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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2022-03-27
    Description: The project DARE proposes an integrated study of seismic site effects on the deep and elongated Messinian Rhône Canyon (French Rhône Valley). Lithological information from boreholes reaching the bedrock and preliminary geophysical campaigns indicate that the canyon can reach locally 〉500 m and may be deeply incised. The strong material contrast between the sedimentary filling and the substratum, as well as its expected confined geometry make this canyon a good candidate for generating various kinds of multi-dimensional site effects. Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code Y7.
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2022-03-27
    Description: The temporary seismic array of MySCOLAR in northern Myanmar consists of 30 broadband stations. The overall scientific goals are to understand the transition from continental collision to oceanic subduction, to quantify the partitioning of deformation in the accretionary prism, in the Burma Plate and along the strike-slip Sagaing fault system and to image the subducting Indian Plate beneath Myanmar and southwest China. The seismological analysis methods applied to this dataset will include location of local earthquakes and determining their focal mechanisms, surface wave tomography from ambient noise and earthquake data, body wave tomography from local and teleseismic earthquakes, full waveform inversion for Earth structure, receiver functions, and shear wave splitting. A subset of the stations was transmitting data in real time, and these stations contributed to real-time earthquake analysis by the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology (DMH) in Myanmar and the GEOFON earthquake monitoring service. Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code 6C.
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  • 3
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    GFZ Data Services
    Publication Date: 2022-03-27
    Description: The Villarrica Volcano is one of the most active volcanoes in South America and is located in a major tourism region. A dense seismological network is used to investigate the seismic characteristics of the volcano and its seismic structure tomographically with high spatial resolution. The network was in operation for 2 week from 01.03.2012 to 14.03.2012. It consisted of 30 3-component and 45 1-component short period seismographs covering an area of 2000 km*2. The covered area has a diameter of 45 km and includes the volcanic building.
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2022-03-27
    Description: The main aim of this project is to investigate the crustal and mantle structure beneath the Longmenshan fault zone in China, based on a very dense passive seismology profile. The Longmenshan fault zone hosted the Wenchuan earthquake of May 2008 with a magnitude (Mw) of 7.9 and the Lushan earthquake of June 2013 with a magnitude (Mw) of 6.6. It is planned to mainly use the receiver-function method, to investigate the crustal and mantle structure beneath the Longmenshan fault zone. Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data center, under network code 4O under license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0, and are embargoed until February 2024.
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  • 5
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    GFZ Data Services
    Publication Date: 2022-03-27
    Description: Irpinia seismic Array is part of the DEnse mulTi-paramEtriC observations and 4D high resoluTion imaging (DETECT) project focused on the acquisition of a unique multiparametric dataset and fosters collaboration among various institutions. The University of Naples Federico II (UniNa) and the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ) are leading this effort carried out in collaboration with various local institutions and supported by the local municipalities. The DETECT project aims at exploiting very dense seismic networks deployed across a segmented fault system (Irpinia and Pergola-Melandro) to foster the development of scientific integrated methodologies for monitoring and imaging the fault behavior during the inter-seismic phase. The Irpinia seismic Array consists of a dense constellation of seismic antennas using more than 200 seismic stations deployed for one year. Each seismic antenna, with maximum aperture of ~2 km, uses one broad-band sensor, one short period sensor with 1 Hz and 8 with 4.5 Hz natural frequency. The antennas are deployed above and near the fault segments that generated during the last centuries many strong earthquakes in the southern Apennines. Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code ZK.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2022-02-16
    Description: This dataset provides friction and elasticity data from ring shear and axial tests, respectively, on rock analogue materials used at the University Roma Tre (Rome, IT) in “Foamquake”, a novel seismotectonic analog model mimicking the megathrust seismic cycle (Mastella et al., under review). Two granular materials (quartz sand and Jasmine rice) have been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesions C. An elastic material (foam rubber) have been characterized by means of Young’s modulus E and Poisson’s ratio v. According to our analysis the granular materials show Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by linear failure envelopes in the shear stress vs. normal load Mohr space. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the quartz sand are µP = 0.69, µD = 0.56 and µR = 0.64, respectively. Cohesion ranges between 50 and 100 Pa. Rate-dependency of friction in quartz sand seems insignificant. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the Jasmine rice are µP = 0.70, µD = 0.59 and µR = 0.61, respectively. Cohesion ranges between 30 and 50 Pa. Rate-weakening of Jasmine rice is c. 6% per tenfold change in shear velocity v. The Young’s modulus of the foam rubber has been constrained to 30 kPa, its Poisson’s ratio is v=0.1.
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2022-02-16
    Description: This dataset includes particle image correlation data from 26 experiments performed with Foamquake, a novel analog seismotectonic model reproducing the megathrust seismic cycle. The seismotectonic model has been monitored by the means of a high-resolution top-view monitoring camera. The dataset presented here represents the particle image velocimetry surface velocity field extracted during the experimental model through the cross-correlation between consecutive images. This dataset is supplementary to Mastella et al. (2021) where detailed descriptions of models and experimental results can be found.
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2022-02-05
    Description: The data result from a sedimentological and geochemical multiproxy approach to study a Holocene palaeolake record north of Tayma, NW Saudi Arabia. The lacustrine, partly varved record was analysed in the frame of the DFG founded project CLEAR “Holocene climatic events in Northern Arabia - Environmental changes and human response”. The Tayma palaeolake record comprises continuous lacustrine sediments covering the early to mid-Holocene. The dataset allows detailed palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimate interpretations from the early Holocene humid period and subsequent dryer conditions during the mid-Holocene. The dataset is part of the supplementary material to “Neugebauer et al. (submitted)” where further details about the locality, core composite, age model, sampling and analytical methods and data processing are given. The data are provided in individual xlsx-files per type of data. The different files include sedimentological and geochemical data determined on the ca. 6 m long master core from the sediment cores (Tay 220/221 and Tay 253/254/255/256): (i) sediment core microfacies data, (ii) bulk total organic carbon (TOC) and carbonate delta13C_carb and delta18O_carb data, (iii) single aragonite laminae delta13C_arag and delta18O_arag data, (iv) concentrations of n-alkanes n-C29 and n-C31 and hydrogen isotope composition deltaD, (v) XRF core scanning data. All data are provided on composite depths and age scales (based on Bayesian age modelling of radiocarbon dates, varve counting and one tephrochronological anchor; see details in the Supplementary material of Neugebauer et al., submitted).
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2022-12-17
    Description: This dataset was collected during field-based monitoring in the Kali Gandaki River catchment be-tween the years 2013 and 2017. The monitoring aims to understand the hydrological fluxes and feedback with weathering and erosion processes across the mountain range. The Kali Gandaki River sources its water in the North and traverses through the Himalayan Mountain Range, along a north-south transect. The field-based monitoring comprises targeted field campaigns to revisit locations at different years and seasons in order to constrain the annual and intra-annual variability. This is complemented by permanent installations and routine river and rain sampling at two loca-tions, Lete and Purtighat. Lete is situated at the orographic barrier, at ~2500 m asl. and the up-stream catchment integrates the northern part of the Himalayan Range as well as some of the southern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. Purtighat is located further south and integrates the north-ern part as well as south-facing flanks of the Higher and Lower Himalayas. At both locations, auto-mated river monitoring is installed as well as a trained station ward for daily routine sampling. At Lete, rainfall samples are obtained on a daily resolution during the monsoon. This sampling was not feasible at Purtighat for logistic reasons. Instead, rain was sampled daily in Kathmandu. This dataset contains five tables of stable water isotope analysis. One containing grab samples from the Kali Gandaki river in its vicinities and 4 tables with time series sampling from the Kali Gandaki River and from rainfall.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2022-01-03
    Description: Between early 2018 and late 2019 the STIMTEC hydraulic stimulation experiment was performed at ca.~130 m below surface at the Reiche Zeche underground research laboratory in Freiberg, Saxony/Germany. The project aimed at gaining insight into the creation and growth of fractures in anisotropic and heterogeneous metamorphic gneiss, to develop and optimise hydraulic stimulation techniques and to control the associated induced seismicity under in situ conditions at the mine-scale. These aspects of failure and associated seismicity are important for the development of enhanced geothermal energy systems. A combined seismic network consisted of 12 single-component acoustic emission sensors (sensitivity 1-100 kHz) and three single-component Wilcoxon accelerometers (sensitivity 50 Hz-25 kHz) were installed in boreholes drilled into the test volume, surrounding the stimulation site (Figure 1). A stimulation borehole with 63 m length was drilled with 15° northward inclination. This data set of 314 active ultrasonic transmission (UT) measurements is supplementary to Boese et al. (2021), which introduces the STIMTEC experiment and its active measurement campaigns. This data set was used to derive an anisotropic velocity model for the STIMTEC rock volume. The active seismic data provided here are from six boreholes (BH09, BH10, BH12, BH15, BH16, BH17) as shown in Figure 1. of the associated data description. There are three tables provided as metadata that contain the STIMTEC sensor coordinates, event information of the 314 UT measurements and the UT picks. The UT measurements were recorded with a sampling rate of 1 MHz and results from an automatic stack of 1024 UT pulses generated by the ultrasonic transmitter and recorded by the STIMTEC sensors. The UT measurements are saved in binary file format (fsf file format). Fsf-files can be processed with FOCI software: https://www.induced.pl/software/foci. Each fsf file contains 32768 samples, which corresponds to 0.032768 seconds. All UT event files were manual inspected and phase arrivals identified. These are stored in the fsf-file header as well as in the table STIMTEC_UT_picks.csv.
