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  • Biological Evolution  (236)
  • Engineering
  • Life and Medical Sciences
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (247)
  • 2005-2009  (247)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
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    High symbiont relatedness stabilizes mutualistic cooperation in fungus-growing termites (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-08
    Description: It is unclear how mutualistic relationships can be stable when partners disperse freely and have the possibility of forming associations with many alternative genotypes. Theory predicts that high symbiont relatedness should resolve this problem, but the mechanisms to enforce this have rarely been studied. We show that African fungus-growing termites propagate single variants of their Termitomyces symbiont, despite initiating cultures from genetically variable spores from the habitat. High inoculation density in the substrate followed by fusion among clonally related mycelia enhances the efficiency of spore production in proportion to strain frequency. This positive reinforcement results in an exclusive lifetime association of each host colony with a single fungal symbiont and hinders the evolution of cheating. Our findings explain why vertical symbiont transmission in fungus-growing termites is rare and evolutionarily derived.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aanen, Duur K -- de Fine Licht, Henrik H -- Debets, Alfons J M -- Kerstes, Niels A G -- Hoekstra, Rolf F -- Boomsma, Jacobus J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Nov 20;326(5956):1103-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1173462.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands. duur.aanen@wur.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19965427" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Genes, Fungal ; Genetic Variation ; Isoptera/*microbiology/*physiology ; Spores, Fungal/growth & development ; *Symbiosis ; Termitomyces/classification/genetics/growth & development/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Planarian Hh signaling regulates regeneration polarity and links Hh pathway evolution to cilia (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-26
    Description: The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays multiple essential roles during metazoan development, homeostasis, and disease. Although core protein components are highly conserved, the variations in Hh signal transduction mechanisms exhibited by existing model systems (Drosophila, fish, and mammals) are difficult to understand. We characterized the Hh pathway in planarians. Hh signaling is essential for establishing the anterior/posterior axis during regeneration by modulating wnt expression. Moreover, RNA interference methods to reduce signal transduction proteins Cos2/Kif27/Kif7, Fused, or Iguana do not result in detectable Hh signaling defects; however, these proteins are essential for planarian ciliogenesis. Our study expands the understanding of Hh signaling in the animal kingdom and suggests an ancestral mechanistic link between Hh signaling and the function of cilia.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2861735/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2861735/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rink, Jochen C -- Gurley, Kyle A -- Elliott, Sarah A -- Sanchez Alvarado, Alejandro -- F32GM082016/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R0-1 GM57260/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 GM057260/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 GM057260-11/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Dec 4;326(5958):1406-10. doi: 10.1126/science.1178712. Epub 2009 Oct 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, 401 MREB, 20 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84103, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19933103" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Body Patterning ; Cilia/*physiology ; Genes, Helminth ; Hedgehog Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Helminth Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Planarians/genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; RNA Interference ; *Regeneration ; *Signal Transduction ; Wnt Proteins/metabolism ; beta Catenin/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Eppendorf winner. Evolution and revolution in odor detection (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Benton, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 16;326(5951):382-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1181998.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. richard.benton@unil.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19833953" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Awards and Prizes ; Biological Evolution ; Chemoreceptor Cells/*physiology ; Computational Biology ; Drosophila/genetics/*physiology ; Drosophila Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; Neurobiology ; *Odors ; Pheromones/physiology ; Receptors, Glutamate/chemistry/*physiology ; Receptors, Odorant/chemistry/*physiology ; Receptors, Pheromone/genetics/*physiology ; Smell/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Paleobiological implications of the Ardipithecus ramidus dentition (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-08
    Description: The Middle Awash Ardipithecus ramidus sample comprises over 145 teeth, including associated maxillary and mandibular sets. These help reveal the earliest stages of human evolution. Ar. ramidus lacks the postcanine megadontia of Australopithecus. Its molars have thinner enamel and are functionally less durable than those of Australopithecus but lack the derived Pan pattern of thin occlusal enamel associated with ripe-fruit frugivory. The Ar. ramidus dental morphology and wear pattern are consistent with a partially terrestrial, omnivorous/frugivorous niche. Analyses show that the ARA-VP-6/500 skeleton is female and that Ar. ramidus was nearly monomorphic in canine size and shape. The canine/lower third premolar complex indicates a reduction of canine size and honing capacity early in hominid evolution, possibly driven by selection targeted on the male upper canine.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Suwa, Gen -- Kono, Reiko T -- Simpson, Scott W -- Asfaw, Berhane -- Lovejoy, C Owen -- White, Tim D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 2;326(5949):94-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University Museum, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan. suwa@um.u-tokyo.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19810195" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cuspid/anatomy & histology ; Dental Enamel/anatomy & histology ; *Dentition ; Diet ; Ethiopia ; Female ; *Fossils ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology/classification ; Incisor/anatomy & histology ; Male ; Molar/anatomy & histology ; Odontometry ; Paleodontology ; Phylogeny ; Sex Characteristics ; Tooth/*anatomy & histology ; Tooth Crown/anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Combining prehension and propulsion: the foot of Ardipithecus ramidus (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-08
    Description: Several elements of the Ardipithecus ramidus foot are preserved, primarily in the ARA-VP-6/500 partial skeleton. The foot has a widely abducent hallux, which was not propulsive during terrestrial bipedality. However, it lacks the highly derived tarsometatarsal laxity and inversion in extant African apes that provide maximum conformity to substrates during vertical climbing. Instead, it exhibits primitive characters that maintain plantar rigidity from foot-flat through toe-off, reminiscent of some Miocene apes and Old World monkeys. Moreover, the action of the fibularis longus muscle was more like its homolog in Old World monkeys than in African apes. Phalangeal lengths were most similar to those of Gorilla. The Ardipithecus gait pattern would thus have been unique among known primates. The last common ancestor of hominids and chimpanzees was therefore a careful climber that retained adaptations to above-branch plantigrady.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lovejoy, C Owen -- Latimer, Bruce -- Suwa, Gen -- Asfaw, Berhane -- White, Tim D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 2;326(5949):72e1-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19810198" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Ethiopia ; Foot/*anatomy & histology ; Foot Bones/*anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; Gait ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology/*physiology ; *Locomotion ; Metatarsal Bones/anatomy & histology ; Talus/anatomy & histology ; Tarsal Bones/anatomy & histology ; Tendons/anatomy & histology ; Toe Phalanges/anatomy & histology ; Walking
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Sexual conflict resolved by invasion of a novel sex determiner in Lake Malawi cichlid fishes (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-03
    Description: Sex determination mechanisms differ among animal species, but it is not clear how these differences evolve. New sex determiners may arise in response to sexual conflicts, which occur when traits benefit one sex but hinder the other. We identified the genetic basis for the orange-blotch (OB) color pattern, a trait under sexually antagonistic selection in the cichlid fish of Lake Malawi, East Africa. The OB phenotype is due to a cis-regulatory mutation in the Pax7 gene. OB provides benefits of camouflage to females but disrupts the species-specific male color patterns used for mate recognition. We suggest that the resulting sexual conflict over the OB allele has been resolved by selection for a novel female sex determination locus that has invaded populations with an ancestral male sex determination system.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3174268/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3174268/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roberts, Reade B -- Ser, Jennifer R -- Kocher, Thomas D -- F32HD051383/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 HD058635/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 HD058635-04/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01HD058635/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Nov 13;326(5955):998-1001. doi: 10.1126/science.1174705. Epub 2009 Oct 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19797625" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa, Eastern ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Chromosome Mapping ; Cichlids/*genetics/*physiology ; Female ; Fresh Water ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genetic Fitness ; Genetic Speciation ; Haplotypes ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Male ; *Mating Preference, Animal ; Melanophores/cytology/metabolism ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Molecular Sequence Data ; PAX7 Transcription Factor/*genetics ; Phenotype ; Pigmentation/*genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; *Selection, Genetic ; Sex Characteristics ; *Sex Determination Processes ; Sexual Behavior, Animal
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Video: the analysis of Ardipithecus ramidus--one of the earliest known hominids (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 2;326(5949):60. doi: 10.1126/science.326_60b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19797651" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology/classification/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Ardipithecus ramidus. The view from Afar (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 2;326(5949):41-3. doi: 10.1126/science.326_41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19797638" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Ethiopia ; *Fossils ; Geology ; *Hominidae ; Humans ; *Paleontology ; Skull
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Ardipithecus ramidus. Habitat for humanity (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 2;326(5949):40. doi: 10.1126/science.326_40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19797637" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Climate ; Diet ; *Ecosystem ; Ethiopia ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; Geological Phenomena ; *Hominidae ; Humans ; Trees ; Walking
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Controls on diatom biogeography in the ocean (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-09-19
    Description: The extent to which the spatial distribution of marine planktonic microbes is controlled by local environmental selection or dispersal is poorly understood. Our ability to separate the effects of these two biogeographic controls is limited by the enormous environmental variability both in space and through time. To circumvent this limitation, we analyzed fossil diatom assemblages over the past ~1.5 million years from the world oceans and show that these eukaryotic microbes are not limited by dispersal. The lack of dispersal limitation in marine diatoms suggests that the biodiversity at the microbial level fundamentally differs from that of macroscopic animals and plants for which geographic isolation is a common component of speciation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cermeno, Pedro -- Falkowski, Paul G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Sep 18;325(5947):1539-41. doi: 10.1126/science.1174159.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Biophysics and Molecular Ecology Program, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, 71 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. pedro@uvigo.es〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19762642" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; Climatic Processes ; Databases, Factual ; *Diatoms/classification/genetics/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Fossils ; Genetic Speciation ; Geography ; Geologic Sediments/*microbiology ; Oceans and Seas ; *Phytoplankton/classification/genetics/physiology ; Seawater/*microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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