ALBERT

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents: Preface. - Introduction Global climate modeling. - Chapter 1. An ice sheet model. - 1.1. Present glaciation. - 1.2. Motion equation for viscous ice in a thin boundary layer approximation. - 1.3. An ice sheet steady model. - 1.4. Numerical simulation of the evolution of the ice cover. - Chapter 2. A model of the world ocean. - 2.1. Zonal structure of the ocean. - 2.2. A one-dimensional ocean climate model. - 2.3. A simulation of the present ocean climate for assigned atmospheric climate. - Chapter 3. A model of the atmosphere. - 3.1. Zonal structure of the atmosphere. - 3.2. A one-dimensional atmospheric climate model. - 3.3. A simulation of the present atmospheric climate for assigned ocean climate. - 3.4. Estimates of climate variations in the Cenozoic. - Chapter 4. Numerical experiments with a model of the glaciers-ocean-atmosphere system. - 4.1. Glaciers, ocean and atmosphere interaction. - 4.2. A simulation of the present climate. - 4.3. On clarification of the "White Earth" concept. - 4.4. Nonuniqueness of climate. - 4.5. Sensitivity of the system to changes in the solar heat influx. - 4.6. Ice Ages. - 4.7. Influence of continent distribution on climate. - 4.8. On the change in the level of the World Ocean for possible climate warming. - 4.9. Estimates of the influence of the ocean oil pollution on climate. - Conclusion. - Abstract. - References. , In kyrillischer Schrift , Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache

Note: Inhaltsübersicht: A. Die Problemstellungen. - B. Überblick über die geomorphologische Entwicklung des Ostseeraumes. - 1. Der Baltische Schild und die ihn flankierenden Depressionen. - 2. Die Entwicklung des Ostseebeckens im Quartär. - I. Die Faktoren, die entscheidend die Morphologie Nordeuropas mitgestalteten. - II. Der Anteil der Weichsel-(Würm-)Vereisung an der morphologischen Formung. - III. Interglaziale Meerestransgressionen im Ostseeraum; Entwicklungsphasen der Ostsee im Spät- und Postglazial. - C. Eisstauseen des eurasischen Vergletscherungsgebietes als wesentliche Elemente des Smmelzwasserstromnetzes vor der Front des pleistozänen Inlandeises. - 1. Die Eisstauseen. - a) Im Gebiete des nordwesteuropäischen Kontinentalschelfes; die Reliktvorkommen in Großbritannien und Irland. - b) Entwicklungsgeschichte und Charakter des Südbaltischen Eisstausees. - c) Weichselzeitliche Stauseebildungen im Bereiche des Baltischen Landrückens. - d) Der Eisstausee im oberen Onega-Tal. - e) Das Becken des Weißen Meeres und seine Randgebiete. - f) Eisstauseen im östlichen Eurasien. - 2. Die Bedeutung der Lage und Verbreitung der Eisstauseen für die Lösung des Problems. - 3. Die Wasserscheiden im Raume des einstigen Pommersehen Stadiums und seines Hinterlandes. - 4. Die Abflußverhältnisse vor der Front des Inlandeises. - 5. Die Bedeutung der Richtung der Rückzugsbewegung des nordeuropäischen Inlandeises auf die Eiszentren in Fennoskandia. - D. Einwanderungsmöglichkeiten von Faunenelementen des Nördlichen Eismeeres in den Südbaltischen Eisstausee und in Binnengewässer Mittel- und Nordeuropas. - 1. Übersicht. - 2. Einwanderungsmöglichkeiten auf westlichen Wegen. - I. Der südwestliche Weg zwischen Jütland und Südschweden. - II. Die West-Ost-Verbindung vom Skagerrak-Kattegat über die mittelschwedischen Seen zum Ostseebecken. - 3. Einwanderungsmöglichkeiten auf östlichen Wegen. - I. Der nordöstliche Weg vom Weißen Meer über den Onega- und Ladoga-See zum Finnischen Meerbusen. - lI. Der Weg von der Kandalakscha-Bucht des Weißen Meeres zum Finnischen Meerbusen. - III. Der nordöstliche Weg unter Benutzung von Eisstauseen im Bereiche des Baltischen Landrückens und in den Küstenbezirken des Weißen Meeres. - a) Die Bedeutung der Brackwasser-Transgression beim Vorrücken der Kola- und Nowaja-Semlja-Gletscher. - b) Die Bedeutung des Langelancl-Vorstoßes für die Bildung von Eisstauseen und für die Hochschleusung von Reliktpopulationen aus dem Südbaltischen Eisstausee. - IV. Der Weg durch das Europäische Nordmeer entlang der norwegischen Küste zur Nord- und Ostsee. - 4. Der Einwanderungsweg von Pallasea quadrispinosa G. O. SARS. - E. Eisstauseen auf dem nordamerikanischen Kontinent und ihre Bedeutung für die Verbreitung mariner Glazialrelikte. - F. Die Vorkommen mariner Glazialrelikte an der Ostküste Gränlands. - G. Die Lebensmöglichkeiten während der weichselzeitlichen Rückzugsphasen. - H. Anlagen: I. Die Hauptstadien der Weichsel-Vereisung (Waldai-Vereisung der sowjetisehen Autoren) in Mittel- und Osteuropa. - II. Das nordamerikanische Vergletscheru:ngsgebiet: die Laurentische Inlandeisdecke. - III. Übersicht über die Hauptgliederung des Pleistozäns in Eurasien und Nordamerika. - I. Zusammenfassung. - K. Résumé. - L. Summary. - M. Schriftenverzeichnis (Auswahl).

