.0769(10)
    In: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse. Serie B
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 67 S.
    ISBN: 8742107369
    Series Statement: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse : Serie B 10
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 11
    Call number: SR 91.1185(6)
    In: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse. Serie A
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 95 S.
    ISBN: 8742107377
    Series Statement: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse : Serie A 6
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 12
    Call number: SR 91.1185(9)
    In: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse. Serie A
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 23 S.
    ISBN: 8742107415
    Series Statement: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse : Serie A 9
    Language: English
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  • 13
    Call number: SR 91.1185(12)
    In: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse. Serie A
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 65 S.
    ISBN: 8742107453
    Series Statement: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse : Serie A 12
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 14
    Call number: SR 91.1185(14)
    In: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse. Serie A
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 25 S.
    ISBN: 8742107474
    Series Statement: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse : Serie A 14
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 15
    Call number: SR 91.1185(15)
    In: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse. Serie A
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 51 S.
    ISBN: 8742107482
    Series Statement: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse : Serie A 15
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 16
    Call number: SR 91.1185(16)
    In: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse. Serie A
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 45 S.
    ISBN: 8742107504
    Series Statement: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse : Serie A 16
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 17
    Call number: SR 91.1185(17)
    In: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse. Serie A
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 89 S.
    ISBN: 8742107490
    Series Statement: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse : Serie A 17
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 18
    Call number: SR 91.1185(18)
    In: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse. Serie A
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 41 S.
    ISBN: 8742107547
    Series Statement: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse : Serie A 18
    Language: English
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  • 19
    Call number: SR 93.0679(11)
    In: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse. Serie B
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 26 S.
    ISBN: 8742107563
    Series Statement: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse : Serie B 11
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
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  • 20
    Call number: SR 91.1185(8)
    In: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse. Serie A
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 30 S.
    ISBN: 8742107393
    Series Statement: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse : Serie A 8
    Language: English
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  • 21
    Call number: SR 91.1185(11)
    In: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse. Serie A
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 46 S.
    ISBN: 8742107431
    Series Statement: Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse : Serie A 11
    Language: English
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  • 22
    Call number: AWI G3-94-0116 ; AWI G7-19-74266
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 255 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
    Location: AWI Reading room
    Location: AWI Reading room
    Branch Library: AWI Library
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  • 23
    Call number: MOP 47430 / Mitte ; AWI G7-88-0611
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 341 Seiten
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
    Location: AWI Reading room
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  • 24
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Call number: AWI G2-85-1037
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 184 S. : graph. Darst. ; 21,5 cm
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrill. Schr.
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  • 25
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Call number: AWI E2-87-0501
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 133 Seiten , Illustrationen , 18 cm
    Edition: Izdanie 2-e stereotipnoe
    Series Statement: Arktika, XX vek
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 26
    Call number: AWI E2-87-0767
    Description / Table of Contents: В ноябре 1969 года на ледяной остров, дрейфующий на севере Восточно-Сибирского моря, была высажена группа молодых специалистов Арктического и антарктического иититута. Qстров толщиной 35 метров имел 14 километров в длину и 8 - в ширину. Казалось, никакая сила в природе не способна сокрушить этот гигантский ледяной монолит. Но случилось то, чего никто не мог ожидать ... Все перипетии экспедиции «СП-19» были описаны ее участниками в книге «Под ногами остров ледяной», выпущенной в 1972 году «Молодой гвардией». В новое издание включены оригинальные записки, сохранившиеся в дневниках и архивах авторов и по тем или иным причинам не вошедшие в первое издание. Для широкого круга читателей.
    Description / Table of Contents: In November 1969, a group of young specialists from the Arctic and Antarctic State landed on an ice island drifting in the north of the East Siberian Sea. A 35-meter-thick Qsrut was 14 kilometers long and 8 kilometers wide. It seemed that no force in nature was capable of crushing this giant ice monolith. But something happened that no one could have expected ... All the vicissitudes of the SP-19 expedition were described by its participants in the book "Ice Island Underfoot", published in 1972 by the "Young Guard". The new edition includes original notes preserved in the diaries and archives of the authors and for one reason or another were not included in the first edition. For a wide range of readers.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 173 Seiten , Illustrationen , 17 cm
    Edition: Izdanie 2-e, pererabotannoe i dopolnennoe
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 27
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Call number: AWI E3-93-0312
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 111 Seiten , Illustrationen , 21 cm
    ISBN: 5286000797
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 28
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Call number: AWI E3-90-0310
    Description / Table of Contents: В книге в популярной форме рассказывается о ледниковом покрове Антарктиды, его размерах, строении, подледном рельефе, запасах пресной воды, движении различных ледниковых структур на поверхности и в толще льда. Приводятся сведения о проблемах, связанных с изучением ледникового покрова, его значении для формирования климата Земли, роли в колебаниях Мирового океана. Попутно читатель знакомится со многими еще не решенными проблемами гляциологии. Рассчитана на широкий круг читателей.
    Description / Table of Contents: The book in a popular form tells about the ice sheet of Antarctica, its size, structure, subglacial relief, fresh water reserves, the movement of various glacial structures on the surface and in the ice mass. Information is given on the problems associated with the study of the ice sheet, its significance for the formation of the Earth's climate, and its role in the fluctuations of the World Ocean. Along the way, the reader gets acquainted with many still unsolved problems of glaciology. Designed for a wide range of readers.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 110 Seiten , Illustrationen , 20 cm
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 29
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Call number: AWI E1-86-0074
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 511 S. : graph. Darst.
    Edition: Izdanie vtoroe
    Uniform Title: Eva og Fridtjof Nansen 〈rus.〉
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrill. Schr.
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  • 30
    Call number: MOP 47078 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 295 S.
    Language: Russian
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
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  • 31
    Call number: AWI A4-90-0154 ; AWI A4-17-20945
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 295 S. , Ill , 23 cm
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrill. Schr.
    Location: AWI Reading room
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  • 32
    Call number: AWI A3-90-0313 ; AWI A3-90-0313(2. Ex.)
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 97 S. : graph. Darst.
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrill. Schr.
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  • 33
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Call number: AWI A9-87-0348
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 255 S. : Ill., graph. Darst.
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrill. Schr.
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  • 34
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Associated volumes
    Call number: AWI A4-87-0846
    In: Developments in atmospheric science
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 261 S. : graph. Darst
    Series Statement: Developments in atmospheric science 15
    Uniform Title: Weather and climate of the Antarctic
    Language: Russian
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  • 35
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Associated volumes
    Call number: MOP 46948 / Mitte
    In: Sovremennye problemy atmosfernoj optiki, Tom 2
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 255 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Sovremennye problemy atmosfernoj optiki 2
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 36
    Call number: MOP 47545 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 165 S.
    ISBN: 5286005195
    Language: Russian
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  • 37
    Call number: MOP 47041 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 28 Seiten
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 38
    Call number: AWI G2-87-0348
    Description / Table of Contents: The book by E. I. Saruhanian, N. P. Smirnov "Water masses and circulation of the South Ocean" deals with the formation, localization and spreading of the South Ocean water masses, the methods of marking them out by an indication complex. The main features of the South Ocean circulation determined on the basis of geostrophic calculations and those based on the diagnostic model, and also characteristics derived from the data of drifting buoys are described. The analysis of spatial structure and changeability of the Antarctic circumpolar current and connected frontal polar zone is given on the basis of the data obtained in different South Ocean regions during conduction of the multiscale scientific experiments according to the programmes "Polar experiment - South" and "International South Ocean Research" in 1975-1982.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 287 S.
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrill. Schr.
