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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (7,462)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (2,541)
  • SPACE RADIATION  (1,385)
  • 1975-1979  (6,703)
  • 1960-1964  (4,685)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Overview - Electric fields (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The electric fields session is designed to review progress in observation, theory, and modeling of magnetospheric electric fields, and to expose important new results. The present report comments on the state and prospects of electric field research, with particular emphasis on relevance to quantitative modeling of the magnetospheric processes. Attention is given to underlying theories and models. Modeling philosophy is discussed relative to explanatory models and representative models. Modeling of magnetospheric electric fields, while in its infancy, is developing rapidly on many fronts employing a variety of approaches. The general topic of magnetospheric electric fields is becoming of prime importance in understanding space plasmas.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Lightning apparent source of environmentally important gases (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-79-131 , P79-10129
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  • 3
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    Application of space technology to crustal dynamics and earthquake research (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: In cooperation with other Federal government agencies, and the governments of other countries, NASA is undertaking a program of research in geodynamics. The present program activities and plans for extension of these activities in the time period 1979-1985 are described. The program includes operation of observatories for laser ranging to the Moon and to artificial satellites, and radio observatories for very long baseline microwave interferometry (VLBI). These observatories are used to measure polar motion, earth rotation, and tectonic plate movement, and serve as base stations for mobile facilities. The mobile laser ranging and VLBI facilities are used to measure crustal deformation in tectonically active areas.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TP-1464
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  • 4
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    Lightning as an indication of storm severity (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: There is a substantial case for the theory that cloud electrification is related primarily to strong convection and the sizeable relative air motion that it implies; therefore, the electrification and subsequent discharge rates can be related to the air motion environment of thunderstorms. The isoceraunic contour map used by the WMO for observing and measuring thunderstorm occurrence contains no information on flash rates, flash density, flash relationship to storm severity, or flash variation with meteorological environment. A constant-view geosynchronous lightning mapper would permit simultaneous studies of the lightning discharge patterns and the meteorological environment of storms, thus establishing whether or not there is a reliable enough relationship to use the observed flash rates and characteristics as supplemental guidance for storm forecast refinement.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Workshop on the Need for Lightning Observations from Space; p 153-155
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  • 5
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    Fluctuations in microwave background radiation due to secondary ionization of the intergalactic gas in the universe (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Secondary heating and ionization of the intergalactic gas at redshifts z approximately 10-30 could lead to the large optical depth of the Universe for Thomson scattering and could smooth the primordial fluctuations formed at z approximately 1500. It is shown that the gas motions connected with the large scale density perturbations at z approximately 10-15 must lead to the generation of secondary fluctuations of microwave background. The contribution of the rich clusters of galaxies and young galaxies to the fluctuations of microwave background is also estimated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75619
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  • 6
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    The effect of errors in the assignment of the transmission functions on the accuracy of the thermal sounding of the atmosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: In order to test the error of calculation in assumed values of the transmission function for Soviet and American radiometers sounding the atmosphere thermally from orbiting satellites, the assumptions of the transmission calculation is varied with respect to atmospheric CO2 content, transmission frequency, and atmospheric absorption. The error arising from variations of the assumptions from the standard basic model is calculated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75654 , Conf. of the Soviet-Am. Working Group on Space Meteorol.; Nov 10, 1976 - Nov 22, 1976; Moscow
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  • 7
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    Method for the rapid temperature correction of a transmission in an inhomogeneous atmosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The value of the transmission function in a heterogeneous atmosphere is determined by iterative correction of values in particular layers. The iterative equation and a set of absolute values of errors is presented in two tables.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75649 , Conf. of the Soviet-Am. Working Group on Space Meteorol.; Nov 10, 1976 - Nov 22, 1976; Moscow
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  • 8
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    On the acceleration of the auroral plasma of the Earth due to conic instability (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The role of electrostatic conic instability in the diffusion of spilled particles and the acceleration of the auroral plasma of the Earth are numerically investigated by means of quasi-linear equations. Linear increments to the conic instability under magnetospheric conditions are introduced. The quasi-linear equation is averaged along tubes of force taking into account the drift across the magnetic field lines. It is shown that the existence of a conic instability leads to small spills and isotropic distribution of particles, but is also accompanied by significant acceleration of electrons.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75638 , PR-430
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  • 9
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    Multicomponent diffusion and energy characteristics of partially ionized plasma in the ionosphere of a planet (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The problem of energy and multicomponent ambipolar diffusion of plasma in the lower ionosphere of a planet with a weak magnetic field is considered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75409 , PREPRINT-123
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  • 10
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    The magnetic anomaly of the Ivreazone (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A magnetic field survey was made in the Ivreazone in 1969/70. The results were: significant anomaly of the vertical intensity is found. It follows the basic main part of the Ivrea-Verbano zone and continues to the south. The width of the anomaly is about 10 km, the maximum measures about +800 gamma. The model interpretation shows that possibly the anomaly belongs to an amphibolitic body, which in connection with the Ivrea-body was found by deep seismic sounding. Therefore, the magnetic anomaly provides further evidence for the conception that the Ivrea-body has to be regarded as a chip of earthmantle material pushed upward by tectonic processes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75425
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  • 11
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    Soviet ship arrives next month for joint rocket tests (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-78-71 , P78-10072
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  • 12
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    Transmission functions for various models of the atmosphere for channels of Soviet and American radiometers (15 micron CO2 band) (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Listed are various graphs and tables for illustrations related to Point IX of a list of works conducted by the USSR in accordance with the Joint Soviet-American Research Program on improving methods of thermal sounding from satellites.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75105
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  • 13
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    Soviet-French working group interpretation of the scientific information during the search for celestial sources of gamma pulses, abstract of reports, 24-30 March 1977 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The progress made and techniques used by the Soviet-French group in the study of gamma and X ray pulses are described in abstracts of 16 reports. Experiments included calibration and operation of various recording instruments designed for measurements involving these pulses, specifically the location of sources of such pulses in outer space. Space vehicles are utilized in conjunction with ground equipment to accomplish these tests.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75050
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  • 14
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    Joint document concerning geological studies from 1971 - 1975 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: In 1971, a joint Soviet-Americam Working Group on Remote Sensing of the Natural Environment was established. It was organized into a number of discipline panels, one of which was on geology. Membership on this panel came from the Geological Survey of the United States and from the Institute of Geology of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences and Ministry Geology of the U.S.S.R.. During the period 1971-1975, this panel conducted coordinated research in the use of space remote sensing data in the field of geology. A summary of that coordinated research effort is presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-78318