Note: СОДЕРЖАНИЕ = Soderžanie = Table of Contents. - Предисловие = Predislovie = Foreword. - Аэрология = Aėrologija = Aerology. - Методика и результаты аэрологических наблюдений = Metodika i rezul'taty aėrologičeskich nabljudenij = Method and results of upper-air observations. - Таблица 1. Географические координаты станций = Tablica 1. Geografičeskie koordinaty stancij = Table 1. Geographical coordinates of stations. - Таблица 2. Среднее месячное давление = Tablica 2. Srednee Mesjačnoe davlenie = Table 2. Average monthly pressure. - Таблица 3. Средняя месячная высота и температура изобарических поверхностей = Tablica 3. Srednjaja mesjačnaja vysota i temperatura izobaričeskich poverchnostej = Table 3. Average monthly height and temperature of isobaric surfaces. - Таблица 4. Средняя месячная плотность воздуха = Tablica 4. Srednjaja mesjačnaja plotnost' vozducha = Table 4. Average monthly air density. - Таблица 5. Средняя месячная температура = Tablica 5. Srednjaja mesjačnaja temperatura = Table 5. Average monthly temperature. - Таблица 6. Максимальная температура = Tablica 6. Maksimal'naja temperatura = Table 6. Maximum temperature. - Таблица 7. Минимальная температура = Tablica 7. Minimal'naja temperatura = Table 7. The minimum temperature. - Таблица 8. Средняя высота изотермических поверхностей = Tablica 8. Srednjaja vysota izotermičeskich poverchnostej = Table 8. The average height of isothermal surfaces. - Таблица 9. Повторяемость высоты нижней границы инверсий и изотермий и числа дней с инверсиями и изотермиями = Tablica 9. Povtorjaemost' vysoty nižnej granicy inversij i izotermij i čisla s inversijami i izotermijami = Table 9. Repeatability of the height of the lower boundary of inversions and isotherms and the number of days with inversions and isotherms Таблица 10. Средняя мощность инверсий и изотермий = Tablica 10. Srednjaja moščnost' inversij i izotermij = Table 10. The average power of inversions and isotherms. - Таблица 11. Средняя интенсивность инверсий и изотермий = Tablica 11. Srednaja intensivnost' inversij i izotermij = Table 11. The average intensity of inversions and isotherms. - Таблица 12. Средняя высота и температура нижней границы тропопаузы = Tablica 12. Srednjaja vysota i temperatura nižnej granicy tropopauzy = Table 12. The average height and temperature of the lower border of the tropopause. - Таблица 13. Повторяемость высоты нижней границы тропопаузы = Tablica 13. Povtorjaemost' vysoty nižnej granicy tropopauzy = Table 13. Repeatability of the height of the lower tropopause border. - Таблица 14. Повторяемость температуры нижней границы тропопаузы = Tablica 14. Povtorjaemost' temperatury nižnej granicy tropopauzy =Table 14. Repeatability of temperature of the lower tropopause border. - Таблица 15. Средняя месячнан относительная влажность = Tablica 15. Srednjaja mesjačnan otnositel'naja vlažnost' = Table 15. Average monthly relative humidity. - Таблица 16. Средняя месячная удельная влажность = Tablica 16. Srednjaja mesjačnaja udel'naja vlažnost' = Table 16. Average monthly specific humidity. - Таблица 17. Средняя высота нижней границы облаков = Tablica 17. Srednaja vysota nižnej granicy oblakov = Table 17. The average height of the lower boundary of the clouds. - Таблица 18. Средняя месячная скорость ветра = Tablica 18. Srednjaja mesjačnaja skorost' vetra = Table 18. Average monthly wind speed. - Таблица 19. Максимальная скорость ветра = Tablica 19. Maksimal'naja skorost' vetra = Table 19. Maximum wind speed. - Таблица 20. Повторяемость направления ветра = Tablica 20. Povtorjaemost' napravlenija vetra = Table 20. Wind direction repeatability. - Таблица 21. Результаты температурно-ветрового зондирования атмосферы = Tablica 21. Rezul'taty temperaturno-vetrovogo zondirovanija atmosfery = Table 21. Results of temperature-wind sounding of the atmosphere. - , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Inhalt: GRUNDLAGEN. - Was versteht man unter Wetter, Witterung, Klima?. - Meteorologie - die Wissenschaft von Wetter und Klima. - Die Atmosphäre - Zusammensetzung und Aufbau. - Die meteorologischen Elemente - Metechniken und Meßverfahren. - Schichtung der Atmosphäre. - Energieumsätze in der Atmosphäre. - Das Wasser in der Atmosphäre. - Luftbewegungen - Ursachen und Zusammenhänge. - Kleinräumige und großräumige Zirkulationen. - Optische und luftelektrische Erscheinungen. - DAS WETTER - VON DER BEOBACHTUNG BIS ZUR VORHERSAGE. - Gewinnung, Sammlung und Verarbeitung synoptischer Daten. - Die Wetteranalyse - synoptische und numerische Verfahren. - Luftmassen. - Fronten und Frontalzonen. - Tiefdruckgebiete und Hochdruckgebiete. - Die Höhenströmung. - Großwetterlagen. - Wirbelstürme. - Die Wettervorhersage. - DAS KLIMA - VON DEN DATENGRUNDLAGEN BIS ZUR ANWENDUNG KLIMATOLOGISCHER FORSCHUNGSERGEBNISSE. - Das Klima - Datenbasis und Darstellungsformen. - Analyse der klimatischen Verhältnisse. - Klimaklassifikationen und Klimazonen. - Spezielle Klimate. - Wichtige Anwendungsbereiche der Klimatologie. - Das Klima in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. - WETTER- UND KLIMABEEINFLUSSUNG. - ORGANISATIONEN. - Personenverzeichnis. - Register.

Note: Contents Preface Symbols Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Scope of Micrometeorology 1.2 Micrometeorology versus Microclimatology 1.3 Importance and Applications of Micrometeorology Problems and Exercises Chapter 2 Energy Budget near the Surface 2.1 Energy Fluxes at an Ideal Surface 2.2 Energy Balance Equations 2.3 Some Examples of Energy Budget 2.4 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 3 Radiation Balance near the Surface 3.1 Radiation Laws and Definitions 3.2 Shortwave Radiation 3.3 Longwave Radiation 3.4 Radiation Balance near the Surface 3.5 Radiative Flux Divergence 3.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 4 Soil Temperatures and Heat Transfer 4.1 Surface Temperature 4.2 Subsurface Temperatures 4.3 Thermal Properties of Soils 4.4 Theory of Soil Heat Transfer 4.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 5 Air Temperature and Humidity in the PBL 5.1 Factors Influencing Air Temperature and Humidity 5.2 Basic Thermodynamic Relations and Definitions 5.3 Static Stability 5.4 Mixed Layers and Inversions 5.5 Vertical Temperature and Humidity Profiles 5.6 Diurnal Variations 5.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 6 Wind Distribution in the PBL 6.1 Factors Influencing Wind Distribution 6.2 Geostrophic and Thermal Winds 6.3 The Effects of Friction 6.4 The Effects of Stability 6.5 Observed Wind Profiles 6.6 Diurnal Variations 6.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 7 An Introduction to Viscous Flows 7.1 Inviscid and Viscous Flows 7.2 Laminar and Turbulent Flows 7.3 Equations of Motion 7.4 Plane-Parallel Flows 7.5 Ekman Layers 7.6 Developing Boundary Layers 7.7 Heat Transfer in Fluids 7.8 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 8 Fundamentals of Turbulence 8.1 Instability of Flow and Transition to Turbulence 8.2 The Generation and Maintenance of Turbulence 8.3 General Characteristics of Turbulence 8.4 Mean and Fluctuating Variables 8.5 Variances and Turbulent Fluxes 8.6 Eddies and Scales of Motion 8.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 9 Semiempirical Theories of Turbulence 9.1 Mathematical Description of Turbulent Flows 9.2 Gradient-Transport Theories 9.3 Dimensional Analysis and Similarity Theories 9.4 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 10 Neutral Boundary Layers 10.1 Velocity-Profile Laws 10.2 Surface Roughness Parameters 10.3 Surface Stress and Drag Coefficient 10.4 Turbulence 10.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 11 Momentum and Heat Exchanges with Homogeneous Surfaces 11.1 The Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory 11.2 Empirical Forms of Similarity Functions 11.3 Wind and Temperature Profiles 11.4 Drag and Heat Transfer Coefficients 11.5 Methods of Determining Momentum and Heat Fluxes 11.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 12 Evaporation from Homogeneous Surfaces 12.1 The Process of Evaporation 12.2 Potential Evaporation and Evapotranspiration 12.3 Modified Monin-Obukhov Similarity Relations 12.4 Micrometeorological Methods of Determining Evaporation 12.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 13 Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer 13.1 Sea-Surface Characteristics 13.2 Momentum Transfer to the Sea Surface 13.3 Parameterization of Air-Sea Exchanges 13.4 Mean Profiles in the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer 13.5 Turbulence over Water 13.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 14 Nonhomogeneous Boundary Layers 14.1 Types of Surface Inhomogeneities 14.2 Step Changes in Surface Roughness 14.3 Step Changes in Surface Temperature 14.4 Air Modifications over Water Surfaces 14.5 Air Modifications over Urban Areas 14.6 Building Wakes and Street Canyon Effects 14.7 Other Topographical Effects 14.8 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 15 Agricultural and Forest Micrometeorology 15.1 Flux-Profile Relations above Plant Canopies 15.2 Radiation Balance within Plant Canopies 15.3 Wind Distribution in Plant Canopies 15.4 Temperature and Moisture Fields 15.5 Turbulence in Plant Canopies 15.6 Applications Problems and Exercises References Index