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2022-01-03
    Description: The stable isotopic composition of pyrite (δ34Spyrite) and barite (δ34Sbarite, δ18Obarite) in marine sedimentary rocks provides a valuable archive for reconstructing the biogeochemical processes that link the sulfur, carbon, and iron cycles. Highly positive δ34Spyrite values that exceed coeval unmodified seawater sulfate (δ34Spyrite 〉 δ34SSO4(SW)), have been recorded in both modern sediments and ancient sedimentary records and are interpreted to result from various biotic and abiotic processes under a range of environmental conditions. A host of processes, including basin restriction, euxinia, low seawater sulfate, dissimilatory microbial sulfate reduction, sulfide reoxidation, and sulfur disproportionation, have been suggested to account for the formation of highly positive δ34Spyrite values in marine environments. Significantly, determining which of these factors was responsible for the pyrite formation is impeded by a lack of constraints for coeval sulfate, with relatively few examples available where δ34Spyrite and proxies for δ34Ssulfate values (e.g., barite) have been paired at high resolution. In the Selwyn Basin, Canada, the Late Devonian sedimentary system is host to large, mudstone-hosted bedded barite units. These barite units have been interpreted in the past as distal expressions of SEDEX mineralization. However, recent studies on similar settings have highlighted how barite may have formed by diagenetic processes before being subsequently replaced during hydrothermal sulfide mineralization. Coincidentally, highly positive δ34Sbarite values have been recorded in such barite occurring coevally with pyrite in diagenetic redox front, where sulfate reduction is coupled to anaerobic oxidation of methane (SR-AOM) at the sulfate methane transition zone (SMTZ). The mechanisms of sulfur cycling and concurrent processes are, nevertheless, poorly constrained. Grema et al. (2021) integrate high-resolution scanning electron microscopy petrography of barite (+ associated barium phases) and pyrite, together with microscale isotopic microanalyses of δ34Spyrite, δ34Sbarite, and δ18Obarite of selected samples from the Late Devonian Canol Formation of the Selwyn Basin. Samples containing both barite and pyrite were targeted to develop paired isotopic constraints on the evolution of sulfur during diagenesis. We have focused on the precise mechanism by which highly positive δ34Spyrite values developed in the Canol Formation and discuss the implications for interpreting sulfur isotopes in similar settings. This data report comprises microscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) analyses of the isotopic compositions of pyrite (δ34Spyrite; n= 200) and barite (δ34Sbarite; n= 485, δ18Obarite; n= 338) in nine stratigraphic sections of the Northwest Territories’ part of the Selwyn Basin. Microdrills of regions of interest (n= 54) were made on polished sections to obtain suitable subsamples, using a 4 mm diameter diamond core drill. Several representative subsamples were cast into 25 mm epoxy pucks, together with reference materials (RMs) of pyrite S0302A (δ34S V-CDT = 0.0 ± 0.2‰ (Liseroudi et al., 2021)) and barite S0327 (δ34SV-CDT = 11.0 ± 0.5 ‰; δ18OV-SMOW = 21.3 ± 0.2 ‰ (Magnall et al., 2016)). Microscale isotopic analyses were carried out using Cameca IMS1280 large-geometry secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS) operated in multi-collector mode at the NordSIMS laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden. External analytical reproducibility (1 σ) was typically ± 0.04‰ δ34S for pyrite, ± 0.15‰ δ34S, and ± 0.12‰ δ18O for barite. The sample identification, location, and depth are reported in the data files.
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2022-01-03
    Description: This data publication is supplementary material to McCutcheon et al. (2021): "Melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet is a leading cause of land-ice mass loss and cryosphere-attributed sea level rise. Blooms of pigmented glacier ice algae lower ice albedo and accelerate surface melting in the ice sheet’s southwest sector. Although glacier ice algae cause up to 13% of the surface melting in this region, the controls on bloom development remain poorly understood. Here we show a direct link between mineral phosphorus in surface ice and glacier ice algae biomass through the quantification of solid and fluid phase phosphorus reservoirs in surface habitats across the southwest ablation zone of the ice sheet. We demonstrate that nutrients from mineral dust likely drive glacier ice algal growth, and thereby identify mineral dust as a secondary control on ice sheet melting." Tables included in this data publication: Supplementary Table 1. Locations, dates and sample types collected for particulate analyses. Sites 4a and 4b were the base camp locations for 2016 and 2017, respectively. Supplementary Table 2. Results of a Tukey HSD test with a 95% family-wise confidence interval for Fv/Fm measurements made at 24 h and 120 h in the nutrient addition experiment. Supplementary Table 3. Results of a Tukey HSD test with a 95% family-wise confidence interval for rETRmax measurements made at 24 h and 120 h in the nutrient addition experiment. Supplementary Table 4. Glacier algal cell concentrations (cells·mL-1) at the end of the 120 h nutrient incubation experiment. Glacier algae assemblage used for the incubations had an initial mean cell concentration of 8.0 ± 2.1  103 cells·mL-1. Supplementary Table 5. Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus content of solid LAPs collected from melted surface ice. TC: total carbon. TOC: total organic carbon, IC: inorganic carbon, Pexch: exchangeable/loosely bound phosphorus, Pmin: mineral phosphorus, Porg: organic phosphorus. Supplementary Table 6. Mineral phase abundances in 2016 and 2017 particulate samples as determined by Rietveld refinement with powder X-ray diffraction data. Abundances given as weight percent of total mineral dust (n=20). Supplementary Table 7. Mineral class abundances in high algal biomass (Hbio) ice sampled across the ablation zone in 2016. Values listed in weight percent of total mineral dust % (+/- standard error where applicable). Two-sided t-test comparing of mineral class abundances between site 3 and 4a. Supplementary Table 8. Major cation and anion concentrations in the fluid phase and pH, conductivity and total dissolved solids (TDS) of supraglacial stream water and melted ice and snow samples. LOD: level of detection, LOQ: level of quantification, ND: no data. Supplementary Table 9. Number of raw and processed sequences after each quality filtering step for 16S, ITS2 and 18S. Supplementary Table 10. Table shows the full bacterial community composition with the taxonomic assignments of each ASV on the lowest possible level. Values represent the relative abundances of the 16S ASVs in percentage of the total number of sequences and collapsed on the species level. Values are rounded to one decimal place, thus “〈” represents relative abundance values 〈 0.05 and 〉 0. Supplementary Table 11. Table shows the full eukaryotic community composition collapsed into higher eukaryotic taxonomic groups. Values represent the relative abundance of the 18S ASVs in percentage of the total number of sequences and collapsed on the species level. Values are rounded to one decimal place, thus “〈” represents relative abundance 〈 0.05 and 〉 0. Supplementary Table 12. Table shows the fungal community composition with the taxonomic assignments of the ten most abundant ASV on the lowest possible level. The representative sequences were blasted against NCBI and the closest accession number with the respective similarity were recorded. If several hits shared the similarity one hit was chosen as an example (“e.g.”). Values represent the relative abundance of the ITS2 ASVs in percentage of the total number of sequences. Values are rounded to one decimal place, thus “〈” represents relative abundance values 〈 0.05 and 〉 0. Supplementary Table 13. Table shows the full algal community composition with the taxonomic assignments of each ASV on the lowest possible level. Values represent the relative abundance of the 18S ASVs in percentage of the total number of sequences. All ASVs were blasted against NCBI and the closest accession number with the respective similarity were recorded. If several hits shared the similarity one hit was chosen as an example (“e.g.”). Values are rounded to one decimal place, hence “〈” represents relative abundance 〈 0.05 and 〉 0. *Based on light microscopic identifications in Lutz et al. (2018), this ASV likely represents Mesotaenium sp. (99.4% similarity with M. berggrenii var. alaskana) and not Ancylonema nordenskioeldii despite the slightly higher similarity (99.6%). Supplementary Table 14. Rare Earth Element (REE) analysis concentrations (µg·g-1) for the mineral dust in particulate samples.