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  • 39
    Call number: AWI A13-87-0849 ; MOP 46754 / Mitte
    Description / Table of Contents: Modelling of the Glaciers-Ocean-Atmosphere system by M. Ya. Verbitsky and D. V. Chalikov presents an earth's climate model based on one-dimensional non-steady thermohydrodynamical equations for the atmosphere, ocean, glaciers, and the asthenosphere. The model takes into account the main mechanisms responsible for the formation of global climate, but it is simple enough to allow simulation of climate evolution for a period up to one million years. The present climate is reconstructed, sensitivity of the system to changes in the initial conditions is investigated and evidence for non-uniqueness of climate for the present distribution of the continents is obtained. Climate sensitivity to changes in the isolation is calculated. Oscillations of climate similar to the Pleistocene ice ages are modelled. Climatic conditions for the Late Mesozoic and Late Pleistozoic are estimated. The book is intended for specialists on climate, oceanologists, meteorologists, glaciologists and also for students of appropriate specialities.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 130 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Language: Russian
    Note: Contents: Preface. - Introduction Global climate modeling. - Chapter 1. An ice sheet model. - 1.1. Present glaciation. - 1.2. Motion equation for viscous ice in a thin boundary layer approximation. - 1.3. An ice sheet steady model. - 1.4. Numerical simulation of the evolution of the ice cover. - Chapter 2. A model of the world ocean. - 2.1. Zonal structure of the ocean. - 2.2. A one-dimensional ocean climate model. - 2.3. A simulation of the present ocean climate for assigned atmospheric climate. - Chapter 3. A model of the atmosphere. - 3.1. Zonal structure of the atmosphere. - 3.2. A one-dimensional atmospheric climate model. - 3.3. A simulation of the present atmospheric climate for assigned ocean climate. - 3.4. Estimates of climate variations in the Cenozoic. - Chapter 4. Numerical experiments with a model of the glaciers-ocean-atmosphere system. - 4.1. Glaciers, ocean and atmosphere interaction. - 4.2. A simulation of the present climate. - 4.3. On clarification of the "White Earth" concept. - 4.4. Nonuniqueness of climate. - 4.5. Sensitivity of the system to changes in the solar heat influx. - 4.6. Ice Ages. - 4.7. Influence of continent distribution on climate. - 4.8. On the change in the level of the World Ocean for possible climate warming. - 4.9. Estimates of the influence of the ocean oil pollution on climate. - Conclusion. - Abstract. - References. , In kyrillischer Schrift , Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache
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  • 40
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Call number: O 6873
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 423 S.
    ISBN: 5286000584
    Language: Russian
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  • 41
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-85/5
    In: CRREL Report, 85-5
    Description / Table of Contents: A dynamic-thermodynamic sea ice model is extended to include a full thermodynamic code and a complete multilevel ice thickness distribution. The variable thickness formulation includes a more realistic parameterization of ice ridging than used in previous models. Seasonal simulations have been performed using this model and the results have been analyzed with particular emphasis on examination of the ridge buildup results off the Canadian Archipelago and off the North Slope. This report presents a complete description of this model and discusses progress made on examining and testing the variable thickness extensions.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 60 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-5
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Description of the model Ice thickness equations Heat budget and oceanic boundary layer Analytic examination of the ridge redistribution process Theoretical framework Some specific redistributors Comparison to ridge morphological data Ice strength for different redistributors Numerical simulation results Basin-wide ice thickness and velocity characteristics Ice edge evolution and sensitivity Ice thickness characteristics off the Canadian Archipelago Comparison of observed and simulated ice drift Mass balance characteristics Concluding remarks Literature cited Appendix A: Mechanical redistributor Appendix B: Heat budget code Appendix C: Thickness finite difference code
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  • 42
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-85/9
    In: CRREL Report, 85-9
    Description / Table of Contents: Large temperature gradients applied to a snow cover drive water vapor upwards and result in rapid recrystallization of snow crystals. The same temperature gradients create gradients of air density that can cause flows of air through the snow cover. The formalism necessary to describe these flows I developed heroin an effort to include the convection of vapor in the understanding of snow metamorphism. The theory of convection through porous media is extended here to include the transport of water vapor, which is important because of its latent heat. Results are presented in terms of a Lewis number, defined as the ratio of thermal to mass diffusivities. For Lewis numbers greater than 1.0 phase change intensifies convection, and for Lewis numbers less than 1.0 phase change retards convection. Two boundary conditions of special interest in the study of snow, a constant heat flux bottom and a permeable top are investigated. Their influence on the transfer of heat is quantified, and it is found that heat transfer can be described as a linear function of the driving force for convection. Convection in sloped layers is quantified, and explained in a physically consistent manner. The effect of a permeable top on convection at low Rayleigh numbers is derived. Experiments are performed to measure the effects of convection on heat transfer through glass beads and snow. The model results using constant flux boundary conditions are confirmed by the experiments. Experiments show that convection can occur in snow, and that convection behaves in a manner consistent with our theoretical understanding of the phenomenon. Some uncertainty exists about the permeability and thermal conductivity of snow and hence it is uncertain if thermal convection would occur for a given temperature gradient, density and thickness. Also, for a given convective intensity, there is much uncertainty about how much the rate of snow metamorphism is increased.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 70 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-9
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Snow metamorphism Mass transfer by diffusion in snow Heat transfer Background-porous media Structure of thermal convection Rayleigh number Onset problem Heat transfer attributable to thermal convection Layering and slope effects Studies of convection through snow Modeling Equation of motion Energy equation Finite difference methods Numerical solution Verification of the model Modeling results Effects of constant flux and permeable boundaries on convection in horizontal layers Effects of phase change on convection Convection in sloped layers Experiments Introduction Experimental apparatus Experimental results and discussion Glass beads Snow Applications and conclusions Onset of Benard convection in seasonal snow covers Applications to snow metamorphism Summary Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: Derivation of fmite difference formulae Appendix B: Computer programs Appendix C: Sample calculations
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  • 43
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-85/10
    In: CRREL Report, 85-10
    Description / Table of Contents: Various methods of generating synthetic seismograms are reviewed and examples of recent applicatiors of the methods are cited. Body waves, surface waves, and normal modes are considered. The analytical methods reviewed include geometric ray theory, generalized ray theory (Cagniard-de Hoop method), asymptotic ray theory, reflectivity method, fullwave theory, and hybrid methods combining ray theory and mode theory. Two numerical methods, those of finite differences and finite elements, and a hybrid method combining finite differences with asymptotic ray theory are described Limitations on the application or validity of the various methods are stated.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 48 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-10
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Section 1. Introduction Section 2. Wave propagation in the earth Section 3. Body waves: ray theory and wave theory Geometric ray theory Wave theory Section 4. Surface waves Section 5. Normal modes Section 6. Finite-difference method Section 7. Finite-element method Section 8. Hybrid methods Section 9. Conclusion Literature cited
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  • 44
    Call number: ZSP-201-85/15
    In: CRREL Report, 85-15
    Description / Table of Contents: A method for the analysis of TNT, RDX and HMX explosives in soils and sediments has been developed. It consists of methanol extraction followed by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography using 10% acetonitrile/40% methanol/50% water as the eluant. This method was used to study the effect of various drying techniques upon the recovery of TNT, RDX, and HMX from soil and sediment samples contaminated with high (%) and low (micron g/g) levels of these explosives. For highly contaminated samples, complete recovery of TNT and RDX was obtained using freeze drying while air drying at room temperature resulted in greater than 90% recovery for both explosives. Other techniques, such as oven drying at 105 C, oven drying at 45 C, microwave oven drying, and drying under infrared lamps, all resulted in greater losses, with TNT and RDX recoveries ranging from 76 to 90%. Drying losses were not due to simple volatilization containing low levels of TNT, RDX and HMX, recoveries of all three explosives were quantitative for all the above drying techniques.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-15
    Language: English
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  • 45
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-85/17
    In: CRREL Report, 85-17