Note: Contents: SUMMARY. - 1. INTRODUCTION. - 1.1 Geographic setting and ecosystems of the Antarctic. - 1.2 Man's activities in the Antarctic. - 2. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT. - 2.1 Environmental impact philosophy and terms. - 2.2 Definitions. - 2.3 Criteria for identifying significant impact. - 2.4 Temporal and spatial considerations of environmental impact. - 2.5 Consequential, synergistic and combined effects. - 2.6 Identification of sensitive indicators of change. - 3. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE. - 3.1 Suggested format. - 3.2 When is an Environmental Impact Assessment necessary?. - 3.3 Environmental impact assessments of current operations and stations. - 3.4 Monitoring. - 4. SURVEY OF THE IMP ACTS OF MAN'S ACTIVITIES IN THE ANTARCTIC. - 4.1 Terrestrial impacts (including inland waters). - 4.2 Marine impacts. - 4.3 Atmospheric impacts. - 4.4 Distribution of impacts. - 5. THE FUTURE. - APPENDIX A. Relevant excerpts from Recommendation XII -3 (Man's Impact on the Antarctic Environment) of the Twelfth Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Canberra, 1983 and Paragraphs 17-19 of its Report. - APPENDIX B. ACRONYMS. - BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Diss., 1987

Note: Inhalt: Die Entstehung der Expedition. - Über die Kapverden und Kapstadt zu den Kerguelen. - Auf den Kerguelen. - Zu unbekannten Küsten. - Einrichtung und Betrieb der Winterstation. - Gaußberg und Inlandeis. - Freuden und Leiden der Winternacht. - Frühjahrsschlittenreisen. - Antarktischer Sommer. - Drift im Scholleneis. - Heimwärts. - Nachwort des Herausgebers.

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents: Preface. - Introduction. - I. THE EQUATIONS OF HYDROTHERMODYNAMICS OF THE BOUNDARY LAYERS; ANALYSIS OF THESE EQUATIONS. - § 1. Derivation of the Equations for the Averaged Quantities. - § 2. The Relation Between Fluctuations of the Meteorological Elements and the Averaged Characteristics. Currents of Various Substances Due to Turbulence. - § 3. Some Problems of Turbulence Dynamics. The Reynolds Number. The Richardson Number § 4. Classification of Motions. Estimation of the Thickness of the Planetary Boundary Layer. The Surface Sublayer. - II. THE BOUNDARY LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE IN STATIONARY CONDITIONS. - § 1. Some Information on the Distribution of the Meteorological Elements in the Boundary Layer. - § 2. External Factors Determining the Structure of the Boundary Layer of the Atmosphere. - § 3. A Boundary Layer Model with Height-Independent Turbulence Coefficient (One-Parameter Model). - § 4. The Structure of the Surface Sublayer. - § 5. Calculation of the Basic Characteristics of the Surface Sublayer. - § 6. Two-Parameter Model of the Boundary Layer of the Atmosphere. - § 7. Some Information on the Processes at the Active Surface and in the Upper Layers of the Ground Influencing the Boundary Layer. - III. DAILY VARIATION OF THE METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENTS. - § 1. The Simplest Model for the Daily Temperature Variation. Features of the Daily Temperature Variation Over Water. - § 2. Daily Temperature Variations for Turbulent Mixing Intensity Growing with Height. - § 3. An Account of the Time Variations of the Eddy Exchange in the Theory of the Daily Temperature Variations. - § 4. The Influence of the Radiative Heat Influx on the Daily Temperature Variation. - § 5. Nocturnal Lowering of the Temperature. Forecasting of Radiation Frosts. - § 6. Daily Humidity Variations. Radiation Fogs. - § 7. Daily Variations of Wind Velocity. - IV. VARIATIONS OF METEOROLOGICAL FIELDS DUE TO THE INHOMOGENEITY OF THE ACTIVE SURFACE. - § 1. Qualitative Analysis of the Transformation Process. - § 2. Variations of the Temperature and Humidity Fields Over an Inhomogeneous Underlying Surface. - § 3. Formation of Advection Fogs. - § 4. Variations of the Micrometeorological Regime in Irrigation, Irrigation Standards for Various Meteorological Conditions. - § 5. Influence of Small Reservoirs on the Structure of the Lower Layers of the Atmosphere. - § 6. Nonstationary Processes Over An Inhomogeneous Underlying Surface. - § 7. Local Winds. - V. PHENOMENA AND PROCESSES OF A SPECIAL NATURE RELATED TO THE METEOROLOGICAL REGIME OF THE BOUNDARY LAYER. - §1. Wind Drift of Ice Floes. - § 2. Applications of the Laws of the Boundary Layer of the Atmosphere to Problems of Construction and Power Engineering. - § 3. Freezing of the Upper Layer of the Ground. - § 4. Pollution of the Lower Layers of the Atmosphere by Smoke From Factory Chimneys. - § 5. Some Features of the Electrostatic Field in the Surface Layer of the Atmosphere. , Transl. from Russian

