ALBERT

Anmerkung: Table of Contents: List of contributors. - Cryosphere Science: Series Preface. - Preface. - Acknowledgments. - About the companion website. - 1 Remote sensing and the cryosphere. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Remote sensing. - 1.2.1 The electromagnetic spectrum and blackbody radiation. - 1.2.2 Passive systems. - 1.2.3 Active systems. - 1.3 The cryosphere. - References. - 2 Electromagnetic properties of components of the cryosphere. - 2.1 Electromagnetic properties of snow. - 2.1.1 Visible/near-infrared and thermal infrared. - 2.1.2 Microwave region. - 2.2 Electromagnetic properties of sea ice. - 2.2.1 Visible/near-infrared and thermal infrared. - 2.2.2 Microwave region. - 2.3 Electromagnetic properties of freshwater ice. - 2.4 Electromagnetic properties of glaciers and ice sheets. - 2.4.1 Visible/near-infrared and thermal infrared. - 2.4.2 Microwave region. - 2.5 Electromagnetic properties of frozen soil. - 2.5.1 Visible/near-infrared and thermal infrared. - 2.5.2 Microwave region. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 3 Remote sensing of snow extent. - 3.1 lntroduction. - 3.2 Visible/near-infrared snow products. - 3.2.1 The normalized difference snow index (NDSI). - 3.3 Passive microwave products. - 3.4 Blended VNIR/PM products. - 3.5 Satellite snow extent as input to hydrological models. - 3.6 Concluding remarks. - Acknowledgments. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 4 Remote sensing of snow albedo, grain size, and pollution from space. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Forward modeling. - 4.3 Local optical properties of a snow layer. - 4.4 Inverse problem. - 4.5 Pitfalls of retrievals. - 4.6 Conclusions. - Acknowledgments. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 5 Remote sensing of snow depth and snow water equivalent. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Photogrammetry. - 5.3 LiDAR. - 5.4 Gamma radiation. - 5.5 Gravity data. - 5.6 Passive microwave data. - 5.7 Active microwave data. - 5.8 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 6 Remote sensing of melting snow and ice. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 General considerations on optical/thermal and microwave sensors and techniques for remote sensing of melting. - 6.2.1 Optical and thermal sensors. - 6.2.2 Microwave sensors. - 6.2.3 Electromagnetic properties of dry and wet snow. - 6.3 Remote sensing of melting over land. - 6.4 Remote sensing of melting over Greenland. - 6.4.1 Thermal infrared sensors. - 6.4.2 Microwave sensors. - 6.5 Remote sensing of melting over Antarctica. - 6.6 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - 7 Remote sensing of glaciers. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Fundamentals. - 7.3 Satellite instruments for glacier research. - 7.4 Methods. - 7.4.1 Image classification for glacier mapping. - 7.4.2 Mapping debris-covered glaciers. - 7.4.3 Glacier mapping with SAR data. - 7.4.4 Assessing glacier changes. - 7.4.5 Area and length changes. - 7.4.6 Volumetrie glacier changes. - 7.4.7 Glacier velocity. - 7.5 Glaciers of the Greenland ice sheet. - 7.5.1 Surface elevation. - 7.5.2 Glacier extent. - 7.5.3 Glacier dynamics. - 7.6 Summary. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 8 Remote sensing of accumulation over the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. - 8.1 Introduction to accumulation. - 8.2 Spaceborne methods for determining accumulation over ice sheets. - 8.2.1 Microwave remote sensing. - 8.2.2 Other remote sensing techniques and combined methods. - 8.3 Airborne and ground-based measurements of accumulation. - 8.3.1 Ground-based. - 8.3.2 Airborne. - 8.4 Modeling of accumulation. - 8.5 The future for remote sensing of accumulation. - 8.6 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - Website cited. - 9 Remote sensing of ice thickness and surface velocity. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.1.1 Electrical properties of glacial ice. - 9.2 Radar principles. - 9.2.1 Radar sounder. - 9.2.2 Radar equation. - 9.3 Pulse compression. - 9.4 Antennas. - 9.5 Example results. - 9.6 SAR and array processing. - 9.7 SAR Interferometry. - 9. 7.1 Introduction. - 9.7.2 Basic theory. - 9.7.3 Practical considerations of InSAR systems. - 9.7.4 Application of InSAR to Cryosphere remote sensing. - 9.8 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - 10 Gravimetry measurements from space. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Observing the Earth's gravity field with inter-satellite ranging. - 10.3 Surface mass variability from GRACE. - 10.4 Results. - 10.5 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - 11 Remote sensing of sea ice. - 11.1 Introduction. - 11.2 Sea ice concentration and extent. - 11.2.1 Passive microwave radiometers. - 11.2.2 Active microwave - scatterometry and radar. - 11.2.3 Visible and infrared. - 11.2.4 Operational sea ice analyses. - 11.3 Sea ice drift. - 11.4 Sea ice thickness and age, and snow depth. - 11.4.1 Altimetric thickness estimates. - 11.4.2 Radiometric thickness estimates. - 11.4.3 Sea ice age estimates as a proxy for ice thickness. - 11.5 Sea ice melt onset and freeze-up, albedo, melt pond fraction and surface temperature. - 11.5.1 Melt onset and freeze-up. - 11.5.2 Sea ice albedo and melt pond fraction. - 11.5.3 Sea ice surface temperature. - 11.6 Summary, challenges and the road ahead. - References. - Acronyms. - Website cited. - 12 Remote sensing of lake and river ice. - 12.1 Introduction. - 12.2 Remote sensing of lake ice. - 12.2.1 Ice concentration, extent and phenology. - 12.2.2 Ice types. - 12.2.3 Ice thickness and snow on ice. - 12.2.4 Snow/ice surface temperature. - 12.2.5 Floating and grounded ice: the special case of shallow Arctic/sub-Arctic lakes. - 12.3 Remote sensing of river ice. - 12.3.1 Ice extent and phenology. - 12.3.2 lce types, ice jams and flooded areas. - 12.3.3 Ice thickness. - 12.3.4 Surface flow velocities. - 12.3.5 Incorporating SAR-derived ice information into a GIS-based system in support of river-flow modeling and flood forecasting. - 12.4 Conclusions and outlook. - Acknowledgments. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 13 Remote sensing of permafrost and frozen ground. - 13.1 Permafrost - an essential climate variable of the "Global Climate Observing System". - 13.2 Mountain permafrost. - 13.2.1 Remote sensing of surface features and permafrost landforms. - 13.2.2 Generation of digital elevation models. - 13.2.3 Terrain elevation change and displacement. - 13.3 Lowland permafrost - identification and mapping of surface features. - 13.3.1 Land cover and vegetation. - 13.3.2 Permafrost landforms. - 13.3.3 Landforms and processes indicating permafrost degradation. - 13.4 Lowland permafrost - remote sensing of physical variables related to the thermal permafrost state. - 13.4.1 Land surface temperature through thermal remote sensing. - 13.4.2 Freeze-thaw state of the surface soil through microwave remote sensing. - 13.4.3 Permafrost mapping with airborne electromagnetic surveys. - 13.4.4 Regional surface deformation through radar interferometry. - 13.4.5 A gravimetric signal of permafrost thaw?. - 13.5 Outlook - remote sensing data and permafrost models. - References. - Acronyms. - 14 Field measurements for remote sensing of the cryosphere. - 14.1 Introduction. - 14.2 Physical properties of interest. - 14.2.1 Surface properties. - 14.2.2 Sub-surface properties. - 14.3 Standard techniques for direct measurements of physical properties. - 14.3.1 Topography. - 14.3.2 Snow depth. - 14.3.3 Snow water equivalent and density. - 14.3.4 Temperature. - 14.3.5 Stratigraphy. - 14.3.6 Sea ice depth and ice thickness. - 14.4 New techniques for high spatial resolution measurements. - 14.4.1 Topography. - 14.4.2 Surface properties. - 14.4.3 Sub-surface properties. - 14.5 Simulating airborne and spaceborne observations from the ground. - 14.5.1 Active microwave. - 14.5.2 Passive microwave. - 14.6 Sampling strategies for remote sensing field campaigns: concepts and examples. - 14.6.1 Ice sheet campaigns. - 14.6.2 Seasonal snow campaigns. - 14.6.3 Sea ice campaigns. - 14.7 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 15 Remote sensing missions and the cryosphere. - 15.1 In

