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  • 2000  (41)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 95 (2000), S. 97-103 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): butterfly ; Formicidae ; food ; growth ; mutualism ; myrmecophily ; parasitism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Caterpillars of the lycaenid butterfly Maculinea rebeli Hirschke (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) live for 11–23 months as social parasites in Myrmica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) red ant nests, a trait that is believed to have evolved from mutualistic myrmecophilous ancestry. Although Maculinea rebeli caterpillars harm Myrmica larvae, they simultaneously produce copious secretions which the adult worker ants imbibe, perhaps representing a vestige of the ancestral mutualism. We report the results of laboratory experiments designed to test alternative hypotheses: (i) Maculinea rebeli caterpillars provide a beneficial source of sugar in return for being tended by Myrmicaworkers; (ii) Maculinea rebeli harms its host by stressing the workers by competing for available sugar. Comparisons were made of Myrmica worker fitness after 90–450 days under all possible combinations of three experimental treatments: ± M. rebeli caterpillars, ± sucrose and ± ant brood. Caterpillars always reduced the survival of both ant workers and their larvae, even when sugar was not provided, suggesting that M. rebeli is wholly parasitic on all stages in its host colony. The results also confirmed the importance of sucrose in the diet of Myrmica, and showed that M. rebeli caterpillars which eat ant brood to supplement their normal trophallactic feeding by workers develop more quickly - but have the same survival and pupal weights – as caterpillars that are fed solely by worker ants.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Small business economics 14 (2000), S. 195-210 
    ISSN: 1573-0913
    Schlagwort(e): growth ; manufacturing ; performance ; product innovation ; small firms
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract The paper considers the relative performance [along a number of parameters] of a sample of 228 small manufacturing firms categorised by level of innovation. Whilst innovators appear no more likely to have experienced some form of sales or employment growth, they are significantly more likely to have grown more. In other words, the innovators' growth rate distributions are highly negatively skewed. With regards to export intensities, profitability and productivity levels, the findings are less clear. On the whole, the results reported here are similar to those of other small firm studies, yet vary markedly from large firm equivalents; suggesting that the nature of the returns to innovation may be contingent, at least in part, upon firm size. Moreover, the high levels of variation in firm performance should caution us against proffering innovative imperatives. If we are to counsel firms to "innovate at all costs", we must be clear about, and clearly demonstrate, the nature of the returns they may reasonably expect and the processes through which these may be optimised.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 13 (2000), S. 403-424 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Schlagwort(e): JEL classification: O41 ; F22 ; Key words: Altruism ; education ; growth ; convergence ; capital mobility
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Sociologie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract. The aim of this paper is to discuss the process of regional convergence within the framework of an overlapping generations model in which the engine of growth is the accumulation of human capital. In particular, we consider different education funding systems and compare their performance in terms of growth rates and pace of convergence between two heterogeneous regions. The analysis suggests that the choice of a particular education system incorporates a possible trade-off between long run growth rate and short run convergence. In such choice, the initial capital stock and the extent of regional human capital discrepancy appear as central variables.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Ecological research 15 (2000), S. 101-106 
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Schlagwort(e): comparative ecology ; growth ; marine fish ; patterns ; reproduction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: A number of strong regularities characterize certain very basic biological parameters in marine fishes. For example, the ovulated eggs of fish usually measure approximately 1 mm in diameter. The small, relatively uniform size of the eggs means that almost all fish larvae experience environmental variability at very similar scales, which itself establishes strong constraints for, and links between reproduction and recruitment. Additional constraints emerge from seawater being a poor medium for respiration, which establishes further linkages between growth and mortality. These constraints have produced strongly convergent features, and thence the patterns in reproduction and growth of marine fishes that are presented.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 2015-2023 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Allelopathy ; growth ; phenolics ; Hebeloma ; Hymenoscyphus ; Picea abies ; Vaccinium myrtillus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Allelopathy due to humus phenolics is a cause of natural regeneration deficiency in subalpine Norway spruce (Picea abies) forests. If inhibition of spruce germination and seedling growth due to allelochemicals is generally accepted, in contrast there is a lack of knowledge about phenolic effects on mycorrhizal fungi. Thus, this work tested effects of a humic solution and its naturally occurring phenolics on the growth and respiration of two mycorrhizal fungi: Hymenoscyphus ericae (symbiont of Vaccinium myrtillus, the main allelochemical-producing plant) and Hebeloma crustuliniforme (symbiont of P. abies, the target plant). Growth and respiration of H. crustuliniforme were inhibited by growth medium with the original humic solution (−6% and −30%), respectively, whereas the same humic solution did not affect growth but decreased respiration of H. ericae (−55%). When naturally occurring phenolics (same chemicals and concentrations in the original humic solution) were added to the growth medium, growth of H. crustuliniforme was not affected, whereas that of H. ericae significantly increased (+10%). We conclude that H. ericae is better adapted to the allelopathic constraints of this forest soil than H. crustuliniforme and that the dominance of V. myrtillus among understory species could be explained in this way.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1608-3237
    Schlagwort(e): poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid ; Yersinia pseudotuberculosis ; Listeria monocytogenes ; temperature ; growth
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A comparative investigation of the intracellular content of poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid showed that Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains accumulated, on the average, lower amounts of this reserve substance than Listeria monocytogenes strains. The intracellular pool of poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid was responsible for the growth of the bacteria at low temperatures (4–6°C) in the absence of any exogenous carbon and energy source.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1608-3407
    Schlagwort(e): Scenedesmus quadricauda ; growth ; cell size ; photosynthetic activity ; imazalil sulfate ; three-phase dose response
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Three-phase dose responses of biological systems of different levels of organization are often called “paradoxical” because the biological effects are clearly manifested under low- and high-intensity treatments, but are absent during moderate-strength treatments. In this work, we found anomalous changes in the cell number of a green alga Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Breb. grown in the presence of the fungicide imazalil sulfate. At low imazalil concentrations (2.5 × 10–9–2.5 × 10–6 M), the slow increase in the cell number as compared to an untreated culture was not related to cell death. As seen by the dynamics of the population structure and cell functional characteristics (photosynthesis, thermal stability of photosynthetic membranes, etc.), the decrease in the growth rate at low concentrations of imazalil (2–10 × 10–9 M) was due to a long-term arrest of cell division in a fraction of the cell population rather than to a decrease in the rate of division. The absence of a toxic effect or even a slight stimulation of culture growth at moderate concentrations (0.05–1.25 × 10–6 M) was due to the resumption of cell division after a temporal cessation. At these concentrations, imazalil induced cell stress and adaptive elevation of cell tolerance to the fungicide (acclimation). Cell death was observed only at a high fungicide content in the medium (6.25 × 10–6 and higher). Thus, the three-phase (bimodal) dose response corresponds to two regimes (steady-states) of cell functioning which differ in cell sensitivity to external stimuli. The low-sensitivity state, which is characteristic of cells that have experienced stress, is likely to be the state known as “hormesis.”
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 12 (2000), S. 185-189 
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Schlagwort(e): blue-green alga ; cyanobacterium ; carbon dioxide ; culture ; growth ; Nostocflagelliforme ; rehydration, watering
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The terrestrial blue-green alga (cyanobacterium), Nostoc flagelliforme, was cultured in air at variouslevels of CO2, light and watering to see theireffects on its growth. The alga showed the highestrelative growth rate at the conditions of highCO2 (1500 ppm), high light regime (219–414μmol m-2s-1) and twice daily watering,but the lowest rate at the conditions of low light(58–114 μmol m-2s-1) and daily twicewatering. Increased watering had little effect ongrowth rate at 350 ppm CO2, but increased byabout 70% at 1500ppm CO2 under high lightconditions. It was concluded that enriched CO2could enhance the growth of N. flagelliformewhen sufficient light and water was supplied.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 34 (2000), S. 19-27 
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Schlagwort(e): adaptation ; fitness ; food quality ; growth ; reproduction ; temporary ponds
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Temporary pond Daphnia flourish on relatively poor-quality food, suggesting adaptation to stringent temporary pond conditions. We conducted laboratory life history experiments on populations of Daphnia obtusa from a shaded woodland temporary pond (short hydroperiod, dystrophic) and an open farmland temporary pond (long hydroperiod, eutrophic), and compared a suite of physical/chemical conditions in the ponds to evaluate habitat conditions. We hypothesized that the shaded woodland pond population would be more fit in terms of life history variables for individuals (age and size at first reproduction, mean brood size, mean number of neonates) and populations (generation time, net reproductive rate R 0, and intrinsic reproductive rate r) given a standard, low-quality food (trout chow and yeast). Life history traits of woodland pond animals were mixed, relative to farm pond animals, and consistent with bet-hedging for an unpredictable habitat. Values of life history traits rivaled or exceeded those of other studies using phytoplankton as food, and were influenced by the pond water used for our study. Life histories clearly differ among local and regional temporary pond Daphnia obtusa populations, and should be valuable for examining the relative influences of local selection and metapopulation dynamics on population structure.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 12 (2000), S. 535-542 
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Schlagwort(e): desiccation ; growth ; growth model ; inorganic carbon ; nutrients ; photoperiod ; photosynthesis ; pigments ; Porphyra linearis ; PPF ; respiration ; temperature ; water velocity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of environmental parameters on the growthof Porphyra linearis gametophytes was examinedunder controlled conditions, and related to themultilinear regression growth model recently developedfor this seaweed under coastal conditions in theeastern Mediterranean. Growth chambers, a gradienttable, special culture devices and analytical methodswere combined for this culture study.The major factors significantly controlling thegrowth rate of the P. linearis gametophytein glass dishes were: photoperiod, temperature, agein culture, photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), salinityand water dynamics. Maximal growth occurred underdaylength of 12 h, medium temperature (15–20 °C), low PPF (70–140 μmol photon m-2s-1), ambient salinity (30–40 ppt), 1–3 h ofdaily air exposure, and water velocity of 4 cm s-1.Photosynthesis and respiration rates weredominantly affected by daylength and temperature,while the concentration of pigments was dominantlyaffected by PPF and temperature.These conditions correspond well to the optimalnatural growth environment of this local species andare in agreement with the optimum estimated throughthe recently developed outdoor mathematical growthmodel.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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