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1 Einleitung. - 2 Atmosphäre. - 2.1 Chemische Zusammensetzung der Luft. - 2.2 Atmosphärische Zustandsgrößen. - 2.3 Tagesgang der Zustandsgrößen. - 2.4 Jahresgang der Zustandsgrößen. - 2.5 Änderungen der Zustandsgrößen mit der Höhe. - 2.6 Vertikale Stabilitat der Atmosphäre. - 2.7 Gesetze. - 2.8 Potentielle Temperatur. - 2.9 Ionosphäre. - 3 Strahlung. - 3.1 Strahlungsspektrum. - 3.2 Herkunft der Strahlung. - 3.3 Die Solarkonstante. - 3.4 Wirkung der Erdatmosphäre auf die Solarstrahlung. - 3.5 Mittlerer Haushalt der einfallenden Solarstrahlung. - 3.6 Solar-, Global- und Himmelsstrahlung. - 3.7 Wärmestrahlung der Erde. - 3.8 Strahlungsbilanz. - 4 Luftbewegung. - 4.1 Kräfte bei reibungsfreier Bewegung. - 4.2 Reibungskraft. - 4.3 Die vollständige Bewegungsgleichung. - 4.4 Turbulenz. - 4.5 Vertikale Windverhältnisse. - 4.6 Strahlströme. - 5 Wolken und Niederschlag. - 5.1 Verdunstung. - 5.2 Besonderheiten des Sättigungsdampfdrucks. - 5.3 Wolkenbildung. - 5.4 Wolkenklassifikation. - 5.5 Wolkenbildung und thermodynamisches Diagramm. - 5.6 Gewitter. - 5.7 Tau und Nebel. - 6 Luftmassen, Frontalzone und Polarfront. - 6.1 Luftmassen. - 6.2 Grenzgebiete zwischen Luftmassen: Frontalzonen. - 6.3 Polarfront. - 7 Zyklonen und Antizyklonen. - 7.1 Tiefdruckgebiete. - 7.2 Fronten der Zyklonen. - 7.3 Zusammenhang von Bodenfronten und Höhenwetterkarte. - 7.4 Kaltlufttropfen. - 7.5 Tropische Zyklonen - tropische Wirbelstürme. - 7.6 Tornados, Tromben und Staubteufelchen. - 7.7 Hochdruckgebiete. - 7.8 Inversionen. - 7.9 Strömungseigenschaften: Zirkulation, Vorticity, Divergenz. - 7.10 Ursache von Druckänderungen. - 7.11 Strömungsschema in Zyklonen und Antizyklonen. - 7.12 Gebirgseinfluß auf die Luftströmung. - 8 Wetter- und Klimabeobachtung. - 8.1 Bodenbeobachtung. - 8.2 Klimabeobachtung. - 8.3 Von der synoptischen Beobachtung zur Wetterkarte. - 8.4 Radiosondenbeobachtung. - 8.5 Radar und Sodar. - 8.6 Wettersatellitenbeobachtung. - 8.7 Meteorologische Erscheinungen im Satellitenbild. - 9 Wettervorhersage. - 9.1 Numerische Wettervorhersage. - 9.2 Lokale und regionale Wettervorhersage. - 9.3 Güte der Wettervorhersage. - 10 Allgemeine atmosphärische Zirkulation. - 10.1 Druck- und Strömungsverhältnisse im Meeresniveau. - 10.2 Druck- und Strömungsverhältnisse in der freien Atmosphäre auf der Nordhalbkugel. - 10.3 Vertikale Temperatur- und Zirkulationsverhältnisse. - 10.4 Stratosphärenerwärmungen. - 11 Klima und Klimaklassifikation. - 11.1 Definition. - 11.2 Klimaklassifikation. - 11.3 Übersicht über die Klimagebiete (nach Koppen 1918). - 11.4 Vertikale Klimagliederung der Gebirge. - 11.5 Maritimer und kontinentaler Klimatyp. - 11.6 Klimadiagramme. - 12 Klimaschwankungen - Klimaänderungen. - 12.1 Klima in geologischer Vorzeit. - 12.2 Nacheiszeitliche Klimaentwicklung in Mitteleuropa. - 12.3 Moderne Klimatologie. - 12.4 Ursache von Klimaänderungen. - 12.5 Anthropogene Klimabeeinflussung. - 13 Kleinräumige Windsysteme. - 13.1 Land- und Seewind. - 13.2 Berg- und Talwind. - 13.3 Föhn. - 13.4 Kanalisierte Winde. - 13.5 Bora, Schirokko, Chamsin. - 14 Stadtklima. - 14.1 Wärmeinsel. - 14.2 Feuchteverteilung. - 14.3 Windverhältnisse. - 14.4 Niederschlagseinfluß. - 14.5 Klimatologische Stadtplanung. - 15 Anthropogene Luftverunreinigung. - 15.1 Wetterlage und Luftbelastung. - 15.2 Emission und Immission. - 15.3 Smog. - 15.4 Ausbreitungsrechnung. - 16 Wetterbeeinflussung. - 16.1 Nebelauflösung. - 16.2 Hagelbekämpfung. - 16.3 Regenerzeugung. - 16.4 Wirbelsturmbeeinflussung. - 17 Schlußbetrachtungen. - Literatur. - Sachverzeichnis.

Note: Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Diss., 1987

Note: Contents: From the editor. - Organization of the Fourth Antarctic Expedition and its tasks. - Routes of expedition ships. - d/s Ob. - m/s Mikhail Kalinin. - Observatory Mirny. - Unloading the ships. - Operation of expedition parties. - Connections with Antarctic Expeditions of other countries. - Antarctic inland tractor-sledge traverses. - South Pole traverse. - Geophyiscal traverse along the Mirny-Komsomolskaya route. - Work of the Antarctic stations. - Vostok. - Komsomolskaya. - Lazarev. - Brief summary of results of scientific researches conducted by the Soviet Antarctic Expeditions (1955-1960). - The Fifth Antarctic Expedition. - International cooperation in the study of Antarctica. - Abstract. - References. - Appendixes. - 1. Main data of the Soviet Antarctic stations. - 2. Calendar of the expedition ships operations. - 3. Personnel of the Soviet Antarctic Expeditions of 1955-1960. - 4. Period of work of Antarctic Expeditions in 1955-1960. - 5. List of members of the Fourth Antarctic Expedition. - 6. List of clothing for the members of Antarctic Expeditions. - 7. Food supply of the Antarctic Expeditions. , In kyrill. Schr. , Mit engl. Zsfassung