Anmerkung: Contents: 1. Introduction. - (1) The purposes of the long-term plan report. - (2) The background and particulars of this report. - (3) Contents of this report. - 2.Changes in the Arctic environment to date and in the near future. - 3. History of Arctic environmental research. - 4. Abstracts of all themes. - (1) Elucidation of abrupt environmental change in the Arctic associated with the on-going global warming. - Theme 1: Arctic amplification of global warming. - Theme 2: Mechanisms and influence of sea ice decline. - Theme 3: Biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem changes. - Theme 4: Ice sheet, glaciers, permafrost, snowfall, snow cover and hydrological cycle. - Theme 5: Interactions between the Arctic and the entire earth. - Theme 6: Predicting future environmental conditions of the Arctic based on paleoenvironmental records. - Theme 7: Effects of the Arctic environment on human society. - (2) Elucidation of environmental change concerning biodiversity. - Theme 8: Effects on terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity. - Theme 9: Influence on marine ecosystem and biodiversity. - (3) Broad and important subjects on the Arctic environment. - Theme 10: Geospace environment. - Theme 11: Interaction of surface environment change with solid earth. - Theme 12: Basic understanding on formation and transition process of permafrost. - (4) Development of methods enabling breakthroughs in environmental research. - Theme A: Sustainable seamless monitoring. - Theme B: Earth system-modeling for inter-disciplinary research. - Theme C: Data assimilation to connect monitoring and modeling. - 5. Improvement of research foundation. - Authors and reviewers.