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2022-01-03
    Description: This dataset contains processed (downsampled, rotated to local Äspö96 coordinate system, cut) broadband seismograms from two seismometers (Trillium Compact 120s), showing long-period transients on the horizontal components recorded during multiple hydraulic fracturing experiments in the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (HRL). Furthermore, the dataset contains extracted tilt time series and the injection parameters of the experiment to allow reproducing the results of Niemz et al. (2021). The seismic waveforms were recorded during meter-scale hydraulic fracturing experiments in the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (HRL) in Sweden (Zang et al., 2017). This dataset only contains a subset of the data recorded during the experiments, monitored by a complementary monitoring system. The two seismometers contained in this dataset (A89 and A8B) were located in galleries adjacent/close to the injection borehole (see Fig. 2 in Niemz et al., 2021). The experiments were conducted at the 410m-depth level of the Äspö HRL. Each of the six experiments (HF1 to HF6) consisted of multiple stages with an initial fracturing and three to five refracturing stages (see injection parameters contained in this dataset). The six injection intervals were located along a 28m-long injection borehole. The borehole was drilled sub-parallel to the minimum horizontal compressive stress direction. The distance of the two seismometers to the injection intervals in the injection borehole is between 17 m and 29 m for sensor A89 and 52 m to 72 m for sensor A8B. A89 and A8B correspond to BB1 and BB2 in Niemz et al., 2021. For more details regarding the experimental setup, see Zang et al., 2017; Niemz et al., 2020; and Niemz et al., 2021. The records of the two seismometers show long-period transients that correlate with the injection parameters. These transients are the response of the seismometers to a tilting of the gallery floor. The extracted tilt time series provide independent insight into the fracturing process during the hydraulic stimulations (Niemz et al., 2021).
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2022-01-03
    Description: The dataset contains a set of structural and non-structural attributes collected using the GFZ RRVS (Remote Rapid Visual Screening) methodology. It is composed by 604 randomly distributed buildings in the urban area of Valparaiso and Viña del Mar (Chile). The survey has been carried out between November and December 2018 using a Remote Rapid Visual Screening system developed by GFZ and employing omnidirectional images from Google StreetView (vintage: December 2018) and footprints from OpenStreetMap (OSM). The buildings were inspected by local structural engineers from the Chilean Research Centre for Integrated Disaster Risk Management (CIGIDEN) while collecting their attribute values in terms of the GEM v.2.0 taxonomy
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2022-01-03
    Description: This data set is Part 9 of a series of data sets dealing with the composition of accessory minerals from felsic igneous rocks compiles chemical data for monazite-(Ce), xenotime-(Y) and zircon from several, late-Variscan granite occurrences in the Aue-Schwarzenberg Granite Zone (ASGZ) located in the Western Erzgebirge−Vogtland metallogenic province of Germany. The rocks treated in this data set encompass the biotite granites of the Aue suite, Bernsbach and Beierfeld, and the two-mica granites from Lauter and the Schwarzenberg suite. The data set contains the complete pile of electron-microprobe analyses for monazite-(Ce) (MONA-ASGZ-2021), xenotime-(Y) (XENO-ASGZ-2021) and zircon (ZIRC-ASGZ-2021). Tables are presented as Excel (xlsx) resp. machine-readable csv formats. The content of the tables and further information on the granites and regional geology are provided in the data description file and the supplementary literature. The ASGZ (about 325-322 Ma) is located within the deep-reaching Gera-Jáchymov Fault Zone and includes the F-poor biotite granites of the Aue suite (including the granite occurrences at Schlema-Alberoda, Aue, Auerhammer, and Schneeberg), Bernsbach and Beierfeld, and the F-poor two-mica granites of the Schwarzenberg suite (covering the granite occurrences at Schwarzenberg, Neuwelt, and Erla) and Lauter (Fig. 1). The granite encountered by drilling at the village Burkersdorf does not represent an independent intrusion, but is instead a subsurface exposure of the westerly Kirchberg granite, at the contact to the metamorphic country rock. The petrography, mineralogy, geochemistry, isotopic composition, and geochronology of the ASGZ rocks have been comprehensively described by Förster et al. (2009). The paper of Förster (2010) reports a selection of results of electron-microprobe analyses of monazite-(Ce), xenotime-(Y) and zircon, but the bulk of the obtained data remained unpublished. This paper also provides a mineralogical mass-balance calculation for the lanthanides and actinides of the Aue and Schwarzenberg granite suites and a selection of back-scattered electron images displaying the intergrowths, texture, and alteration patterns of the radioactive and REE-Y-Zr-bearing accessory species. The F-poor biotite granites of the ASGZ are weakly to mildly peraluminous (A/CNK = 1.07 – 1.14; SiO2 = 70 – 76 wt.%). The F-poor two-mica granites are mildly to strongly peraluminous (A/CNK = 1.17 – 1.26) and cover a similar range in silica concentration (69 – 77 wt%). From this granite group, only more fractionated, higher evolved sub-intrusions were subjected to the study of accessory-mineral composition. Some granites of this zone are genetically related with ortho-magmatic W-Mo veins and para-magmatic vein-type U mineralization.
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2022-01-03
    Description: This dataset contains a high resolution Moho map of the in the Eastern Alps focused on the SWATH-D network. The Moho map was produced by manually picking the Moho on narrow transects (CCP stacks) calculated with the receiver function method. These manual picks were then fit with a spline in 3-D. Three separate and sometimes overlapping maps are included corresponding to the European, Adriatic, and Pannonian Mohos. In addition to Moho depth, Ps travel time and crustal average Vp/Vs are also reported.
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2022-01-03
    Description: The stations are part of a seismic network in the Helsinki capital area of Finland in 2020. The stations recorded the response to a second stimulation of a ∼ 6 km deep enhanced geothermal system in the Otaniemi district of Espoo that followed on the first larger stimulation in 2018. The second stimulation from 6 May to 24 May 2020 established a geothermal doublet system. The Institute of Seismology, University of Helsinki (ISUH), installed the 70 GIPP-provided geophones in addition to surface broadband sensors, ISUH-owned short-period instruments, and a borehole satellite network deployed by the operating company. The data set consists of raw CUBE-recorder data and converted MSEED data. The data set has been collected to underpin a wide range of seismic analysis techniques for complementary scientific studies of the evolving reservoir processes and the induced event properties. These should inform the legislation and educate the public for transparent decision making around geothermal power generation in Finland. The full 2020 network and with it the deployment of the CUBE stations is described in a Seismological Research Letter Data Mine Column by A. Rintamäki et al. (2021).