Note: Contents: List of Figures. - List of Tables. - 1. Introduction. - a. An Overview of Principal Component Analysis (PCA). - b. Outline of the Book. - c. A Brief History of PCA. - d. Acknowledgments. - 2. Algebraic Foundations of PCA. - a. Introductory Example: Bivariate Data Sets. - Monterey, California air temperatures. - Centering and rotating the data set. - Variances in the rotated frame. - Principal angles. - Principal variances. - Principal covariance. - Principal directions. - Principal components; principal directions as basis vectors. - Matrix representation. - The PCA property. - Invariance of the total variance under rotation. - Principal variances for standardized data sets. - PCA and estimates of the statistical parameters of normal populations. - PCA and the construction of Monte Carlo experiments. - Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the covariance and scatter matrices. - b. Principal Component Analysis: Real-valued Scalar Fields. - t-centering the data set. - The scatter probe and the scatter matrix. - The eigenstructures of PCA. - The basic data set representations; analysis and synthesis formulas. - The PCA property. - Second-order properties of PCA; the total scatter . - The singular value decomposition (SVD) of a data set. - Second-order properties of PCA; correlations. - PCA characterized by the PCA property. - The asymptotic PCA property and dynamical systems. - PCA of spatial composites of data sets. - PCA of temporal composites of data sets. - c. Principal Component Analysis: Complex-valued Scalar Fields, and Beyond. - PCA of complex-valued data sets (C-PCA). - Complex algebra conventions. - The scatter probe and scatter matrix for C-PCA. - Derivation of the eigenstructures of C-PCA. - The fundamental formulas of C-PCA. - Generalization of PCA to quaternion-valued data sets (Q-PCA). - Matrix representations of complex and quaternion numbers. - PCA of matrix-valued data sets (M-PCA). - Reduction of M-PCA to C-PCA form. - d. Bibliographic Notes and Miscellaneous Topics. - Alternate interpretation of the scatter probe. - Numerical calculations of eigenstructures of a scatter matrix. - Some elementary properties of eigenstructures of a scatter matrix. - Sample space vs. state space: choosing the dual computation. - PCA for continuous domains. - PCA for continuous domains: the viewpoint of empirical orthogonal functions. - The sixteen possible domain pairs for PCA: abstract PCA. - 3. Dynamical Origins of PCA. - a. One-dimensional Hannonic Motion. - A spring-linked-mass model; general form. - A spring-linked-mass model; special form. - A numerical example of the asymptotic PCA property. - Further investigations of the asymptotic PCA property and of EOF's. - b. Two-dimensional Wave Motion. - Solution of a two-dimensional damped-wave model. - Demonstration of the asymptotic PCA property (forcing and friction absent). - Demonstration of the asymptotic PCA property (forcing and friction present). - Physical basis for eigenframe rotations. - c. Dynamical Origins of Linear Regression (LR). - From continuous to discrete solutions to the regression model. - The linear regression procedure. - Comparison of LRA and PCA. - d. Random Processes and Karhunen-Loeve Analysis. - Origins of random processes in linear settings. - Karhunen-Loeve representation of random data sets and comparison with PCA. - e. Stationary Processes and PCA. - Derivation of the PCA representation of a one-dimensional stationary process via a simple wave model. - Connections between PCA and stationary processes: the case of one dimension. - Connections between PGA and stationary processes: extension to two dimensions. - f. Bibliographic Notes. - 4. Extensions of PCA to Multivariate Fields. - a. Categories of Data and Modes of Analysis. - Examples. - Generalized notation: the concepts of "individual" and "variable" in PCA. - b. Local PCA of a General Vector Field. - The PCA formalism. - Squared correlations. - Variational origin of the scatter matrix. - Examples. - c. Global PCA of a General Vector Field: Time-Modulation Form. - The PGA formalism. - Squared correlations. - Degeneracy of global PGA to local PGA. - Variational origin of the scatter matrix. - d. Global PCA of a General Vector Field: Space-Modulation Form. - The PCA formalism. - Squared correlations. - Variational origin of the scatter matrix. - e. PCA of Spectral Components of a General Vector Field. - Fourier analysis of the vector field components. - The scatter matrix in the spectral setting. - Example of spectral PCA of a windfield. - f. Bibliographic Notes and Miscellaneous Topics. - The eight modes of analysis and Cattell's classifications. - Time-modulation PGA as a special case of matrix-valued PGA. - Applications to the PGA of wind fields. - Distinction between time-modulation PGA and complex PGA. - Applications to the PGA of storm tracks. - 5. Selection Rules for PCA. - a. Random Reference Data Sets. - b. Dynamical Origins of the Dominant-Variance Selection Rules. - A dynamical model. - Rationale for selection rules. - c. Rule A4. - Statistical basis and discussion. - Choice of λ0. - d. Rule N . - Statistical basis and discussion. - Adjustments for correlated data: effective sample size. - Asymptotic eigenvalues for large data sets. - e. Rule M. - f. Comments on Dominant-Variance Rules . - g. Dynamical Origins of the Time-History Selection Rules. - h. Rule KS2. - The white spectrum and the cumulative periodogram. - Statement of Rule KS2. - i. Rules AMPλ. - Fisher's test. - Siegel's test. - Statement of Rules AMPλ. - j. Rule Q. - k. Selection Rules for Vector-Valued Fields. - Local PCA rules. - Global PCA (time-modulated) rules. - Global PCA (space-modulated) rules. - I. A Space-map Selection Rule. - Canonic direction angles. - Differential relations between unit vectors and canonic direction angles. - An r-tile metric for comparing canonic direction angles. - Statistical aspects: critical values for class errors. - Statement of the selection rule. - m. Bibliographic Notes and Miscellaneous Topics. - Puzzles and problems underlying Rule N; the logarithmic eigenvalue curve. - Numerical intractability of the classical formulas for the eigenvalues of a random matrix. - Monte Carlo approaches to the eigenvalue distribution problem. - Comparison of Monte Carlo methods and asymptotic formulas for eigenvalue distributions. - The problem of closely spaced eigenvalues; tests for equal eigenvalues. - The generalized basis for dominant variance selection rules. - Parallel work in atomic physics. - 6. Factor Analysis (FA) and PCA. - a. Comparison of PCA, LRA, and FA. - Similarities between PCA, LRA, and FA. - Dissimilarities between PCA, LRA, and FA. - The usual algebraic form of FA; its PC and LR interpretations. - b. The Central Problems of FA. - The matrix formulation of FA. - The detailed sub-problems of FA. - c. Bibliographic Notes. - The selection rule problem in FA. - The parameter estimation problem in FA. - 7. Diagnostic Procedures via PCA and FA. - a. Dual Interpretations of a Data Set: State Space and Sample Space. - b. Interpreting E-frames in PCA State Space. - Example: graphical display of eigenvectors. - Rationales for interpreting eigenmaps and time series. - PCA as a means, rather than an end. - c. Informative and Uninformative E-frames in PCA State Space. - d. Rotating E-frames in PCA State Space (varimax). - A two-dimensional example of the varimax procedure. - The general varimax procedure. - The loss of the PCA property for rotated E-frames. - e. Projections onto E-frames in PCA State Space (procrustes). - Derivation of the procrustes technique. - Some observations on the generality of the procrustes technique. - f. Interpreting A-frames in PCA Sample Space. - g. Rotating A-frames in PCA Sample Space (varimax). - h. Projections onto A-frames in PCA Sample Space (procrustes). - i. Detecting Clusters of Points in PCA State or Sample Spaces. - Minimal spanning trees. - Defining cluster pairs, and te

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Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS: Preface. - List of participants. - The West Antarctic Ice Sheet : the need to understand its dynamics / C. J. VAN DER VEEN. - Force budget of ice sheets / I. M. WHILLANS. - On the oceanic circulation near a shelf-ice edge / G. J. F. VAN HEIJST. - Quantitative estimates of the mass flux and ice movement along the ice edges in the eastern and southern Weddell Sea / M. A. LANGE. - Some aspects of the flow of the Ronne Ice Shelf / C. S. M. DOAKE. - Unconfined ice-shelf flow / L. W. MORLAND. - Plane and radial ice-shelf flow with prescribed temperature profile / L. W. MORLAND and R. ZAINUDDIN. - Ice-shelf backpressure : form drag versus dynamic drag / D. R. MACAYEAL. - Ice stream-ice shelf interaction in West Antarctica / R. A. BINDSCHADLER, D. R. MACAYEAL and S. N. STEPHENSON. - A few preliminary results from the glaciogeophysical survey of the interior Ross Embayment (GSIRE) / C. R. BENTLEY, S. SHABTAIE, D. D. BLANKENSHIP, R. B. ALLEY and S. T. ROONEY. - On the flow within the transition zone between ice sheet and ice shelf / K. HERTERICH. - The finite-element method applied to a time-dependent flowband model / J. L. FASTOOK. - Longitudinal stresses and basal sliding : a comparative study / C. J. VAN DER VEEN. - A subglacial aquifer bed model and water pressure dependent basal sliding relationship for a West Antarctic ice stream / C. S. LINGLE and T. J. BROWN. - The heat budget of the Ross drainage basin / J. OEKLEMANS. - Numerical modelling of the large-scale basal water flux under the West Antarctic Ice Sheet / W. F. BUDD and D. JENSSEN. - Modelling the response of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet to a climatic warming / W. F. BUDD, B. J. MCINNES, D. JENSSEN and I. N. SMITH. - Subject index. - Geographic index.