Anmerkung: Contents: 1 General Introduction. - 1.1 The Climate System. - 1.2 The Atmosphere. - 1.3 Energy Budget and Atmospheric Composition. - 1.4 The Water Cycle. - 1.5 Aerosols and Climate Change. - 1.6 Outline of this Textbook. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles. - 2 Atmospheric Aerosols. - 2.1 Definitions. - 2.2 Sources of Aerosols and Aerosol Precursors. - 2.2.1 Marine Aerosols. - 2.2.2 Desert Dust. - 2.2.3 Volcanic Aerosols. - 2.2.4 Biogenic Aerosols. - 2.2.5 Biomass Burning Aerosols. - 2.2.6 Aerosols from Fossil Fuel Combustion. - 2.3 Spatial and Temporal Aerosol Distributions. - 2.4 Aerosol-Cloud-Radiation Interactions. - 2.5 Climate Effects of Aerosols. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 3 Physical, Chemical and Optical Aerosol Properties. - 3.1 Fine, Accumulation and Coarse Modes. - 3.2 Size Distribution. - 3.3 Chemical Composition. - 3.3.1 Aerosol Mixture. - 3.3.2 Inorganic Aerosols. - 3.3.3 Black Carbon Aerosols. - 3.3.4 Organic Aerosols. - 3.3.5 Geographic Distribution of Aerosol Chemical Composition. - 3.4 Refractive Index. - 3.5 Deliquescence, Efflorescence and Hysteresis. - 3.6 Definition of Aerosol Optical Properties. - 3.6.1 Absorption and Scattering Cross Sections. - 3.6.2 Phase Function. - 3.6.3 Upscatter Fractions. - 3.7 Calculation of Aerosol Optical Properties. - 3.7.1 Mie Theory. - 3. 7.2 Extinction, Scattering and Absorption. - 3.7.3 Optical Depth and Angström Coefficient. - 3.8 Optical Properties of Nonspherical Aerosols. - 3.9 Aerosols and Atmospheric Visibility. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 4 Aerosol Modelling. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Emissions. - 4.2.1 Generalities. - 4.2.2 Fossil Fuels, Biofuels, and Other Anthropogenic Sources. - 4.2.3 Vegetation Fires. - 4.2.4 Sea Spray. - 4.2.5 Desert Dust. - 4.2.6 Dimethylsulphide. - 4.2.7 Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds. - 4.2.8 Volcanoes. - 4.2.9 Resuspension. - 4.3 Atmospheric Processes. - 4.3.1 Nucleation. - 4.3.2 Condensation of Semi-Volatile Compounds. - 4.3.3 Coagulation. - 4.3.4 In-Cloud Aerosol Production. - 4.3.5 Wet Deposition. - 4.3.6 Dry Deposition. - 4.3.7 Sedimentation. - 4.3.8 Aerosol Transport. - 4.4 Modelling Approaches. - 4.4.1 Bulk Approach. - 4.4.2 Sectional Approach. - 4.4.3 Modal Approach. - 4.5 Example: The Sulphur Budget. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 5 Interactions of Radiation with Matter and Atmospheric Radiative Transfer. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Electromagnetic Radiation. - 5.2.1 Generalities. - 5.2.2 Definitions. - 5.3 Interactions of Radiation with Matter. - 5.3.1 Matter, Energy and Spectral Lines. - 5.3.2 Intensity of Spectral Lines. - 5.3.3 Spectral Line Profiles. - 5.3.4 Processes of lnteractions of Radiation with Matter. - 5.4 Modelling of the Interaction Processes. - 5.4.1 Molecular Absorption Coefficient. - 5.4.2 Scattering Phase Function. - 5.4.3 Molecular Scattering. - 5.4.4 Absorption and Scattering by Aerosols. - 5.4.5 Thermal Emission. - 5.5 Atmospheric Radiative Transfer. - 5.5.1 Equation of Radiative Transfer. - 5.5.2 Extinction Only. - 5.5.3 Scattering Medium. - 5.5.4 Plane-Parallel Atmosphere. - 5.5.5 Resolution of the Equation of Radiative Transfer. - 5.6 Absorption Bands, Energy, and Actinic Fluxes. - 5.6.1 Main Molecular Absorption Bands in the Atmosphere. - 5.6.2 Radiative Flux. - 5.6.3 Two-Flux Method. - 5.6.4 Stefan-Boltzmann Law. - 5.6.5 Radiative Budget. - 5.6.6 Actinic Fluxes. - 5.6.7 Polarization of Radiation. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 6 In Situ and Remote Sensing Measurements of Aerosols. - 6.1 Introduction to Aerosol Remote Sensing. - 6.2 Passive Remote Sensing: Measurement of the Extinction. - 6.2.1 General Principles. - 6.2.2 Ground-Based Photometry. - 6.2.3 Spaceborne Occultation Measurements. - 6.2.4 Retrieval of Aerosol Size Distribution. - 6.3 Passive Remote Sensing: Measurement of the Scattering. - 6.3.1 General Principles. - 6.3.2 Ground-Based Measurement of Scattered Radiation. - 6.3.3 Spaceborne Measurements of Scattered Radiation. - 6.4 Measurement of Infrared Radiation. - 6.4.1 General Principles. - 6.4.2 Spaceborne Nadir Measurement of Infrared Radiation. - 6.4.3 Spaceborne Limb Measurement of Infrared Radiation. - 6.5 Active Remote Sensing: Lidar. - 6.5.1 General Principles. - 6.5.2 The Lidar Equation. - 6.5.3 Raman Lidar. - 6.6 In Situ Aerosol Measurements. - 6.6.1 Measurement of Aerosol Concentrations. - 6.6.2 Measurement of Aerosol Chemical Composition. - 6.6.3 Measurement of Aerosol Scattering. - 6.6.4 Measurement of Aerosol Absorption. - 6.7 Conclusions. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 7 Aerosol Data Assimilation. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Basic Principles of Data Assimilation. - 7.3 Applications of Data Assimilation for Aerosols. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 8 Aerosol-Radiation Interactions. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Atmospheric Radiative Effects Due to Aerosols. - 8.2.1 Simplified Equation for Scattering Aerosols. - 8.2.2 Simplified Equation for Absorbing Aerosols. - 8.2.3 Radiative Transfer Calculations. - 8.2.4 Global Estimates and Sources of Uncertainty. - 8.3 Rapid Adjustments to Aerosol-Radiation Interactions. - 8.4 Radiative Impact of Aerosols on Surface Snow and Ice. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 9 Aerosol-Cloud lnteractions. - 39.1 Introduction. - 9 .1.1 Cloud Formation. - 9 .1.2 Cloud Distribution. - 9 .1.3 Aerosol-Cloud Interactions. - 9.2 Aerosol Effects on Liquid Clouds. - 9 .2.1 Saturation Pressure of Water Vapour. - 9.2.2 Kelvin Effect. - 9.2.3 Raoult's Law. - . - 9.2.4 Köhler Theory. - 9.2.5 Extensions to the Köhler Theory. - 9.2.6 CCN and Supersaturation in the Cloud. - 9.2.7 Dynamical and Radiative Effects in Clouds. - 9.2.8 Principle of the Cloud Albedo Effect. - 9.2.9 Observations of the Cloud Albedo Effect. - 9.2.10 Adjustments in Liquid Water Clouds. - 9.2.11 Rapid Adjustments Occurring in Liquid Clouds. - 9.3 Aerosols Effects on Mixed-Phased and Ice Clouds. - 9.3.1 Elements of Microphysics of Ice Clouds. - 9.3.2 Impact of Anthropogenic Aerosols on Ice Clouds. - 9.4 Forcing Due to Aerosol-Cloud lnteractions. - 9.5 Aerosols, Contrails and Aviation-Induced Cloudiness. - 9.5.1 Formation of Condensation Trails. - 9.5.2 Estimate of the Climate Impact of Contrails. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 10 Climate Response to Aerosol Forcings. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Radiative Forcing, Feedbacks and Climate Response. - 10.2.1 Radiative Forcing. - 10.2.2 Climate Feedbacks. - 10.2.3 Rapid Adjustments and Effective Radiative Forcing. - 10.2.4 Climate Response and Climate Efficacy. - 10.3 Climate Response to Aerosol Forcings. - 10.3.1 Equilibrium Response. - 10.3.2 Past Emissions. - 10.3.3 Detection and Attribution of Aerosol Impacts. - 10.3.4 Future Emissions Scenarios. - 10.4 Nuclear Winter. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 11 Biogeochemical Effects and Climate Feedbacks of Aerosols. - 11 .1 Introduction. - 11.2 Impact of Aerosols on Terrestrial Ecosystems. - 11.2.1 Diffuse Radiation and Primary Productivity. - 11.2.2 Aerosols as a Source of Nutrients. - 11.2.3 Acidification of Precipitation. - 11.3 Impact of Aerosols on Marine Ecosystems. - 11.4 Aerosols-Atmospheric Chemistry Interactions. - 11.4.1 Interactions with Tropospheric Chemistry. - 11.4.2 Impact of Stratospheric Aerosols on the Ozone Layer and Ultravialet Radiation. - 11.5 Climate Feedbacks Involving Marine Aerosols. - 11.5.1 Sulphate Aerosols from DMS Emissions. - 11.5.2 Marine Aerosols. - 11.5.3 Other Aerosols of Maritime Origin. - 11.6 Climate Feedbacks Involving Continental Aerosols. - 11.6.1 Secondary Organic Aerosols. - 11.6.2 Primary Aerosols of Biogenic Origin. - 11.6.3 Aerosols from Vegetation Fires. - 11.6.4 Desert Dust. - 11.7 Climate Feedbacks Involving Stratospheric Aerosols. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 12 Strato