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2022-01-03
    Description: This dataset contains data of a reflection seismic profile in North-Western Namibia. The measurements were carried out in continuation of the LISPWAL project aiming to decipher the lithospheric structure of the Namibian passive margin at the intersection with the Walvis Ridge (Ryberg et al., 2014a, b; 2015). Scientific aims were a) to produce a high-resolution image of the reflectivity of the lower-crustal high-velocity body revealed by wide-angle observations; b) an improved understanding of how continental crust and plume head interact, c) to investigate what the extent and volumes of magmatic underplating are, and d) to understand how and which inherited (continental) structures might have been involved and utilized in the break up process. The dataset contains seismic data, including raw and SEG Y files, of the controlled-source survey in North-Western Namibia (Kaokoveld) using near-vertical reflection seismic methods. Additional Information The Geophysical Instrument Pool Potsdam (GIPP) provides field instruments for (temporary) seismological studies (both controlled source and earthquake seismology) and for magnetotelluric (electromagnetic) experiments. The GIPP is operated by the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. The instrument facility is open for academic use. Instrument applications are evaluated and ranked by an external steering board. See Haberland and Ritter (2016) and https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/gipp for more information.
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2022-01-03
    Description: This version of Shakyground (V.1.0) comprise several Python3 scripts and returns the median values of spatially-distributed ground motion fields for a selected area and a given synthetic earthquake rupture. These values are simulated by means of a set of GMPEs (Ground Motion Prediction Equations) developed by several experts for specific tectonic areas. The outputs can be provided in community standard formats (.xml). A simple ipython notebook to visualise these results is also included.
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2022-01-03
    Description: Assetmaster and Modelprop are WPS (Web Processing Services) software components written in Python 3. They are implementing two of the several steps of a multi-hazard scenario-based decentralized risk assessment for the RIESGOS project. The reader can find more details in https://github.com/riesgos. Assetmaster provides as output a structural exposure model defined in terms of risk-oriented building classes (for a reference geographical region) in GeoJSON format. The simple service is based on an underlying exposure model in GeoPackage format (.gpkg). Modelprop provides as output for each defined building class the correspondent fragility function. The python code implementing the service can also be run locally in your computer to assess the physical vulnerability of a given building portfolio computing the direct financial losses associated to hazard and multi-hazard scenarios making use of the DEUS program. It is available in: https://github.com/gfzriesgos/deus/.
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2022-01-03
    Description: This repository is composed of two main folders: (1) “Exposure_fuzzy_scores” and (2) “Inter-scheme_mapping”. The first one contains an ipython notebook with a complete description of two earthquake building schemes: SARA and HAZUS in terms of faceted attributes contained in the GEM V.2.0 taxonomy. Both schemes have already been proposed for exposure modelling at the third administrative division “commune” in Chile in earlier works. They are inputs for the use of a Python script (contained in the second folder) to calculate an inter-scheme compatibility matrix, that uses SARA as the source and HAZUS as the target schemes. These models and data are supplement material to Gomez-Zapata et al. (2021).
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2022-01-03
    Description: This version of Quakeledger (V.1.0) is a Python3 program that can also be used as a WPS (Web Processing Service). It returns the available earthquake events contained within a given local database (so called catalogue) that must be customised beforehand (e.g. historical, expert and/or stochastic events). This is a rewrite from: https://github.com/GFZ-Centre-for-Early-Warning/quakeledger and https://github.com/bpross-52n/quakeledger. In these original codes, an earthquake catalogue had to be initially provided in .CSV format. The main difference with this version is that, this code is refactored and uses a SQLITE database. The user can find the parser code in: “quakeledger/assistance/import_csv_in_sqlite.py”
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2022-01-03
    Description: Hekla is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes in Iceland presenting a high hazard to air travel and a growing tourist population. It is hence important to monitor its seismic activity in real-time. However, until now the pre-eruption warning time is only around one hour. A temporary seismic network deployed by us around Hekla summit in 2012 recorded unexpected background micro-seismicity (Eibl et al., 2014). Seismic monitoring directly on the edifice could provide a possible means to early-warning if micro-seismicity on Hekla increases prior to an eruption. In addition, the monitoring of a fissure eruption close up is expected to better understand how it initiates in detail. This prompted the installation of the Hekla Real-Time Seismic Network (HERSK) in 2018 (Möllhoff et al., 2018a/b). We experienced logistical difficulties especially in winter months, mainly in relation to power provision. In this project we build on the first phase of HERSK to (1) test novel ways of powering stations that transmit real-time data in very harsh environments and (2) to work towards a real-time event detection and location system dedicated to seismic activity at Hekla volcano. The development of the real-time system necessitates the derivation of a velocity model which we derive by inverting observed microseismicty data. This opens the way to image the internal structure of Hekla volcano. This research is part of project EUROVOLC that has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation actions under grant agreement No 731070. Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code XE and embargoed until Jan 2025. The seismic waveforms were recorded during meter-scale hydraulic fracturing experiments in the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (HRL) in Sweden (Zang et al., 2017). This dataset only contains a subset of the data recorded during the experiments, monitored by a complementary monitoring system. The two seismometers contained in this dataset (A89 and A8B) were located in galleries adjacent/close to the injection borehole (see Fig. 2 in Niemz et al., 2021). The experiments were conducted at the 410m-depth level of the Äspö HRL. Each of the six experiments (HF1 to HF6) consisted of multiple stages with an initial fracturing and three to five refracturing stages (see injection parameters contained in this dataset). The six injection intervals were located along a 28m-long injection borehole. The borehole was drilled sub-parallel to the minimum horizontal compressive stress direction. The distance of the two seismometers to the injection intervals in the injection borehole is between 17 m and 29 m for sensor A89 and 52 m to 72 m for sensor A8B. A89 and A8B correspond to BB1 and BB2 in Niemz et al., 2021. For more details regarding the experimental setup, see Zang et al., 2017; Niemz et al., 2020; and Niemz et al., 2021. The records of the two seismometers show long-period transients that correlate with the injection parameters. These transients are the response of the seismometers to a tilting of the gallery floor. The extracted tilt time series provide independent insight into the fracturing process during the hydraulic stimulations (Niemz et al., 2021).
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2022-01-03
    Description: The deep seismic reflection survey DEKORP 1-Laacher See was conducted as additional measurements in the Laacher See area in 1987 as part of the DEKORP-1 project, one main traverse of the German continental seismic reflection program. This small survey was an attempt to reveal the 3-D crustal structure in an area of the Quaternary East Eifel Volcanism and possibly find some magma chambers in the crust with high-fold near-vertical incidence vibroseis acquisition (DEKORP Research Group, 1991). The measurement consists of a 8,64 km long, multifold 2D seismic line 8701 across the Laacher See in NE-SW direction and two pseudo-3D seismic areas 8702 north of the lake and 8703 beneath the lake with one-fold coverage in each case. Laacher See or Lake Laach is a caldera lake in the Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, one of the volcanic centres of the East Eifel Volcanic Field. It belongs together with the West Eifel to the youngest volcanic areas in Central Europe. The caldera of the Laacher See was formed about 12 900 years ago after the volcano explosively erupted, and the remaining crust collapsed into the empty magma chamber below. The Laacher See is still considered to be an active volcano, proven by seismic activities and thermal anomalies under the lake. The first processing of the Laacher See data was carried out at the Geophysical Institute of the CAU University Kiel in 1990. Unfortunately, these results have not been preserved or published. According to DEKORP Research Group (1991) the first processing resulted in poor data quality caused by high scattering and attenuation in the volcanic material near the surface. This reflected energy was not enough to image a magma chamber beneath the lake or any other structures. Thus, information about the structure of the Earth’s crust of the Eifel is mainly based on the deep seismic reflexion profile DEKORP 1B, running ca. 25 km to the west from the Laacher See und crossing DEKORP 1A at its northern profile end. In recent years, deep low‐frequency (DLF) earthquakes have been detected in the Laacher See area indicating ongoing magmatic activity in the lower crust and upper mantle (Hensch et al., 2019, Dahm et al. 2020). These and other signatures suggested the reprocessing of the Laacher See data with modern methods. Thus, the 2D seismic line 8701 has been reprocessed in 2020 within the framework of the Master’s thesis by Agafonova (2020) written at the Technical University of Berlin and supervised by the GFZ Potsdam. All reprocessed data come in SEGY trace format, the final sections additionally in PNG or PDF graphic format: as raw FF-sorted unstacked data, as preprocessed CDP-/FF-sorted unstacked data as well as poststack-time/-depth unmigrated and migrated sections. Moreover, the results of the tomographic inversion are included. Detailed information about acquisition and reprocessing parameters of line 8701 can be found in the accompanying Technical Report (Agafonova & Stiller, 2021). The reprocessed results of the Laacher See survey 1987 can be of importance for better understanding the structure of the Eifel crust. Even though significant knowledge gaps and uncertainties exist due to the insufficient data quality, such important questions can already be discussed as: • How complex is the structure beneath the Laacher See? • Can the Mantle-Crust Boundary be defined at ca. 34 km depth? • Are the strongly inclined events in the Upper Crust between 1-5 km depth parts of caldera ring-faults? • Do the reflections between 5-7 km depth indicate boundaries of a possible magma chamber?