    Description / Table of Contents: This report presents the results of tests of the ice friction coefficient carried out during the May 1984 expedition of the F.S. Polarstern off the coast of Labrador. The test surfaces were Inerta-160-coated steel plates and bare steel plates, hand roughened and sandblasted. The main findings of the studies were: 1) columnar and granularpea ice showed no significant differences in friction coefficient; 2) for columnar ice was independent of ice crystal orientation with respect to test surface; 3) was Independent of normal pressure applied on ice sample; 4) initially decreased with increasing relative velocity between the Ice sample and the test surface and reached a steady value at higher speeds; 5) Uk increased with increasing surface roughness; 6) a wetting surface exhibited a higher friction coefficient than a non-wetting surface of the same or even higher roughness average.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-17
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test procedure Test apparatus Test surfaces Ice samples Test program Results and discussion Effect of wear of ice sample Effect of normal pressure Effect of velocity, crystal orientation and surface conditions Results summary Comparison with laboratory study Recommendations on test apparatus Literature cited Appendix A : Test results
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  • 46
    Call number: ZSP-201-85/16
    In: CRREL Report, 85-16
    Description / Table of Contents: This report presents the results of the second phase of a test program designed to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice from the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. In Phase 2, 62 constant-strain-rate uniaxial compression tests were performed on horizontal and vertical ice samples from multi-year pressure ridges to examine the effect of sample orientation on ice strength. Also conducted were 36 constant-strain-rate tension tests, 55 conventional triaxial tests and 35 constant-load compression tests on multi-year pressure ridge samples to provide data for developing ice yield criteria and constitutive laws. Data are presented on the strength, failure strain and modulus of multi-year sea ice under different loading conditions. The effects of ice temperature, porosity, structure, strain rate, confining pressure and sample orientation on the mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice are examined.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 89 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-16
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Field sampling program Site selection and description Coring procedures Core logging procedures Shipping and storage of ice samples Ice description Salinity and density Structure Constant-strain-rate compression tests Test variables Uniaxial compressive strength Strength and structure Strength and porosity Residual compressive strength Failure strain Initial tangent modulus Constant-strain-rate uniaxial tension tests Test variables Uniaxial tensile strength Failure strains Initial tangent modulus Constant-strain-rate triaxial tests Equipment Test variables Synthane end caps Triaxial strength Failure strains Initial tangent modulus Effect of sinthane end caps on results Constant-load compression tests Test variables Test results Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Ice structure profile of ridge C core Appendix H: Test data Appendix C: Static determination of Young's modulus in sea ice
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  • 47
    Call number: ZSP-201-89/10
    In: CRREL Report, 89-10
    Description / Table of Contents: In early fall 1984, a questionnaire was sent to over 325 general aviation airports in cold regions. The results from over 200 responses were compiled and evaluated and over 20 airport managers were contacted for additional details. Site visits were made to 36 airports to obtain additional information. The most common pavement problems identified in the study were associated with non-traffic-related phenomena and include 1) pre-existing cracks reflecting through asphalt concrete overlays (in two years less), 2) thermal cracking, and 3) longitudinal cracking (at a construction joint). Most of the airports experienced 1) water pumping up through cracks and joints in the pavements during spring thaw, or 2) additional roughness due to differential frost heave in the winter, or both problems. Many airport managers reported that debris was generated at cracks during the winter and spring. Many pavement problems can be traced to the evolutionary history of general aviation airports and the lack of consideration for site drainage. Based on the recognition of these problems, several future research programs are identified.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 147 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 89-10
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Statement of the problem Purpose and scope Background - the physical environment and airport pavements Physical environment of study area Comparison of highway and general aviation airport pavements Types of pavements and surface treatments Pavement distress and condition rating Surveys of airport pavement distress Airport pavement performance problems in cold regions Cracking Distortion and pavement faulting Disintegration Inadequate skid resistance Improper maintenance Stripping Statement of research needs Basis for statement of research needs Performance of overlays Recycling/reconstructing airport pavements Drainage of airport pavement structures Eliminating/accommodating differential frost heave Evaluation of adequacy of design procedures Maintenance products and performance Control of transverse cracking Additives for asphalt concrete Performance documentation Wildlife conservation vs aircraft safety Literature cited Appendix A: Questionnaire and listing of airports contacted Appendix B: Summary listing of questionnaire responses Appendix C: Narrative summary of site visits
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  • 48
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-87/13
    In: CRREL Report, 87-13
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermodynamic properties of electrolyte solutions change rapidly below 25C, but these properties are seldom measured over the low temperature range (below 0C), even though some salt solutions can remain unfrozen to -50C. The heat capacities of concentrated solutions (0.5-0.6 molal) of NaC-H2O were measured from 25C to -40C as part of a study to provide thermodynamic data of salt solutions for use in cold regions chemical and geophysical studies. A differential scanning calorimeter was used to measure specific heat capacity from cooling scans as a function of temperature and concentration. The heat capacity data were fit to the equations of Pitzer and coworkers to obtain activity and osmotic coefficients of NaC and H2O, respectively, below o C. Supercooling of the solutions was encouraged by using a fast scan rate (10d2/minute) so that specific heat could be measured to lower temperatures than would be possible if the solutions were allowed to equilibrate with the solid phases. The solubility of ice was calculated and compared to the experiment freezing point of NaC solutions.
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    Pages: ii, 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-13
    Language: English
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  • 49
    Call number: ZSP-201-87/14
    In: CRREL Report, 87-14
    Description / Table of Contents: During February and March 1980 the physical properties of Weddell Sea pack ice were investigated via core drilling of 66 floes located along the transect of 600 nautical miles from 64°S to 74°S latitude at roughly 40°W longitude. These studies revealed widespread frazil ice in amounts not known to exist in Arctic sea ice of comparable age and thickness. It is estimated from structure studies of 62 of the 66 floes that 54% of the total ice production of the Weddell Sea is generated as frazil. The disposition and exceptional thickness of the frazil show that mechanisms other than surface turbulence effects are involved and imply that the circulation and structure of the water in the upper levels of the Weddell Sea are significantly different from those in the Arctic basin. Salinities of both first-year and multi-year floes are notably higher than those of their Arctic counterparts because summer surface melting is rare or absent in the Weddell Sea; in the Arctic, downward percolating meltwater flushes through the ice and lowers its salinity. Fluorescence was evaluated as a means of revealing biological activity in Weddell Sea pack ice. It proved useful as an index of combined living and dead material in the ice, but measurements failed to establish any consistent relationship between fluorescence and salinity as suggested be earlier work in the Weddell Sea.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 80 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-14
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Sea ice structure and classification Logistics and field operations Analytical techniques Crystalline structure Fluorescence Results Salinity Crystalline structure Fluorescence Description of selected floes Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Floe descriptions
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  • 50
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-89/21
    In: CRREL Report, 89-21
    Description / Table of Contents: The physical characteristics of blue ice ablation areas in Antarctica are described and some representative ablation rates are given. The possibilities for using blue-ice areas as airfields are outlined and exploratory surveys are mentioned. Site details are given for icefields at Mount Howe, Mill Glacier, Patriot Hills, Rosser Ridge, Mount Lechner, S1 near Casey station, and on the Ross Ice Shelf near McMurdo station. The surface roughness of blue ice is discussed, microrelief surveys are presented for Mount Howe and Patriot Hills, and spectral analyses are used to develop relations between bump height and wavelength. U.S. military specifications for the roughness limits of various types of runways are summarized and graphical comparisons are made with the roughness analyses for Mount Howe and Patriot Hills. Special machines for smoothing ice runways are discussed and design specifications are developed. Some notes on ground facilities and ground transport are included. Appendices give discussions of weather patterns in the Transantarctic Mountains and methodology for making spectral analyses of surface roughness. It is concluded that glacier-ice airfields for conventional transport aircraft can be developed at low cost in Antarctica. Recommendations for further work are offered.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 105 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 89-21
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Blue-ice areas Blue-ice areas as airfield sites The formation of blue-ice areas Ablation rates at blue-ice areas Exploratory surveys at blue-ice areas Mount Howe Mill Glacier / Plunket Point Patriot Hills Rosser Ridge Mount Lechner The S-1 site near Casey station The McMurdo "Pegasus Site" Surface roughness of blue ice Analysis and characterization of surface roughness Surface preparation to reduce ice roughness Ground facilities Ground transport Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited and selected references Appendix A: Survey data for Patriot Hills, Mount Howe and Mill Glacier Appendix B: Analysis of surface roughness at blue-ice sites Appendix C: Meteorological conditions to be expected in summer in the Trans-antarctic Mountains