Anmerkung: IntroductionMethodology of Seismic Tomography -- Subduction Zone Tomography -- Large Earthquakes and Seismotectonics -- Hotspots and Mantle Plumes -- East Asia Structure and Tectonics -- Global Tomography and Deep Earth dynamics -- Seismic Tomography of the Moon..

Anmerkung: Contents: 1. TEIL: ÖKUMENISCHE KOMMENTARE ; Den Fortschritt neu denken - Von Reinhard Kardinal Marx. Vorsitzender der Deutschen Bischofikonferenz ; Mehr als ein Weckruf, sondern Kairos - Von Katrin Göring-Eckardt. Vorsitzende der Fraktion von Bündnis 90/Die Grünen im Deutschen Bundestag ; »Laudato si'« - Notizen eines ermutigten orthodoxen Bischofs - Von Metropolit Augoustinos. Vorsitzender der Orthodoxen Bischofikonferenz in Deutschland ; 2. TEIL: DER TEXT DER ENZYKLIKA »Laudato si'. Über die Sorge fiir das gemeinsame Haus« - Von Papst Franziskus ; Laudato si', mi' Signore [1-2] ; 1. Was unserem Haus wiederfährt [17-19] ; 2. Das Evangelium von der Schöpfung [62] ; 3. Die menschliche Wurzel der ökologischen Krise [101] ; 4. Eine ganzheidiche Ökologie [137] ; 5. Einige Leitlinien für die Orientierung und Handlung [163] ; 6. ökologische Erziehung und Spiritualität [202] ; 3. TEIL: DIE ÖKO-SOZIALE ENZYKLIKA Sozialethischer Kommentar zum Rundschreiben »Laudato si'. Über die Sorge für das gemeinsame Haus« von Papst Franziskus - Von Bernhard Emunds und Matthias Möhring-Hesse ; 1. »Yes, we can!« ; 2. Eine Öko-Sozialenzyklika ; 3. Die öko-sozialen Herausforderungen ; 4. Kritik der »jetzigen Wirtschaft« ; 5. Die Politik der öko-sozialen Transformation ; 6. Umweltethik, Schöpfungstheologie und Modernekritik ; 7. Eine revolutionär neue Enzyklika?