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2022-01-24
    Description: The southern Central Andes (SCA, 29°S-39°S) are characterized by the subduction of the oceanic Nazca Plate beneath the continental South American Plate. One striking feature of this area is the change of the subduction angle of the Nazca Plate between 33°S and 35°S from the Chilean-Pampean flat-slab zone (〈 5° dip) in the north to a steeper sector in the south (~30° dip). Subduction geometry, tectonic deformation, and seismicity at this plate boundary are closely related to the lithospheric strength in the upper plate. Despite recent research focused on the compositional and thermal characteristics of the SCA lithosphere, the lithospheric strength distribution remains largely unknown. Here we calculated the long-term lithospheric strength on the basis of an existing 3D model describing the variation of thickness, density and temperature of geological units forming the lithosphere of the SCA. The model consists of a continental plate with sediments, a two-layer crust and the lithospheric mantle being subducted by an oceanic plate. The model extension covers an area of 700 km x 1100 km, including the orogen (i.e. magmatic arc, main orogenic wedge), the forearc and the foreland, and it extents down to 200 km depth.
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2022-01-24
    Description: The Central Andean orogen formed as a result of the subduction of the oceanic Nazca plate beneath the continental South-American plate. In the southern segment of the Central Andes (SCA, 29°S-39°S), the oceanic plate subducts beneath the continental plate with distinct dip angles from north to south. Subduction geometry, tectonic deformation, and seismicity at this plate boundary are closely related to lithospheric temperature distribution in the upper plate. Previous studies provided insights into the present-day thermal field with focus on the surface heat flow distribution in the orogen or through modelling of the seismic velocity distribution in restricted regions of the SCA as indirect proxy of the deep thermal field. Despite these recent advances, the information on the temperature distribution at depth of the SCA lithosphere remains scarcely constrained. To gain insight into the present-day thermal state of the lithosphere in the region, we derived the 3D lithospheric temperature distribution from inversion of S-wave velocity to temperature and calculations of the steady state thermal field. The configuration of the region – concerning both, the heterogeneity of the lithosphere and the slab dip – was accounted for by incorporating a 3D data-constrained structural and density model of the SCA into the workflow (Rodriguez Piceda et al. 2020a-b). The model consists on a continental plate with sediments, a two-layer crust and the lithospheric mantle being subducted by an oceanic plate. The model extension covers an area of 700 km x 1100 km, including the orogen (i.e. magmatic arc, main orogenic wedge), the forearc and the foreland, and it extents down to 200 km depth.
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2022-01-20
    Description: South Wales is characterised by a rich variety of geologic formations and rocks of different ages and periods, and a large asymmetric syncline, as perhaps its most significant structural geological feature, extending from east to west over a length of approximately 96 km and 30 km from north to south, respectively. This oval-shaped syncline is part of the Variscan orogenic thrust and fold belt in Central Europe and covers some 2,700 km2, with coal-bearing rocks from the Upper Carboniferous (Westphalian Stage) deposited in the central syncline and older rocks outcropping in a peripheral belt around it. The coal-bearing sequence begins with Namurian grits and shales, overlain by the more productive Lower, Middle and Upper Coal Measures. A 3D structural geological model has been implemented for the central part of the South Wales Syncline and its bedrock geology. The oldest rocks in the model domain date back to the Pridoli Series from the uppermost Silurian, the youngest to the Westphalian Stage of the Upper Carboniferous. For model implementation, mainly open access data from the British Geological Survey (BGS) has been used. The final 3D structural geological model covers the entire Central South Wales Syncline and is 32.8 km wide and 36.6 km long. In total, the 3D model includes 21 fault zones and the elevation depth of ten surfaces: (1) Top Upper Coal Measures Formation; (2) Top Middle Coal Measures Formation; (3) Top Lower Coal Measures Formation; (4) Top Millstone Grit Group; (5) Top Dinantian Rocks; (6) Top Upper Devonian Rocks; (7) Top Lower Devonian Rocks (sandstone dominated); (8) Top Lower Devonian Rocks (mudstone dominated); (9) Top Pridoli Rocks; (10) Top Ludlow Rocks (in parts). These risk scenarios were independently calculated making use of the DEUS (Damage Exposure Update Service) available in https://github.com/gfzriesgos/deus. The reader can find documentation about this programme in (Brinckmann et al, 2021) where the input files required by DEUS and outputs are comprehensively described. Besides the spatially distributed hazard intensity measures (IM), other inputs required by DEUS to computed the decoupled risk loss estimates comprise: spatially aggregated building exposure models classified in every hazard-dependent scheme. Each class must be accompanied by their respective fragility functions, and financial consequence model (with loss ratios per involved damage state). The collection of inputs is presented in Gomez-Zapata et al. (2021b). The risk estimates are computed for each spatial aggregation areas of the exposure model. For such a purpose, the initial damage state of the buildings is upgraded from undamaged (D0) to any progressive damage state permissible by the fragility functions. The resultant outputs are spatially explicit .JSON files that use the same spatial aggregation boundaries of the initial building exposure models. An aggregated direct financial loss estimate is reported for each cell after every hazard scenario. It is reported one seismic risk loss distribution outcome for each of the 2000 seismic ground motion fields (GMF) per earthquake magnitude (Gomez-Zapata et al., 2021a). Therefore, 1000 seismic risk estimates from uncorrelated GMF are stored in “Clip_Mwi_uncorrelated” and 1000 seismic risk estimates from spatially cross-correlated GMF (using the model proposed by Markhvida et al. (2018)) are stored in “Clip_ Mwi_correlated”. It is worth noting that the prefix “clip” of these folders refers to the fact that, all of the seismic risk estimates were clipped with respect to the geocells were direct tsunami risk losses were obtained. This spatial compatibility in the losses obtained for similar areas and Mw allowed the construction of the boxplots that are presented in Figure 16 in Gomez-Zapata et al., (2021). The reader should note that folder “All_exposure_models_Clip_8.8_uncorrelated_and_correlated” also contains another folder entitled “SARA_entire_Lima_Mw8.8” where the two realisations (with and without correlation model) selected to produce Figure 10 in Gomez-Zapata et al., (2021) are stored. Moreover, the data to produce Figure 9 (boxplots comparing the variability in the seismic risk loss estimates for this specific Mw 8.8, are presented in the following .CSV file: “Lima_Mw_8.8_direct_finantial_loss_distributions_all_spatial_aggregations_Corr_and_NoCorr.csv”. Naturally, 1000 values emulating the 1000 realisations are the values that compose the variability expressed in that figure. Since that is a preliminary study (preprint version), the reader is invited to track the latest version of the actually published (if so) journal paper and check the actual the definitive numeration of the aforementioned figures.
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2022-01-17
    Description: A new seismic model for crust and upper mantle of the south Central Andes is derived from full waveform inversion, covering the Pampean flat subduction and adjacent Payenia steep subduction segments. Focused crustal low‐velocity anomalies indicate partial melts in the Payenia segment along the volcanic arc, whereas weaker low‐velocity anomalies covering a wide zone in the Pampean segment are interpreted as remnant partial melts. Thinning and tearing of the flat Nazca slab is inferred from gaps in the slab along the inland projection of the Juan Fernandez Ridge. A high‐velocity anomaly in the mantle below the flat slab is interpreted as relic Nazca slab segment, which indicates an earlier slab break‐off triggered by the buoyancy of the Juan Fernandez Ridge during the flattening process. In Payenia, large‐scale low‐velocity anomalies atop and below the re‐steepened Nazca slab are associated with the re‐opening of the mantle wedge and sub‐slab asthenospheric flow, respectively.