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  • 51
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-89/25
    In: CRREL Report, 89-25
    Description / Table of Contents: This study provides a detailed chemical and structural profile of first-year and multiyear Arctic sea ice. Ice cores were collected during April- May 1986 and 1987 near Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. Concentrations of Cl, Br, SO4, Na, Ca, K, Mg, PO4, SiO4, NO3, NO2 and NH4 were determined for samples chosen on the basis of structural ice type. Chemical and statistical analyses indicate that finer-grained structures incorporate more impurities and that major ion chemistry is controlled almost entirely by salinity. Mg is enriched in the ice indicating precipitation is occurring at temperatures higher than previously reported. K is depleted in the ice suggesting preferrential drainage. Ratios of the major ions are the same for first-year and multiyear ice and are similar to that of seawater indicating that as the ice ages no significant changes occur in ice chemistry. Nutrient concentrations in the ice are enriched with respect to the underlying water, indicating that biological activity occurs in the ice and processes other than the overall salinity effect and brine drainage are affecting nutrient concentrations within the ice.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 144 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 89-25
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Formation, growth, and structure of sea ice Oceanic frazil production Multiyear ice Equilibrium growth Summer ice decay Annual layering Salinity distribution in sea ice Chemistry of sea ice Study area description Objectives Methodology Sample collection Blanks Chemical analyses Thin sections Data reduction Results and discussion First-year ice Multiyear ice Comparison of first-year and multiyear ice Summary Conclusions Future work References Appendix A: Concentration of chemical species in sea ice as reported in the literature Appendix B: Ice and water data Appendix C: Linear regression data
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  • 52
    Call number: MOP 47487 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 348 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISBN: 528600069X
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 53
    Call number: MOP 46552 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 217 Seiten , Illustrationen , 22 cm
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 54
    Call number: MOP 47127 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 58, [1] Seiten , Illustrationen , 22 cm
    Language: Russian
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  • 55
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Call number: MOP 46958 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 287 Seiten
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift , Mit englischer Zusammenfassung
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  • 56
    Call number: MOP 47006/2,3 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 320,[1] Seiten , Illustrationen
    Edition: Izdanie vtoroe (pererabotannoe i dopolnennoe)
    Series Statement: Rukovodstvo po kratkospočnym prognozam pogody 2,3
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 57
    Call number: MOP 46825 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 158,[2] Seiten , Illustrationen , 22 cm
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift , Mit englischer Zusammenfassung
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  • 58
    Call number: MOP 46831 / Mitte ; MOP 46831/A / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 198, [1] Seiten , Illustrationen , 22 cm
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 59
    Call number: ZSP-201-86/13
    In: CRREL Report, 86-13
    Description / Table of Contents: Stress-deformation data for six granular soils ranging from sandy silt to dense-graded crushedstone were obtained from in-situ tests and laboratory tests. Surface deflections were measured in the in-situ tests, with repeated-load plate-bearing and falling-weight deflectometer equipment, when the six granular soils were frozen, thawed, and at various stages of recovery from thaw weakening. The measured deflections were used to judge the validity of procedures developed for laboratory triaxial tests to determine nonlinear resilient moduli of specimens in the frozen, thawed, and recovering states. The validity of the nonlinear resilient moduli, expressed as functions of externally applied stress and moisture tension, was confirmed by using the expressions tocalculate surface deflections that were found to compare well with deflections measured in the in-situ tests. The tests on specimens at various stages of recovery are especially significant because they show a strong dependence of the resilient modulus on moisture tension, leading to the conclusion that predictions or in-situ measurements of moisture tension can be used to evaluate expected seasonal variation in the resilient modulus of granular soils.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 148 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-13
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test sections Installing instruments and sampling Laboratory tests Asphalt concrete Base, subbase and subgrade soils Data analysis for base, subbase and subgrade soils Field tests Analysis of plate loading tests Analytical approach Results Discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Field data Appendix B: Ground temperatures, moisture tension, water table and freezing iso-therms prevailing during plate loading tests Appendix C: Measured surface deflections compared with deflections calculated by NELAPAV Appendix D: Resilient moduli and supporting data calculated by NELAPA V at radius 0.0, taxiways A and B.
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  • 60
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-87/19
    In: CRREL Report, 87-19
    Description / Table of Contents: The approximate heat balance integral method (HBIM) is extended to the case of a medium with variable properties such as snow. The case of linear variation of thermal conductivity was investigated. An alternative heat balance integral method (AHBIM) was developed. Both constant surface temperature and surface heat flux were considered. A comparison was made of the temperature distribution from the HBIM, AHBIM and an analytical method for the case of constant surface temperature. In general, results agree quite well with the analytical method for small values of dimensionless time τ, but the difference becomes more pronounced as τ increases. It was found that the AHBIM with a quadratic temperature profile gave a somewhat better result, especially when the value of the dimensionless distance η is small. For a specific property function of E(η) = eη, closed form solutions were obtained. The results, when compared with those from HBIM, AHBIM and the analytical method were found to agree exceptionally well with the analytical method, especially for large values of τ.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-19
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Mathematical analysis Constant surface temperature Constant surface heat flux Comparison with exact solution Alternative method Conclusions and comments Literature cited Appendix A: Derivation of equation 25 Appendix B: Derivations of equations 37 and 40 Appendix C: Derivation of equations 37a and 40
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  • 61
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-89/14
    In: CRREL Report, 89-14
    Description / Table of Contents: The effects of runner material and surface conditions on the friction between runners and ice were studied. A model sled was pushed over a 6-m-long ice sheet and the reduction of speed of the sliding sled was measured. The friction calculated by the reduction of speed between two gates indicated that smooth runners showed lower friction at around -1°C than at around -10°C, as expected, but the friction of rough runners showed little temperature dependence. The lower thermally conductive runners showed lower friction than higher thermally conductive smooth runners as the theory predicted, but such effects were obscured on rougher runners.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 23 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 89-14
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Apparatus and procedures General approach Sled design Sled propulsion Ice sheet preparation Experimental procedure Results General remarks Effect of runner temperature Effect of runner surface Effect of ice surface conditions Effect of velocity Effect of runner materials Observations of replicate surfaces Statistical analysis Discussion Molecular interactions Mechanical deformations Thermal energy dissipation Hydrodynamidc processes Comparison of energy loss mechanisms Summary and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 62
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-89/19
    In: CRREL Report, 89-19
    Description / Table of Contents: Recent efforts to improve airborne electromagnetic induction- measurement technology and to downsize the related helicopter-towed antenna assembly from about 7.5 m long to about 3.5 m long for use in airborne measurement of sea ice thickness are discussed, as are the results from arctic field testing. Also outlined are the system noise and drift problems encountered during arctic field evaluation, problems that adversely affected the quality of the sounding data. The sea ice sounding results indicate that it should be possible to determine thickness to within 5% for ice floes with moderate relief but that, because of sounding footprint size and current model algorithm constraints, steepsided pressure ridge keels cannot be well defined. The findings also indicate that routine sea ice thickness profiling from an airborne platform is close at hand with further system improvement, as is the apparent capability to determine the conductivity of the sea ice, from which an assessment of sea ice strength can be made.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 54 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 89-19
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Pre-field-deployment activities Software development System optimization Improvements of the calibration procedure Real-time processing Small bird design and implementation Other improvements Field activities Snow, ice and seawater data AEM surveys Calibration AEM data processing Post-survey results Processing problem Ground truth data Floe freeboard vs thickness analysis AEM sounding results Concluding remarks Literature cited Appendix A: Blowup of Figure 28