Anmerkung: On the Role of Financial Markets and Institutions -- The Challenges of Asset Pricing: A Road Map -- Making Choices in Risky Situations -- Measuring Risk and Risk Aversion -- Risk Aversion and Investment Decisions, Part 1 -- Risk Aversion and Investment Decisions, Part II: Modern Portfolio Theory -- Risk Aversion and Investment Decisions, Part III: Challenges to Implementation -- The Capital Asset Pricing Model -- Arrow{u2013}Debreu Pricing, Part I -- The Consumption Capital Asset Pricing Model -- Arrow{u2013}Debreu Pricing, Part II -- The Martingale Measure: Part I -- The Martingale Measure: Part II -- The Arbitrage Pricing Theory -- Portfolio Management in the Long Run -- Financial Structure and Firm Valuation in Incomplete Markets -- Financial Equilibrium with Differential Information.

Anmerkung: Contents: I Ausgangslage: Besonderheiten des Kontexts Wissenschaft und PersonalauswahlHerausforderungen der Personalauswahl in der Wissenschaft: Berufungsverfahren an deutschen Universitäten -- Geschlecht und Personalauswahl an Hochschulen und außerhochschulischen Forschungseinrichtungen -- Chancengleichheit durch professionelle Personalauswahl in der Wissenschaft -- II Handlungsempfehlungen zur Personalauswahl an Hochschulen und Forschungseinrichtungen - idealtypischer Prozess -- Anforderungsanalyse für offene Positionen in der Wissenschaft -- Passende Talente ansprechen - Rekrutierung und Gestaltung von Stellenausschreibungen -- Sichtung von Bewerbungsunterlagen -- Arbeitsproben -- Einsatz strukturierter Interviewtechniken bei der Auswahl von Wissenschaftler_innen -- Entscheidungsfindung -- Onboarding und Führung in den ersten 100 Tagen -- III Handlungsempfehlungen zur Personalauswahl an Hochschulen und Forschungseinrichtungen - Professor_innen -- Professor_innenauswahl in universitären Berufungsverfahren: Idealtypische Gestaltung auf Basis der wissenschaftlichen Personalforschung -- Myths about Meritocracy and Transparency: The Role of Gender in Academic Recruitment -- Die ideale Berufungsverhandlung -- IV Good Practice: Standards und Projekte an Hochschulen und Forschungseinrichtungen im deutschsprachigen Raum -- Die Besten finden, die Besten binden - Effektives Personalmanagement an der RWTH Aachen University -- Professionelles Berufungsmanagement an der TUM -- Wissenschaft und Transfer in einem Job geht nicht? Doch! - Personalauswahl bei Fraunhofer.- Systematische Personalauswahl über differenzierte Anforderungsprofile und strukturierte Interviews -- Aktive Rekrutierung von Wissenschaftlerinnen als Bestandteil eines wertschätzenden Berufungsmanagements an der Universität Konstanz -- Assessment Center in Berufungsverfahren der Universität Bremen -- Eignungsinterview - Drei Werkzeugkästen: das EOG, die TAToo und das DIPA -- Searching for Excellence & Diversity® Workshop: Improving Faculty Diversity by Educating Faculty Search Committees. , Beitr. überw. dt.; teilw. engl.

Anmerkung: The reasoning of the Court -- Procedural aspects -- Civil and political rights -- Economic, social, and cultural rights -- Reparations and provisional measures -- Enforced disappearances and amnesty laws -- Groups in vulnerability -- The Court and national judges and tribunals -- Interaction between the Inter-American Court and other international courts -- Reforming the inter-American system..