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Note: L. M. Parson and A. C. Morton: Introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:ix-xii, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.01: Volcanic and Tectonic Framework --- R. S. White: A hot-spot model for early Tertiary volcanism in the N Atlantic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:3-13, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.02 --- M. H. P. Bott: A new look at the causes and consequences of the Icelandic hot-spot / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:15-23, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.03 --- J. F. Dewey and B. F. Windley: Palaeocene-Oligocene tectonics of NW Europe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:25-31, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.04 --- Dipping Reflectors and NE Atlantic Evolution --- J. C. Mutter and C. M. Zehnder: Deep crustal structure and magmatic processes: the inception of seafloor spreading in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:35-48, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.05 --- J. Skogseid and O. Eldholm: Early Cainozoic evolution of the Norwegian volcanic passive margin and the formation of marginal highs / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:49-56, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.06 --- L. M. Parson and the ODP Leg 104 Scientific Party: Dipping reflector styles in the NE Atlantic Ocean / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:57-68, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.07 --- L. G. Viereck, P. N. Taylor, L. M. Parson, A. C. Morton, J. Hertogen, I. L. Gibson, and the ODP Leg 104 Scientific Party: Origin of the Palaeogene Vøring Plateau volcanic sequence / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:69-83, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.08 --- S. T. Gudlaugsson, K. Gunnarsson, M. Sand, and J. Skogseid: Tectonic and volcanic events at the Jan Mayen Ridge microcontinent / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:85-93, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.09 --- H. C. Larsen and S. Jakobsdóttir: Distribution, crustal properties and significance of seawards-dipping sub-basement reflectors off E Greenland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:95-114, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.10 --- M. S. Andersen: Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary extension and volcanism around the Faeroe Islands / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:115-122, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.11 --- R. J. Merriman, P. N. Taylor, and A. C. Morton: Petrochemistry and isotope geochemistry of early Palaeogene basalts forming the dipping reflector sequence SW of Rockall Plateau, NE Atlantic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:123-134, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.12 --- J. I. Faleide, A. M. Myhre, and O. Eldholm: Early Tertiary volcanism at the western Barents Sea margin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:135-146, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.13 --- L. Kristjansson and J. Helgason: Some properties of basalt lava sequences and volcanic centres in a plate-boundary environment / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:147-155, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.14 --- H. C. Larsen: A multiple and propagating rift model for the NE Atlantic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:157-158, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.15 --- E Greenland and the Faeroe Islands --- R. C. O. Gill, T. F. D. Nielsen, C. K. Brooks, and G. A. Ingram: Tertiary volcanism in the Kangerdlugssuaq region, E Greenland: trace-element geochemistry of the Lower Basalts and tholeiitic dyke swarms / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:161-179, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.16 --- P. M. Holm: Nd, Sr and Pb isotope geochemistry of the Lower Lavas, E Greenland Tertiary Igneous Province / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:181-195, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.17 --- A. J. C. Hogg, J. J. Fawcett, J. Gittins, and M. P. Gorton: Cyclical tholeiitic volcanism and associated magma chambers: eruptive mechanisms in E Greenland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:197-200, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.18 --- R. H. Noble, R. M. Macintyre, and P. E. Brown: Age constraints on Atlantic evolution: timing of magmatic activity along the E Greenland continental margin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:201-214, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.19 --- D. H. Tarling, E. A. Hailwood, and R. Løvlie: A palaeomagnetic study of lower Tertiary lavas in E Greenland and comparison with other lower Tertiary observations in the northern Atlantic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:215-224, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.20 --- R. Waagstein: Structure, composition and age of the Faeroe basalt plateau / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:225-238, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.21 --- Volcanism in Basins to the N and W of the British Isles --- F. G. F. Gibb and R. Kanaris-Sotiriou: The geochemistry and origin of the Faeroe-Shetland sill complex / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:241-252, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.22 --- F. J. Fitch, G. L. Heard, and J. A. Miller: Basaltic magmatism of late Cretaceous and Palaeogene age recorded in wells NNE of the Shetlands / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:253-262, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.23 --- A. C. Morton, D. Evans, R. Harland, C. King, and D. K. Ritchie: Volcanic ash in a cored borehole W of the Shetland Islands: evidence for Selandian (late Palaeocene) volcanism in the Faeroes region / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:263-269, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.24 --- M. S. Stoker, A. C. Morton, D. Evans, M. J. Hughes, R. Harland, and D. K. Graham: Early Tertiary basalts and tuffaceous sandstones from the Hebrides Shelf and Wyville-Thomson Ridge, NE Atlantic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:271-282, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.25 --- M. V. Wood, J. Hall, and J. J. Doody: Distribution of early Tertiary lavas in the NE Rockall Trough / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:283-292, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.26 --- A. C. Morton, J. E. Dixon, J. G. Fitton, R. M. Macintyre, D. K. Smythe, and P. N. Taylor: Early Tertiary volcanic rocks in Well 163/6-1A, Rockall Trough / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:293-308, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.27 --- M. P. Tate and M. R. Dobson: Syn- and post-rift igneous activity in the Porcupine Seabight Basin and adjacent continental margin W of Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:309-334, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.28 --- British Tertiary Igneous Province --- A. E. Mussett, P. Dagley, and R. R. Skelhorn: Time and duration of activity in the British Tertiary Igneous Province / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:337-348, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.29 --- I. G. Meighan, A. G. McCormick, D. Gibson, J. A. Gamble, and I. J. Graham: Rb-Sr isotopic determinations and the timing of Tertiary central complex magmatism in NE Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:349-360, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.30 --- P. J. O’Connor: Strontium isotope geochemistry of Tertiary igneous rocks, NE Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:361-363, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.31 --- B. R. Bell and C. H. Emeleus: A review of silicic pyroclastic rocks of the British Tertiary Volcanic Province / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:365-379, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.32 --- R. W. England: The early Tertiary stress regime in NW Britain: evidence from the patterns of volcanic activity / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:381-389, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.33 --- J. H. Bédard, R. S. J. Sparks, R. Renner, R. Hunter, and M. Cheadle: A re-evaluation of the origin and nature of layered peridotite, troctolite and gabbro in the Eastern Layered Series of the R