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2022-01-28
    Description: DASF: Progress API is part of the Data Analytics Software Framework (DASF, https://git.geomar.de/digital-earth/dasf), developed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (https://www.gfz-potsdam.de). It is funded by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association through the Digital Earth project (https://www.digitalearth-hgf.de/). DASF: Progress API provides a light-weight tree-based structure to be sent via the DASF RPC messaging protocol. It's generic design supports deterministic as well as non-deterministic progress reports. While DASF: Messaging Python provides the necessary implementation to distribute the progress reports from the reporting backend modules, DASF: Web includes ready to use components to visualize the reported progress.
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2022-01-28
    Description: DASF: Web is part of the Data Analytics Software Framework (DASF, https://git.geomar.de/digital-earth/dasf), developed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (https://www.gfz-potsdam.de). It is funded by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association through the Digital Earth project (https://www.digitalearth-hgf.de/). DASF: Web collects all web components for the data analytics software framework DASF. It provides ready to use interactive data visualization components like time series charts, radar plots, stacked-parameter-relation (spr) and more, as well as a powerful map component for the visualization of spatio-temporal data. Moreover dasf-web includes the web bindings for the DASF RPC messaging protocol and therefore allows to connect any algorithm or method (e.g. via the dasf-messaging-python implementation) to the included data visualization components. Because of the component based architecture the integrated method could be deployed anywhere (e.g. close to the data it is processing), while the interactive data visualizations are executed on the local machine. dasf-web is implemented in Typescript and uses Vuejs/Vuetify, Openlayers and D3 as a technical basis.
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2022-01-28
    Description: The success of scientific projects increasingly depends on using data analysis tools and data in distributed IT infrastructures. Scientists need to use appropriate data analysis tools and data, extract patterns from data using appropriate computational resources, and interpret the extracted patterns. Data analysis tools and data reside on different machines because the volume of the data often demands specific resources for their storage and processing, and data analysis tools usually require specific computational resources and run-time environments. The data analytics software framework DASF, developed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (https://www.gfz-potsdam.de) and funded by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association through the Digital Earth project (https://www.digitalearth-hgf.de/), provides a framework for scientists to conduct data analysis in distributed environments. The data analytics software framework DASF supports scientists to conduct data analysis in distributed IT infrastructures by sharing data analysis tools and data. For this purpose, DASF defines a remote procedure call (RPC) messaging protocol that uses a central message broker instance. Scientists can augment their tools and data with this protocol to share them with others. DASF supports many programming languages and platforms since the implementation of the protocol uses WebSockets. It provides two ready-to-use language bindings for the messaging protocol, one for Python and one for the Typescript programming language. In order to share a python method or class, users add an annotation in front of it. In addition, users need to specify the connection parameters of the message broker. The central message broker approach allows the method and the client calling the method to actively establish a connection, which enables using methods deployed behind firewalls. DASF uses Apache Pulsar (https://pulsar.apache.org/) as its underlying message broker. The Typescript bindings are primarily used in conjunction with web frontend components, which are also included in the DASF-Web library. They are designed to attach directly to the data returned by the exposed RPC methods. This supports the development of highly exploratory data analysis tools. DASF also provides a progress reporting API that enables users to monitor long-running remote procedure calls. One application using the framework is the Digital Earth Flood Event Explorer (https://git.geomar.de/digital-earth/flood-event-explorer). The Digital Earth Flood Event Explorer integrates several exploratory data analysis tools and remote procedures deployed at various Helmholtz centers across Germany.
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: DASF: Messaging Python is part of the Data Analytics Software Framework (DASF, https://git.geomar.de/digital-earth/dasf), developed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. It is funded by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association through the Digital Earth project (https://www.digitalearth-hgf.de/). DASF: Messaging Python is a RPC (remote procedure call) wrapper library for the python programming language. As part of the data analytics software framework DASF, it implements the DASF RPC messaging protocol. This message broker based RPC implementation supports the integration of algorithms and methods implemented in python in a distributed environment. It utilizes pydantic (https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/) for data and model validation using python type annotations. Currently the implementation relies on Apache Pulsar (https://pulsar.apache.org/) as a central message broker instance.
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2022-02-23
    Description: The HUST-Grace2020 model is the latest GRACE-only gravity field solution developed at Huazhong University of Science and Technology. The model includes a set of spherical harmonic coefficients with different maximum degrees (60 and 90), and they are all unconstrained solutions. During retrieving our model, the reprocessed GRACE L1b RL03 data is used, and the newly de-aliasing product AOD1B RL06 is applied. Further details are presented in Zhou et al. (2018, 2019). This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 42074018, 41704012, 41931074, 42061134007) and National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2018YFC1503503, 2018YFC1503504).
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2022-10-20
    Description: The Collisional Orogeny in the Scandinavian Caledonides (COSC) scientific drilling project focuses on mountain building processes in a major mid-Paleozoic orogen in western Scandinavia and its comparison with modern analogues. The transport and emplacement of subduction-related highgrade continent-ocean transition (COT) complexes onto the Baltoscandian platform and their influence on the underlying allochthons and basement is being studied in a section provided by two fully cored 2.5 km deep drill holes. These operational data sets concern the second drill site, COSC-2 (boreholes ICDP 5054-2-A and 5054-2-B), drilled from mid April to early August 2020. COSC-2 is located approximately 20 km eastsoutheast of COSC-1, close to the southern shore of Lake Liten between Järpen and Mörsil in Jämtland, Sweden. COSC-2 drilling started at a tectonostratigraphic level slightly below that at COSC-1’s total depth. It has sampled the Lower Allochthon, the main Caledonian décollement and the underlying basement of the Fennoscandian Shield, including its Neoproterozoic and possibly older sedimentary cover. COSC-2 A reached 2276 m driller's depth with nearly 100 % core recovery between 100 m and total depth. COSC-2 B, with a driller’s depth of 116 m, covers the uppermost part of the section that was not cored in COSC-2 A. The operational data sets include the drill core documentation from the drilling information system (mDIS), full round core scans, MSCL data sets, a preliminary core description and the geophysical downhole logging data that were acquired during and subsequent to the drilling operations. All downhole logs and core depth were subject to depth correction to a common depth master (cf. operational report for detailed information). The COSC-2 drill core is archived at the Core Repository for Scientific Drilling at the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Wilhelmstr. 25–30, 13593 Berlin (Spandau), Germany.
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2022-05-04
    Description: This dataset includes surface 3D stereoscopic Digital Image Correlation (3D stereo DIC) images and videos of 9 analogue models on crustal scale rifting with a rotational component. Using a brittle-viscous two-layer setup, the experiments focused on near-surface fault growth, rift segment interaction and rift propagation. All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern (UB). All models consist of a two-layer brittle-viscous set up with a total thickness of 6 cm. Thickness variations in ductile and brittle layers are expressed by the ratio RBD = brittle layer thickness/ductile layer thickness, which ranges from RBD = 1 to RBD = 3. The model set up lies on top of a 5 cm thick foam base with a trapezoidal shape with a height of 900 mm and a pair of bases of 310 mm and 350 mm. The foam block is sliced into segments such that 7 interlayered 0.5 cm thick plexiglass bars prevent foam collapse under the model weight. The foam base is initially compressed between the longitudinal side walls and homogeneously expands during the rotational opening. Applied velocities refer to the divergence of the sidewalls at the outermost point (i.e., furthest away from the rotation axis) and decrease linearly towards the rotation axis. These velocities vary from 10 mm/h over a total run time of 4 h up to 40 mm/h over a total run time of one hour, resulting in identical total extension of ca 13% (given an initial model width of 31 cm) for all models. Detailed descriptions of the experiments as well as monitoring techniques can be found in Schmid et al. (2021).
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2022-03-31
    Description: This data set includes videos depicting the surface evolution (time laps photographs and Particle Image Velocimetry or PIV analsys) of 15 analogue models on rift tectonics, as well as 4D CT imagery (figures and videos) from four of these experiments. The experiments examined the influence of differently oriented mantle and crustal weaknesses on rift system development using a brittle-viscous set-up. All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern (UB). Detailed descriptions of the experiments and monitoring techniques can be found in Zwaan et al. (2021).