Anmerkung: Introduction: human-environment dynamics in the high-mountain cryosphere; References; Part I Global drivers; 2 Influence of climate variability and large-scale circulation on the mountain cryosphere; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 European mountains; 2.3 North American Cordillera; 2.4 Tibetan Plateau and the surrounding high-mountain ranges; 2.5 The tropical Andes; 2.6 Mt. Kilimanjaro: a case study from East Africa; 2.7 Conclusions; Acknowledgements; References. 3 Temperature, precipitation and related extremes in mountain areas3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Basic characteristics of near surface temperature in mountain topography; 3.2.1 Altitude dependence of 2m temperature; 3.2.2 Altitude dependence of daily temperature anomalies; 3.2.3 The relation between surface air pressure and 2m temperature; 3.3 Temperature extremes; 3.4 Precipitation patterns in mountain areas; 3.4.1 Measuring and monitoring precipitation; 3.5 Precipitation extremes; 3.5.1 Selected gridded data products; 3.5.1.1 Reanalyses; 3.5.1.2 Combined observations. 3.5.1.3 Interpolated rain-gauge station data3.5.2 Comparison and discussion of the gridded data products; 3.6 Conclusions; Acknowledgments; References; 4 Snow and avalanches; 4.1 Introduction; 4.1.1 Snow cover; 4.1.2 Snow avalanche hazard and risk; 4.2 Environmental change; 4.2.1 Climate change and mountain snow cover; 4.2.2 Effects on snow avalanches; 4.3 Socio-economic change; 4.3.1 Drivers of socio-economic change; 4.3.2 Effects on snow avalanche risk; 4.3.2.1 Temporal dynamics of socio-economic changes; 4.3.2.2 Spatial dynamics of socio-economic changes; 4.4 Conclusions; References. 5 The frozen frontier: the extractives super cycle in a time of glacier recession5.1 Introduction; 5.2 The icy edge of climate change; 5.3 The icy edge of the global extractives super cycle; 5.4 New mountains of mines and the frozen north; 5.5 Extending the extractives complex into the cryosphere; 5.6 Liquid relations and stratified societies; 5.7 The frigid fringe: extractive bio-futures and the freezing depths; 5.8 Conclusion; References; 6 Cultural values of glaciers; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Three cases in the Alps, the Andes, and the North Cascades. 6.3 Understanding the cultural values of glaciers6.4 Case study 1: Stilfs, South Tirol, Italian Alps; 6.4.1 The role of glaciers for community, identity, and self-reliance in Stilfs; 6.5 Case study 2: Siete Imperios, Cordillera Blanca, Peru; 6.5.1 The role of glaciers and mountains for community, identity, and self-reliance in Siete Imperios; 6.6 Case study 3: Glacier and Concrete, North Cascades, USA; 6.6.1 The role of glaciers and mountains for community, identity, and self-reliance in Glacier and Concrete; 6.7 Discussion and conclusions; Acknowledgments; References; Part II Processes. 7 Implications for hazard and risk of seismic and volcanic responses to climate change in the high-mountain cryosphere.

Anmerkung: Índice Presentación Observaciones geomorfológicas sobre icings y ampollas de hielo en Reindalen (78°N), Nordenskjold Land, Svalbard Nuevas evidencias de la existencia de permafrost en Tierra del Fuego (Argentina): régimen térmico del glaciar rocoso activo del Cerro Krund Surface NMR survey on Hansbreen glacier, Hornsund, SW Spitzberg (Norway) Permafrost y anomalias geotermicas en isla Decepcion (Antartida). Primeros resultados del área del abanico aluvial del Monte Irizar Glacial, periglacial and eolian landforms in the Cerro Campanario (the Andes, 35°S) , In spanischer und englischer Sprache , Zusammenfassungen in spanischer und englischer Sprache

Anmerkung: Contents Preface Introduction Helgoland - Treasure trove of species Sylt - Changing tidal flats in a world heritage site Polar Regions - key areas for climate processes Plankton à la carte Plankton and the "extra portion" Forwards, but backwards into the past North Sea in the fast lane of change Vibrios like it hot Detective work in the microcosm Melting glaciers and turbid waters Thawing permafrost comes alive Arctic coasts in retreat A stroll through the underwater forest Mathematical evaluation of the tidal flat menu Let's dive in! Research scientists pay a visit Marine research goes on TV Meeting public needs: Advice and support

Anmerkung: Introduction -- Procedures and criteria for the definition of Global Heritage Stone Resources -- The 'Global Heritage Stone Resource' designation: past, present and future -- Global stone heritage: Larvikite, Norway -- The Hallandia gneiss, a Swedish heritage stone resource -- The Kolmården serpentine marble in Sweden: a stone found both in castles and peoples homes -- Global Heritage Stone: Estremoz Marbles, Portugal -- Contribution of Portuguese two-mica granites to stone built heritage: the historical value of Oporto granite -- Piedra Pajarilla: a candidacy as a global heritage stone resource for Martinamor granite -- The Sierra Nevada serpentinites: the serpentinites most used in Spanish heritage buildings -- Villamayor Stone (Golden Stone) as a Global Heritage Stone Resource from Salamanca (NW of Spain) -- Colmenar Limestone, Madrid, Spain: considerations for its nomination as a Global Heritage Stone Resource due to its long term durability -- Carrara Marble: a nomination for Global Heritage Stone Resource from Italy -- Rosa Beta granite (Sardinian Pink Granite): a heritage stone of international significance from Italy -- Pietra Serena: the stone of the Renaissance -- Ornamental stones of the Verbano Cusio Ossola quarry district: characterization of materials, quarrying techniques and history and relevance to local and national heritage -- Stone materials used for monumental buildings in the historical centre of Turin (NW Italy): architectonical survey and petrographic characterization of Via Roma -- Podpec limestone: a heritage stone from Slovenia -- Stone heritage in Southeast Slovenia -- Ornamental stone in the history of St Petersburg architecture -- Natural stone in the built heritage of the interior of Brazil: the use of stone in Minas Gerais -- Piedra Mar del Plata: An Argentine orthoquartzite worthy of being considered as a Global Heritage Stone Resource..