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Note: Contents: Contributors. - Foreword. - Preface. - PART 1. NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION. - Medium-range forecasting at the ECMWF / Lennart Bengtsson. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The physical and mathematical basis for medium-range forecasting. - 3. Numerical methods and modeling techniques. - 4. Observations, their use and importance. - 5. Operational application and results. - 6. Problems and prospects in numerical weather prediction. - 7. Concluding remarks. - References. - Extended range forecasting / K. Miyakoda and J. Sirutis. - 1. Introduction. - 2. An evolution of 10-day forecast performance. - 3. Examples of monthly forecasts. - 4. A projection of seasonal forecasts. - 5. Postscript. - References. - Predictability / J. Shukla. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Classical predictability studies. - 3. Predictability of space-time averages. - 4. Some outstanding problems. - 5. Concluding remarks. - References. - Data Assimilation / W. Bourke, R. Seaman, and K. Puri. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Evolution of assimilation and the FGGE. - 3. Components of four-dimensional assimilation systems. - 4. Characteristics of some current Assimilation schemes. - 5. Role of four-dimensional assimilation in research and operations. - 6. Conclusion. - References. - PART 2. MESOSCALE DYNAMICS. - Predictability of mesoscale atmospheric motions / Richard A. Anthes, Ying-Hwa Kuo, David P. Baumhefner, Ronald M. Errico, and Thomas W. Bettge. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Classic predictability experiments and their relationship to mesoscale predictability. - 3. Preliminary predictability study with a mesoscale model. - 4. Discussion and comparison with a predictability study using a global model. - 5. Summary and conclusions. - References. - Thermal and orographic mesoscale atmospheric systems - an essay / Roger A. Pielke. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Summary of major research accomplishments. - 3. Research areas. - 4. Eventual goals. - References. - Advances in the theory of atmospheric fronts / I. Orlanski, B. Ross, L. Polinsky, and R. Shaginaw. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Baroclinic waves and fronts. - 3. Mature front. - 4. What observed features can be explained by theory?. - 5. What other processes are important in Frontogenesis?. - References. - PART 3. TROPICAL DYNAMICS. - Numerical modeling of tropical cyclones / Yoshio Kurihara. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Numerical models of hurricanes. - 3. Numerical simulation of tropcial cyclones. - 4. Some challenging issues in the future. - Appendix. GFDL Hurricane Model. - References. - Numerical weather prediction in low latitudes / T. N. Krishnamurti. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Initialization: dynamic, normal mode, and physical. - 3. Parameterization of physical processes. - 4. Medium-range prediction of monsoon disturbances. - 5. On the prediction of the quasi-Stationary component. - 6. Scope of future research. - References. - PART 4. TURBULENCE AND CONVECTION. - Sub-grid-scale turbulence modeling / J. W. Deardorff. - 1. Introduction: the need for grid-scale Reynolds averaging. - 2. The effect of grid-volume Reynolds averaging. - 3. The sub-grid scale Eddy Coefficient. - 4. Recent developments. - 5. Future outlook. - References. - Ensemble average, turbulence closure / George L. Mellor. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The turbulence macroscale and turbulence closure. - 3.Averaging distance for measurements in the atmosphere and oceans and for numerical models. - 4. Numerical modeling applications and horizontal diffusion. - 5. Concluding remarks. - References. - The planetary boundary layer / H. A. Panofsky. - 1. General characteristics. - 2. The equations in the PBL. - 3. The surface layer. - 4. First- and second-order closures. - 5. Boundary-layer models. - 6. Boundary-layer parameterization. - References. - Modeling studies and convection / Yoshi Ogura. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Bénard-Rayleigh Convection. - 3. Complexity of convection in the atmosphere. - 4. Shallow moist convection. - 5. Deep moist convection. - 6. Feedback effects of cumulus clouds on larger-scale environments. - 7. Concluding remarks. - References. - Index.