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2022-03-31
    Description: This data set includes videos depicting the surface evolution (time-lapse photographs and Particle Image Velocimetry or PIV analysis) of 38 analogue models, in five model series (A-E), simulating rift tectonics. In these experiments we examined the influence of differently oriented mantle and crustal weaknesses on rift system development during multiphase rifting (i.e. rifting involving changing divergence directions or -rates) using brittle-viscous set-ups. All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern (UB). The brittle and viscous layers, representing the upper an lower crust, were 3 cm and 1 cm thick, respectively, whereas a mantle weakness was simulated using the edge of a moving basal plate (a velocity discontinuity or VD). Crustal weaknesses were simulated using “seeds” (ridges of viscous material at the base of the brittle layers that locally weaken these brittle layers). The divergence rate for the Model A reference models was 20 mm/h so that the model duration of 2:30 h yielded a total divergence of 5 cm (so that e = 17%, given an initial model width of ca. 30 cm). Multiphase rifting model series B and C involved both a slow (10 mm/h) and fast (100 mm/h) rifting phase of 2.5 cm divergence each, for a total of 5 cm of divergence over a 2:45 h period. Multiphase rifting models series D and E had the same divergence rates (20 mm/h) as the Series A reference models, but involved both an orthogonal (α = 0˚) and oblique rifting (α = 30˚) phase of 2.5 cm divergence each, for a total of 5 cm of divergence over a 2:30 h period. In our models the divergence obliquity angle α was defined as the angle between the normal to the central model axis and the direction of divergence. The orientation and arrangements of the simulated mantle and crustal weaknesses is defined by angle θ (defined as the direction of the weakness with respect to the model axis. An overview of model parameters is provided in Table 1, and detailed descriptions of the model set-up and results, as well as the monitoring techniques can be found in Zwaan et al. (2021).
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2022-04-04
    Description: In Finger et al. (2022), we created consistent three-dimensional models in terms of temperature, density and composition of the upper mantle of the cratonic part of the African continent by combining seismic [Celli et al., 2020] and gravity [Förste et al., 2014] data with mineral physics constraints in an iterative integrated inversion approach [Kaban et al., 2014; Tesauro et al., 2014]. Further, we calculated a new model of depth to the Moho to correct the gravity field for crustal effects and calculate the residual topography, and provide an update for the average crystalline crust density from Litho1.0 [Pasyanos et al., 2014]. To calculate depth to the Moho, data from the GSC [Global Seismic Catalog, Mooney, 2015 with updates up to 2019] were combined with those published by Globig et al. [2016]. Here, we share data used from the GSC, final models of the upper mantle and crust that are discussed in the article, as well as the test cases set up in the uncertainty assessment. The upper mantle models are given in six layers centered at 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 km. In addition, density variations determined for the crust are given in an additional layer at 15 km depth. All fields range from -40.5°N to 40.5°N and -20.5°E to 55.5°E with a 1° by 1° lateral resolution. The data is provided in binary format as three netCDF4 files, containing the final results discussed in the paper ("Results_AF"), and the two uncertainty assessment cases for an upwards/downwards shifted Moho ("Results_AF_Moho_up" / "Results_AF_Moho_down"), respectively. In addition, data extracted from "Results_AF" to create the six profiles shown in the main article, and measurements of depth to Moho from the GSC are provided as ASCII formatted .dat files.
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2022-04-04
    Description: This dataset includes the results of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) of one experiment on subduction megathrust earthquakes (with interacting asperities) performed at the Laboratory of Experimental Tectonics (LET) Univ. Roma Tre in the framework of AspSync, the Marie Curie project (grant agreement 658034; https://aspsync.wordpress.com). Detailed descriptions of the experiments and monitoring techniques can be found in Corbi et al. (2017). This data set is from one experiment characterized by the presence of a 7 cm wide barrier separating two asperities with equal size, geometry and friction. Here we provide PIV data relative to a 16.3 min long interval during which the experiment produces 138 analog earthquakes with an average recurrence time of 7 s. The PIV analysis yields quantitative information about the velocity field characterizing two consecutive frames, measured in this case at the model surface. For a detailed description of the experimental procedure, set-up and materials used, please refer to the article of Corbi et al. (2017) paragraph 2. This data set has been used for: a) studying velocity variations (Fig. 2 in Corbi et al., 2021) and rupture patterns (Fig. 3a, b in Corbi et al., 2021) occurring during the velocity peak of one of the two asperities (aka trigger).
    Language: English
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2022-05-28
    Description: The basin sediments of Lake Constance encompass superior records of glacial to late glacial and Holocene environmental conditions but were hitherto not recovered from greater depths due to the lack of high-quality but inexpensive coring instruments. In a test and commissioning campaign in 2019, a new scientific coring device, called Hipercorig, was deployed and recovered from two parallel boreholes a 20 and a 24 m long drillcore and one two-m-long surface core (Harms et al. 2020, Schaller et al. 2022). The drill site is in 200 m deep waters close to the northwestern lake shoreline near the town of Hagnau and was selected based on new seismic surveys. They revealed an up to 150 m thick sediment fill of the overdeepened Lake Constance basin created by several advance and retreat cycles of the Rhine Glacier during the mid to late Quaternary. The deposits comprise proglacial sediments overlain by glaciolacustrine and finally lake strata. The latter make up the top 12 m of the core recovered while below sandy intercalations indicate downward increasing influence of dynamic sedimentation pulses that were deposited through subaquatic channel systems fed by declining glaciers and meltwater pulses from the north. The cores retrieved were sampled for microbiology and pore fluids at University of Constance (Germany). They were opened at Bern University (Switzerland) in fall 2019, sedimentologically described, instrumentally logged, and sampled for further studies including age dating. These data served to identify 14 lithotypes that were differentiated into three chronostratigraphic units based on a 14C- and OSL-based age model. The cores section base with the proglacial unit is about 13.7 ka BP old while the lacustrine strata cover Bølling-Alerød and Holocene ages. A prominent turbiditic event layer could be dated at 9.5 ka BP, coeval with the largest Holocene Alpine rock slide, the Flimser Bergsturz, that caused damming of the river Rhine and finally an outburst reaching as turbidite even northern Lake Constance. These initially gained data sets and the instruments utilized are described in the data description.
    Language: English
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2022-05-30
    Description: This data publication contains mineralogical, geochemical and magnetic susceptibility data of an 87.2 m deep profile of hydrothermally altered plutonic rock in a semi-arid region of the Chilean Coastal Cordillera (Santa Gracia). The profile was recovered during a drilling campaign (March and April 2019) as part of the German Science Foundation (DFG) priority research program SPP-1803 “EarthShape: Earth Surface Shaping by Biota” which aims at understanding weathering of plutonic rock in dependency on different climatic conditions. The goal of the drilling campaign was to recover the entire weathering profile spanning from the surface to the weathering front and to investigate the weathering processes at depth. To this end, we used rock samples obtained by drilling and soil/saprolite samples from a manually dug 2 m deep soil pit next to the borehole. To elucidate the role of iron-bearing minerals for the weathering, we measured the magnetic susceptibility, determined the mineral content and analysed the geochemistry as well as the composition of Fe-bearing minerals (Mössbauer spectroscopy) in selected samples.