Anmerkung: Preface ; Acknowledgements ; List of contributors ; Part I. Diagnostics and Prediction of High-Impact Weather: 1. Global prediction of high-impact weather: diagnosis and performance Mark Rodwell and Alan Thorpe ; 2. Severe weather diagnosis from the perspective of generalized slantwise vorticity development Guoxiong Wu, Yongjun Zheng and Yimin Liu ; 3. Probabilistic extreme event attribution Pardeep Pall, Michael Wehner and Dáithí Stone ; 4. Observed and projected changes in temperature and precipitation extremes Xuebin Zhang and Francis Zwiers ; Part II. High-Impact Weather in Mid-Latitudes: 5. Rossby wave breaking: climatology, interaction with low-frequency climate variability, and links to extreme weather events Olivia Martius and Gwendal Rivière ; 6. The influence of jet stream regime on extreme weather events Nili Harnik, Chaim Garfinkel and Orli Lachmy ; 7. Forecasting high-impact weather using ensemble prediction systems Richard Swinbank, Petra Friederichs and Sabrina Wahl ; 8. Storm tracks, blocking and climate change: a review Tim Woollings ; 9. The North Atlantic and Arctic Oscillations: climate variability, extremes and stratosphere troposphere interaction Adam A. Scaife ; Part III. Tropical Cyclones: 10. Opportunities and challenges in dynamical and predictability studies of tropical cyclone events Russell L. Elsberry and Hsiao-Chung Tsai ; 11. Predictability of severe weather and tropical cyclones at the mesoscales Fuqing Zhang, Christopher Melhauser, Dandan Tao, Y. Qiang Sun, Erin B. Munsell, Yonghui Weng and Jason A. Sippel ; 12. Dynamics, predictability, and high-impact weather associated with the extratropical transition of tropical cyclones Patrick Harr and Heather M. Archambault ; 13. Secondary eyewall formation in tropical cyclones Chun-Chieh Wu, Yi-Hsuan Huang and Zhe-Min Tan ; 14. Seasonal forecasting of floods and tropical cyclones Tom Beer and Oscar Alves ; Part IV. Heat-Waves and Cold-Air Outbreaks: 15. European heat waves: the effect of soil moisture, vegetation and land use Fabio D'Andrea, Philippe Drobinski and Marc Stéfanon ; 16. Western North American extreme heat, associated large scale synoptic-dynamics, and performance by a climate model Richard Grotjahn ; 17. Decadel to interdecadel variations of Northern China heatwave frequency: impact of the Tibetan Plateau snow cover Zhiwei Wu and Jianping Li ; 18. Global warming targets and heatwave risk Robin Clark ; 19. Cold-air outbreaks over East Asia associated with blocking highs: mechanisms and their interaction with the polar stratosphere Hisashi Nakamura, Kazuaki Nishii, Lin Wang, Yvan J. Orsolini and Koutarou Takaya ; Part V. Ocean Connections: 20. Response of the Atlantic Ocean circulation to North Atlantic freshwater perturbations Henk A. Dijkstra ; 21. Key role of Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation in twentieth-century drought and wet periods over the US Great Plains and the Sahel Sumant Nigam and Alfredo Ruiz-Barradas ; 22. Floods and droughts along the Guinea Coast in connection with the South Atlantic Dipole Hyacinth C. Nnamchi and Jianping Li ; 23. The effect of global dynamical factors on the interannual variability of land-based rainfall Peter G. Baines and Benjamin J. Henley ; 24. MJO and extreme weather and climate events Chidong Zhang ; Part VI. Asian Monsoons: 25. Extreme weather and seasonal events during the Indian summer monsoon and prospects of improvement in their prediction skill under India's monsoon mission D. R. Sikka ; 26. Interannual variability and predictability of summer climate over the Northwest Pacific and East Asia Shang-Ping Xie and Yu Kosaka ; 27. Impacts of Annular Modes on extreme climate events over the East Asian monsoon region Jianping Li ; Index.

Anmerkung: Einl. in dt. und engl. Sprache

Anmerkung: Exploring the politics of inclusive development : towards a new conceptual approach / Sam Hickey, Kunal Sen, and Badru BukenyaThe political determinants of economic growth : an analytical review / Kunal Sen -- The politics of what works for the poor in public expenditure and taxation / Paul Mosley -- Governing natural resources for inclusive development / Anthony Bebbington -- The politics of what works in service delivery / Claire Mcloughlin -- Political factors in the growth of social assistance / Armando Barrientos and Sony Pellissery -- The politics and process of rule of law systems in developmental states / Deval Desai and Michael Woolcock -- The gendered politics of securing inclusive development / Sohela Nazneen and Simeen Mahmud -- Ethnicity, state capacity, and development : reconsidering causal connections / Prerna Singh and Matthias vom Hau -- The politics of aid revisited : a review of evidence on state capacity and elite commitment / Arjan de Haan and Ward Warmerdam -- China in Africa : impacts and prospects for accountable development / Giles Mohan..

Anmerkung: Introduction to performance tuningProfiling MATLAB® performance -- Standard performance-tuning techniques -- MATLAB®-specific techniques -- Implicit parallelization (vectorization and indexing) -- Explicit parallelization using MathWorks toolboxes -- Explicit parallelization by other means -- Using compiled code -- Memory-related techniques -- Graphics and GUI -- I/O techniques..

Anmerkung: 1. The basic idea -- 2. Seafloor spreading and magnetic anomalies -- 3. Fracture zones and transform faults -- 4. Subduction of oceanic lithosphere -- 5. Rigid plates of lithosphere -- 6. Tectonics of continents -- 7. From whence to whither?

