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  • Artikel  (166)
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  • 1
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    Anticipatory reproduction and population growth in seed predators (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-12-23
    Beschreibung: Mast seeding, the intermittent, synchronous production of large seed crops by a population of plants, is a well-known example of resource pulses that create lagged responses in successive trophic levels of ecological communities. These lags arise because seed predators are thought capable of increasing reproduction and population size only after the resource pulse is available for consumption. The resulting satiation of predators is a widely cited explanation for the evolution of masting. Our study shows that both American and Eurasian tree squirrels anticipate resource pulses and increase reproductive output before a masting event, thereby increasing population size in synchrony with the resource pulse and eliminating the population lag thought to be universal in resource pulse systems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Boutin, Stan -- Wauters, Lucas A -- McAdam, Andrew G -- Humphries, Murray M -- Tosi, Guido -- Dhondt, Andre A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 22;314(5807):1928-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada. stan.boutin@ualberta.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17185600" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Belgium ; Cues ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Italy ; Litter Size ; Male ; Population Growth ; *Reproduction ; Sciuridae/*physiology ; Seasons ; *Seeds/growth & development ; Trees ; Yukon Territory
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Characterizing a mammalian circannual pacemaker (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-12-23
    Beschreibung: Many species express endogenous cycles in physiology and behavior that allow anticipation of the seasons. The anatomical and cellular bases of these circannual rhythms have not been defined. Here, we provide strong evidence using an in vivo Soay sheep model that the circannual regulation of prolactin secretion, and its associated biology, derive from a pituitary-based timing mechanism. Circannual rhythm generation is seen as the product of the interaction between melatonin-regulated timer cells and adjacent prolactin-secreting cells, which together function as an intrapituitary "pacemaker-slave" timer system. These new insights open the way for a molecular analysis of long-term timing mechanisms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lincoln, Gerald A -- Clarke, Iain J -- Hut, Roelof A -- Hazlerigg, David G -- G0600678/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 22;314(5807):1941-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Reproductive Biology, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland. g.lincoln@hrsu.mrc.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17185605" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Biological Clocks/*physiology ; Circadian Rhythm ; Cues ; Denervation ; Lactotrophs/physiology ; Male ; Melatonin/blood/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Motor Activity ; Photoperiod ; Pineal Gland/innervation/physiology ; Pituitary Gland, Anterior/*physiology/secretion ; Prolactin/*secretion ; Seasons ; Sheep/blood/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Inquiry learning. Teaching scientific inquiry (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-12-23
    Beschreibung: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hanauer, David I -- Jacobs-Sera, Deborah -- Pedulla, Marisa L -- Cresawn, Steven G -- Hendrix, Roger W -- Hatfull, Graham F -- GM51975/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- RR16455/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 22;314(5807):1880-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Graduate Program in Composition and TESOL, Department of English, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA 15705, USA. hanauer@iup.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17185586" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Adolescent ; Authorship ; *Bacteriophages/genetics/isolation & purification ; Biomedical Research/*education ; Female ; Genome, Viral ; Genomics/*education ; Humans ; Male ; Mentors ; Pennsylvania ; Science/*education ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Teaching ; Universities
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    The mtDNA legacy of the Levantine early Upper Palaeolithic in Africa (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-12-16
    Beschreibung: Sequencing of 81 entire human mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) belonging to haplogroups M1 and U6 reveals that these predominantly North African clades arose in southwestern Asia and moved together to Africa about 40,000 to 45,000 years ago. Their arrival temporally overlaps with the event(s) that led to the peopling of Europe by modern humans and was most likely the result of the same change in climate conditions that allowed humans to enter the Levant, opening the way to the colonization of both Europe and North Africa. Thus, the early Upper Palaeolithic population(s) carrying M1 and U6 did not return to Africa along the southern coastal route of the "out of Africa" exit, but from the Mediterranean area; and the North African Dabban and European Aurignacian industries derived from a common Levantine source.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Olivieri, Anna -- Achilli, Alessandro -- Pala, Maria -- Battaglia, Vincenza -- Fornarino, Simona -- Al-Zahery, Nadia -- Scozzari, Rosaria -- Cruciani, Fulvio -- Behar, Doron M -- Dugoujon, Jean-Michel -- Coudray, Clotilde -- Santachiara-Benerecetti, A Silvana -- Semino, Ornella -- Bandelt, Hans-Jurgen -- Torroni, Antonio -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 15;314(5806):1767-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Universita di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170302" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Africa ; Asia ; Chromosomes, Human, Y/genetics ; Climate ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; *Emigration and Immigration ; Europe ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Geography ; *Haplotypes ; Humans ; Male ; Mediterranean Region ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; *Population Dynamics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Dual infection with HIV and malaria fuels the spread of both diseases in sub-Saharan Africa (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-12-13
    Beschreibung: Mounting evidence has revealed pathological interactions between HIV and malaria in dually infected patients, but the public health implications of the interplay have remained unclear. A transient almost one-log elevation in HIV viral load occurs during febrile malaria episodes; in addition, susceptibility to malaria is enhanced in HIV-infected patients. A mathematical model applied to a setting in Kenya with an adult population of roughly 200,000 estimated that, since 1980, the disease interaction may have been responsible for 8,500 excess HIV infections and 980,000 excess malaria episodes. Co-infection might also have facilitated the geographic expansion of malaria in areas where HIV prevalence is high. Hence, transient and repeated increases in HIV viral load resulting from recurrent co-infection with malaria may be an important factor in promoting the spread of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abu-Raddad, Laith J -- Patnaik, Padmaja -- Kublin, James G -- P30 AI 27757/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 8;314(5805):1603-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. laith@scharp.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17158329" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Adult ; Africa South of the Sahara/epidemiology ; Antimalarials/therapeutic use ; Disease Susceptibility ; Endemic Diseases ; Female ; HIV Infections/*complications/*epidemiology/transmission/virology ; HIV-1/physiology ; Humans ; Kenya/epidemiology ; Malaria, Falciparum/*complications/drug therapy/*epidemiology/transmission ; Male ; Mathematics ; Models, Biological ; Prevalence ; Recurrence ; Sexual Behavior ; Viral Load ; Viremia ; Virus Replication