    Language: English
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2022-05-30
    Description: The 250 km long profile 3B/MVE (East) was recorded in 1990 as part of the joint seismic reflection venture DEKORP 1990-3/MVE (Muenchberg-Vogtland-Erzgebirge) between the two former German Republics shortly before their unification. The aim of DEKORP 1990-3/MVE was to explore the structure of the crust from the Rhenish Shield through the Bohemian Massif to the Ore Mountains. The entire profile consists of DEKORP 3A, DEKORP 3B/MVE (West) and its prolongation to the east DEKORP 3B/MVE (East). Its total length amounts to about 600 km. 24 short seismic cross lines and associated 3D blocks with single fold coverage were also recorded. The seismic survey of 3B/MVE (East) was conducted to investigate the deep crustal structure of the Saxothuringian Zone of the Central European Variscian Belt along the northern margin of the Bohemian Massif with high-fold near-vertical incidence vibroseis acquisition. The main objectives were to image the deep structures of the Muenchberg Gneiss Complex, to concern the volume of Variscan granites by combining seismic and gravity data as well as to determine the origin and nature of the deep regional NW-trending fault systems. Details of the experiment, preliminary results and interpretations were published by DEKORP Research Group (B) et al. (1994) and Förste, Lück & Schulze (1994). The Technical Report of DEKORP 3B/MVE (East) gives complete information about acquisition and processing parameters. The European Variscides, extending from the French Central Massif to the East European Platform, originated during the collision between Gondwana and Baltica in the Late Palaeozoic. Due to involvement of various crustal blocks in the orogenesis, the mountain belt is subdivided into distinct zones. The external fold-and-thrust belts of the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian as well as the predominantly crystalline body of the Moldanubian dominate the central European segment of the Variscides. Polyphase tectonic deformation, magmatism and metamorphic processes led to a complex interlinking between the units. The 3B/MVE (East) line runs in SW-NE direction along the southern margin of the Saxothuringian belt from the Franconian Line, the southwestern boundary fault zone of the Bohemian Massif, to the Lausitz Massif. It traverses the allochthonous Muenchberg Gneiss Complex, the Cambro-Ordovician South Vogtland Syncline Zone, the Eibenstock-Karlovy Vary Granite Complex as well as the Ore Mountains crystalline blocks, the most significant Bouguer gravity low in Central Europe. Besides, the line intersects several NW-fault systems such as the Floeha Zone fault system and the Mid Saxon fault (DEKORP Research Group (B) et al., 1994). The line 3B/MVE (East) is complemented by eight short cross lines. To the west the profile is extended by DEKORP 3B/MVE (West). In the Muenchberg Gneiss Complex the 3B/MVE (East) profile is crossed by DEKORP 4N, which runs parallel to the western border of the Bohemian Massif near the KTB drilling site. Farther to the east the line has an intersection with DEKORP 9501 (GRANU).
    Language: English
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2022-05-30
    Description: The 187 km long line 4N was recorded in 1985 as part of the DEKORP project, the German continental seismic reflection program, and served as a basis for a network of six seismic reflection lines KTB 8501 – 8506, which were performed to investigate the planned target area for the Continental Deep Drilling Program (KTB) in the Upper Palatinate. The aim of the survey 4N was to explore the crustal structure of the central Mid-European Variscides down to the Moho and the uppermost mantle with high-fold near-vertical incidence vibroseis acquisition and, in particular, to scan the suture between the Moldanubian Zone and the northward adjacent Saxothuringian Zone. Details of the experiment, first results and interpretations were published by DEKORP Research Group (1987, 1988). The Technical Report of line 4N gives complete information about acquisition and processing parameters. The European Variscides, extending from the French Central Massif to the East European Platform, originated during the collision between Gondwana and Baltica in the Late Palaeozoic. Due to involvement of various crustal blocks in the orogenesis, the mountain belt is subdivided into distinct zones. The external fold-and-thrust belts of the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian as well as the predominantly crystalline body of the Moldanubian dominate the central European segment of the Variscides. Polyphase tectonic deformation, magmatism and metamorphic processes led to a complex interlinking between the units. The Saxothuringian represents the infill of a Cambro-Ordovician basin. The Moldanubian contains blocks of pre-Variscan crust and their Palaezoic cover. During the Variscan orogeny the Moldanubian crust was thrust towards the NW over the Saxothuringian foreland. Both units were welded together by a low-pressure metamorphism accompanied by polyphase deformation (DEKORP Research Group, 1987, 1988). The SE-NW striking line 4N runs along the western border of the Bohemian Massif perpendicular to the main tectonic trend (SW-NE). The profile starts in the Bavarian Forest and runs across the Upper Palatinate Forest. Shortly before the NE-trending Erbendorf Line, which separates the Moldanubian unit from the Saxothuringian unit, the profile runs through the area of the KTB drill site. In the Saxothuringian DEKORP 4N runs through the Fichtel Mountains, the Muenchberg Gneiss Complex and ends in the Franconian Forest. In the Bavarian Forest the line 4N traverses DEKORP 4Q nearly perpendicularly. Farther northwest the profile crosses KTB 8501 – 8503, which were arranged parallel to strike of the orogenic belt, as well as the DEKORP 3-D survey ISO 1989 around the KTB drill hole. In the Muenchberg Gneiss Complex the 4N profile is intersected by DEKORP 3B/MVE (East), which runs along the southern margin of the Saxothuringian belt in a SW-NE direction.
    Language: English
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2022-05-30
    Description: The 36 km long line 4Q was recorded in 1985 as part of the DEKORP project, the German continental seismic reflection program. The aim of the survey was to explore important tectonic structures through the regional tectonic trend of the Bavarian Forest (NW-SE) with high-fold near-vertical incidence vibroseis acquisition. Details of the experiment, first results and interpretations were published by DEKORP Research Group (1987, 1988). The Technical Report of line 4Q gives complete information about acquisition and processing parameters. The European Variscides, extending from the French Central Massif to the East European Platform, originated during the collision between Gondwana and Baltica in the Late Palaeozoic. Due to involvement of various crustal blocks in the orogenesis, the mountain belt is subdivided into distinct zones. The external fold-and-thrust belts of the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian as well as the predominantly crystalline body of the Moldanubian dominate the central European segment of the Variscides. Polyphase tectonic deformation, magmatism and metamorphic processes led to a complex interlinking between the units. The Moldanubian unit contains blocks of pre-Variscan crust and their Palaezoic cover. During the Variscan orogeny the Moldanubian crust was thrust towards the NW over the Saxothuringian foreland. Both units were welded together by a low-pressure metamorphism accompanied by polyphase deformation (DEKORP Research Group, 1987, 1988). The SW-NE striking line 4Q runs perpendicular to the gneisses of the Bavarian Forest at the southwestern margin of the Bohemian Massif, a part of the Moldanubian Zone. In the southwest the profile crosses the NW-SE striking Bavarian Pfahl. The 150 km long quartz vein is a dextral shear zone with cataclastic as well as ductile deformation and extensive quartz mineralization (DEKORP Research Group, 1988). In the northeast DEKORP 4Q intersects the Hoher Bogen, an amphibolitic nappe, belonging to the western margin of the Tepla-Taus-Complex which is marked by an important volume of mafic metamorphic rocks (DEKORP Research Group, 1988). The profile 4Q traverses DEKORP 4N at its northeastern end almost perpendicularly.
    Language: English
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2022-07-13
    Description: The CIVISA seismic network currently ensures the surveillance of geological hazards on the Azores islands, in particular, the ones resulting from the seismo-volcanic systems in this North Atlantic region. The current network contains short-period and broad band seismic stations operating in seven of the nine islands of the archipelago. Data for two stations are available at GEOFON using FDSN network code CP.
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2022-07-18
    Description: This data publication consists of two parts: (1) the questionnaire for round 1 of the G-Chron proficiency test as provided to the participating laboratories via the on-line data submission portal, and (2) the complete data set of submitted results. The results of the survey are published as Scientific Technical Report - Data (STR 21/06, Webb et al., 2020). The questionnaire is structured into distinct segments. The first “metadata segment” allowed each laboratory to report key parameters describing their analytical technique. This part was structured as five independent tracks based on laboratory technique: isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), laser ablation inductively coupled sector field mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS: SF), laser ablation inductively coupled quadrupole / time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS: Quad&ToF), and “other”. When reporting results a given laboratory was to select a single one of these options and then was provided a series of questions relevant to that specific method. The second segment of the questionnaire was provided to all laboratories for them to submit their determined age results. The on-line portal required submission of the determined age and uncertainty for both the 206Pb/238U and 207Pb/206Pb chronometers. Submission of results for the 208Pb/232Th chronometer was optional. Both the April 2020 report and the subsequent manuscript for publication are based on the table that forms the second part of this document. This contains both the reported age values and information about key aspects of each laboratory’s analytical method. In a small number of cases the input data were corrupted due to an apparent incompatibility between the data portal and the character set used by the submitting laboratory. Where the intent of the laboratory reporting was obvious these have been corrected. For two of the reporting laboratories there a software malfunction resulted in their submissions being classified as “other technique”. These data have now been reassigned to their correct technique categories, but the report has not been accordingly modified. All age values are in Ma. The software specified that uncertainty values should be reported as 1s or 1SE, depending on the nature of the value being addressed, though in a number of instances this instruction appears not to have been applied.
    Language: English
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