Anmerkung: 1. Geomaterials and crustal geomechanics -- 2. Elements of rheology -- 3. Forces and stresses -- 4. Elements of kinematics -- 5. Elements of linear elasticity -- 6. From continuum mechanics to fluid mechanics -- 7. Elements of linear fracture mechanics -- 8. Laboratory investigations on geomaterials under compression -- 9. Homogenized geomaterials -- 10. Fractures and faults -- 11. Elements of seismology -- 12. Elements of solid-fluid interactions -- 13. Methods for stress fields evaluation from in situ observations -- 14. Elements of stress fields and crustal rheology -- References -- Appendix A. Elements of tensors in rectangular coordinates -- Index..

Anmerkung: SECTION 1 - INTRODUCTION TO THE USE OF REMOTE SENSING FOR WETLAND MAPPING: Wetlands: An Overview / Ralph W. Tiner --- Classification of Wetland Types for Mapping and Large-Scale Inventories / Ralph W. Tiner --- Introduction to Wetland Mapping and Its Challenges / Ralph W. Tiner --- Early Applications of Remote Sensing for Mapping Wetlands / Ralph W. Tiner --- Advances in Remotely Sensed Data and Techniques for Wetland Mapping and Monitoring / Megan W. Lang, Laura L. Bourgeau-Chavez, Ralph W. Tiner, and Victor V. Klemas --- SECTION 2 - SUMMARIES OF REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR APPLICATION FOR MAPPING WETLANDS: Mapping and Monitoring Surface Water and Wetlands with Synthetic Aperture Radar / Brian Brisco --- Wetland InSAR: A Review of the Technique and Applications / Shimon Wdowinski and Sang-Hoon Hong --- Radar and Optical Image Fusion and Mapping of Wetland Resources / Elijah Ramsey III and Amina Rangoonwala --- Theory and Applications of Object-Based Image Analysis and Emerging Methods in Wetland Mapping / Joseph F. Knight, Jennifer M. Corcoran, Lian P. Rampi, and Keith C. Pelletier --- Unmanned Aerial Systems and Structure from Motion Revolutionize Wetlands Mapping / Marguerite Madden, Thomas Jordan, Sergio Bernardes, David L. Cotten, Nancy O’Hare, and Alessandro Pasqua --- SECTION 3 - APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING FOR MAPPING SPECIFIC WETLAND HABITATS: Remote Sensing of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation and Coral Reefs / Sam Purkis and Chris Roelfsema --- Remote Sensing of Mangroves / Victor V. Klemas --- Tidal Marsh Classification Approaches and Future Marsh Migration Mapping Methods for Long Island Sound, Connecticut and New York / Mark Hoover and Adam Walton Whelchel --- Using Moderate-Resolution Satellite Sensors for Monitoring the Biophysical Parameters and Phenology of Tidal Marshes / Deepak R. Mishra and Shuvankar Ghosh --- Great Lakes Coastal Wetland Mapping / Laura L. Bourgeau-Chavez, Zachary M. Laubach, Anthony J. Landon, Elizabeth C. Banda, Michael J. Battaglia, Sarah L. Endres, Mary Ellen Miller, Robb D. Macleod, and Colin N. Brooks --- Mapping Wetlands and Surface Water in the Prairie Pothole Region of North America / Jennifer Rover and David M. Mushet --- Mapping the State and Dynamics of Boreal Wetlands Using Synthetic Aperture Radar / Daniel Clewley, Jane Whitcomb, Mahta Moghaddam, and Kyle McDonald --- Fusion of Multispectral Imagery and LiDAR Digital Terrain Derivatives for Ecosystem Mapping and Morphological Characterization of a Northern Peatland Complex / Antonio Difebo, Murray Richardson, and Jonathan Price --- Airborne LiDAR-Based Wetland and Permafrost-Feature Mapping on an Arctic Coastal Plain, North Slope, Alaska / Jeffrey G. Paine, John R. Andrews, Kutalmis Saylam, and Thomas A. Tremblay --- Hybrid Mapping of Pantropical Wetlands from Optical Satellite Images, Hydrology, and Geomorphology / Thomas Gumbricht --- Capturing the Dynamics of Amazonian Wetlands Using Synthetic Aperture Radar: Lessons Learned and Future Directions / Thiago Sanna Freire Silva, John Melack, Annia Susin Streher, Jefferson Ferreira-Ferreira, and Luiz Felipe de Almeida Furtado --- Mapping China’s Wetlands and Recent Changes with Remotely Sensed Data / Zhenguo Niu --- Mapping Invasive Wetland Plants / Carol A. Johnston --- Multisatellite Remote Sensing of Global Wetland Extent and Dynamics / Catherine Prigent and Fabrice Papa --- SECTION 4 - PROMISING DEVELOPMENTS AND FUTURE CHALLENGES: Promising Developments and Future Challenges for Remote Sensing of Wetlands / Megan W. Lang, Sam Purkis, Victor V. Klemas, and Ralph W. Tiner

Anmerkung: Introduction / Guri Bang -- To be or not to be : a low-carbon economy : a decade of climate politics in Brazil / Solveig Aamodt -- China : every day is a winding road / Iselin Stensdal -- EU climate and energy policy : demanded or supplied? / Jon Birger Skjærseth -- Climate politics, emission scenarios and negotiation stances in India / Sunil Tankha and Trude Rauken -- Japan's climate policy : post-Fukushima and beyond / Masahiko Iguchi -- Russia's climate policy / Anna Korppoo -- The United States : Obama's push for climate policy change / Guri Bang -- Comparative analysis and conclusions / Guri Bang..