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Male fertility and sex ratio at birth in red deer (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-12-02
    Beschreibung: Efforts to test sex ratio theory have focused mostly on females. However, when males possess traits that could enhance the reproductive success of sons, males would also benefit from the manipulation of the offspring sex ratio. We tested the prediction that more-fertile red deer males produce more sons. Our findings reveal that male fertility is positively related to the proportion of male offspring. We also show that there is a positive correlation between the percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa (a main determinant of male fertility) and the proportion of male offspring. Thus, males may contribute significantly to biases in sex ratio at birth among mammals, creating the potential for conflicts of interest between males and females.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gomendio, Montserrat -- Malo, Aurelio F -- Soler, Ana J -- Fernandez-Santos, Maria R -- Esteso, Milagros C -- Garcia, Andres J -- Roldan, Eduardo R S -- Garde, Julian -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 1;314(5804):1445-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Reproductive Ecology and Biology Group, Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales [Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)], 28006-Madrid, Spain. montseg@mncn.csic.es〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17138900" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Deer/*physiology ; Female ; *Fertility ; Fertilization ; Male ; Reproduction ; *Sex Ratio ; Sperm Motility ; Spermatozoa/cytology ; X Chromosome ; Y Chromosome
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Homoploid hybrid speciation in an extreme habitat (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-12-02
    Beschreibung: According to theory, homoploid hybrid speciation, which is hybrid speciation without a change in chromosome number, is facilitated by adaptation to a novel or extreme habitat. Using molecular and ecological data, we found that the alpine-adapted butterflies in the genus Lycaeides are the product of hybrid speciation. The alpine populations possess a mosaic genome derived from both L. melissa and L. idas and are differentiated from and younger than their putative parental species. As predicted, adaptive traits may allow for persistence in the environmentally extreme alpine habitat and reproductively isolate these populations from their parental species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gompert, Zachariah -- Fordyce, James A -- Forister, Matthew L -- Shapiro, Arthur M -- Nice, Chris C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 22;314(5807):1923-5. Epub 2006 Nov 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Population and Conservation Biology Program, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17138866" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Adaptation, Physiological ; Alleles ; Altitude ; Animals ; Astragalus Plant ; Bayes Theorem ; Butterflies/anatomy & histology/*genetics/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Gene Flow ; *Genetic Speciation ; Genome ; Geography ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; North America ; Ploidies ; Reproduction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    Comment on "Population size does not influence mitochondrial genetic diversity in animals" (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-12-02
    Beschreibung: Bazin et al. (Reports, 28 April, 2006, p. 570) found no relationship between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diversity and population size when comparing across large groups of animals. We show empirically that species with smaller populations, as represented by eutherian mammals, exhibit a positive correlation between mtDNA and allozyme variation, suggesting that mtDNA diversity may correlate with population size in these animals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mulligan, Connie J -- Kitchen, Andrew -- Miyamoto, Michael M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 1;314(5804):1390.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology, Box 103610, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA. mulligan@anthro.ufl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17138883" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Female ; *Genetic Variation ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Invertebrates/genetics ; Isoenzymes/genetics ; Male ; Mammals/*genetics ; Population Density
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
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    Wildlife conservation. The saola's last stand (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-12-02
    Beschreibung: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 1;314(5804):1380-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17138879" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Breeding ; Cloning, Organism ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Male ; Population Dynamics ; *Ruminants/genetics ; Vietnam
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
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    Two Dobzhansky-Muller genes interact to cause hybrid lethality in Drosophila (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-11-25
    Beschreibung: The Dobzhansky-Muller model proposes that hybrid incompatibilities are caused by the interaction between genes that have functionally diverged in the respective hybridizing species. Here, we show that Lethal hybrid rescue (Lhr) has functionally diverged in Drosophila simulans and interacts with Hybrid male rescue (Hmr), which has functionally diverged in D. melanogaster, to cause lethality in F1 hybrid males. LHR localizes to heterochromatic regions of the genome and has diverged extensively in sequence between these species in a manner consistent with positive selection. Rapidly evolving heterochromatic DNA sequences may be driving the evolution of this incompatibility gene.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brideau, Nicholas J -- Flores, Heather A -- Wang, Jun -- Maheshwari, Shamoni -- Wang, Xu -- Barbash, Daniel A -- R01 GM074737-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 24;314(5803):1292-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17124320" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/metabolism ; Chromosome Mapping ; Crosses, Genetic ; Drosophila/*genetics/physiology ; Drosophila Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics/physiology ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; *Genes, Insect ; Genetic Speciation ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Selection, Genetic ; Transformation, Genetic ; Transgenes
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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