ALBERT

Anmerkung: CONTENTS: PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY. - SECTION I. FUNDAMENTALS. - 1. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SEA-WATER / BY N. P. FOFONOFF. - 1. The equilibrium thermodynamic state. - 2. Equation of state for sea-water. - 3. Entropy. - 4. Chemical potential difference. - 5. The non-equilibrium state. - 6. Other physical properties of sea-water. - 2. THE EQUATIONS OF MOTION OF SEA-WATER / BY CARL ECKART. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Thermodynamics. - 3. Hydrodynamics. - 4. The irreversible processes. - 5. Transformation of the equation. - 6. The zeroth approximation. - 7. The first approximation. - 8. Definitions related to convective motion. - 9. The field equations. - SECTION II. INTERCHANGE OF PROPERTIES BETWEEN SEA AND AIR. - 3. SMALL-SCALE INTERACTIONS / BY E. L. DEACON AND E. K. WEBB. - 1. General considerations of transfer. - 2. Momentum transfer and the wind-profile. - 3. Drag coefficients of the sea surface. - 4. Transfer of heat and water vapour. - 4. LARGE-SCALE INTERACTIONS / BY JOANNE S. MALKUS. - 1. Introduction. - 2. How the whole system works. - 3. Determination of air-sea fluxes. - 4. Climatology of energy exchange and the global heat and water budgets. - 5. Heat and water exchange and its role in tropical circulations. - 6. Large-scale momentum relations. - 7. Exchange mechanisms and fluctuations. - 8. Exchange fluctuations in mid-latitudes and long-period interaction anomalies. - 9. Concluding remarks. - 5. INSOLUBLES / BY R. W. REX AND E. D. GOLDBERG. - 1. Meteorology of transport. - 2. Eolian materials in marine sediments. - 6. SOLUBLES / BY A. H. WOODCOCK. - 7. GASES / BY R. REVELLE AND H. E. SUESS. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Oxygen and nitrogen. - 3. Rare gases. - 4. Carbon dioxide. - SECTION III. DYNAMICS OF OCEAN CURRENTS / BY N. P. FOFONOFF. - 1. Conservation equations for momentum and mass. - 2. Separation into steady and time-dependent motion. - 3. Magnitude of forces. - 4. Steady-state circulation. - 5. Steady inertial circulation. - 6. Convective circulation. - 7. Time-dependent motion. - SECTION IV. TRANSMISSION OF ENERGY WITHIN THE SEA. - 8. LIGHT / BY J. E. TYLER AND R. W. PREISENDORFER. - 1. Physical constructs. - 2. Instrumentation for the measurement of the underwater light field and the determination of the optical properties of the sea. - 3. Radiance distribution. - 4. Attenuation coefficient. - 5. Volume scattering functions and total scattering coefficient. - 6. Irradiance. - 7. Diffuse attenuation function and reflectance function. - 8. Scalar irradiance (spherical irradiance). - 9. Absorption coefficient. - 10. Path function. - 11. Data. - 12. Applications. - 13. List of symbols. - 9. UNDERWATER VISIBILITY / BY S. Q. DUNTLEY. - 1. Image transmission. - 2. Inherent contrast. - 3. Sighting range. - 10. LIGHT AND ANIMAL LIFE / BY G. L. CLARKE AND E. J. DENTON. - 11. OTHER ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION / BY L. N. LIEBERMANN. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Electromagnetic properties of sea-water. - 3. Propagation through sea-water. - 4. The effect of the sea-surface on electromagnetic propagation. - 5. Natural electromagnetic radiation or "noise" in the sea. - 12. SOUND IN THE SEA / BY P. VIGOUREUX and J. B. HERSEY. - 1. The nature of sound. - 2. Propagation of sound in water. - 3. Noise. - 4. Instruments and applications of sound to oceanography. - 13. SOUND SCATTERING BY MARINE ORGANISMS / BY J. B. HERSEY AND R. H. BACKUS. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Occurrence and description of scattering layers. - 3. Identification of sound scatterers. - 4. Sound-scattering theory. - 5. Sound-scattering observations. - 6. What is "the deep scattering layer"?. - 7. Ideas and miscellaneous observations. - 14. SOUND PRODUCTION BY MARINE ANIMALS / BY W. E. SCHEVILL, R. H. BACKUS, AND J. B. HERSEY. - 1. Introduction. - 2. History. - 3. Instrumentation. - 4. Identification of source. - 5. Purposeful and adventitious sounds. - 6. Sound-producing mechanisms. - 7. Spectra of sounds. - 8. Functions of sound. - 9. Hearing as related to sound production. - 10. Eliciting and suppressing marine animal sounds. - 11. Exploitation of marine animal sounds by the oceanographer. - SECTION V. WAVES. - 15. ANALYSIS AND STATISTICS / BY D. E. CARTWRIGHT. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Fundamental equations of wave motion. - 3. Statistical formulation. - 4. Properties of a wave system in terms of its directional energy spectrum. - 5. Estimating the directional energy spectrum. - 6. Waves recorded by a single detector. - 7. Spectral measurement. - 8. Second-order approximations to energy spectra. - 16. LONG-TERM VARIATIONS IN SEA-LEVEL / BY J. R. ROSSITER. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The determination of mean sea-level. - 3. Causes of variations in sea-level. - 4. The analysis of observations. - 5. Some geophysical implications of long-term variations in sea-level. - 6. Conclusion. - 17. SURGES / BY P. GROEN AND G. W. GROVES. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Description. - 3. Dynamics and forecasting. - 18. LONG OCEAN WAVES / BY W. H. MUNK. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The instruments. - 3. The spectrum. - 4. Surf beat. - 5. Shelf waves. - 6. Tsunamis. - 19. WIND WAVES / BY N. F. BARBER AND M. J. TUCKER. - 1. Kinematics of waves. - 2. The description of a complicated wave pattern: the wave spectrum. - 3. Theories of wave generation by wind. - 4. Wave prediction. - 5. Waves from distant storms. - 6. Waves approaching the shore. - 7. The surf zone. - 8. Ships and waves. - 9. Methods of observation and analysis-methods taking no account of direction of travel. - 10. Methods of observation and analysis - the directional power spectrum. - 20. MICROSEISMS / BY J. DARBYSHIRE. - 1. Relation between sea waves and microseisms. - 2. The nature of microseisms. - 3. Refraction of microseisms. - 4. Storm tracking and estimation of the direction of approach of microseisms. - 5. Estimation of direction from the nature of microseisms. - 6. Instruments. - 7. Other work. - 21. RIPPLES / BY C. S. COX. - 1. Spectrum and mean square slope. - 2. Effect of slicks. - 3. Shape of a rippled water surface. - 4. Growth of ripples. - 22. INTERNAL WAVES : Part I / BY E. C. LAFOND. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Measurements. - 3. Observed relations. - 22. INTERNAL WAVES : Part II / BY C. S. COX. - 4. Differential equations. - 5. Spectrum. - 6. Internal waves and turbulence. - 23. TIDES / BY W. HANSEN. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The hydrodynamic equations and their application to tidal problems. - 3. Tidal observation. - 4. Tidal charts. - 5. Classical theory. - 6. Numerical methods for ascef!.aining the tides and tidal currents. Boundary-value problems. - 7. The application of difference methods to initial-boundary problems. - 8. Numerical solutions of initial-boundary-value problems of tides in one and two dimensions. - 9. Internal tides. - SECTION VI. TURBULENCE / BY K. F. BOWDEN. - 1. General properties of turbulence. - 2. Turbulence in the sea. - 3. Turbulent fluctuations and turbulent transports. - 4. Vertical turbulence. - 5. Horizontal turbulence. - SECTION VII. THE PHYSICS OF SEA-ICE / BY E. R. POUNDER. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Mechanical properties. - 3. Thermal properties. - 4. Electrical properties. - 5. Growth and disintegration of an ice cover. - 6. Theory of sea-ice structure and properties. - AUTHOR INDEX. - SUBJECT INDEX.

Anmerkung: Contents Acknowledgements Executive Summary with Key Findings and Recommendations Current State of the Art Key Scientific Challenges and Recommendations Major New Synthesis Initiative Required Implementation of Arctic-CHAMP Policy Implications Summary 1. Introduction Rationale for Pan-Arctic Hydrologic Synthesis Report Framework 2. A Strategy for Detecting and Understanding Arctic Hydrological Change: Arctic-CHAMP Arctic-CHAMP Basic Long-Term Monitoring Arctic-CHAMP Field-Based Process Studies Arctic-CHAMP Synthesis Modeling Execution of Arctic-CHAMP 3. Role and Importance of Water in the Arctic System The Integrated Water Cycle of the Pan-Arctic Land Atmosphere Ocean Importance of Arctic Hydrology to the Arctic System Importance of the Arctic to the Earth System 4. Unprecedented Change to Arctic Hydrological Systems Changes to the Land-Based Hydrologic Cycle Changes to the Atmosphere The Changing Arctic Ocean and its Regional Seas 5. Impacts and Feedbacks Associated with Arctic Hydrological Change Direct Impacts on Ecosystems Arctic Water Cycle Change and Humans Land-Atmosphere-Ocean Feedbacks Land-Atmosphere-Ocean-Human Feedbacks 6. Implementation of Arctic-CHAMP References Appendix 1. NSF-ARCSS Arctic Hydrology Workshop Participants Appendix 2. Current Gaps in Understanding the Pan-Arctic Hydrological Cycle Appendix 3. Integration of Arctic-CHAMP with NSF and Other Federal Agency Initiatives Appendix 4. International Collaborations