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  • 15
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    Current cosmic-ray programs in the United States (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Approved NASA cosmic ray programs for the next five years are reviewed. In deep space, four new missions are planned. The first two, Helios A and B, will go inwards to approximately 0.3 AU, and the second two, Mariner Jupiter-Saturn, will go outwards to Saturn at 9.5 AU. Two missions in the earth orbital program promise to provide major new information on cosmic ray isotopes and on very heavy cosmic rays. These are the C mission of the International Sun-Earth Explorer, and the C mission of the High Energy Astronomy Observatory. The balloon research program is also mentioned.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESA Res. Goals for Cosmic-Ray Astrophys. in the 1980's; p 47-49
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  • 16
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    Satellite to measure equatorial ozone layer (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The Atmosphere Explorer E (Explorer 55) Satellite is described. The satellite will gather information on the earth's upper atmosphere, particularly regarding the condition of the protective ozone layer. The satellite will also provide information concerning the earth's heat balance, and heat flow characteristics, and energy conversion mechanisms.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-75-290
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  • 17
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    Space Research in the Physical Sciences (1962)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Nasa-sponsored space research - geodesy, earth-sun relationships, moon and planets, and astronomy - satellite and space probe data review
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The AIBS Bulletin. Special Space-Biology Issue; XII; 5; 70-72
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  • 18
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    The reaction of the atmosphere to solar disturbances (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The effect of solar flares on the thermosphere and the troposphere is investigated. It is found that during periods of geoeffect solar disturbances, there is a connection between phenomena in the upper and lower atmospheres and that variations in atmospheric parameters correlate with changes in the geomagnetic index.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75500 , All-Union Conf. on Sun Atmosphere Relations in Climate Theory and Weather Forecasts; Oct 30, 1972 - Nov 01, 1972; Moscow
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  • 19
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    Recent results of radio interferometric determinations of a transcontinental baseline, polar motion, and earth rotation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Results are discussed for radio interferometric observations of extragalactic radio sources with antennas at Haystack Observatory in Massachusetts and the Owens Valley Radio Observatory in California (3900-km baseline) during 14 separate experiments distributed between September 1976 and May 1978. Simultaneous analysis of the data from several experiments yields estimates of changes in the x component of pole position and in earth's rotation (UT1). Comparison with the corresponding results obtained by the Bureau International de l'Heure (BIH) reveals systematic differences. In particular, the trends in the radio interferometric determinations of the changes in pole position are found to agree more closely with those from the International Polar Motion Service and from Doppler observations of satellites than with those from the BIH.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Time and the earth''s rotation; Eighty-second Symposium; May 08, 1978 - May 12, 1978; San Fernando; Spain
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  • 20
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    Global distribution of ozone for various seasons (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A technique which was used to obtain a catalog of the seasonal global distribution of ozone is presented. The technique is based on the simultaneous use of 1964-1975 data on the total ozone content from a worldwide network of ozonometric stations and on the vertical ozone profile from ozone sounding stations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75435
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  • 21
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    Altitudes of the lower edge of the artificial auroral rays on the basis of the observations in the Zarnitsa-2 experiments (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Some results of optical television measurements in the Zarnitsa-2 experiment are presented. The altitudes of the lower edge of artificial auroral rays were determined by the triangulation method and are compared with theoretical calculations of these altitudes based on the Jacchia and CIRA models of the atmosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75631
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  • 22
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    Anomaly of the composition of the F-2 equatorial region of the ionosphere during the hours after sunset according to data from the mass-spectrometer experiment on the Cosmos-274 (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A mass spectrometer on board Cosmos-274 measured concentrations of light atoms and ions. While traversing the geomagnetic equator during the evening hours it recorded on anomalous drop in ionized molecular oxygen and ionized atomic oxygen and nitrogen. A similar, less dramatic, decline was observed in the concentration of neutral atomic oxygen. A possible explanation for this and previously observed behavior is an ascent in altitude of the F layer in the hours after sunset, a possibility which is supported by calculations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75615 , PR-331
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  • 23
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    Present status and future prospects for NASA's program in geodynamics (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An overview of NASA's involvement in developing systems for precise determination of polar motion, earth rotation, and position on the earth's surface is given. The observational methods discussed are laser ranging to the moon and to artificial satellites, and very long baseline microwave interferometry. A plan for a geodynamics program to apply space technology to research in earth dynamics is outlined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Ohio State Univ. Appl. of Geodesy to Geodyn., an Intern. Symp.; p 39
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  • 24
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    Internal gravity waves in the upper atmosphere, generated by tropospheric jet streams (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A mechanism of internal gravity wave generation by jet streams in the troposphere is considered. Evaluations of the energy and pulse of internal gravity waves emitted into the upper atmosphere are given. The obtained values of flows can influence the thermal and dynamic regime of these layers.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75407
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  • 25
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    Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The mathematical theory of inversion methods is applied to the remote sounding of atmospheric temperature, humidity, and aerosol constituents.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CP-004 , Dec 15, 1976 - Dec 17, 1976; Hampton, VA; United States
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  • 26
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    A gamma-ray testing technique for spacecraft (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The simulated cosmic radiation effect on a spacecraft structure is evaluated by gamma ray testing in relation to structural thickness. A drawing of the test set-up is provided and measurement errors are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75053
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  • 27
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    Simultaneous equatorial observations of 1- to 30-Hz waves and pitch angle distributions of ring current ions (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Eighteen events of large-amplitude (0.4-6 gammas) waves which may be propagating in the ion cyclotron mode have een observed by Explorer 45. Comparison with simultaneously measured proton distributions has allowed the events to be divided into two categories. The first category consists of waves accompanied by enhanced ion fluxes apparently injected into the plasmasphere with anisotropic pitch-angle distributions. This simultaneity suggests that these waves may be generated by the observed ring-current ions. Waves in the second category were found near or outside the plasmapause and were not correlated with any identifiable changes in the observed proton distribution. The generation mechanism for these waves remains unknown.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Dec. 1
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  • 28
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    Explorer 45 wave observations during the large magnetic storm of August 4-5, 1972 (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The magnetospheric compression associated with the very large magnetic storm of August 4-5, 1972, provided an opportunity for Explorer 45 to observe plasma waves in the magnetosphere and the magnetosheath during extremely disturbed conditions. Electrostatic noise bursts were observed near the plasmapause in electric-field channels from 35 Hz to 5.62 kHz. In the outer magnetosphere, electric-field noise bands apparently harmonically related to the electron gyrofrequency with components as low as 3 kHz and as high as 50 kHz were observed. The electric field of the fundamental was perpendicular to the magnetic-field vector. A mechanism including the electron cyclotron instability may generate the noise band. Hiss of 100-1000 Hz was observed in the outer magnetosphere. The electromagnetic hiss was generally weak and was observed in the magnetic wide-band data only when it was strong. In the magnetosheath broad band, incoherent noise (hiss) was observed from 1 Hz to 100 kHz. This magnetosheath hiss was the strongest phenomenon observed by the plasma-wave detectors during the lifetime of Explorer 45. The highest intensities of magnetosheath hiss occurred at the magnetopause. Its broad-band nature suggests that magnetosheath hiss was generated locally. Broad-band noise bursts and short bursts of chorus were also observed in the magnetosheath.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Jan. 1
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  • 29
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    Tables of spectral transmission of the atmosphere in the 2660-2750 cm(-1) and 810-980 cm(-1) ranges (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Thermal sounding data from satellites are presented together with a description of transmission function calculations. Tables contain experimental values for transmission of the entire thickness of the atmosphere for two regions of the spectrum: at 2660 to 2750 cm/1 and at 810 to 980 cm/1. The spectrum was recorded on an infrared spectrophotometer.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75104
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  • 30
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    National Geodetic Satellite Program, Part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The work performed by individual contributors to the National Geodetic Satellite Program is presented. The purpose of the organization, the instruments used in obtaining the data, a description of the data itself, the theory used in processing the data, and evaluation of the results are detailed for the participating organizations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-SP-365-PT-1
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  • 31
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    NASA, Soviet joint sounding rocket tests (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-77-151 , P77-10150
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  • 32
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    On the nature of the sources of hard pulse X-ray radiation (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Besides the identified sources of cosmic pulse X-ray radiation with globular clusters NGC 6624, NGC 1851 and MXB 1730-335 several new identifications were made. The source in Norma was probably identified with globular cluster NGC 5927, the source in Aquila with globular cluster NGC 6838 (M71), and the source in Puppis with globular cluster NGC 2298. Gamma pulses discovered by the Vela satellites and X-ray pulses thoroughly measured by the SAS-3, Ariel-5, and ANS satellites are thought to be the same phenomenon. The sources of such a radiation must be some kind of peculiarity at the central part of globular clusters; it is most probably a massive black hole. The sources of hard pulse radiation which cannot be identified with globular clusters are considered to be a new kind of galactic object, invisible globular clusters, which are naked nuclei of globular clusters.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75561 , PR-280
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  • 33
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    Radiometer at a frequency of 108-120 GHz for study of the earth's atmosphere (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Calculated and experimental design and operating characteristics of a 108-120 GHz superheterodyne radiometer with intermediate frequency modulation and a second harmonic frequency converter are presented and discussed. With a 1 sec time constant, the radiometer fluctuation sensitivity threshold is 1 K, without degradation in 2 hours of operation. Graphs of frequency variations, calibration, conversion loss, rectified current, fixed bias voltage, and contact needle impedance are included.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75562 , PR-281
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  • 34
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    On the possibility of analytical approximation of line forms during random disorders of the resonance frequencies in molecular vibration-rotation spectra for satellite sounding (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The generalization spectral line contour concept and formulas for a two component mixture, as well as consequences of the general formula are discussed. The calculation procedure, initial information, calculation results and comparison of calculations with available experimental data, for radiation absorption in three CO2 bands are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75655
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  • 35
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    Study of the 10 micron continuum of water vapor (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Radiation attenuation by atmospheric water vapor is considered. A formula based on laboratory data is recommended for approximating continuous absorption in the spectra region in question. Data of full scale measurements and laboratory experiments are compared. It was concluded that only molecular absorption need be taken into account under clear atmospheric conditions during the warm part of the year, while in winter or in cloudy conditions, the effect of aerosol can be significant.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75650
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  • 36
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    Results of the measurement of the vertical profile of ozone up to a height of 70 km by means of the MR-12 and M-100 sounding rockets (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The photometers used and methods of calculation of the vertical ozone concentration profile are described. The results obtained in several series of MR-12 and M-100 sounding rocket launchings are presented and discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75380
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  • 37
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    SAGE to examine Earth's stratosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The SAGE mission is discussed along with the role of the Nimbus 7 experiment. Other topics discussed include: ground truth measurements, data collection and processing, SAGE instrumentation, and launch sequence.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-79-6 , P79-10006
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  • 38
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    Direct method for solving transfer equation by expansion in spherical harmonics: Scattering in atmosphere with Lambertian lower boundary and thermal radiation transfer (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The direct method for the solution of the spherical harmonics approximation to the equation of transfer of radiation is applied to the cases of (1) scattering of the solar radiation in the atmosphere with the Lambertian boundary and (2) thermal radiation transfer.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75549 , PR-307
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  • 39
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    Results of measurement of the night corpuscular flux on the MR-12 rockets in the JASPIC project (Soviet part of the program) (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: In June 1978, a joint Soviet-American project (JASPIC) was conducted, the goals of which were: (1) the study of the flows of spilling electrons which act upon the middle-latitude ionosphere under nocturnal conditions (nocturnal corpuscular source of ionization); and (2) the mutual comparison of procedures for recording corpuscular radiations in the upper atmosphere, using meteorological and geophysical rockets.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75691
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  • 40
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    Problems with the interpretation of paleomagnetic measurements due to studies of basalts from the Paleovolcano Vogelsberg in Hessen (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The palaeomagnetic parameters of more than 5,000 samples of cores taken from 33 drilling holes through innumerable basalt units of the Vogelsberg Paleovolcano in Hessen were measured. Measurements of specimens of thin and thick layers without any gap proved that inclination, natural remanence, susceptibility and Konigsberger factor were dependent on their distance from the surface of units, layers, lamelles, etc. Therefore, representative data for the evaluation of palaeomagnetic measurements can be expected only in the interior part of lava flows and intrusions. The statistic method which enclosed all values of measurements gave significant data which was not appropriate for the interpretation of palaeomagnetic and geological events.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75355
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  • 41
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    Vector diagram of the chemical compositions of tektites and earth lavas (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The chemical compositions of tektites and various volcanic glasses, similar in composition to tektites are compared by a petrochemical method. The advantage of the method is that a large number of chemical analyses of igneous rocks can be graphically compared with the help of vectors, plotted in relation to six parameters. These parameters, calculated from ratios of the main oxides given by silicate analysis, reflect the chief characteristics of igneous rock. Material for the study was suppled by data from chemical analysis characterizing tektites of all known locations and data from chemical analyses of obsidians similar in chemical composition to tektites of various petrographical provinces.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75371
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  • 42
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    Tectonic asymmetry of the earth and other planets (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The structures of Earth, Mars, Venus, and the Moon are examined and compared. Global tectonic characteristics are presented for each. A comparison of the tectonics reveals the structural asymetry of these planets and the moon. Tectonic asymmetry information for the group is used to interpret certain aspects of the earth's geological past.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75576
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  • 43
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    Optical characteristics of the earth's surface and atmosphere from the point of view of the remote sensing of natural resources: Review of the contemporary status of the problem (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Widely used remote probing methods, and especially the multispectral method, for studying the earth from aerospace platforms necessitate the systematization and accumulation of data on the relationships between remote observations and measured parameters and characteristic properties and conditions of phenomena on the earth's surface. Data were presented on the optical characteristics of natural objects which arise during observations of these objects over a wide spectral interval which encompasses solar radiation reflected by the object as well as the object's inherent thermal radiation. The influence of the earth's atmosphere on remote measurements and several problems in simulation and calculation are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75548 , PR-287
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  • 44
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    Algorithms for locating celestial sources of X-rays and gamma flares with the aid of several spacecraft (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: An Algorithm is suggested for defining the coordinates of X-ray and Gamma Ray radiation sources by measuring the time lag of the transmission of radiation flares from various points of space in which spacecraft are located. Instances are cited where the 2-x, 3-x and 4x spacecraft are used.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75920 , PR-344
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  • 45
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    International rocket project to compare ozone sensors (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-79-130 , P79-10128
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  • 46
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    Microseismic study of the interandine valley between Latacunga and Cuayllabamba (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The present state of two active volcanoes and the principal active seismic faults in a 100 km area from Quito to Toacaso, Ecuador was studied. A brief seismic history of the region is reviewed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75370
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  • 47
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    Effect of solar activity on the frequency of occurrence of major anomalies in the Arctic (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Major air pressure and temperature anomalies in certain arctic regions were studied with a view toward predicting their occurrence. Correlations are sought between the frequency of arctic anomalies and solar activity, or specifically the Wolf number and the index of geomagnetic disturbance. Graphic techniques are used to show that solar activity has a definite influence on the frequency of occurrence of major anomalies of pressure and temperature in the Arctic.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75347
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  • 48
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    The NASA program on upper atmospheric research (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The purpose of the NASA Upper Atmospheric Research Program is to develop a better understanding of the physical and chemical processes that occur in the earth's upper atmosphere with emphasis on the stratosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-74608
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  • 49
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    Possible radio emission mechanism for pulsars (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: A mathematical model is presented and discussed as a possible mechanism to describe radio emission from pulsars. The model determines that the magnetic field in the neutron proton electron (npe) layer of a neutron star results from a quasistationary eddy current of superconducting and normal protons relative to normal electrons, which generates radio emission by the Josephson effect. The radiation propagates in the magnetically active medium, from the optically thick npe layer to the magnetosphere through breaks in the crust. As a result, hot radio spots form on the surface of the star, and a radiation pattern forms near the magnetic poles, the cross section of which gives the observed pulse structure. Due to the specific properties of the mechanism, variations of the quasistationary current are converted to amplitude frequency variations of the radiation spectrum. Variations of the fine structure of the spectrum pulse amplitude and spectral index, as well as their correlation are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75715 , PR-326
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  • 50
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    On the variability of extragalactic sources in the decimeter range and their correlation with galactic structures (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: It is shown that all of the extragalactic radio sources presently known are variable in the decimeter range (lambda or = 30 cm) and are projected on the large continuum radio structure of the galaxy: loops, spurs, ridges. Probability that coordinates could coincide is or = 10 to the minus 7 power. The variations in the intensity are explained by scintillations (regime of focusing radiation) on the large-scale irregularities of electron density in the medium of loops, spurs and ridges with the dimension a magnitude of approximately 10 to the 13th power cm. A correlation of the characteristics of radiation of the sources with their position relative to the galactic loop is considered. Based on the known experimental data, it is shown that the angle of scattering of extragalactic radiation and the dispersion measures of pulsars projecting on the loops is considerably larger than those of the sources lying outside the loops.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75628
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  • 51
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    Direct Contact Among Galactic Civilizations by Relativistic Interstellar Spaceflight (1962)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Direct contact among galactic populations by relativistic interstellar spaceflight
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 52
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    Calculation of the Eclipse Factor for Elliptical Satellite Orbits (1962)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Calculation of the eclipse factor for elliptical satellite orbits
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TN-D-1347
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  • 53
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    Space... the New Frontier (1964)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Space exploration - united states space program
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA EP-6
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  • 54
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    Observations of the Van Allen Radiation Regions During August and September 1959 (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: An integrating ionization chamber and a single Geiger counter were flown on United States satellite Explorer VI in an elliptical orbit extending to 48,000 km. In addition to the Van Allen inner zone and the great outer zone, a stable and distinct intermediate zone was detected throughout August and September 1959. The outer-zone intensity showed a large decrease following the sudden commencement of a geomagnetic storm. Later in the storm the outer zone increased to much in excess of its prestorm level. During stable periods the outer zone was fairly constant and less intense than it had been observed to be with Pioneer III or Pioneer IV or the first Soviet cosmic rocket. Cosmic-ray background counting rates were reached on most passes in August and Septmeber near apogee of the satellite. The radiation ?dumped? from the outer zone during the geomagnetic storm fits very well with the intensity and latitude distribution required to account for balloon observations of auroral X rays made during the IGY period. This paper is based on preliminary analysis of Explorer VI data.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 65; 5; 1361-1376
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  • 55
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    Research Summary No. 36-6 (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: JPL-RS-36-6, VOL. 1
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  • 56
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    Research Summary No. 36-4 (1960)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: JPL-RS-36-4, VOL. 1
    Format: text
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  • 57
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    Manned Space Flight (1963)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Manned space flight - summary
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 58
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    Global Aspects of the Earth's Magnetopause (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Measurable characteristics of the magnetopause are discussed. The Earth's magnetopause is a thin magnetic discontinuity separating the shocked, magnetized plasma of the solar wind from a more tenuous plasma contained by the geomagnetic field. This external magnetosheath plasma flows around the magnetosphere with characteristics that are in approximate agreement with gas dynamic theory. The interplanetary magnetic field carried by this plasma becomes draped over the magnetosphere and its orientation relative to the local geomagnetic field determines the local magnetopause current. Solar wind pressure and interplanetary field direction control the geocentric distance to the magnetopause with high pressures and southware fields moving the equatorial magnetopause to a more earthward location. Evidence suggests that the magnetopause is Kelvin-Helmholtz unstable and surface waves are propagating toward the magnetotail.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ESA Magnetospheric Boundary Layers; p 5-13
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  • 59
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    Scanning Electron Microscopy and Petrography of Glassy Particles Produced by Lava Fountain Eruptions (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: A conceptual model of a lava fountain consists of a vent, spatter ramparts, fountain column, downwind plume and associated pumice deposits. Glassy particles produced by lava fountain eruptions consist primarily of sideromelane glass and minor to moderate amounts of vesicles and crystals. Particles are classified on the basis of morphology as: (1) spherical, (2) elongate, (3) glass-coated mineral grain, (4) shard, (5) reticulite, (6) composite particle, and (7) lithic fragment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-160101 , CONTRIB-325
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  • 60
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    Very Long Baseline Interferometry Applied to Polar Motion, Relativity and Geodesy (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: The causes and effects of diurnal polar motion are described. An algorithm is developed for modeling the effects on very long baseline interferometry observables. Five years of radio-frequency very long baseline interferometry data from stations in Massachusetts, California, and Sweden are analyzed for diurnal polar motion. It is found that the effect is larger than predicted by McClure. Corrections to the standard nutation series caused by the deformability of the earth have a significant effect on the estimated diurnal polar motion scaling factor and the post-fit residual scatter. Simulations of high precision very long baseline interferometry experiments taking into account both measurement uncertainty and modeled errors are described.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-79582
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  • 61
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    Missile impact craters (White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico) and applications to lunar research: Contributions to astrogeology (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: USGS-PAPER-812-B , LC-75-619096
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  • 62
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    The coordinated federal program for the application of space technology to crustal dynamics and earthquake research (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The application of space technology to important problems relating to crustal dynamics and earthquake research is described. Federal plans for such applications are summarized.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-82215
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  • 63
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    Spectrometer of high energy gamma quantums (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: A detailed description of the apparatus GG-2M is given. The spectrometer contains a Cerenkov and scintillation (including anticoincidence) counter. The energies of the gamma quantums are measured by a shower calorimeter, in which scintillation counters are used in the capacity of detectors. Results are given for tuning the device on mu-mesons of cosmic rays. The data of physical tuning allow more reliable interpretation of the results of measurements which are received on the satellites.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75647 , PR-416
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  • 64
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    Magsat: A satellite for measuring near earth magnetic fields (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Magsat, designed for making measurements of the geomagnetic vector field, is evaluated. For accurate vector measurements the attitude of the fluxgate magnetometer will be determined to about 15 arc-seconds. Expected measurement accuracy will be 6 (gamma) in each component and 3 in magnitude. The Magsat data will be applied to solid earth studies including modeling of the Earth's main magnetic field, delineation of regional magnetic anomalies of crustal origin, and interpretation of those anomalies in terms of geologic and geophysical models. An opportunity will be presented to the scientific community to participate in data use investigations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71370 , X-922-97-199 , Gen. Sci. Assembly of the Intern. Assoc. of Geomag. and Aeronomy; Aug 22, 1977 - Sep 03, 1977; Seattle
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  • 65
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    NASA laser systems to study earth's crustal movements (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-79-117 , P79-10116
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  • 66
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    Preliminary results of a gamma-ray burst study in the Konus experiment on the Venera-11 and Venera-12 space probes (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Twenty-one gamma-ray bursts and 68 solar flares in the hard X-ray range were detected on Venera-11 and Venera-12 space probes during the initial 50-day observation period. Major characteristics of the equipment used and preliminary data on the temporal structure and energy spectra of the gamma-ray bursts are considered. The pattern of gamma-ray burst frequency distribution vs. intensity, N(S), is established.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75610
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  • 67
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    Determination of the ozone profile from the outgoing thermal emission (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Problems of the information content of measuring the spectral and angular distribution of the outgoing thermal emission of the atmosphere-earth system in the 9.6 mm ozone absorption band are discussed. Two methods (nadir and limb) of remote measurement are considered. Information data obtained are evaluated according to three systems. Effectiveness of the regression interpretation method using the data of nadir and limb measurements is shown.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75279
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  • 68
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    Balloon-borne atmospheric spectral measurements (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Infrared solar spectra, with .02 per cm resolution, were collected during sunset from a balloon at 40 km on October 27, 1978. Portions of the data obtained during the flight have been compared with theoretical calculations made using the data on the AFGL tape. The results of these comparisons reveal a number of areas of disagreement between theory and experimental results. The areas of disagreement are discussed in detail.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric effects on radiative transfer; August 29, 30, 1979; San Diego, CA
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  • 69
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    Classification and generation of terrestrial rare gases (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: A Kr-84/Xe-130 versus Ne-20/Ar-36 diagram is a very useful format with which to study the elemental ratios of rare gases from terrestrial materials. It can separate not only the three types of rare gases which Ozima and Alexander (1976) classified but also the 'planetary' type rare gases from the other three types of rare gases. When all the available terrestrial rare gas data are plotted in a Kr-84/Xe-130 versus Ne-20/Ar-36 diagram, several observations can be made. First, most of the analyses of rare gases from shales yield Kr-84/Xe-130 ratios between the 'planetary' and atmospheric values. If, however, the atmosphere's high Kr-84/Xe-130 ratio was produced by the selective adsorption of xenon onto shales from an initially 'planetary' atmosphere, as is widely accepted, then the Kr-84/Xe-130 ratio in shales should be even lower than the 'planetary' value. Second, the rare gas pattern in the quenched rims of submarine basalts may be explained as fractionated samples of the rare gases in sea water.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 70
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    Global atmospheric sampling program - Prospects for establishing a tropospheric ozone budget from commercial aircraft data (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: A preliminary analysis of zonally averaged, ozone concentration data obtained from commercial (GASP) aircraft between the equator and 60 deg North indicates that ozone in the upper troposphere exhibits a primary maximum during the spring, and, in middle latitudes, a secondary maximum in the summer of both 1975 and 1976. A late-fall/early-winter minimum also appears and seems consistent with previous upper air measurements. The April ozone maximum has been well documented and appears at the time when the stratospheric ozone content is greatest and cyclogenetic activity is most vigorous. However, the secondary maximum in June has not been widely observed or quoted as a unique feature. It is hypothesized that the rapid ascent of the tropopause between midspring and summer could account for the incorporation of ozone-rich, stratospheric air into the upper troposphere with a subsequent dilution during the following months. This may explain certain aspects of the annual ozone cycle in the lower troposphere which occasionally exhibit a bimodal distribution during the warm season.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 71
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    Distribution of atmospheric ozone and how it is measured (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The total amount of ozone in a vertical column has been measured spectroscopically at near ultraviolet and visible wavelengths, using ground- and satellite-based instruments. The vertical distribution of ozone from the surface up to approximately 100 km has been measured by a variety of techniques - chemical and optical - and from a number of observing platforms, including balloon, rocket, and satellite platforms. The various methods presently used for determining the atmospheric ozone distribution are reviewed, along with a discussion of their advantages and disadvantages. The observed average distribution of total ozone for the period 1958-1975 shows the expected geographic and seasonal variations. The variations of total ozone, including hemispheric differences, are clearly associated with large-scale circulation processes in the lower stratosphere. Approximately ten years of observations of the vertical ozone distribution, up through the ozone maximum, also show geographic and seasonal variations strongly related to the lower stratosphere circulation. The distribution above the maximum, however, results from the interaction of photochemistry and stratospheric motions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 72
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    Gravity research at Cottrell observatory (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The Cottrell gravity research observatory and work in progress are described. Equipment in place and equipment to be installed, the cryogenic gravity meter (CGM), concrete pads to support the vertical seismometer, CGM, and guest experiments, techniques of data analysis, and improvements needed in the CGM are discussed. Harmonic earth eigenvibrations with multipole moments are examined and their compatibility with a fictitious black hole binary system (of which the primary central mass is assigned a value one million solar masses) located 400 light-years away is shown by calculations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: IAF PAPER A-77-22
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  • 73
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    Concepts of magnetospheric convection (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The paper describes the basic theoretical notions of convection applicable to magnetospheres in general and discusses the relative importance of convective and corrotational motions, with particular reference to the comparison of the earth and Jupiter. The basic equations relating the E, B, and J fields and the bulk plasma velocity are given for the three principal regions in magnetosphere dynamics, namely, the central object and its magnetic field, the space surrounding the central object, and the external medium outside the magnetosphere. The notion of driving currents of magnetospheric convection and their closure is explained, while consideration of the added effects of the rotation of the central body completes the basic theoretical picture. Flow topology is examined for the two cases where convection dominates over corotation and vice versa.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 74
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    Hot-cold plasma interactions in the earth's magnetosphere (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The paper gives a synopsis of observations and results obtained from the Explorer-45 satellite which pertain directly to the interaction of the magnetospheric hot and cold plasma populations. The specific case discussed is the interaction of the hot ring current plasma with the cold plasmaspheric plasma in the evening to early morning local time sector during magnetic storm recovery phase. It was found that above the plasmapause region, the hot ring current plasma is stable with negligible losses due to pitch angle diffusion; the hot ring current plasma enters a moderate pitch angle regime in the plasmapause region, whereby the addition of cold plasma destabilizes the hot plasma. Analysis of the energy, spatial, and temporal dependence of the above destabilization along with the ion-cyclotron resonant energy equation, and comparison of this analysis with an in situ estimate of the plasma density strongly indicate that the mechanism responsible for destabilization of the hot plasma is the amplification of ion-cyclotron waves due to the interaction of the cold plasmaspheric plasma with the hot ring current plasma in a manner similar to that discussed by Cornwall et al. (1970).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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    The plasma sheet boundary and Kp (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The paper studies data obtained by the suprathermal ion detector aboard the ATS-1 geostationary satellite in order to establish a relation between the local time occurrence of the plasma sheet at the geostationary orbit (6.6 earth radii) and the Kp index. This relation is then used along with Alfven and Falthammer's (1963) equation for the drift path of an electron moving under the combined influence of a homogeneous electric field and a dipole magnetic field to derive an expression that shows the manner in which the inner boundary of the plasma sheet can be expected to vary radially with Kp along the midnight meridian for Kp less than about 4.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 76
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    The early scientific history of the rocket-grenade experiment (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: In the decade, 1950 to 1960, some thirty sounding rockets carrying the grenade experiment were fired in the Arctic, at middle latitudes and in the equatorial western Pacific. The vertical distributions of temperatures and winds at different seasons and at different times of the day were measured. Although there were significant variations in the results from each of the sites, an outstanding feature was the uniformity with latitude of the seasonal variation of the wind field. Over the latitude-altitude ranges sampled, the winds were strong and from the west during the winter months; and weak and from the east during the summer months. The nature of the general circulation pattern in the mesosphere of the northern hemisphere was revealed by the measurements. Of particular interest were those measurements made at the seasonal turnovers because of the insight into the dynamics of this region they provided.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: IAF PAPER A75-043 , International Astronautical Federation, International Astronautical Congress; Sept. 21-27, 1975; Lisbon; Portugal
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  • 77
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    Magnetospheric and auroral plasmas: A short survey of progress, 1971 - 1975 (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Milestones in researches of auroral and magnetospheric plasmas for the past quadrennium 1971 - 1975 are reviewed. Findings, including those of the polar cusp, the polar wind, the explosive disruptions of the magnetotail, the interactions of hot plasmas with the plasmapause, the auroral field-aligned currents, and the striking 'inverted-V' electron precipitation events, are reported. Solutions to major questions concerning the origins and acceleration of these plasmas are discussed. A comprehensive bibliography of current research is included.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-142299 , U-OF-IOWA-75-2
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  • 78
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    Basic research in meteorology and atmospheric physics (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: The effect was studied of the variations of the electromagnetic properties of the three phases of water on measurements of atmospheric and oceanographic parameters by microwave instruments aboard satellites. Other studies reported include: orbital detection of extrasolar planets, detection of stratospheric aerosols from earth orbit, chemistry of Jupiter's atmosphere, and stratospheric ozone.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-143491
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  • 79
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    Planetary atmosphere parameters and OGO-6 data and plots (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Some OGO-6 observations of the upper atmosphere, planetary atmospheric gases, thermospheric particle concentrations, and ion temperature of planetary ionospheres are examined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-142964
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  • 80
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    Evaluation of atmospheric trace constituent sensors operating from remote space and airborne platforms (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: A laboratory gas analysis system was developed specifically to make trace level measurements of carbon monoxide. To assure that the data collected with this system are correctly aligned with other established methods for making these measurements, an intercalibration study was conducted. The calibration gas was analyzed by the various participating laboratories and found to contain 1.28 ppm CO. Samples were collected at 25 deg, 35 deg, and 45 deg N for profile data to study the variation in concentrations of CO and CH4 as a function of altitude and latitude in continental air over the eastern seaboard of the United States. The experiment was repeated several months later to determine if there were seasonally dependent variations in the CO and CH4 concentrations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-162365 , GSTR-79-8
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  • 81
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    Analysis of satellite data on energetic particles of ionospheric origin (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: The morphology was studied of precipitating O(+) and H(+) ions in the energy range 0.7 equal to or less than E equal to or less than 12 keV during the storm-time period from December 16-18, 1971, which encompassed two principal magnetic storms. The results are described with emphasis on the temporal variations of parameters characterizing the intensity, average energy, and spatial location of the zones of precipitation of the two ionic species. One of the principal results was the finding that the intensity of the precipitating O(+) ions was well correlated with the geomagnetic indices which measure the strength of magnetospheric substorm activity and the strength of the storm-time ring current. Since the O(+) ions are almost certainly of ionospheric origin the correlations indicate that a previously unknown strong coupling mechanism existed between the magnetosphere and the ionosphere during the storm period.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-145863 , QPR-2 , LMSC-D462151
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  • 82
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    A review and interpretation of recent cosmic ray beryllium isotope measurements (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Beryllium-10 is of interest for cosmic ray propagation, because its radioactive decay half-life is well matched to the expected cosmic ray age. Recent beryllium isotope measurements from satellites and balloon covered an energy range from about 30 to 300 MeV/nucleon. At the lowest energies, most of the Be-10 is absent, indicating a cosmic ray lifetime of order 2 x 10 to the 7th power years and the rather low average density of 0.2 atoms/cc traversed by the cosmic rays. At higher energies, a greater propagation of Be-10 is observed, indicating a somewhat shorter lifetime. These experiments will be reviewed and then compared with a new experiment covering from 100 to 1000 MeV/nucleon. Although improved experiments will be necessary to realize the full potential of cosmic ray beryllium isotope measurements, these first results are already disclosing interesting and unexpected facts about cosmic ray acceleration and propagation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-164967 , Apr 26, 1978; Washington, DC; United States
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  • 83
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    Gravity anomaly and geoid undulation results in local areas from GEOS-3 altimeter data (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The adjusted GEOS-3 altimeter data, taken as averages within a data frame, have been used to construct free air anomaly and geoid undulation profiles and maps in areas of geophysical interest. Profiles were constructed across the Philippine Trench (at a latitude of 6 deg) and across the Bonin Trench (at a latitude of 28 deg). In the latter case an anomaly variation of 443 mgals in 143 km was derived from the altimeter data. These variations agreed reasonably with terrestrial estimates, considering the predicted point accuracy was about + or - 27 mgals. An area over the Patton Sea mounts was also investigated with the altimeter anomaly field agreeing well with the terrestrial data except for the point directly over the top of the sea mount. It is concluded that the GEOS-3 altimeter data is valuable not only for determining 5 deg and 1 deg x 1 deg mean anomalies, but also can be used to describe more local anomaly variations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: The use of artificial satellites for geodesy and geodynamics. Volume 2; May 29, 1978 - Jun 02, 1978; Athens; Greece
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  • 84
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    Ionospheric scintillations associated with equatorial E-region (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Amplitude scintillations at 40, 140, and 360 MHz recorded at an equatorial station Ootacamund (dip 4 deg N) during the ATS-6 phase II and the ionograms at a nearby station Kodaikanal (dip 3.5 deg N) are examined for the scintillation activity. Various sporadic E events, but not the Es-q, are associated with intense daytime scintillations. There are no scintillations at times of normal E-layer or cusp type of Es. Scintillations are also present at times of night Es.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Symposium on Beacon Satellite Measurements of Plasmaspheric and Ionospheric Properties; May 22, 1978 - May 25, 1978; Florence; Italy
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  • 85
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    On the ionospheric electron content over the Indian sub-continent (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Symposium on Beacon Satellite Measurements of Plasmaspheric and Ionospheric Properties; May 22, 1978 - May 25, 1978; Florence; Italy
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  • 86
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    Interpretation of the shape factor at Ootacamund, India (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper deals with equatorial ATS-6 measurements of the shape factor, F, interpreted in terms of the shape of the electron density profile along the ray path. The observed rapid increase in F at sunrise is attributed to EUV production of ionization in the E and F regions. The evening decrease is seen to result from an upward drift of the F region at sunset and the evening decay of the E and bottomside F regions. The nighttime peak, or plateau, is caused by gradual decrease of the electron density profile.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Symposium on Beacon Satellite Measurements of Plasmaspheric and Ionospheric Properties; May 22, 1978 - May 25, 1978; Florence; Italy
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  • 87
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    Identification of frequency components in electron content data by nonlinear filtering (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A nonlinear filtering technique, called multiplicative homomorphic signal processing, is used to identify three groups of frequency components in electron content data. The first group of components results from the modulation of solar activity produced by the 27 day solar rotation. The second group is of lunar origin. The lunar frequencies are caused by nonlinear processes which probably occur in the dynamo region. The precise nature of these processes is not fully understood. The third group of frequency components, with a fundamental period of 13.9 days, has an unknown origin.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Symposium on Beacon Satellite Measurements of Plasmaspheric and Ionospheric Properties; May 22, 1978 - May 25, 1978; Florence; Italy
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  • 88
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    Achievements of ATS-6 beacon experiment over Indian sub-continent (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The repositioning of the ATS-6 satellite at 34 deg E enabled the scientific community of India to use the satellite's radio beacon for ionospheric studies. Two scientific projects were undertaken. The objective of the first project was to map ionospheric electron content, range rate errors, traveling ionospheric phenomena, solar flare effect, and magnetic phenomena. The second project was aimed at studying geophysical phenomena associated with the equatorial electrojet. The principal results of these studies are described.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Symposium on Beacon Satellite Measurements of Plasmaspheric and Ionospheric Properties; May 22, 1978 - May 25, 1978; Florence; Italy
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  • 89
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    ATS6-satellite radio beacon measurements at Ootacamund, India (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In August 1975 the ATS6 was repositioned at 35 deg E. Radio beacon measurements of time delay, Faraday rotation and signal amplitude, made at Ootacamund, India in October 1975, are discussed with emphasis on the problem of determining the Faraday content under essentially transverse propagation conditions. It is shown that at the low geomagnetic latitude of Ootacamund the use of a fixed conversion coefficient gives an unreliable Faraday content. It is shown also that corrections to the measured Faraday rotation are important because of pitch and yaw of the satellite, particularly at night when the rotation on 140 MHz can be of the order of 10 to 20 deg. The shape factor shows a low predawn minimum indicating the nearly complete erosion of the F2 layer peak. Amplitude scintillation usually decreases with increase of radio frequency but exceptions are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Symposium on Beacon Satellite Measurements of Plasmaspheric and Ionospheric Properties; May 22, 1978 - May 25, 1978; Florence; Italy
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  • 90
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    Laboratory simulation of ionospheric double-layers (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A mechanism for double-layer formation in partially- or fully-ionized plasmas is described, founded on beam-plasma interaction: RF growth along the beam excites a rectified, ponderomotive electric field, which in turn causes charge separation. Laboratory studies of the mechanism are described.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Wave instabilities in space plasmas; Jul 31, 1978 - Aug 08, 1978; Helsinki; Finland
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  • 91
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    Siple station experiments on wave-particle interactions in the magnetosphere (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Natural and controlled whistler-mode signals have been used to study nonlinear mechanisms of wave growth and wave-wave interactions (WWI) in the magnetosphere; three general classes of WWI (triggering, suppression, and entrainment) are identified and interpreted in terms of a model based on cyclotron resonance interaction. This model is also used to estimate the wave field intensity associated with different types of WWI. A new type of triggered emission, the band-limited impulse (BLI) is interpreted in terms of the switching of phase-bunched currents. In addition, an experiment to find a threshold for the excitation of the coherent wave instability is discussed, and observed VLF wave-induced transient bursts of X-rays, light and E-region ionization enhancements are considered with regard to a step function wave interacting with all resonant electrons in a given energy range.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Wave instabilities in space plasmas; Jul 31, 1978 - Aug 08, 1978; Helsinki; Finland
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  • 92
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    Magnetospheric multiharmonic instabilities (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper discusses linear convective growth rates of instabilities of electrostatic multiple electron cyclotron harmonic waves in a plasma consisting of a hot electron component with a loss-cone type of free energy source and a cold electron component of presumably ionospheric origin. When the ratio of cold to hot electron temperature is small, the cold upper hybrid frequency controls the harmonic bands that can be nonconvectively stable. When this ratio increases above a few times 0.01, nonconvective instability disappears simultaneously for each harmonic band, when the density ratio is less than unity. A consistent interpretation of the spatial localization and harmonic frequency bandwidths of the observed waves can be made assuming linear convective saturation, provided that the cold electrons have temperatures considerably in excess of those in the ionosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Wave instabilities in space plasmas; Jul 31, 1978 - Aug 08, 1978; Helsinki; Finland
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  • 93
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    Chorus, energetic electrons and magnetospheric substorms (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper investigates possible chorus generation mechanisms by means of simultaneous OGO-5 measurements of chorus, energetic (79 + or - 23 keV) electron fluxes and pitch angle distributions, and ambient magnetic fields. Further, the solar wind data during high-latitude dayside chorus events are examined. It is reported that the highly eccentric orbit had an apogee of 24 earth radii and an inclination of 30 deg to the geographic equator.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Wave instabilities in space plasmas; Jul 31, 1978 - Aug 08, 1978; Helsinki; Finland
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  • 94
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    Does ELF chorus show evidence of power line stimulation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A study to determine the effect of power line radiation on the stimulation of the ELF chorus detected on OGO-5 is presented. Chorus shows a maxima over the Eastern USSR, Greenland, and Central Siberia and minima over central and Eastern Canada, a distribution different than the OGO-3. This discrepancy is explained as due to data oversampling in the previous study; the OGO-5 data were reanalyzed with the oversampling removed, showing that none of the longitudinal maxima or minima are statistically significant. It is concluded that there is no significant correlation between longitude and chorus occurrence which implies that there is little or no evidence of power line harmonic radiation effects on chorus triggering.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Wave instabilities in space plasmas; Jul 31, 1978 - Aug 08, 1978; Helsinki; Finland
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  • 95
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    Effects of power line radiation into the magnetosphere (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Observations of the effects of VLF power line radiation on whistler-mode waves in the magnetosphere are reviewed. High-altitude OGO-3 spectral data reveal evidence of enhanced chorus activity over populated regions starting at harmonics of the power-line frequencies. Low-altitude Ariel 3 measurements of 3.2 kHz noise intensity also indicate an enhancement of VLF activity over populated areas and their conjugates, however the relative importance of power line radiation, whistlers and spontaneous emissions is not known. The low-altitude polar-orbiting OGO-4 satellite also observed noise spectra at the harmonics of power line frequencies over industrial regions. Ground observations from Eights and Siple, Antarctica indicate that power line radiation effects on magnetospheric ducted paths peak at 3 kHz and near dawn, and exhibit a pronounced decrease on Sundays in the conjugate region, when power consumption is at a minimum. Experiments simulating power line radiation effects have also been performed. It is suggested that power line radiation effects magnetospheric activity by lowering the threshold for wave growth, with the localization of VLF sources acting to localize corresponding particle precipitation without necessarily affecting global average precipitation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Wave instabilities in space plasmas; Jul 31, 1978 - Aug 08, 1978; Helsinki; Finland
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  • 96
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    Gamma-ray evidence for a galactic halo (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Gamma-ray evidence for the existence of a cosmic-ray halo around the Galaxy is examined. Gamma-ray data obtained by SAS-2 and COS-B and nonthermal radio continuum data are shown to indicate the nonconfinement of cosmic rays to the spiral arms and thus the existence of a larger propagation disk through which cosmic rays diffuse. The latitudinal distribution of gamma rays observed by SAS-2 is found to be consistent with the existence of a thin disk-shaped electron halo of half-thickness 1.5 kpc. The propagation of nucleons is determined indirectly from their radial distribution in the galactic plane, which is obtained from an analysis of the longitudinal distribution of gamma rays in the plane. The resulting distributions are found to be similar to the distribution of supernovae in the Galaxy, implying a galactic origin for cosmic rays and a half-thickness of less than 3 kpc.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The large-scale characteristics of the galaxy; Jun 12, 1978 - Jun 17, 1978; College Park, MD
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  • 97
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    The significance of gamma ray observations for neutrino astronomy (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: X-ray, gamma ray and neutrino observations are examined to show, in a general way, the relationship between them. Existing gamma ray measurements are summarized and some examples are used to set ranges or limits for neutrino fluxes for specific types of models. The purpose of this is to show the possibilities for separation between models and to aid in the consideration of neutrino detector designs. Attention is given to exceptional and normal galaxies, as well as to compact objects, and diffuse isotropic radiation. It is noted that the close relationship between gamma rays and neutrino production will be useful for future neutrino astronomy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: DUMAND Summer Workshop; Jul 24, 1978 - Sep 02, 1978; La Jolla, CA
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  • 98
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    Observability of the neutrino flux from the inner region of the galactic disk (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The observability of galactic neutrinos in a detector of 10 to the 10th tons of water with an observing time of a few years is explored. Although the atmospheric flux exceeds the galactic flux considerably at energies greater than or equal to 1 TeV, the latter may still provide a marginally observable signal owing to its directionality. Galactic muon neutrinos with energy greater than approximately 1 TeV will produce a signal approximately two standard deviations above the atmospheric background over a four year period. If electron neutrinos can also be studied with DUMAND, then galactic electron neutrinos above 1 TeV would give an approximately four to five standard deviations signal above the electron neutrino background over a four-year integration time.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: DUMAND Summer Workshop; Jul 24, 1978 - Sep 02, 1978; La Jolla, CA
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  • 99
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    DUMAND Summer Workshop, University of California, La Jolla, Calif., July 24-September 2, 1978, Proceedings. Volume 2 - UHE interactions, neutrino astronomy (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The volume covers categories on inelastic neutrino scattering and the W-boson, and other ultra-high-energy processes, on pulsars, quasars and galactic nuclei, as well as other point sources and constants from gamma ray astronomy. Individual subjects include weak intermediate vector bosons and DUMAND, the Monte Carlo simulation of inelastic neutrino scattering in DUMAND, and Higgs boson production by very high-energy neutrinos. The observability of the neutrino flux from the inner region of the galactic disk, the diffuse fluxes of high-energy neutrinos, as well as the significance of gamma ray observations for neutrino astronomy are also among the topics covered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: DUMAND Summer Workshop; Jul 24, 1978 - Sep 02, 1978; La Jolla, CA
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  • 100
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    DUMAND Summer Workshop, University of California, La Jolla, Calif., July 24-September 2, 1978, Proceedings. Volume 1 - Array studies (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Papers are presented concerning the design and implementation of the optical and acoustic sensors that will comprise the DUMAND (Deep Underwater Muon and Neutrino Detector) array. Specific topics include the results of experiments on atmospheric muon and neutrino spectra obtained with various muon and neutrino spectrometers, optical sensors and arrays, optical data handling systems, the simulation of the sound generated by high-energy particles in water, constraints on acoustic arrays, standard ocean parameters for DUMAND calculations, and Monte Carlo investigations of hadronic and electromagnetic cascades in sea water.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: DUMAND Summer Workshop; Jul 24, 1978 - Sep 02, 1978; La Jolla, CA
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