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  • 63
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-87/15
    In: CRREL Report, 87-15
    Description / Table of Contents: Constant strain-rate tension tests were conducted on remolded saturated frozen Fairbanks silt at various temperatures, strain rates, and densities. It was found that the critical strain rate of the ductile-brittle transition is not temperature-dependent at temperatures down to -5°C, but varies with density. The peak tensile strength decreases considerable with decreasing strain rate for ductile failure, but it decreases slightly with increasing strain rate for brittle fracture. The failure strain remains almost constant at temperatures lower than about -2°C, but it varies with density and strain rate at -5°C. The initial tangent modulus is independent of strain rate and increases with decreasing temperature and density.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 29 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-15
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Testing Material Specimen preparation Testing procedure and apparatus Results Discussion Peak tensile strength, σm Failure tensile strain, ϵf Initial tangent modulus and 50% peak strength modulus Discussion of test techniques Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Physical properties of Fairbanks silt specimens Appendix B: Unfrozen water content data of Fairbanks silt with three typical water contents
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  • 64
    Call number: MOP 46543 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 208 Seiten , Illustrationen , 22 cm
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift , Mit englischer Zusammenfassung
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  • 65
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Call number: MOP 47694 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 286 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 66
    Call number: MOP 46955 / Mitte
    In: Sovremennye problemy atmosfernoj optiki, Tom 3
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 244 Seiten
    Series Statement: Sovremennye problemy atmosfernoj optiki 3
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 67
    Call number: MOP 47404 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 199, 1 Seiten , Illustrationen , 22 cm
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 68
    Call number: MOP 46983 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 269, [1] Seiten , Illustrationen , 22 cm
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 69
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Associated volumes
    Call number: MOP 46897 / Mitte
    In: Sovremennye problemy atmosfernoj optiki, Tom 4
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 253 Seiten
    Series Statement: Sovremennye problemy atmosfernoj optiki 4
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 70
    Call number: MOP 46574 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 183 Seiten , 23 cm
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 71
    Call number: MOP 46500 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 318 Seiten , Illustrationen , Beilage , 22 cm
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 72
    Call number: ZSP-201-86/12
    In: CRREL Report, 86-12
    Description / Table of Contents: Stress-deformation data for six granular soils ranging from sandy silt to dense-graded crushed stone were obtained from in-situ tests and laboratory tests. Surface deflections were measured in the in-situ tests, with repeated-load plate-bearing and falling-weight deflectometer equipment, when the six granular soils were frozen, thawed, and at various stages of recovery from thaw weakening. The measured deflections were used to judge the validity of procedures developed for laboratory triaxial tests to determine nonlinear resilient moduli of specimens in the frozen, thawed, and recovering states. The validity of the nonlinear resilient moduli, expressed as functions of externally applied stress and moisture tension, was confirmed by using the expressions to calculate surface deflections that were found to compare well with deflections measured in the in-situ tests. The tests on specimens at various stages of recovery are especially significant because they show a strong dependence of the resilient modulus on moisture tension, leading to the conclusion that predictions or in-situ measurements of moisture tension can be used to evaluate expected seasonal variation in the resilient modulus of granular soils.
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    Pages: v, 70 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-12
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sampling of test section Laboratory tests Asphalt concrete Natural subgrade material Test soils Field tests Analysis of field-loading tests Discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Field data Appendix 8: Ground temperatures prevailing during plate-loading tests Appendix C: Measured surface deflections compared with deflections calculated by NELAPAV Appendix D: Resilient moduli and supporting data calculated by NELAPAV
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  • 73
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    Call number: ZSP-201-85/1
    In: CRREL Report, 85-1
    Description / Table of Contents: An expensive drill has been modified to provide researchers with the ability to auger an open hole or to acquire continuous, undisturbed 76-mm-diam core samples of a variety of perennially frozen materials that are suitable for chemical and petrographic analysis. It was developed by field testing in support of research from 1980 to 1983. Operation of the drill is based mainly on using a minimum of power to cut through frozen ground with tungsten carbide cutters on a CRREL coring auger. The ice content, temperature and grain size of the frozen sediments are important variables determining the sampling depth. Perennially frozen sediments with temperatures in the range of -0.5 C to -8.5 C have been continuously cored with this drill. Drilling and sampling are most efficiently conducted when ambient air temperatures are below freezing and the active layer is frozen. The self-contained lightweight drill is readily transportable off-road by helicopter or tracked vehicle, or by towing over roads. It is locally self-mobile by use of a winch. Total cost of the drill and modifications is estimated at approximately $10,000.
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    Pages: v, 34 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-1
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background on development Drill development and configuration Equipment Modifications Operations Assembly and disassembly Field transport and movement Typical operating procedures Effect of material properties, weather and water Depth and hole completion time Summary Literature cited
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  • 74
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    Call number: ZSP-201-85/3
    In: CRREL Report, 85-3
    Description / Table of Contents: In the past all theoretical analyses for rapidly sheared granular flows assumed that the granular solids are either disks or spheres and are uniform in size. However, natural materials that create these granular flows are in general irregular in shape and have various spectra of sizes. The stress and rate of energy dissipation levels in granular flows are significantly influenced by the size distribution. In part 1 of this report series (AD-A154 045), the formulation of the constitutive equations considering a two-size granular mixture is presented, where the ratio of the two sizes is nearly one. In part 2, the constitutive equations for a two-size mixture are extended to include a general size ratio. In addition, a complete spectrum of size distribution is incorporated, which allows the quantification of the size distribution effect in the most general way. In analyzing the stresses, intergranular collision is assumed to be the major dynamic activity at the microscopic level. Because of the present limited knowledge of testing shape effects, the analysis is confined to the flow of either disks or spheres. The result of this work provides necessary information for a more realistic analysis of natural and industrial granular flow. Keywords: Granular flow, and Particle size distribution.
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    Pages: vi, 29 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-3
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Constitutive equations for a two-size mixture Limiting case of the two-size mixture Complete spectrum analysis for spheres and disks Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Derivation of collision frequency between neighboring spheres that follow the mean shear flow without fluctuations
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  • 75
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/21
    In: CRREL Report, 87-21
    Description / Table of Contents: The author measured time series of longitudinal (u) and vertical (w) velocity and temperature (t) and humidity (q) fluctuations with fast-responding sensors in the near-neutrally stable surface layer over a snow-covered field. These series yielded individual spectra and u-w, w-t, w-q and t-q cospectra, phase spectra and coherence spectra for nondimensional frequencies (fz/U) from roughly 0.001 to 10. With the exception of the u-w cospectra, all the spectra and cospectra displayed the expected dependence on frequency in an inertial or inertial-convective subrange. All, however, contained significantly more energy at low frequency than the Kansas neutral-stability spectra and cospectra. This excess low-frequency energy and the erratic behavior of the u-w cospectra imply that forested hills bordering the site on two sides were producing disturbances in the flow field at scales roughly equal to the height of the hills, 100 m. The phase and coherence spectra suggest that internal gravity waves were also frequently present, since the atmospheric boundary layer generally had slightly stable stratification. Consequently, at this complex site, turbulence alone determines the spectra and cospectra at high frequency; at low frequency the spectra and cospectra reflect a combination of topographically generated turbulence and internal waves. From the measured temperature and humidity spectra and the t-q cospectra, the author computed refractive index spectra for light of 0.55-micrometer and millimeter wavelengths. The refractive index spectra had shapes like the other scalar spectra: excess energy at low frequency and an inertial-convective subrange at high frequency.
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    Pages: v, 50 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-21
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Measurements Spectra u and w velocity spectra Temperature and humidity spectra Inertial-dissipation estimates Cospectra u-w cospectra w-t and w-q cospectra t-q cospectra Refractive index spectra Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 76
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/22
    In: CRREL Report, 87-22
    Description / Table of Contents: This review discusses problems associated with the anomalous temperature-density relations of water. It covers a) onset of convection, b) temperature structure and natural convective heat transfer, and c) laminar forced convective heat transfer in the water/ice system. The onset of convection in a water/ice system was found to dependent on thermal boundary conditions, not a constant value as in the classical fluids that have a monotonic temperature-density relationship. The water/ice system also exhibits a unique temperature distribution in the melt layer immediately after the critical Rayleigh number is exceeded and soon after it establishes a more or less constant temperature region progressively deepening as the melt layer grows. The constant temperature is approximately 3.2°C for water layers formed from above but varies for melt layers from below. The heat flux across the water/ice interface was found to be a weak power function and to increase linearly with temperature for melted layers from above and below, respectively.
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    Pages: vi, 43 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-22
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Analytical studies on the onset of convection in a horizontal water layer Experimental studies on the onset of convection in a circular horizontal melt layer Temperature structure and heat transfer In a horizontal layer In a circular horizontal melt layer pHeat transfer studies in nonplanar geometries Forced convective heat transfer over a melting surface Discussion and conclusions Onset of convection Temperature structure and natural convective heat transfer Laminar forced convective heat transfer Literature cited
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  • 77
    Call number: ZSP-201-88/1
    In: CRREL Report, 88-1
    Description / Table of Contents: The Cornish-Windsor bridge is the longest covered bridge in the United States and has significant historical value. At a large peak flow, dynamic ice breakup of the Connecticut River can threaten the bridge and cause flood damage in the town of Windsor, Vermont. Throughout the 1985-86 winter we regularly monitored ice conditions, including a midwinter dynamic ice breakup on 27 January. We conducted controlled release tests over the operating range of the turbines at Wilder Dam upstream during both open water and ice cover conditions. These data and observations were analyzed in light of more than 60 years of temperature and discharge records. Our analysis indicates that river regulation presents alternatives for ice management that would minimize the probability of bridge damage and flooding during breakup. The flow can be regulated early in the winter to promote the growth of a stable ice cover, minimizing the total ice production in the reach. In the weeks prior to breakup, sustained releases and above-freezing air temperatures cause melting, weakening and gradual breakup of the ice, greatly reducing the flooding potential. Also, it is possible to produce a controlled ice breakup prior to an imminent natural event at lower stage and discharge. All of these ice control alternatives have associated power production costs.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-1
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Analysis of historical data Field observations Controlled release tests January 1986 ice breakup Connecticut River ice control Minimizing ice production Hydrothermal melting Controlled ice breakup Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Detailed ice breakup chronology
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  • 78
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/2
    In: CRREL Report, 88-2
    Description / Table of Contents: While many materials undergo phase change at a fixed temperature, soil systems exhibit a definite zone of phase change. The variation of unfrozen water with temperature causes a soil system to freeze of thaw over a finite temperature range. Exact and approximate solutions are given for conduction phase change of plane layers of soil with unfrozen water contents that vary linearly and quadratically with temperature. The temperature and phase change depths were found to vary significantly from those predicted for the constant-temperature or Neumann problem. The thermal conductivity and specific heat of the soil within the mushy zone varied as a function of unfrozen water content. It was found that the effect of specific heat is negligible, while the effect of variable thermal conductivity can be accounted for by a proper choice of thermal properties used in the constant-thermal-property solution.
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    Pages: v, 30 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-2
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Nomenclature Preface Introduction Basic equations Two-zone problems Linear unfrozen water function Quadratic unfrozen water function Three-zone problems Linear unfrozen water function Quadratic unfrozen water function Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Derivation of the mushy zone equation Appendix B: Solution of the two-zone problem with a linear t and variable thermal properties
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  • 79
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/11
    In: CRREL Report, 88-11
    Description / Table of Contents: This study assesses the effects of atmospheric icing on broadcast transmission reflections on two mountains- Mount Mansfield in northern Vermont and Mount Washington in New Hampshire. Experience and theory suggest that antenna ice accretions produce large signal reflections. Correlations between reflection coefficients and ice accretions on Rosemount ice detectors adjacent to antennas were low and occasionally negative. The unexpected correlations may be due to factors not measured, such as antenna tuning, ice type and ice location on the antenna system. Other confounding factors may include ice detector performance and methods used to compute antenna ice accretions from the ice detectors.
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    Pages: iii, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-11
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Data sources Study location and icing conditions Icing data Antenna reflection data Data preparation Analyses Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 80
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/5
    In: CRREL Report, 88-5
    Description / Table of Contents: This report describes the structural analysis of multi-year sea ice samples that were tested in the second phase of a program designed to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice from the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Each test specimen is classified into one of three major ice texture categories: granular, columnar, or a mixture of columnar and granular ice. The crystallographic orientation, percent columnar ice, and grain size are then evaluated for the granular and/or columnar ice in the sample. Test results are interpreted with respect to these parameters. The overall composition of multi-year ridges is considered, based on the extensive field sampling that was done in the program. The effect of sample orientation on the results is also discussed.
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    Pages: iii, 32 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-5
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sample analysis Continuous multi-year ridge core Tested multi-year ridge ice samples Unconfined constant-strain-rate compression tests Confined constant-strain-rate compression tests Uniaxial constant-strain-rate tension tests Discussion Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Multi-year ridge sample data
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  • 81
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/14
    In: CRREL Report, 88-14
    Description / Table of Contents: An experimental study covering a mass flow rate ranging from 1.62 to 67.45 g/cm2-s and snow density varying from 0.377 to 0.472 g/cm3 has been conducted. Pressure drops ranging from 0.012 to 2.868 gf/cm2 were recorded. A plot of the friction factor fp vs Rep (defined as the classical Reynolds number Re for fluid flow through conduits) showed a good representation of all the experimental data. The least-squares analysis resulted in an expression of f sub p = 118/Rep to the 1.095 power for snow, in comparison with the expression f sub p = 64/Rep developed for fluid flow through porous media of randomly packed metallic and nonmetallic materials of spherical and nonspherical shapes.
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    Pages: iv, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-14
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental setup and procedure Experimental results Discussion and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 82
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/13
    In: CRREL Report, 88-13
    Description / Table of Contents: In many sea ice engineering problems the ice sheet has been assumed to be a homogeneous plate whose mechanical properties are estimated from the bulk salinity and average temperature of the ice sheet. Typically no regard has been given to the vertical variation of ice properties in the ice sheet or to the time of ice formation. This paper first reviews some of the mechanical properties of sea ice, including the ice tensile, flexural and shear strengths, as well as the ice modulus. Equations for these properties are given as functions of the ice brine volume, which can be determined from the ice salinity and temperature. Next a numerical, finite difference model is developed to predict the salinity and temperature profiles of a growing ice sheet. In this model ice temperatures are calculated by performing an energy balance of the heat fluxes at the ice surface. The conductive heat flux is used to calculate the rate of ice growth and ice thickness by applying the Stefan ice growth equation. Ice salinities are determined by considering the amount of initial salt entrapment at the ice/water interface and the subsequent brine drainage due to brine expulsion and gravity drainage. Ice salinity and temperature profiles are generated using climatological data for the Central Arctic basin. The predicted salinity and temperature profiles are combined with the mechanical property data to provide mechanical property profiles for first-year sea ice of different thicknesses, grown at different times of the winter. The predicted profiles give composite plate properties that are significantly different from bulk properties obtained by assuming homogeneous plates. In addition the failure strength profiles give maximum strength in the interior of the sheet as contrasted with the usual assumption of maximum strength at the cold, upper ice surface. Surprisingly the mechanical property profiles are only a function of the ice thickness, independent of the time of ice formation.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 63 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-13
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Structure Composition Mechanical properties Strength Elastic constants The temperature-salinity model Temperature profiles Salinity profiles Composite plate properties Results Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Details of the equations for ice surface temperature and conductive heat flux Appendix B: Calculated profile and bulk properties of an ice sheet of varying thickness Appendix C: Calculated profile and bulk properties of 30- and 91-cm-thick ice sheets
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  • 83
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/16
    In: CRREL Report, 88-16
    Description / Table of Contents: Unfrozen water content as a function of temperature was measured in the laboratory using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for a Windsor sandy loam soil. The data were related to previously measured soil moisture retention data through the modified Clapeyron equation with suitable adjustment for surface tension. The results show the usefulness of extending the soil freezing curve to temperatures only slightly below freezing and the soil water curve to very great suction.
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    Pages: iii, 42 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-16
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Soil variable ø SWC and SFC similarity Mathematical representation of SWC and SFC data NMR measurement of unfrozen water content Characterization of SWC Discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Soil freezing curve data Appendix B: Error analysis Appendix C: Soil water curve data
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  • 84
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/15
    In: CRREL Report, 88-15
    Description / Table of Contents: The main points covered are: (1)modeling criteria for ships in ice, which must take into account the presence of a solid boundary at the water surface; (2) types of model ice used in various tanks-saline ice, urea-doped ice, EG/AD/S ice and synthetic ice; (3) techniques for growing model ice sheets, and achieving and monitoring the required ice properties; (4) limitations of both model ice and property measurement techniques; (5) model testing procedures for EHP and SHP tests and their limitations; (6) comparison between model test results and available full-scale trials data; (7) existing empirical and analytical or semi-analytical algorithms for predicting ship performance in level ice; (8) current research at CRREL and other research facilities to improve modeling techniques and data interpretation; and (9) novel bow designs for ice-transiting vessels.
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    Pages: v, 39 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-15
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction General considerations Ice properties Modulus, E Characteristic length, Ic Flexural strength, σf Com pressive strength, σc Shear strength, σs Poisson's ratio, ϑ Fracture toughness, Kic Density, ρi Ice-hull friction factor, fi Model ice Synthetic ice Columnar saline ice Columnar carbamide ice Fine-grained ice EG/AD/S model ice Model test procedures Ice growth and monitoring EHP tests SHP test Test data analysis--comparison with full scale Analysis of test results Comparison with full-scale data Analytical and empirical predictors Empirical predictors Analytical and semi-analytical schemes Current research efforts in ice modeling International cooperative research Ice testing CRREL research on ship-ice interaction Novel icebreaking bow designs Conclusions and final remarks Literature cited
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  • 85
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/18
    In: CRREL Report, 88-18
    Description / Table of Contents: The results of a laboratory testing program, carried out to compare two independent methods for determining the unfrozen water content of soils, are described. With the time domain reflectometry method, the unfrozen water content is inferred from a calibration curve of apparent dielectric constant vs volumetric water content, determined by experiment. Previously, precise calibration of the TDR technique was hindered by the lack of a reference comparison method, which nuclear magnetic resonance now offers. This has provided a much greater scope for calibration, including a wide range of soil types and temperature (unfrozen water content). The results of the testing program yielded a relationship between dielectric constant and volumetric unfrozen water content that is largely unaffected by soil type, although a subtle but apparent dependency on the texture of the soil was noted. It is suggested that this effect originates from the lower valued dielectric constant for absorbed soil water. In spite of this, the general equation presented may be considered adequate for most practical purposes. The standard error of estimate is 0.015 cc/cc, although this may be reduced by calibrating for individual soils. Brief guidelines on system and probe design are offered to help ensure that use of the TDR method will give results consistent with the relationship presented.
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    Pages: ii, 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-18
    Language: English
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  • 86
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    Call number: ZSP-201-86/2
    In: CRREL Report, 86-2
    Description / Table of Contents: The behavior of reinforced and unreinforced concrete beams was studied under impact loading at low temperatures, and the results were compared to the behavior of reinforcing steel (rebar) in Charpy-V impact tests. Transition temperatures as low as -30°C were obtained for the rebars in the Charpy-V tests whereas no brittle failures occured in the rebars in the reinforced concrete beams at the temperature as low as -63°C, even in beams whe're the rebars were Intentionally notched. The impact strength of unreinforced concrete increases considerably at lower temperatures, thus reducing cracking of reinforcedconcrete structures and significantly increasing the safety of lightly reinforced structures.
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    Pages: iii, 25 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-2
    Language: English
    Note: Abstract Preface Introduction Tests Test specimens Test methods Results Impact strength of beanms Ductility of beams Effect of notched bars Elastic deflection of beams Impact tests on rebars Conclusions and summary Literature cited Appendix A: Beam crack patterns Appendix B: Photomicrographs of failure surfaces of some steels
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  • 87
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/10
    In: CRREL Report, 87-10
    Description / Table of Contents: Uniaxial constant-stress and constant-strain-rate compression tests were conducted on more than 200 remolded, saturated, frozen specimens of Fairbanks silt under various conditions. A series of curves of stress vs strain rate for various temperatures of strain rates ranging from about 6x10-2 to 10-8s-1show a close strength correspondence between the constant-stress and-costant strain-rate tests. All of these "complete" stress vs strain rate curves could not be described by a single power law or exponential equation, indicating that different deformation mechanisms are dominant within different ranges of strainrate Two critical strain rates for distinguishing between the different deformation mechanisms were ob-served to be near 10- 3 and 10-6 s-1 for the medium-dense frozen Fairbanks silt. The former indicates the transition from ductile failure to moderate brittle fracture as strain rate increases, while the latter indicates the transition from dislocation creep to glide creep (by the authors' definition). Based on the change in flow law, two fundamental creeps were classified: short-term creep, which is governed by glide creep, and long-term creep, which is governed by dislocation creep. The failure criterion of frozen silt has a general form of em x tm = Ef, where m depends only on density, and tm is in minutes if m is not 1. The failure strain Ef was not sensitive to temperature and strain rate over a certain range of strain rates, but it was very sensitive to density. Assur's creep model (1980) for ice was used to fit the creep data in this study. It works well for short-term creep but does not fit as well for long-term creep. The rate process theory was applied to the creep data. A very high value of experimental activation energy was obtained for lower stresses, and a very high value of apparent activation energy was observed for higher temperatures. The peak compressive strength was very sensitive to temperature and strain rate but relatively insensitive to density. While the initial tangent modulus is not-sensitive to strain rate, it increases with decreasing temperature and density.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 75 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-10
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Review of previous work Specimen preparation Material Molding Testing procedure and apparatus Test results Definition of strain and stress Definition of creep failure Definition of failure in constant-strain-rate tests Definition of initial yield strength Determination of initial tangent modulus and 50% peak strength modulus Creep behavior General nature of the creep process and the failure mode Minimum creep rate Time to creep failure Relationship between t, and tm Creep failure strain and failure criterion Creep model and prediction of creep strain Strength behavior General stress-strain behavior and failure mode Peak compressive strength Initial yield strength Failure strain Initial yield strain Initial tangent modulus 50% peak strength modulus Correspondence between constant-stress tests and constant-strain-rate tests Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Unfrozen water content data Appendix B: Physical properties of samples tested
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  • 88
    Call number: MOP 46542 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 255,[1] Seiten , Illustrationen , 22 см
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 89
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-85/22
    In: CRREL Report, 85-22
    Description / Table of Contents: Tests in level ice on an idealized icebreaker bow in the shape of a simple wedge were conducted in the test basin. The horizontal and vertical forces on the wedge were measured, and floe size distribution in the wake of the wedge was observed. From the force measurements, the ice wedge/hull friction factor was calculated and found to be in general agreement with the friction factor measured in separate friction tests. The ice floe length and ice floe area measured in the current study were found to follow log-normal probability distributions defined by the length average L and area average A and corresponding standard deviations SL and SA. The results of these tests and other tests conducted at another facility showed that the ratios A/h2 and L/h (A =average floe area, L averagefloe length, h = ice thickness) were, for the same type of model ice, directly proportional to the parameter y/-yh. (a = ice bending strength, tj7= specific weight of water) and a/y, respectively, and independent of the velocity and ice strain modulus or ice characteristic* length. However, the coefficients of proportionality appear to depend upon the type of model ice used in the tests. The ratios Si/A were independent of o/yh but varied with the bow shape and the type of ice. The available field data are not sufficient for meaningful comparison with the laboratory results.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 53 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-22
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Experimental set-up and conditions Results of wedge resistance measurements Results of floe size measurements Statistical analysis of data Comparison between model and full-scale data Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: Wedge tests-floe size measurements Appendix B: Wedge tests-histograms of floe length and floe area Appendix C: Cumulative frequency distributions for floe length and floe area
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  • 90
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    Call number: ZSP-201-86/14
    In: CRREL Report, 86-14
    Description / Table of Contents: Three methods for determining the frost susceptibility of soils are evaluated in this report. These methods are the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers frost design soil classification system, a moisture-tension/hydraulic-conductivity test, and a laboratory freeze-thaw test. The Corps method, which is based on particle size, soil classification, and a laboratory freezing test, was found to be useful for identifying frost-susceptibility. The moisture-hydraulic-conductivity test was found to be unacceptable because it required too much time and its results correlated poorly with field observations. The freeze-thaw test was determined to be the most accurate of the methods studied, including the freeze test that is a part of the Corps method. The freeze-thaw test is thoroughly described. It includes indexes of both frost-heave susceptibility (heave rate) and thaw-weakening susceptibility (CBR after thawing). It also accounts for the effects of freeze-thaw cycling and is completely automated to improve the repeatability of the test results. It is suggested that the freeze-thaw test considered as a replacement for the Corps freezing test.
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    Pages: v, 56 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-14
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Description of the selected sites Corps of engineers frost design soil classification system Moisture-tension/hydraulic-conductivity tests Freezing test Validation Description of test sites and materials Sample preparation Results and analysis of laboratory tests Corps of engineers frost design soil classification system Moisture-tension/hydraulic-conductivity test Freezing test Discussion Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: Summary of frost-susceptibility tests on natural soil
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  • 91
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-86/17
    In: CRREL Report, 86-17
    Description / Table of Contents: Rime icing and freezing precipitation are of concern to the radio and television broadcasting industry. This report contains the results of a study seeking to document the severity and extent of transmitter tower icing and related problems in the northeastern United States. Information was obtained via mail questionnaire and telephone interviews with 85 station owners and engineers concerning 118 different stations. Results show that television and FM broadcasters are seriously impacted by tower icing; however, AM operators are usually not affected by expected New England icing levels. Combined annual costs for icing protection and icing-related repairs averaged $121, $402 and $3066 for AM, FM and TV stations respectively. None of the AM stations polled employ any icing protection in the three northern states averaged 80%, indicating a significant concern for icing in that region. In contrast, the percentage of FM stations with icing protection was 63.5% for the southern New England states. The usage of guyed versus non-guyed towers was a poor indicator of icing costs. However, the factors of increasing mast height and mast top elevation are significant to increasing costs.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 52 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-17
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Background Types of accretions Problems caused by icing Prevention and shedding methods Results The survey Data presentation Discussion Survey response distribution Effect of icing protection on parameter averages Effect of tower type on parameter averages Moderate and more severe icing locations Relationship of climate, geography and topography to icing severity Total annual costs Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Tower icing survey Appendix B: Station summaries
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  • 92
    Call number: ZSP-201-87/2
    In: CRREL Report, 87-2
    Description / Table of Contents: This is the third in a series of four reports on the laboratory and field testing of a number of road and airfield subgrades, covering the laboratory repeated-load triaxial testing of five soils in the frozen and thawed states and analysis of the resulting resilient modulus measurements. The laboratory testing procedures allow simulation of the gradual increase in stiffnessfound in frost-susceptible soils after thawing. The resilient modulus is expressed in a nonlinear model in terms of the applied stresses, the soil moisture tension level (for unfrozen soil), the unfrozen water content (for frozen soil) and the dry density. The resilient modulus is about 10 GPa for the frozen material at temperatures in the range of -5° to -8° C. The decrease in modulus with increasing temperature was well-modeled in terms of the unfrozen water content. Upon thaw, the modulus dropped to about 100 MPa and generally increased with increasing confining stress and decreased with increasing principal stress ratio. The modulus also increased with the soil moisture tension level. The resilient Poisson's ratio did not appear to be a systematic function of any of the test variables.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 36 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-2
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test sections and materials Specimen preparation Test soils Asphalt concrete Laboratory testing Soil testing Waveforms of applied stress Asphalt concrete Data reduction and analysis Soil Asphalt concrete Results and discussion General Resilient modulus Summary Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Soil moisture tension versus water content for several test soils Appendix B: Tabulated results for all tests on frozen and thawed soils
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  • 93
    Call number: MOP 46359 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 85, [19] Seiten , Illustrationen , 22 cm
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 94
    Call number: MOP 47006/1 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 701,[1] Seiten , Illustrationen
    Edition: Izdanie tret'e (pererabotannoe i dopolnennoe)
    Series Statement: Rukovodstvo po kratkospočnym prognozam pogody 1
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 95
    Call number: MOP 46588 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 224 Seiten
    Language: Russian
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 96
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Call number: MOP 46319 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 263 Seiten
    Language: Russian
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
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  • 97
    Call number: MOP 46464 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 301 Seiten , Illustrationen , 22 cm
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 98
    Call number: MOP 46696 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 23, [1] Seiten , Illustrationen , 22 cm
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 99
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-87/20
    In: CRREL Report, 87-20
    Description / Table of Contents: The structure and salinity characteristics of saline ice slabs removed from ice sheets grown in an outdoor pool have been studied and related to the complex relative dielectric permittivity measured with free-space transmission techniques at 4.80 and 9.50 GHz. The saline ice closely simulated arctic sea ice in its structural and salinity characteristics, which were regularly monitored in a number of ice sheets grown during the winters of 1983-84 and 1984-85. In-situ transmission measurements at similar frequencies were also made on the ice sheets themselves using antennas located above and beneath the ice. The slab measurements were made during warming from -29° to -2°C on slabs grown during the winter of 1983-84 (4.75 GHz) and during a warming and cooling cycle over a slightly larger temperature range on slabs grown during the winter of 1984-85 (4.80 and 9.50 GHz).
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 41 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-20
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Part I - Structural properties Introduction Experimental setup Analytical techniques Results and discussion 1983-84 experiments 1984-85 experiments Conclusions and recommendations Part Il - Microwave properties Introduction Measurement techniques Results 1983-84 experiments 1984-85 experiments 1984-85 in-situ experiments Discussion Comparison of data Analytical modeling Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Dielectric mixing model of sea ice
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  • 100
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-89/2
    In: CRREL Report, 89-2
    Description / Table of Contents: A brash ice jam in the South Channel of the St. Clair River was profiled in February 1987 using a helicopter-borne short-pulse radar operating in the UHF band near 500 MHz. During the same time, measurements of the brash ice depth and water temperature were made from a Coast Guard icebreaker. The returned radar pulses consisted of a strong coherent reflection from the water surface, preceded (and followed) by incoherent returns from the brash ice. The measured waveform time delays were then converted to mean freeboard height of the brash ice pieces above the water surface. Given the mean freeboard height, an estimate of the total brash ice thickness was made. This estimate was greater than the range of the direct shipboard measurements. The difference is believed due to differences between ice porosity above and below the water line, to melting within the ice and to partial submergence of some of the surface pieces. It is concluded that this technique could be used for mapping relative brash ice depth if the complexities of automating waveform analysis could be overcome.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 25 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 89-2
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Objectives and procedures Equipment Radar Brash ice probe Temperature measurements St. Clair River ice conditions Results and discussion Thickness and temperature Size distribution Radar survey Discussion of errors Porosity Phase state of the ice Partial submergence of individual pieces Spectra of reflected energy Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: Laboratory verification of surface scattering from a simulated ice jam Appendix B: Display of digitized and processed data
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