Note: Contents: OVERVIEW. - 1. WORKSHOP ON THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM: OVERVIEW / James H. Zumberge and Lee A. Kimball. - Trends in the Debate at the Workshop. - Ideas and Suggestions Put Forward. - The Antarctic Setting. - INTRODUCTION. - 2. ANTARCTICA PRIOR TO THE ANTARCTIC TREATY - A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE / Trevor Hatherton. - Early Notions. - The Routes Open. - Reduction to Size. - Exploitation - The Seals. - Science and National Interests. - Because It Is There. - Exploitation - The Whales. - The Modern Era. - The International Geophysical Year, 1957-1958. - 3. JURIDICAL NATURE OF THE 1959 TREATY SYSTEM / Yuri M. Rybakov. - Peaceful Use. - Scientific Investigation. - Inspection. - Consultative Meetings. - Recommendations. - Additional Conventions. - LEGAL AND POLITICAL BACKGROUND. - 4. ANTARCTICA PRIOR TO THE ANTARCTIC TREATY: A POLITICAL AND LEGAL PERSPECTIVE / Cristian Maquieira. - 5. ANTARCTIC CONFLICT AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION / Francisco Orrego Vicuna. - The Early Trends Toward Antarctic Conflict. - Localized Territorial Disputes. - Generalized Territorial Disputes and International Implications. - Strategic Uses and Disputes in Antarctica. - Major-Power Rivalry in Antarctica. - The Antarctic Treaty: Cooperation as a Factor of Stabilization. - 6. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY AS A CONFLICT RESOLUTION MECHANISM / Arthur D. Watts. - 7. PANEL DISCUSSION ON THE LEGAL AND POLITICAL BACKGROUND OF THE ANTARCTIC TREATY. - ANTARCTIC SCIENCE. - 8. SUMMARY OF SCIENCE IN ANTARCTICA PRIOR TO AND INCLUDING THE INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR / Robert H. Rutford. - 9. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY AS A SCIENTIFIC MECHANISM (POST-IGY) - CONTRIBUTIONS OF ANTARCTIC SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH / William F. Budd. - Introduction. - The Post-IGY International Antarctica Quarter Century. - The Profitable Nonrenewable Resources Fallacy. - Antarctica as a Global Environmental Science Resource. - Antarctic Publications and the Knowledge Explosion. - Highlights of Antarctic Discoveries and Research. - The Treaty Nations as the United Nations "Antarctic Rangers". - 10. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY AS A SCIENTIFIC MECHANISM - THE SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON ANTARCTIC RESEARCH AND THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM / James H. Zumberge. - Introduction. - The Origin and Growth of SCAR. - SCAR Structure and Procedures. - The Interaction of SCAR with the Antarctic Treaty System. - A Look at SCAR's Future. - 11. THE ROLE OF SCIENCE IN THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM / E. Fred Roots. - Background. - The Political Role of Science in Antarctica. - Different Approaches to Science in Antarctica. - What Results Can Antarctic Science Deliver?. - The Setting of Scientific Priorities in Antarctica. - The Future. - 12. PANEL DISCUSSION ON ANTARCTIC SCIENCE. - THE ANTARCTIC ENVIRONMENT: MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES A. CONSERVATION AND ENVIRONMENT 13. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL MECHANISM - AN APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES / John A. Heap and Martin W. Holdgate. - Introduction. - Characteristics of the Antarctic Environment. - Human Impacts on the Environment of Antarctica. - The Evaluation of Environmental Goals. - Environmental Conservation Within the Antarctic Treaty System. - The Antarctic Treaty System as a Mechanism for Environmental Conservation. - 14. PANEL DISCUSSION ON CONSERVATION AND ENVIRONMENT. - B. LIVING RESOURCES. - 15. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM AS A RESOURCE MANAGEMENT MECHANISM - LIVING RESOURCES / John A. Gulland. - Introduction. - Marine Resources. - International Whaling Commission. - The Role of the Antarctic Treaty. - Terrestrial Activities. - The Role of SCAR. - 16. PANEL DISCUSSION ON LIVING RESOURCES. - Biomass. - Experimental Fishery. - Inspection and Other CCAMLR Measures. - C. NONLIVING RESOURCES. - 17. ARCTIC OFFSHORE TECHNOLOGY AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE ANTARCTIC / K. R. Croasdale. - Introduction. - Geography and Oil and Gas Resources. - The Arctic Offshore Environment. - Technology for Arctic Offshore Petroleum Operations. - Conclusions. - 18. DISCUSSION ON TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS OF MINERALS DEVELOPMENT IN POLAR AREAS. - 19. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM AS A RESOURCE MANAGEMENT MECHANISM - NONLIVING RESOURCES / Christopher D. Beeby. - 20. PANEL DISCUSSION ON NONLIVING RESOURCES. - Participation. - Common Heritage of Mankind. - Participation in the Minerals Regime Negotiations. - Participation in the Adoption of the Minerals Regime. - Participation in Implementation of the Minerals Regime. - Participation in Activities and Benefits. - Urgency and Timing of Minerals Activities. - The Regime. - Enforcement and Reporting Requirements. - INSTITUTIONS. - 21. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A STATE NOT PARTY TO THE SYSTEM / Zain Azraai. - The Response of the Nontreaty Parties (NTPs). - 22. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A NON-CONSULTATIVE PARTY TO THE ANTARCTIC TREATY / Peter Bruckner. - Introduction. - Motives for Accession. - Functioning of the Treaty System. - Rights and Obligations of the NCPs Under the Treaty. - The Observer Issue. - Antarctica and the U.N. General Assembly. - Concluding Remarks. - Appendix. - 23. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A NEW CONSULTATIVE PARTY / L. F. Macedo de Soares Guimaraes. - 24. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A NEW MEMBER / S. Z. Qasim and H. P. Rajan. - Introduction. - Background of the Antarctic Treaty. - The Antarctic Treaty System. - India's Scientific Expeditions. - Political Issues. - Conclusions. - 25. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM AND THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM / Richard A. Woolcott. - Promotion of Principles and Purposes of United Nations Charter. - Links with the United Nations Specialized Agencies. - The Future. - Relationship to the United Nations System in the Future. - 26. THE EVOLUTION OF THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM - THE INSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE / R. Tucker Scully. - Introduction. - The Antarctic Treaty. - The Antarctic Treaty System - Substantive Content. - The Antarctic Treaty System - Institutional Response. - Operation of the Antarctic Treaty System. - Conclusion. - 27. PANEL DISCUSSION ON INSTITUTIONS OF THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM. - Legitimacy. - Evolution of the Antarctic Treaty System. - Concluding Remarks.

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Note: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1989

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Note: Contents: Translator's foreword. - Preface to English edition. - Abstract. - Map showing major place names. - 1 Introduction. - 2 What is the tundra?. - 3 Temperature and humidity in the tundra. - 4 The diversity of tundra landscapes. - 5 Snow and its role in the life of the tundra. - 6 Adaptation of living organisms to conditions in the tundra zone. - 7 Distribution of animals and plants. - 8 Interrelationships between organisms. - 9 Man and the tundra. - Bibliography. - Index. , Aus dem Russ. übers.

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Heidelberg, Univ., Diss., 1988 , Inhaltsangabe: 1 Einleitung. - 1.1 Das Backgroundaerosol. - 1.2 Das Aerosol der Antarktis. - 2 Voraussetzungen und Grundlagen. - 2.1 Logistische Voraussetzungen: das Spurenstoffobservatorium. - 2.2 Meßtechnik: Schwermetallanalyse im Ultraspurenbereich. - 2.2.1 Schwermetallanalyse von Aerosolproben. - 2.2.2 Prinzip der Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie (AAS). - 3 Experimentelles. - 3.1 Probenvorbereitung und Filterbesaugung. - 3.2 Filterextraktion. - 3.3 AAS-Schwermetallanalyse. - 3.4 Überprüfung der Messungen. - 3.4.1 Nullpunktsdrift, Nachweisgrenzen und Reproduzierbarkeit. - 3.4.2 Standardüberprüfung. - 3.4.3 Matrixeffekt. - 3.4.4 Ausbeute der Extraktion. - 3.4.5 Beitrag des Filterblanks. - 3.4.6 Doppelmessungen. - 3.4.7 Zusammenstellung der Messfehler. - 4 Meßergebnisse. - 4.1 Berechnung der Luftkonzentrationen. - 4.2 Aussortieren kontaminierter Filter. - 4.2.1 Pb-Kontaminationen. - 4.2.2 Zn-Kontaminationen. - 4.3 Darstellung der Jahresgänge. - 4.4 Häufigkeitsverteilung der Konzentrationen. - 4.5 Mittelwerte und jahreszeitliche Schwankungen. - 5 Diskussion. - 5.1 Kontaminationen durch den Stationsbetrieb: theoretische Abschätzungen. - 5.1.1 Motorschlitten. - 5.1.2 Dieselgeneratorbetrieb. - 5.1.3 Müllverbrennung. - 5.1.4 Zusammenfassung. - 5.2 Quantitative Bewertung der Luftkonzentrationen. - 5.2.1 Charakterisierung des Meßortes. - 5.2.2 Literaturvergleich. - 5.3 Kurzfristige Variationen. - 6 Mineralstaubtransport und Schwermetall-Geochemie. - 6.1 Mineralstaubtransport in die Antarktis. - 6.2 Beiträge verschiedener Quellen zum Schwermetallbackground an der G.v.N.-Station. - 6.2.1 Maritimer Beitrag. - 6.2.2 Beitrag des Mineralstaubs. - 6.2.3 Vulkanischer Beitrag. - 6.2.4 Anthropogene Pb-Quellen. - 6.3 Anreicherungsfaktoren für Pb und Zn: kritische Betrachtungen. - 6.4 Pb-Flüsse. - 6.4.1 Berechnung des Pb-Flusses und der Pb-Konzentration im Oberflächenschnee an der G.v.N.-Station. - 6.4.2 Betrachtung der globalen atmosphärischen Pb-Flüsse. - 7 Ausblick. - Literaturverzeichnis.

Note: Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Diss., 1988

Note: Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Diss., 1985

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift