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  • 1
    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Detecting structural heat losses with mobile infrared thermography; Part I: Description of technique (1974)
    Hanover, N.H. : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-326
    In: Detecting structural heat losses with mobile infrared thermography / R.H. Munis, S.J. Marshall and M.A. Bush, Part I
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command, 326
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: CONTENTS: Preface. - Introduction. - Principle of the IR scanner. - Advantages of mobile infrared thermography. - Discussion of field measurements. - Recommendations for future work on thermography of buildings. - Other potential applications of infrared thermography of buildings. - Appendix A: Thermograms of northern exposure of USA CRREL building. - Appendix B: Sample thermograms of heat loss survey at Pease Air Force Base. -Appendix C: Sample thermograms of heat loss survey at Dartmouth College. - Abstract.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: A method to assess quickly the insulation effectiveness of buildings using mobile infrared thermography has been developed at USA CRREL. In contrast to the infrared thermography done in Sweden, this method concentrates on obtaining useful data by measuring the outside surface temperature of structures. This report outlines the basic principles involved in these measurements, and discusses field measurements and the inherent advantages of infrared thermography. Typical thermograms are presented in the appendixes.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iii, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 326
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/831686783
    Sprache: Englisch
    Standort: AWI Archiv
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  • 2
    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Astronomisch-geodätische Arbeiten der DDR-Teilnehmergruppe während der 17. Sowjetischen Antarktisexpedition : (Saison 1971/72) (1974)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
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    Signatur: Q 2435/34 ; ZSP-319/C-34 ; MOP Per 581(3/34)
    In: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde, 34
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 18 Seiten
    ISSN: 0435-6187
    Serie: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde 34
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Anmerkung: INHALT 1. Allgemeines 1.1. Vorbemerkungen 1.2. Station Wostok 1.2.1. Beschreibung der Station 1.2.2. Allgemeine Arbeiten 1.2.3. Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten 1.3. Südpolarobservatorium Mirny 1.3.1. Beschreibung der Station 1.3.2. Allgemeine Arbeiten 1.3.3. Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten 2. Astronomisch-geodätische Arbeiten 2.1. Aufgabenstellung 2.2. Vorbereitung der Arbeiten 2.3. Arbeiten in der Station Wostok 2.3.1. Organisation des Arbeitsablaufs 2.3.2. Zeitvergleiche, Zeitbewahrung 2.3.3. Bestimmung der geographischen Breite 2.3.4. Bestimmung der geographischen Länge 2.3.5. Ergänzungsbeobachtungen 2.3.6. Ergebnisse 2.4. Arbeiten im Observatorium Mirny 2.4.1. Vorbereitung der Beobachtungen 2.4.2. Durchführung der Breitenbestimmungen 2.4.3. Ergebnisse
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  • 3
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    Der Strahlungshaushalt der Atmosphäre in Modell-Zyklonen und Antizyklonen (1973)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
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    Signatur: MOP Per 581(2/17) ; ZSP-319/B-17
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 2, Solarterrestrische Beziehungen und Physik der Atmosphäre, Heft 17
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 36, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0533-7585
    Serie: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 2, Solarterrestrische Beziehungen und Physik der Atmosphäre 17
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Anmerkung: Enthält auch: Untersuchung über die Möglichkeit der Beobachtung leuchtender Nachtwolken (LNW) von künstlichen Erdsatelliten aus / J. Hopp , INHALT - Der Strahlungshaushalt der Atmosphäre in Modell-Zyklonen und Antizyklonen / H. Wörner: 1. Kurzreferat. - 2. Einleitung. - 3. Formeln zur Berechnung des Strahlungshaushalts. - 3.1. Ableitung einer Formel für die kurzwellige Reflexstrahlung des Systems Erde-Atmosphäre. - 3.2. Formeln für die Berechnung der momentanen Strahlungsleistung in mly • min-1. - 3.3. Formeln für die Berechnung der 24stündigen Strahlungsenergiesummen in ly • d-1 und der resultierenden 24stündigen Temperaturänderung der Gesamtatmosphäre. - 4. Vergleich der nach Formel (1O) berechneten Werte der momentanen Albedo des Systems Erde-Atmosphäre mit Rechnungen anderer Autoren sowie mit Meßergebnissen. - 5. Vergleich von berechneten Karten der kurz- und langwelligen Ausstrahlung des Systems Erde-Atmosphäre mit Satellitenstrahlungskarten am 7. Juli 1970. - 6. Der Strahlungshaushalt im Bereich von Modellzyklonen und -antizyklonen. - 6.1. Konstruktion der Modelle. - 6.2. Die Eingangsparameter der Berechnung und deren Variation. - 6.3. Modellzyklone. Feld der strahlungsbedingten 24stündigen Temperaturänderung in mehreren Varianten. - 6.4. Modellantizyklone. Feld der strahlungsbedingten 24stündigen Temperaturänderung in mehreren Varianten. - 6.5. Fehler der langwelligen Strahlungsbilanz bei abweichendem Temperaturfeld. - 7. Vergleich der für die Modellzyklone berechneten Felder der lang- und kurzwelligen Strahlungsbilanz mit anderen Strahlungsmodellen. - 8. Übersicht über die strahlungsbedingte Temperaturänderung in Zyklonen und Antizyklonen bei verschiedenen synoptischen Situationen. - 9. Literaturverzeichnis. - 10. Anhang: Beispiel eines Rechenprogramms (in FORTRAN). , INHALT - Untersuchung über die Möglichkeit der Beobachtung leuchtender Nachtwolken (LNW) von künstlichen Erdsatelliten aus / J. Hopp: Kurzreferat. - 1. Allgemeine Betrachtungen. - 1.1. Jahreszeitliches Auftreten der LNW. - 1.2. Geographische Verteilung der LNW. - 1.3. Tageszeitliche Sichtbarkeitsbedingungen der LNW. - 2. Photometrische Betrachtungen. - 2.1. Diskussion der bekannten Werte. - 2.2. Überlegungen zur Berechnung der Leuchtdiche der LNW. - 2.2.1. Geometrische Kennwerte der LNW. - 2.2.1.1. Die vertikale Erstreckung der Aerosolwolke. - 2.2.1.2. Die Partikeldichte in den LNW. - 2.2.1.3. Geometrische Gestalt und Durchmesserverteilung der Partikel. - 2.2.1.4. Horizontale Erstreckung der Modellwolke. - 2.2.2. Photometrische Kennwerte der LNW. - 2.2.2.1. Der Streukoeffizient des Aerosols. - 2.2.2.2. Die Streufunktion des Aerosols. - 2.2.2.3. Die Lichtstärke der LNW. - 2.2.2.4. Die Leuchtdichte der LNW. - 2.2.2.5. Die Albedowerte der LNW. - 2.3. Beobachtung der LNW aus Satellitenbahnen. - 2.3.1. Betrachtungen über die Lageverhältnisse. - 2.3.1.1. Die Position der Sonne im Horizontalsystem der LNW. - 2.3.1.2. Die Koordinaten des Satelliten im Horizontalsystem der LNW. - 2.3.2. Die extraterrestrische Leuchtdichte der LNW. - 2.3.2.1. Vergleich der Leuchtdichte Boden- zu Höhenbeobachtung. - 2.3.2.2. Die Leuchtdichte des Himmelshintergrundes. - 2.3.2.3. Beobachtung der LNW vor der Dämmerungszone. - 3. Abschließende Bemerkungen. - 4. Literaturverzeichnis.
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  • 4
    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
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    Internal friction of single-crystal ice (1973)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-243
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command, 243
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The internal friction of single-crystal ice has been attributed to reorientation of the water molecule under periodic stress. However, the theory for damped dislocations, which offers another mechanism for the internal friction of ice, has not been investigated. The effects of scratching the surface of 41 ice samples and X-irradiating and plastically deforming them were evaluated. The effects observed on the internal friction of pure, single-crystal ice, in the flexure mode of oscillation between 400 and 1400 Hz, supported the existence of a dislocation-controlled mechanism, with the drag produced by the interaction of the dislocation with the protons in the crystal. In addition, analysis of the detailed shape of the data curve showed two peaks of tan delta as a function of temperature. The second peak, which had not been previously reported, had an activation energy of 0.16 eV and a relaxation time of 1.7 x 10^8 sec at infinite temperature. These experiments indicated that both peaks vrere controlled by the dislocation mechanism described above.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 41 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 243
    URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11681/5931
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS: Introduction. - Previous work. - Previous theory. - Internal friction of a crystal. - Granato-Lücke theory of dislocation damping. - Double kink mechanism. - Mechanisms not involving dislocations. - Experimental work. - Experimental approach. - Experimental apparatus. - Mode of oscillation. - Automated system. - Support, acoustic isolation, and temperature control. - Sample preparation. - X-ray apparatus. - Data analysis. - Stage I. - Stage II. - Stage III. - Experimental results and discussion. - The second peak. - Interpretation of scratching, X-irradiation, and plastic deformation. - Scratching. - X-irradiation. - Plastic deformation. - Supporting research. - Interpretation of the two peaks. - Conclusions. - Literature cited. - Appendix A: Computer programs. - Abstract.
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  • 5
    Monographie ausleihbar
    Monographie ausleihbar
    Wissenschaftskooperation und -integration sozialistischer Länder auf dem Gebiet der Geodäsie und Geophysik : Stand und Entwicklungstendenzen der Mitarbeit der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik im Rahmen der KAPG (1972)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik bei der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften
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    Signatur: MOP Per 581(1/5) ; ZSP-319/A-5 ; ZSP-319/A-5(2. Ex.)
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1, Nr. 5
    Materialart: Monographie ausleihbar
    Seiten: 64 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1 5
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Anmerkung: INHALT: Vorwort. - 1. Zielstellung, Aufbau und Arbeitsweise der Problemkommission "Planetare geophysikalische Forschungen" (KAPG). - 2. Grundsätzliche Probleme auf der VII. Arbeitstagung der KAPG 1972 in Prag. - 2.1. Kommuniqué über die durchgeführten Arbeiten der KAPG. - 2.2. Über die Tätigkeit der KAPG im Jahre 1971. - 2.3. Über die Vorbereitung des 5-Jahresplanes für die Jahre 1976 - 1980. - 2.4. Prognose der Entwicklung der Geophysik. - 2.5. Der Mensch und seine Umwelt. - 2.6. Die bisherigen Ergebnisse der Untersuchung des tiefen Aufbaus der Erdkruste auf dem Gebiet der ČSSR. - 2.7. Moderne Entwicklungstendenzen der Meteorologie und das Globale Atmosphärische Forschungsprogramm. - 3. Beiträge der DDR zu den Arbeiten der KAPG. - 3.1. Unterkommission 1: Oberer Mantel und Erdkruste. - 3.2. Unterkommission 2: Solar-terrestrische Physik. - 3.3. Unterkommission 3: Rezente Erdkrustenbewegungen. - 3.4. Unterkommission 4: Erdbebenforschung und seismische Rayonierung. - 3.5. Unterkommission 5: Datenaustausch. - 3.6. Unterkommission 6: Geodäsie und Gravimetrie. - 3.7. Unterkommission 7: Probleme der Physik der Atmosphäre und der Meteorologie.
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  • 6
    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
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    Summer temperatures in interior Alaska (1971)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-244
    In: Research report
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: CONTENTS: Introduction. - Summer temperature data. - Station network and history. - Parameters for data reduction. - Analysis of summer temperatures. - Temperature trends. - Summer temperatures in the highlands. - Lapse rates for summer temperatures. - Spatial variation of summer temperatures. - Summary. - Literature cited. - Appendix A. - Appendix B. - Appendix C. - Abstract.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Annual degree-day summations over bases of 43°F and 50°F in 15-day periods from May through August are given for the period of record for five interior Alaska climatic stations. Average temperature and precipitation data are included. Patterns of summer temperature in interior Alaska are analyzed in terms of historical, elevational and areal differences. Since 1900, summer temperatures show little long-term change but significant short-term changes. In contrast, winter temperatures show considerable fluctuations, which are reflected in mean annual temperatures to a much greater degree than are summer temperature fluctuations. Average summer lapse rates for the 1600 to 3300 and 3300 to 6600-ft levels were 3.4 and 3.7°F/1000 ft, respectively, based on timberline temperature observations and on upper air data from Fairbanks. Correlation analysis of daily and monthly average July temperatures indicates areas of uniformity with respect to temperature variation. This provides information on lowland climatic stations that are representative of highland locations, especially the Yukon-Tanana Uplands
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    Seiten: iv, 37 Seiten , Illustrationen, Karten
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 244
    URL: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31210025591825&seq=3
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 7
    Monographie ausleihbar
    Monographie ausleihbar
    Ausgleichung horizontaler Punktverschiebungen nach vermittelnden Beobachtungen und Beobachtungsdifferenzen (1971)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
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    Signatur: MOP Per 581(3/25) ; ZSP-319/C-25
    In: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde, Heft 25
    Materialart: Monographie ausleihbar
    Seiten: 115 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0435-6187
    Serie: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde 25
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Anmerkung: Zugleich: Dissertation, Technische Universität Dresden, 1970 , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Einführung 1. Ausgleichung von Beobachtungen 1.1. Bewegungsformen des Massenpunktes und der Kontinua 1.2. Korrekturmöglichkeiten wegen Punktbewegung 1.3. Bestimmung eines Einzelpunktes 1.4. Bestimmung einer Punktreihe 1.5. Bestimmung eines Punktfeldes 2. Ausgleichung von Beobachtungsdifferenzen 2.1. Übergang von Beobachtungen zu Beobachtungsdifferenzen 2.2. Verbesserungsgleichungen für große Verschiebungen 2.3. Verbesserungsgleichungen für kleine Verschiebungen 2.4. Äquivalenzbeweis. Statistische Tests 2.5. Ausgleichung von zeitabhängigen Beobachtungsdifferenzen 2.6. Beziehungen zwischen Ausgleichung und Interpolation 3. Ausgleichung von korrelierten Beobachtungen und Beobachtungsdifferenzen 3.1. Physikalische Korrelationen bei Verschiebungsmessungen 3.2. Geschwindigkeitskorrelationen in einem Gletscher 3.3. Geschwindigkeitskorrelationen im festen und lockeren Gebirge 3.4. Geschwindigkeitskorrelationen an einer Staumauer 3.5. Lineare Transformation der Korrelationsfunktionen 3.6. Zusammenwirken der Korrelationen unabhängiger physikalischer Systeme 3.7. Der Einfluß der Korrelationen auf die Unbekannten der Ausgleichung Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse und Schlußfolgerungen für die praktische Ausgleichung Literaturverzeichnis Abbildungen Anhang
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  • 8
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    Internationales Ozonkolloquium und Vergleich von Meßgeräten : Siófok, UVR, 4.5.-25.5.1969 (1971)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik bei der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin
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    Signatur: MOP Per 581(2/16) ; ZSP-319/B-16
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 2, Solarterrestrische Beziehungen und Physik der Atmosphäre, Heft 16
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 87 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0533-7585
    Serie: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 2, Solarterrestrische Beziehungen und Physik der Atmosphäre 16
    Sprache: Deutsch , Englisch , Russisch
    Anmerkung: INHALT: 1) Vorwort. - Vorträge. - 2) Über den gegenwärtigen Stand der Ozonforschung / E. BORBELY. - 3) Über eine elektrochemische Ozonsonde / H. RÖTHIG, D. SONNTAG. - 4) Die Abweichung der Werte des Gesamtgehalts des Ozons,der mit dem Ozonometer M-83 in Luftmassen verschiedenen Verunreinigungsgrades gemessen wurde / E. VENTURA. - 5) Über den aerosolbedingten Fehler der Daten des Gesamtozongehalts der Atmosphäre im Stationsnetz des Hydrometrischen Dienstes der UdSSR / G. P. GUSCHTSCHIN. - 6) Zur Methodik der Einführung der aerosolbedingten Korrektur in die Meßergebnisse des Gesamtozongehalts der Atmosphäre / G. P. GUSCHTSCHIN. - 7) Variationen des totalen Ozongehalts der Atmosphäre im Zusammenhang mit stratosphärischen Erwärmungen / W. HOEBBEL. - 8) Markante Schwankungen der kurzperiodischen Variationen des Gasamtozonbetrages und ihre Beziehungen zur Zirkulation, zu plötzlichen stratosphärischen Erwärmungen und zur Mesosphäre / W. Schwahn. - 9) Screen effect in the Ozonosphere / R. S. Steblova. - 10) Vergleich von Ozonmeßgeräten. - DOBSON-Spectrophotometer. - Universalozonometer M-83. - Spektrometer ISP 22. - 11) Verzeichnis der Tabellen des Meßgerätevergleichs. - 12) Schlußbetrachtung. - Anschriften der Autoren und der Teilnehmer am Meßgerätevergleich. , Beiträge teilweise in deutscher, teilweise in englischer, teilweise in russischer Sprache
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  • 9
    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
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    Bericht über die Überwinterung an der Station Wostok während der 14. Sowjetischen Antarktisexpedition 1968-1970 (1971)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
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    Signatur: Q 2435/23 ; ZSP-319/C-23 ; MOP Per 581(3/23)
    In: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde, Heft 23
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 32 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0435-6187
    Serie: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde 23
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Anmerkung: INHALT 1. Allgemeiner Teil 1.1. Anreise nach Wostok 1.2. Die Station Wostok 1.2.1. Lage und Beschreibung der Station 1.2.2. Meteorologische Verhältnisse 1.3. Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten an der Station Wostok 1.3.1. Personalbestand und Aufgaben 1.3.2. Untersuchungen solarterrestrischer Beziehungen 1.3.3. Meteorologische und aerologische Untersuchungen 1.3.4. Astronomisch-geodätisch-geophysikalische Untersuchungen 1.3.5. Medizinische Forschungsarbeiten 1.4. Stationsleben während der Überwinterung 1.4.1. Allgemeiner Ablauf der Überwinterung 1.4.2. Unterkunft und Arbeitsplatz 1.4.3. Ernährung 1.4.4. Medizinische Betreuung und Gesundheitsschutz 1.4.5. Hygiene und Arbeitsschutz 1.4.6. Arbeitseinsätze 1.4.7. Freizeit 1.4.8. Verbindung nach Mirny und der DDR 1.5. Die Ausrüstung 1.6. Rückreise 2. Fachlicher Teil 2.1. Problemstellung 2.2. Vorbereitung der Expedition 2.3. Vorbereitende Arbeiten an der Station Wostok 2.3.1. Anlegung der Meßräume 2.3.2. Einrichtung der Meßräume 2.3.3. Beheizung der Meßhütte 2.3.4. Vorbereitung und Aufstellung der Meßinstrumente 2.4. Die Gezeitenmessungen 2,4.1. Messungen der Schweregezeiten 2.4.2. Messungen der Lotschwankungen 2.4.3. Zur Frage von Wiederholungsmessungen 2.5. Schwereanschlußmessungen Mirny - Wostok 2.5.1. Aufgabenstellung 2.5.2. Ausführung der Verbindungsmessungen 3. Literatur
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  • 10
    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
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    Fortschritte in der seismischen Tiefensondierung : Vorträge auf der Arbeitstagung der KAPG, Arbeitsgruppe 1.1. "Seismische Tiefensondierungen" vom 9.-12. Dezember 1969 in Freiberg (DDR) (1971)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
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    Signatur: Q 2435/21 ; ZSP-319/C-21 ; MOP Per 581(3/21)
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde, Heft 21
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 64 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0435-6187
    Serie: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde 21
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Anmerkung: INHALT Die Erdkruste der Ukraine und einige Gesetzmäßigkelten ihres Baus / SOLLOGUB, V. B. Experimentelle Ergebnisse der seismischen Tiefensondierungen auf dem Profil V in Polen / UCHMANN, J. Auswerteverfahren und erste Interpretationsergebnisse auf dem NW-Teil des Profils VI / KNOTHE, Ch. Information über Ergebnisse der seismischen Tiefensondierungen in der ČSSR in den Jahren 1968 und 1969 / BERANEK, B. Erforschung der Erdkruste in Ungarn / MITUCH, E., STEGENA, L., POSGAY, K., TÁRCZY-HORNOCH, A. Stand und einige Resultate der Erdkrustenuntersuchungen in der VR Bulgarien mit Hilfe von STS / DAČEV, Ch., PETKOV, I., VELČEV, C. Geschwindigkeitsmodell der Erdkruste und Methoden zu ihrer Erforschung / PAVLENKOVA, N. I. Über die dynamischen Eigenschaften der seismischen Wellen in Modellen der Erdkruste mit Schichten erniedrigter und erhöhter Geschwindigkeiten / GUTERCH, A.
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  • 11
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    Berechnung und Diskussion von Farbwertfunktionen theoretischer Modelle von atmosphärischen Aerosolgrößenverteilungen (1971)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik bei der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin
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    Signatur: MOP Per 581(2/15) ; ZSP-319/B-15
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 2, Solarterrestrische Beziehungen und Physik der Atmosphäre, Heft 15
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 71 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0533-7585
    Serie: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 2, Solarterrestrische Beziehungen und Physik der Atmosphäre 15
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Anmerkung: Inhalt: 1. Einleitung und Zielsetzung. - 2. Theorie. - 2.1. Modelle natürlicher Aerosolgrößenverteilungen. - 2.2. Himmelslichtgleichung und Farbwertfunktion. - 2.3. Absolutwerte der berechneten Streufunktionen. - 3. Berechnungen. - 3.1. Ausgangswerte. - 3.2. Berechnung der Farbwertfunktionen. - 3.2.1. Die Modellfaktoren CN und Erläuterung der Summationsindizes. - 3.2.2. Berechnung der Teilchenzahlen für die einzelnen Modelle. - 3.2.3. Berechnung der Dunststreufunktionen. - 4. Diskussion und Wertung der Ergebnisse. - 4.1. Vergleich der berechneten Farbwertfunktionen mit der Farbwertfunktion einer Normalaerosolverteilung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Symmetrieeigenschaften der Modelle. - 4.1.1. Diskussion der Eigenschaften der Farbwertfunktion einer Normalaerosolverteilung aus logarithmischen GAUSS-Verteilungen (Modell I). - 4.1.2. Diskssion der Eigenschaften der Farbwertfunktionen der Modelle II und V im Vergleich mit der Farbwertfunktion I. - 4.1.3. Diskussion der Eigenschaften der Farbwertfunktionen der Modelle III und VI im Vergleich mit der Farbwertfunktion I. - 4.1.4. Diskussion der Eigenschaften der Farbwertfunktionen der Modelle IV und VII im Vergleich mit der Farbwertfunktion I. - 4.1.5. Streuwinkelbereiche minimaler Dispersion. - 4.2. Eindeutigkeitsproblem und optimaler Meßbereich. - 5. Versuch einer direkten Interpretation gemessener Farbwertfunktionen mit Hilfe der Modell-Farbwertfunktionen. - 6. Ausblick auf Möglichkeiten der Weiterführung der Methode der Aerosolgrößenverteilungsmodelle aus logarithmischen GAUSS-Verteilungen. - 7. Schlußfolgerungen. - 8. Literatur. - 9. Tabellen.
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  • 12
    Monographie Präsenzbestand
    Monographie Präsenzbestand
    Résultats et données tabulées (1970)
    Bruxelles
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    In: Expédition Antarctique Belge 1957-1958 : Résultats scientifiques ; Vol. 3, Fasc. 2, Vol. 3, Fasc. 2
    Materialart: Monographie Präsenzbestand
    Seiten: 77 S , überw. graph. Darst
    Serie: Expédition Antarctique Belge 1957-1958 : résultats sientifiques ; Vol. 3, Fasc. 2
    Sprache: Französisch
    Anmerkung: Table des Matières: Introduction. - 1. Description des anomalies constatées et corrections à utiliser pour le dépouillement. - Résumé des charactéristiques générales de la station du géomagnétisme de la base "Roi Baudouin". - Appendix. - Bibliographie. - 2. Résultats des observations géomagnétique tabulés. - Déclinaison D. - Composante horizontale H. - Composante verticale Z. - Lignes de base. - Activité géomagnétique. - Indices K et C. - Indices Q. - Les 5 jours calmes et les 5 jours perturbés du mois.
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  • 13
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    Ozeanologische Beobachtungen im äquatorialen Atlantik auf 28° 40' W während des Ersten Globalen GARP-Experiments (1970)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
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    Signatur: ZSP-319/D-34 ; ZSP-319/D-34(2. Ex.)
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 4, Physik der flüssigen Erde, Heft 34
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 44 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0534-0047
    Serie: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 4, Physik der flüssigen Erde 34
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Anmerkung: Inhalt: 1. Einleitung 2. Durchführung und Bearbeitung der Messungen 3. Ergebnisse der Auswertung der Strömungszeitreihen im äquatorialen Atlantik auf 28°40' W 3.1. Mittelwerte und Varianzen der Strömungsmessungen 3.2. Leistungsspektren der Strömung im äquatorialen Atlantik auf 28°40' W während FGGE 3.3. Kreuzkorrelationen der Strömungskomponenten in vertikaler und meridonaler Richtung 3.4. Windmessungen auf dem St. Pauls-Felsen und Kreuzkorrelationen mit den Strömungsmessungen auf 1°20' N, 28°40' W 4. Ein Modell der äquatorial geführten Wellen im Atlantischen Ozean 5. Zusammenfassung 6. Literatur
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  • 14
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    Moving loads on a floating ice sheet (1970)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-261
    In: Research report
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This paper considers a load moving with a constant velocity across an ice sheet that is floating on water. The ice sheet is assumed to be an isotropic, elastic, thin plate extending to infinity. The water is assumed to be inviscous, incompressible, and of a constant depth. The dynamic equations describing this ice-water system are solved for the steady state solution. Both a concentrated load and a uniform load distributed over a circular area are considered. The velocity which causes resonance is determined. The deflection and stress directly under the load are numerically evaluated.
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    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 261
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5325834
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 15
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    Beiträge zur Refraktion in hohen Breiten : dem Präsidenten des NKGG, Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Peschel zum 60. Geburtstag (1970)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
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    Signatur: Q 2435/17 ; ZSP-319/C-17 ; MOP Per 581(3/17)
    In: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde, Heft 17
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 39 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0435-6187
    Serie: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde 17
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Anmerkung: INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Symbole Vorwort 1. Die vertikale Lichtstrahlkrümmung in 300 bis 1200 m Höhe über Spitzbergen nach aerologischen Aufstiegen 1.1. Die aerologischen Aufstiege 1.2. Die Temperaturverhältnisse über Spitzbergen und die Typen der Refraktionsschichtung 1.3. Berechnung lokaler Refraktionskoeffizienten aus Temperaturmessungen in der freien Atmosphäre 1.4. Refraktionsschwankung und trigonometrische Höhenmessung 1.5. Bemerkungen zur Breitenabhängigkeit der Lichtstrahlkrümmung 2. Die vertikale Lichtstrahlkrümmung über einer ebenen, temperierten Firn- oder Eisfläche 2.1. Einige geophysikalische Gesichtspunkte zur Erforschung der eisnahen Refraktion 2.2. Temperatur und Feuchte in der eisnahen Luftschicht (TE = O °C) 2.3. Berechnung lokaler Refraktionskoeffizienten für die eisnahe Luftschicht (TE = O °C) 2.4. Refraktionsschichtung im Gletscherwind 3. Bemerkungen zur Bahnkrümmung elektromagnetischer Wellen über einer ebenen, temperierten Firn- oder Eisfläche 3.1. Berechnung der lokalen Bahnkrümmung von Mikrowellen für die eisnahe Luftschicht (TE = O °C) 3.2. Verdunstung und Duct 4. Grundzüge der Refraktion in hohen Breiten (Zusammenfassung)
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  • 16
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    Physical properties and internal structure of Greenland snow (1970)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-89
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 89
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Abstract: Experiments were carried out near Thule, Greenland, on the correlation between the physical properties and internal structure of snow. About 150 snow samples obtained to 26 m depth were measured for elastic modulus, air permeability, unconfined compressive strength, static compression and creep. The observed density profile curve deviated from the theoretical curve at a depth of 10 m. and density of 0.52 g/cm^3, a value almost equivalent to the limiting density obtainable by simple mechanical packing. Therefore, further densification must proceed through plastic flow in grains. A similar critical depth was observed in the vertical distribution of Young's modulus. A positive correlation was found between Young's modulus and density, and an inverse correlation between average grain diameter and Young's modulus or density. There were reciprocal correlations between air permeability and density or unconfined compressive strength, and between the number of grains and their average diameters. Kozeny's constant of Greenland snow was obtained from air permeability values and the length of peripheries of cross sections of grains. To demonstrate the change of internal structure of snow due to densification, static compression tests of snow cylinders were conducted, and thin sections of snow texture were compared before and after compression. Creep curves of snow cylinders were analyzed using Nutting's formula and are discussed in connection with change of internal structure. Basal slip, buckling, cell or sub-grain formation, recrystallization and grain boundary migration occurring during plastic deformation of snow texture were observed by static compression of thin section snow under the microscope.
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    Seiten: vi, 32 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 89
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5874
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental methods Density profile and densification Internal structure in typical samples Average grain size obtained from thin section Two-dimensional porosity, total pore periphery and tortuosity Vertical distribution of Young's modulus Air permeability and its structlU'al dependence Porosity dependence Grain size dependence Kozeny's constant for Greenland snow Correlation between air permeability and tortuosity of grains Unconfined compressive strength Static compression and creep in snow under high stresses Microscopic observation of the change in snow textlU'e under compression Literature cited Abstract
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  • 17
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    Beitrag zur Weiterentwicklung des Zirkumzenitals (1970)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
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    In: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde, Heft 20
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 79 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0435-6187
    Serie: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde 20
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Anmerkung: Zugl.: Habilitation, Technische Universität Dresden, 1969 , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1. Einleitung 2. Historische Entwicklung des Zirkumzenitals 2.1. Vor- und Anfangsstadien der Almukantaratdurchgangsinstrumente 2.1.1. Das Nadirinstrument von BECK 2.1.2. Das Prismenastrolabium von CLAUDE und DRIENCOURT 2.1.3. Anfangsstadien des Zirkumzenitals von NUŠL und FRIČ 2.2. Das Zirkumzenital Modell 1922 2.2.1. Beschreibung 2.2.2. Das Spiegelsystem 2.2.3. Mikrometer zur Registrierung der Durchgangszeit 2.2.3.1. Vorbemerkung 2.2.3.2. Vorschläge von NUŠL und FRIČ 2.2.3.3. Das Mikrometer von BUCHAR 2.2.3.4. Die Modifikation von BAUERŠIMA und ŠURÁŇ 3. Theorie der Beobachtung von Almukantaratdurchgängen 3.1. Bedeutung der wichtigsten Symbole 3.2. Ableitung der Fehlergleichung 3.3. Auflösung der Normalgleichung 3.4. Das Gewicht einer Beobachtung 3.5. Fehlerberechnung 3.6. Differentialformeln 3.7. Korrektionen und Fehlereinflüsse 3.7.1. Vorbemerkung 3.7.2. Krümmung des Parallelkreises 3.7.3. Krümmung des Almukantarats 3.7.4. Fehlerhafte Justierung 4. Das Dresdner Zirkumzenital 4.1. Das Grundgerät 4.1.1. Allgemeine Beschreibung 4.1.2. Der Spiegelträger 4.1.3. Toleranzen und Eigenschaften der mechanischen Bauteile 4.1.4. Theoretische Forderungen an die Optik und deren Realisierung 4.1.5. Justierung des optischen Systems 4.2. Prinzipielle Überlegungen zur Registrierung der Durchgangszeit 4.2.1. Vorbemerkung 4.2.2. Zeitregistrierung ohne Mikrometer 4.2.3. Mikrometrische Zeitregistrierung 4.3. Zeitregistrierung nach der Lichtblitzmethode 4.3.1. Vorbemerkung 4.3.2. Die Beobachtungseinrichtung 4.3.2.1. Ingenieurpsychologische Vorüberlegungen 4.3.2.2. Optischer Teil der Beobachtungseinrichtung 4.3.2.3. Elektrischer Teil der Beobachtungseinrichtung 4.3.3. Fehlerbetrachtung 4.3.3.1. Systematische Fehler 4.3.3.2. Zufällige Fehler 4.3.4. Technologie der Lichtblitzmethode 4.3.5. Berechnung der Durchgangszeit 4.4. Mikrometrische Zeitregistrierung 4.4.1. Vorbemerkung 4.4.2. Prinzip des Dresdner Mikrometers 4.4.3. Kontaktgabeeinrichtung 4.4.3.1. Mechanischer Kontaktgeber 4.4.3.2. Fotoelektrischer Impulsgeber 4.4.4. Fehler und Konstanten des Mikrometers 4.4.5. Ermittlung der Durchgangszeiten 5. Praktische Erprobung des Zirkumzenitals 5.1. Die Beobachtungen 5.1.1. Die Beobachtungsstation 5.1.2. Das Sternprogramm 5.1.3. Übersicht der Beobachtungen 5.2. Die Auswertung 5.3. Zusammenstellung und Diskussion der Ergebnisse 5.3.1. Die Ergebnisse der Beobachtungen 5.3.2. Statistische Beurteilung und Diskussion der Ergebnisse 5.4. Schlußfolgerungen für den Einsatz des Zirkumzenitals 6. Zusammenfassung Literatur
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  • 18
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    Ice fog : low temperature air pollution (1970)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-121
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 121
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Abstract: Stable pressure systems over interior Alaska, sometimes produce prolonged, extreme (below -40°C) cold spells at the surface. The meteorological conditions responsible for two such cold spells are discussed in detail in Appendix A, where it is shown that the rate of radiative cooling of the air is enhanced by suspended ice crystals which are themselves a result of the initial cooling. Radiation fogs formed during the onset of cold spells are generally of short duration because the air soon becomes desiccated. These fogs consist of supercooled water droplets until the air temperature goes below the "spontaneous freezing point" for water droplets (about -40°C); the fog then becomes an ice crystal fog, or simply "ice fog. " During the cooling cycle water is gradually condensed out of the air until the droplets freeze. At this point there is a sharp, discontinuous decrease in the saturation vapor pressure of the air because it must be reckoned over ice rather than over water. The polluted air over Fairbanks allows droplets to begin freezing at the relatively high temperature of -35°C. Between -35 and -40°C the amount of water vapor condensed by freezing of super cooled water droplets is 3 to 5 times greater than the amount condensed by 1°C of cooling at these temperatures. This results in rapid and widespread formation of ice fog (Appendix B) which persists in the Fairbanks area as long as the cold spell lasts. The persistence of Fairbanks ice fog depends on a continual source of moisture (4.1 x 10^6 kg H20 per day) from human activities within the fog. Ice fog crystals are an order of magnitude smaller than diamond dust or cirrus cloud crystals, which in turn are an order of magnitude smaller than common snow crystals (0.01, 0.1 and 1 to 5 mm respectively). The difference in size are shown to result from the differences in cooling rates over five orders of magnitude. Most of the ice fog crystals have settling rates which are smaller than the upward velocity of air over a city center. The upward air movement is caused by convection cells driven by the 6°C "heat island" over Fairbanks. This causes a reduced precipitation rate which permits the density of ice fog in the center center to be three times greater than that in the outlying areas. The inversions which occur during cold spells over Fairbanks begin at ground level and are among the strongest and most persistent in the world. They are three times stronger than those in the inversion layer over Los Angeles. Thus, the low-lying air over Fairbanks stagnates and becomes effectively decoupled from the atmosphere above, permitting high concentrations all pollutants. The combustion of fuel oil, gasoline and coal provides daily inputs of 4.1 x 10^6 kg CO2, 8.6 x 10^3 kg SO2, and 60, 46 and 20 kg of Pb, Br, and Cl respectively, into a lens-like layer of air resting on the surface with a total volume less than 3 x 10^9 m^3. The air pollution over Fairbanks during cold spells is further worsened, because the mechanisms for cleaning the air are virtually eliminated while all activities which pollute the air are increased.
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    Seiten: v, 118 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 121
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5972
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS I. Introduction II. Air pollution Types of air pollution Temperature in versions Low temperature air pollution III. Sources of pollution-water Combustion products Cooling water from power plants · Miscellaneous sources IV. Sources of pollution other than water Electrical conductance and particulates Combustion products Summary V. Economic growth and ice fog VI. General physical properties of ice fog Optical properties Cooling rate of exhaust gases Development of a typical ice fog The effect of freezing droplets on the growth rate of ice fog VII. Structure of the polluted air layer Volume Temperature distribution and convection in Fairbanks air VIII. Mass budget of ice fog Ice fog precipitation rates Density of ice fog Ice fog evaporation rates Use of the mass budget equation Summary of the mass budget IX. Air pollution aspects of ice fog Air pollution Remedial action Ice fog probability Literature cited Appendix A. :The effect of suspended ice crystals on radiative cooling Appendix B. Nucleation and freezing of supercooled water droplets Abstract
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  • 19
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    Experimental formation of sorted patterns in gravel overlying a melting ice surface (1959)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-55
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 55
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary: Experiments were performed to investigate the processes involved in the formation of sorted patterns which occur naturally in unconsolidated sandy gravel deposits covering the edge of the ice cap southeast of Thule, northwest Greenland. Four different glacier ice surfaces were covered with various thicknesses of sandy gravel in order to observe the effect of differential melting on the formation of sorted patterns. The different stages of pattern formation were recorded by photographs taken at 7-day intervals. A thin gravel cover of 2 in. allowed more rapid melting than did a cover of 6 in., with the result that depressions and mounds were formed. Coarse particles were segregated in the depressions by natural sorting of the various particle sizes when set in motion by differential melting and resulting uneven collapse of the gravel cover. The sorting produced well-developed stone rings in three of the areas, caused directly by the differential insulation provided by the gravel cover. In the fourth area a uniform gravel cover over a smooth ice surface produced no sorted nets, although a poorly developed stone stripe was formed in a melt-stream channel. A stone stripe was also formed in a stream channel cut into the ice along the edge of the test area. This stripe was composed of coarse particles which rolled down from the better insulated heights of the test area. It is therefore possible that sorted nets and stripes occurring naturally in the moraine deposits on the edge of the ice cap could have been formed by mechanical sorting induced by differential melting of the ice under a non-uniform layer of sandy gravel.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 55
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2702
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Procedure Preparation of test plots Measurements of ice and gravel surfaces Composition of the gravel covering Results Sorting in a smooth layer of sandy gravel over an uneven ice surface Sorting in a uniform layer of sandy gravel over depressions in the ice surface Sorting in a uniform layer of sandy gravel over a uniform ice surface Sorting in a non-uniform layer of sandy gravel over a uniform ice surface Discussion and recommendations Conclusions References
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  • 20
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    Elastic plates with simply supported straight boundaries, resting on a liquid foundation (1959)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-59
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 59
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary: The deflection expression of an infinite plate subjected to a concentrated force is used with the "method of images" to obtain solutions for 6 plates with simply supported edges. The semi-infinite plate, the wedge-shaped plate, and its special case, the rectangular corner plate, are solved in closed form; and the infinite strip, the semi-infinite strip, and the rectangular plate are solved as rapidly convergent series. Behavior under a concentrated force is studied in more detail for the semi-infinite plate and the rectangular corner plate. Relationships for obtaining bending moments, shear forces and reaction distributions as well as derivatives of the kei-function with respect to ? and ? are given in the appendices.
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    Seiten: iv, 12, [2] Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 59
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2738
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Preface Introduction and statement of the problem Solution of the boundary value problems for simply supported boundaries Semi-infinite plate Wedge-shaped plate Rectangular corner plate Infinite strip Semi-infinite strip Rectangular plate Remarks on the problem of arbitrary load distribution References Appendix A Appendix B
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  • 21
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    Physical investigations on the snow and firn of northwest Greenland 1952, 1953, and 1954 (1959)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-26
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 26
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary: The results of temperature, density, ram-hardness and grain-size measurements at 118 test sites along a 300-mi. traverse, ranging in elevation from 2000 to 8000 ft, are reported in detail, and their meteorological and climatic implications are discussed. Four types of diagenetically produced facies were recognized: ablation facies, extending from the snout of the glacier to the firn line; soaked facies, extending from the firn line to the saturation line; percolation facies, extending from the saturation line to the dry-snow line; and dry-snow facies, extending across the glacier above the dry-snow line. The well defined saturation line shows marked discontinuities in temperature, density, and ram hardness, while the dry-snow line is a transition 1 zone 10-20 mi. wide. The recognition of facies allows greater resolution of glacier characteristics than Ahlmann's classification, permitting quantitative subdivision of all types of large glaciers. Regional precipitation (entirely from cyclonic storms) is about 5 times greater than at Thule; and the prevailing katabatic winds control the vertical component of the temperature gradient in the snow and firn. The depth density curve of the firn at elevations where melt is negligible is invariant with time, as in Sorge's law, so that the densification can be treated as a steady-state situation with load as the only significant variable.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: vii, 62, A4, B2, C2 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 26
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2724
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Preface Summary Chapter I. Introduction Greenland Glaciers and stratigraphy The Greenland ice sheet - a rock formation Region of investigation Chapter II. Methods of investigation Stratigraphy Accumulation measurements Work program at pit stations General description of pits Temperature Hardness Density, stratigraphy, and grain size Accuracy of density measurements Photography Core drilling Air permeability and mechanical tests Elevation measurements Barometric altimetry Transit leveling Chapter III. Basic concepts and definitions Summer melt Soaking Complete soaking Localized percolation Stability Diagenetic facies Chapter IV. Presentation and discussion of results Grain size and morphology Grain size Morphology Temperature Seasonal variation and mean annual temperature Thermal effect of an open pit Constancy of climate Facies in terms of temperature data Hardness Continuity of strata Effect of wind Increase in R with depth below snow surface Facies in terms of hardness data Density Depth vs density data Depth vs load data Attempts to formulate depth vs density Facies in terms of density data Glacier facies - a classification of glaciers Chapter V. Stratigraphy and accumulation Stratigraphy Stratigraphic interpretation at station 1-0 Correlation between stratigraphic and meteorological records Accumulation Integrated qepth-density curves Measurement of accumulation on surface marker plates Pole-marker measurements Stratigraphic correlation Selection of a reference datum in the annual stratigraphic sequence Correlation across the traverse Effects of topography Chapter VI. Meteorological and climatological implications Winds Precipitation Annual heat exchange References Appendix A: Stratigraphy, meteorology and glaciology Appendix B: Logistics and development of the research program Appendix C: Tables
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  • 22
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    Determination of the modulus of elasticity of artificial snow-ice in flexure (1959)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-31
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 31
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary: Studies were conducted on 58 snow-ice beams (7.5 cm wide, 10.0 cm high, and 56.0 cm long) ranging in density from 0.621 - 0.719 g/cm^3 under varying loads, at uniform loading rates (except for 23 beams which were tested with repeated loading), and at a constant temperature of -5 ± 0.5°C. All beams were tested to failure. The modulus of elasticity of the beams increased with density and loading rate. The modulus of elasticity ranged from 1.35 x 10^4 to 2.22x 10^4 kg/cm^2 for densities of 0.621 - 719 g/cm^3 respectively. A variation in the relative time of deflection from 42 - 23 sec/0.0200 cm gave a variation in the modulus of elasticity from 1.22 x 10^4 to 1.42 x 10^4 kg/cm^2. The modulus of rupture was roughly a linear function of density, increasing from 7.79 - 11.54 kg/cm^2 with density. Failure of the beams was sudden, with a conchoidal fracture occurring in the middle third of the span, and appeared to be a combination of shear and flexure.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 9, A4, B10 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 31
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2704
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Method Procedure Test results Tests conducted Data and calculations Discussion of results References Appendix A. Drawings of apparatus Appendix B. Load-deflection and time-deflection curves for snow beams of various densities
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  • 23
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    Some structural properties of Greenland snow (1959)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-42
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 42
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary: The results of petrofabric studies in the laboratory on five samples of high-density snow collected in 1954 and 1955 at depths of 8.0, 15.5, 23.0, 34.2, and 46.3 m in a pit at Site 2 are reported. The porosity of the samples, the number of grains/cm^2, the mean number of adjacent grains per grain, the mean grain cross section, the size distribution of grain cross sections, and the orientation of c-axes were determined from enlarged photomicrographs of thin sections, using reflected light and transmitted polarized light. The number of adjacent grains per grain, the ratio of free to occupied grain surface, and the sphericity clearly depended on porosity and on each other. There was no strong relation between these data and the number of grains/cm^2. Hence, the structure of high density snow can be satisfactorily described by the porosity and the number of grains/cm^2 . Conclusions from a two-dimensional thin section can be applied to a spatial sample only if the sample is isotropic by strata.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 24 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 42
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2719
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Page Preface Summary Introduction Methods of preparation Measurements of structural properties Measurements on homogeneity and isotropy Results Structure data Orientation of c-axes Analysis of the distribution of the orientation of c-axes Preferred directions of the fabric Distribution of grain cross sections Size and shape of the counting areas Interrelations of the structure, data Conclusions Recommendations for further studies References
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  • 24
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    Visco-elastic properties of snow and ice in the Greenland ice cap (1959)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-46
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 46
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary: The results of studies in the summer of 1957 on ice samples taken from the ice tunnel at TUTO, core samples obtained by drilling in the ice cap at Site 2, and snow samples, using the transverse vibration method and a new portable meter, are reported. Young's modulus was determined from the resonance frequency of flexural vibrations of samples cut in the form of rectangular bars; the loss factor was measured from damping; and the coefficient of viscosity calculated using the Maxwell model. The modulus of elasticity of samples of a density from 0.917 - 0.90 g/cm^3 (tunnel ice) decreased sharply with slight deviations of the density from that of pure ice. At densities from 0.90 - 0.50 g/cm^3 (deep-pit and drill-core samples) the relation between the modulus of elasticity and density was linear, while in the density range from 0.50-0.25 g/cm^3 (surface snow) the modulus of elasticity decreased exponentially. The viscosity-density relation of the samples was similar to that of elasticity vs density. Young's modulus increased slightly with decreasing temperature, while viscosity increased exponentially. The activation energy was calculated as 18.7 kcal/mol for old ice-cap ice, 13.9 kcal/mol for tunnel ice with elongated bubbles, and 13.5 kcal/mol for super-imposed ice.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: v, 29, A4 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 46
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2726
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Principle of measuring the visco-elastic nature of snow and ice by the vibration method Experimental method for determination of visco-elastic properties of snow and ice Visco-elastic properties of tunnel ice Elastic properties of snow samples from the deep pit Elastic properties of core samples obtained by drilling Elastic properties of snow near the ice-cap surface Vertical variation of Young's modulus near the surface Wind-packed snow Peter snow Relation between Young's modulus and density of snow Relation between Young's modulus and density over the range from surface snow to ice Supplementary experiments on the elastic nature of snow and ice at Site 2 Anisotropy of Peter snow Age hardening Temperature dependence of Young's modulus of core ice Viscosity measurement of snow and ice in Greenland Further experiments on the elastic nature of tunnel ice Temperature dependence of Young's modulus Frequency dependence of Young's modulus Further experiments on the viscous nature of tunnel ice Temperature dependence of loss factor Activation energy Frequency dependence of loss factor and viscosity Relation between viscosity and density Conclusions References Appendix: Experimental data
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  • 25
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    Plastic deformation of hollow ice cylinders under hydrostatic pressure (1959)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-51
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 51
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary: The study was made in order to simulate the deformation of a tunnel in glacier ice and compare the results with the theoretical value derived from compression or tension tests. The plastic deformation of commercial polycrystalline ice and manufactured snow-ice was determined by measuring the discharge of oil from the cavity of closed hollow ice cylinders subjected to high external pressure in an oil-filled pressure chamber. The deformation vs time curves were similar to those obtained in compression or tension tests. The relationships between minimum strain rate and applied pressure, or between minimum strain rate and the circumferential stress at the surface of the inner cavity, were found to differ from the power law ϵ ̇= ασⁿ, the value of n being an increasing function of stress. Analysis of time deformation curves indicates that viscoelastic models proposed by former investigators do not apply to the mechanism of the plastic deformation of ice.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 10 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 51
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2746
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Apparatus Specimens Experimental procedures and results Analysis of the data Discussion References
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  • 26
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    Investigations of fog whiteout (1959)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-52
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 52
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary: The results of studies on the physical properties of fog whiteout, as it occurred at Site 2 on the Greenland Ice Cap in the summers of 1956 and 1957, are reported and compared with the results of other studies; the instruments, methods of measurement, and data-reduction techniques used are described; and attempts at dissipating whiteout by AgI (silver iodide) seeding are discussed briefly. Emphasis was given to measurements of fog-particle size distribution, liquid-water content, relative humidity, visibility, and atmospheric nuclei. The data are tabulated. The synoptic situations for 2 selected cases of fog whiteout at relative humidities of less than 100% (possibly because of the presence of salt solutions) are described; and the balance between the rate at which water is made available in the air as it is lifted over the Ice Cap and the rate of water flux to the snow surface is computed using various equations. Efforts at fog dispersal by AgI seeding from the ground were inconclusive.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 18, A1 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 52
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2728
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Definition of whiteout Scope of this study Instrumentation and observations Location of project: Fog particle measurements Atmospheric humidity measurements Visibility measurements Air temperature measurements Radiation measurements Atmospheric nuclei Observations of fog whiteout Conditions prior to onset of whiteout Conditions at time of arrival and during whiteout Micro-structure of fog whiteout Analysis of moisture balance during two selected cases Synoptic situation for case 1 Synoptic situation for case 2 Computations Attempts at fog whiteout dispersal References Appendix A - Freezing nuclei observations Appendix B - Absolute humidity gradient data
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  • 27
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    Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    The flow law for ice (1959)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-56
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 56
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary: The results of laboratory creep tests in a shear apparatus at -5°C on 2 x2 x 3/8 in. samples of commercial ice, artificial single crystals, and 6 types of ice from the Greenland Ice Cap, at shear stresses of about 0.5-3 kg/cm^2 are reported. Some uniaxial tests were made at stresses from 6-28 kg/cm^2 to supplement the shear tests. Creep data could usually be represented approximately by one or more linear sections on a log-deformation vs log-time plot. The linear sections of the double logarithmic curve imply a creep curve of the form ε=ct^m where ε is the strain. For all samples tested, except single crystals sheared in easy glide, m averaged 0. 5 for shear deformations up to about 1%, and approached unity for more deformation. For single ice crystals oriented for easy glide, m averaged 1.7, implying a strain softening. Single crystals oriented for hard glide behaved similarly to polycrystals, indicating a rate-controlling process such as dislocation climb. For all but single easy-glide crystals, the minimum creep rate was tangent to the deformation curve at the end of the experiment. Creep rates for single easy-glide crystals were several hundred times larger than for the other crystals, the flow laws being similar.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 7 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 56
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2729
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Types of ice Experiments Results Creep curves Flow law References
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  • 28
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    Air temperature and precipitation on the Greenland Ice Cap (1958)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-43
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 43
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary: Charts of mean annual air temperature and precipitation over the ice cap are constructed on the basis of snow-profile studies at 8 locations, data collected for several years after 1953 at two U.S. Air Force weather stations, and records from expeditions since 1930. The warming trend in the Arctic appears to have occurred to a lesser degree on the ice cap, possibly because of the effect of the snow cover. The lowest mean annual temperature in South Greenland is estimated to occur within the area bounded by the 2500 m contour and the -18°C isotherm; mean annual temperature at 2700 is estimated as -20.9°C. In North Greenland, the mean annual temperature at 1700 m is estimated at -22°C. The presence of ice glands in the snow and daily max summer temperatures, estimated from records of coastal stations, indicate a potentially high incidence of melting at about 1300 m elevation and some melting at 1700 m in North Greenland, and melting up to 2700 m in the South. Annual accumulation is 2-3 times as great at 2500 m on the west side of the ice cap as at the crest. South of 66°N, precipitation may be about twice as great on the east side of the crest as in the west.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 9 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 43
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2762
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Derivation of mean annual air temperature data Annual accumulation References
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  • 29
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    Particle-size distribution of pulverized snow (1957)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-29
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 29
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary: A microscopic method for the determination of particle-size distributions of pulverized snow was worked out. The method gives satisfactory distribution curves, presenting the number of particles as a function of their cross-sectional "areas". The measurements were made by means of a filar micrometer eyepiece, the snow particles being placed on a ruled glass slide, which was submerged in silicone oil to prevent evaporation. The time for the determination of a distribution can be appreciably shortened by estimating the size of the particles instead of measuring them, though the accuracy is not so high in this case.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 8 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 29
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2761
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimental Snow samples Procedure Experimental results Fraction 150-300 µ Fraction 0-150 µ Mixture of fractions Conclusions
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  • 30
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    Shear moraines in the Thule area, Northwest Greenland (1957)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-17
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 17
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary: The ice-cored moraine which occurs on the margin of the Greenland Ice Cap, east of Thule Air Base, was investigated during the summers of 1954 and 1955. A synthesis of the field data gathered leads to the following conclusions: 1.) The outer zone of the ice margin is composed of stagnant ice which acts as a barrier to movement of mobile ice from the interior. 2.) The mobile ice overrides the barrier zone in a series of high angle imbricate shears. 3.) These shears carry old ground moraine from the subglacial floor toward the surface. 4.) Differential ablation on the surface results in the formation of ice-cored moraine ridges, parallel to the strike of the shear. 5.) Recent stagnation and recession of the ice margin in the Thule area has resulted in the formation of a belt of successive shear moraines. 6.) Geomorphic processes in addition to ablation (particularly wind action) control the surface expression of the shear moraines. 7.) Subglacial topography is the primary control on the trend of both ice edge and moraine ridges. 8.) The complex Thule Ramp shear moraine has resulted from a faster-moving ice mass to the north overriding the Thule Ramp ice. 9.) The prominent ice cliffs are manifestations of erosion by wind and water. 10.) The tunnel in the Thule Ramp ice cliff indicates a former development of shear moraine in the area. 11.) Structural and geomorphic features indicate glacial cycles in the area of both long and short duration. 12.) The shear moraines in the Thule area offer a possible explanation for the mode of ground moraine deposition in some areas of continental glaciation during the late Pleistocene. The work done in 1954 and 1955 was in the nature of a glacial geomorphologic reconnaissance. Intensive study remains to be done, particularly in the Thule Ramp area, on ice structure, movement, and ablation before a complete understanding of both present and past glacial regimes can be reached.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: vi, 46, [2] Seiten , Illustrationen , 27 cm
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 17
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2743
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Introduction I. Physiographic description of study area II. Structure of the marginal zone of the ice cap III. Geomorphologic processes IV. Recent glacial history of the ice margin
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  • 31
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    Effect of hydrostatic pressure on velocity of shear deformation of single crystals of ice (1957)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-32
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 32
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary: Apparatus was built for deforming ice crystals under hydrostatic pressures up to 350 atmospheres. Single crystals were placed in the mounts in such a way that the deformation occurred by gliding on the basal glide plane. It was found that the shear strain rate increased as the pressure was increased at constant temperature, but that the rate is practically independent of hydrostatic pressure when the difference between the ice temperature and the melting point is kept constant.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 7 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 32
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2725
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Test apparatus and experimental procedures Experimental results Conclusions References
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  • 32
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    Some preliminary observations on the plasticity of Greenland glaciers (1957)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-33
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 33
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary: A series of deformation measurements have been selected for preliminary studies on the plasticity of Greenland glacier ice. The measurements to be reported on were obtained in the Red Rock and TUTO tunnels in Northwest Greenland. Both tunnels were excavated during the summer of 1955 with some additional work done during the summer of 1956. Deformation measurements made up to the end of the 1956 summer season, therefore, are of limited reliability, but certain trends appearing in these data seem worth reporting. The topics discussed are (1) the shearing of an initially vertical peg system at Red Rock, (2) the deformation of core holes at TUTO, and (3) tunnel closure at both sites. These data are analyzed on the basis of laminar flow of the Nye type and certain conclusions are derived.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 6 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 33
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2752
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Introduction Experimental Analysis The shear of glaciers Tunnel closure Conclusions References
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  • 33
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    Contact angles between water and some polymeric materials (1957)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-36
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 36
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary: Measurements were made with 22 more or less hydrophobic polymers and lacquers at intervals of 5 or 10 min for periods up to 1 hr. All surfaces were carefully cleaned, and some surfaces were baked. Highest initial (time 0) average contact angles ( 106° - 106.6°) were measured for Foster Snell rain repellant wax, Barrett 25-218 water repellant varnish (air-dried), and Cardolite NRL-7241. After 40 min, contact angles for these substances were 95.6°, 90.9°, and 91.0°. The measurement apparatus is illustrated, and data are tabulated.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: ii, 11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 36
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2712
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimental Apparatus Materials Procedure Experimental results References
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  • 34
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    Compressive strength properties of snow (1957)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-34
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 34
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary: The compressive strength of snow cylinders was investigated as a function of age of snow, snow-particle size, and age of the cylinders. The effect of gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and ammonia on the strength of snow cylinders has also been studied. The experimental results show that the older the snow from which snow cylinders are made, the smaller the compressive strength. The compressive strength of cylinders decreases with the snow particle size. An equation describing the aging curves for snow cylinders is presented. Whereas carbon dioxide and methane in small quantities have no effect on the compressive strength, ammonia appreciably lowers the compressive strength of snow cylinders. All strength measurements were carried out at -10°C.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 34
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2748
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Page Preface Summary Introduction Experimental Materials Apparatus and technique Preparation of snow fractions Experimental results Aging of snow cylinders Compressive strength as a function of particle size Mixture of fractions Influence of gases on the compressive strength of snow Discussion References
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  • 35
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    Air permeability of snow (1957)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-37
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 37
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary: Laboratory experiments on the air permeability of various screened and natural snows are described, and, results are analyzed to determine whether the parameters obtained from the measurements could be used to define a snow type. The permeability of a snow sample of known porosity (calculated from density) was determined over a wide range of air velocities; the sample was then compacted artificially a few mm, its density was determined, and its permeability measured again. The procedure was used to obtain curves for several densities of the same sample. Air flow appeared laminar for velocities less than 5 cm/sec in fine-grained snow (less than 0.8 mm in diam.), 2 cm/sec in medium-grained snow (0.8-1.2 mm diam.), and 1 cm/sec in larger-grained snow. A formula is presented expressing all of the results obtained under laminar-flow conditions in a single relationship, and an equation for estimating grain size from initial permeability and initial porosity is suggested. Snow conversion tables and a discussion of the effect of varying sample porosity on its permeability are appended.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 19, A2, B6 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 37
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2710
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Page Preface Summary Introduction Apparatus and method Experimental results and discussion Historical background Range of Darcy's law Effect of porosity on the permeability of snow Bader's equation Conclusion References Appendix I. Snow conversion table: Density to absolute porosity Appendix II. Effect on permeability of varying porosity in the sample Porosity varies with length Porosity varies with cross section
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  • 36
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    Creep of snow under combined stress (1957)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-41
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 41
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary: Laboratory experiments on the creep of sifted snow under uniaxial, hydrostatic, and confined-side compressive stresses are described, and the results are discussed on the basis of an additive theory for combined stresses. Stress (4-40 psi) and temperature (-3.6°C to -13.6°C) dependence was investigated for 35 samples (initial density = 0.4 g/cm^3) subjected to uniaxial and hydrostatic stress for 200-sec time increments. Another series of 104 samples (initial densities 0.36-0.63) was subjected to uniaxial, hydrostatic, and confined-side compressive stresses until an arbitrary change in density was reached. In all cases the applied stress ultimately became a shear stress acting between grains, the open structure reacting differently to combined stresses and separate uniaxial stresses. An activation energy of 13,400 cal/mol was obtained from the first group of tests.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 41
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2733
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimental General Apparatus Procedure Theoretical relations Additive theory Relationship between tests run for constant change in density and tests for constant time Results and discussion Group I experiments Group II experiments Stress dependence for group II tests Variability Time dependence Activation energy Relations between creep rates under different stress conditions Density dependence Lateral stress for confined-side tests Conclusions References
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  • 37
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    A survey of Arctic snow-cover properties as related to climatic conditions (1957)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-39
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 39
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary: An analysis of snow-cover density, temperature, and hardness data, measured over a period of several years at five stations in Alaska and six stations in the Canadian Arctic, shows the snow cover in the Canadian Archipelago to be colder, denser, and harder than in the interior of Alaska. A series of nomographs were developed to estimate average monthly snow-cover density from mean monthly air temperature and wind velocity. The nomographs are applicable for the months November through March, for the Alaskan and Canadian area north of 62°N latitude, and for elevations below 1500 ft. A comparison of observed snow-cover densities with those derived from the nomographs indicates that the method will provide a reliable regional estimate of snow-cover density. Studies of the relation between snow-cover temperature and air temperature from November through March disclosed the snow to be on the average from 4°C to 9°C warmer than the air at the Alaskan stations and 4.5°C warmer at the Canadian Archipelago stations. An investigation of snow-cover hardness revealed regional variations similar to that for density. Measured snow hardness during the period of no melting was found to be related to densities between 0.15 and 0.36 g/cm^3.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 9 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 39
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2754
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Climatic parameters which may affect arctic snow-cover density Results of study Regional variations in snow-cover density Prediction of average monthly snow-cover density in the arctic from air temperature and wind velocity Comparison of observed snow-cover density with density computed from the nomographs Relation between snow-cover temperature and air temperature Relation between hardness and density of the snow cover References
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  • 38
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    On the deformation of excavations in the Greenland névé (1957)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-30
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 30
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary: Deformations occurring in a tunnel, two trenches, and a 30 m deep pit excavated in the Greenland névé in the summer of 1954 have been measured over a period of 2 years. The experimental results indicate that closure rates increase with lateral distance from a restraining boundary up to distances of about 1 m. At larger distances, the effect of the boundary is not appreciable. Closure rates for deep excavations are not found to be strongly depth-dependent. This is due to a roughly parallel increase of viscosity and pressure with depth. Vertical compaction results from the pit agree well with those calculated from the depth-density relation using Sorge's Law. A theoretical calculation for the tunnel and pit closure, which is a modification of existing theories for the deformation of an elastic, compressible, thick-walled cylinder, is in fair agreement with the observed deformations. From this agreement it appears that the flow behavior of the névé can be described on the basis of a Newtonian viscosity. The trench closure is described as the-squeezing out of horizontal layers, fixed at some distance from the trench, and modified only slightly by the drag of neighboring layers. Measurements will be continued during future summers.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 14 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 30
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2693
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Measurements and results Tunnel North-south trench East-west trench Deep pit Theoretical development Sorge's Law Deformation of acylindrical tunnel in a viscous compressible medium Discussion Tunnel Trenches Deep pit References Appendix
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  • 39
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    Excavations in frozen ground; Part I. Explosion tests in Keweenaw Silt (1956)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment
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    Signatur: ZSP-201-30
    In: SIPRE report, 30
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Mining Research Corporation, Inc., under contract with Snow Ice, and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, conducted explosion tests in frozen Keweenaw silt, to determine; (1) the most efficient type of explosive for blasts in frozen ground, (2) the fundamental relation between weight of explosive and depth of charge, (3) the proper position of the charge relative to the frozen-ground interface, (4) the feasibility of fracturing the frozen layer by placing a charge in the underlying unfrozen material, and (5) the effect of the diameter of the borehole and of the shape of the charge upon the resultsof blasting. Information obtained from the tests applies to the specific problem of excavating in frozen ground and to fundamental explosives research. Conclusions and recommendations based on this information are presented here concerning the feasibility of using explosives for fox-holes in frozen ground; methods of placing the charge; mechanics of crater formation; the crater equation; future instrumentation; classification of explosives; and correlation of blast data.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 97 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: SIPRE report 30
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD0115156
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Preface Abstract Chapter I. Introduction to problem 1. Previous attempts at blasting frozen ground 2. Necessity for fundamental approach 3. Terminology 4. Description, objectives, and scope of the Keweenaw Tests 5. Selection of explosives 6. Classification and properties of commercial explosives 7. Characteristics of explosives in the Keweenaw Tests 8. Comparison of Atlas, Hercules, and Du Pont nitroglycerine-base explosives Chapter II. Test program Section I. Field tests 1. General 2. Test site 3. Field test procedure a. Site preparation b. Instrumentation c. Snow removal d. Determining depth of frozen ground e. Soil sampling and coring f. Layout of the test site g. Spacing of blast holes h. Blast-hole drilling i. Blasting procedure j. Field analysis and crater surveys k. Data-sheet computations l. Photography Section II. Laboratory tests 1. Soil handling and storage 2. Soil classification tests a. Specimen preparation b. Test procedure c. Test results 3. Tests to determine stress-strain relationship a. General b. Specimen preparation for unconfined compression tests c. Test procedure d. Results e. Observations Chapter III. Analysis of blast tests Section I. Mechanics of crater formation in frozen Keweenaw silt 1. Introduction 2. Shock phenomena 3. Expansion of the gas bubble 4. Rupture of surface and conversion of pressure head to velocity head Section II. Blast Test A - Relationships of explosive, radius of crater, volume of crater, and depth of crater 1. Introduction 2. Description 3. Results and analysis 4. Summary of observations Section Ill. Blast Test B - Energy utilization in blasting 1. Introduction 2. Description 3. Results and analysis 4. Summary of observation Section IV. Blast Test C - The frozen-ground interface 1. Introduction 2. Relation of frozen-ground interface to scaling laws 3. Relation between the ratio of chamber volume to crater volume and the volume-utilization factor 4. Increase in volum.e-utilization factor for charges placed below the frozen layer 5. Position of the gas bubble relative to the frozen-ground interface 6. Igloo-type foxhole construction Section V. Blast Test D - Foxhole construction 1. Introduction 2. Application of shaped charges to foxhole construction 3. Application of hand-auget drilling to foxhole construction 4. Conclusions Section VI. Blast Test E - Temperature effect 1. Introduction 2. Description 3. Results and analysis 4. Summary of observations Section VII. Blast Test F - Effect of charge shape 1. Introduction 2. Description 3. Conclusions Chapter IV. Summary of objectives; conclusions and recommendations Section I. Summary of objectives 1. Introduction 2. Objective 1: Most efficientt type of explosive for blasts in frozen ground 3. Objective 2: Fundamental relation between weight of explosive and depth of charge 4. Objective 3: Proper position of charge relative to the frozen-ground interface 5. Objective 4: Feasibility of fracturing the frozen layer by placing a charge in the underlying unfrozen material 6. Objective 5: Effect of diameter of the borehole and shape of charge on results of blasting Section II. Conclusions and recommendations 1. Feasibility of using explosives for constructing foxholes in frozen ground 2. Methods of placing the charge 3. Mechanics of crater formation 4. The crater equation 5. Future instrumentation 6. Classification of explosives 7. Correlation of blast data Appendix: Data sheets, Experiments 1-13
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  • 40
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    Problems in mapping snow cover (1956)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-27
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 27
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary: The results of a study on the feasibility of mapping selected snow-cover characteristics for military purposes, taking into account both current synoptic and average conditions, are reported in detail. Problems associated with the construction of isolines for depicting individual or combination of snow-cover conditions are discussed; the need for other statistical parameters in addition to the means is stressed; and the adaptation of frequency and variability indices is suggested. The use of a regional technique, which identified areas somewhat homogenous or substantially different from adjacent areas, is investigated. Problems in mapping snow density are also considered as well as the possibility of estimating snow density from meteorological data. Three sets of codes for the systematic recording and transmission of data are proposed, including a code for ground observers, a simplified code for use where no instruments or trained personnel are available, and a code for aerial observations.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: vi, 92 Seiten , Illustrationen , 27 cm
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 27
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2732
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS INTRODUCTION Chapter I. APPLICATION OF ISOLINES FOR DEPICTING ASPECTS OF THE SNOW COVER Visual Problems Use of a simplified base map Other solutions Substantive Problems Observational errors Sampling errors Bias error Effect of reliability of data on isolines Conclusion The ''reasoned distribution'' Effects of substantive problems Conclusion II. DEVELOPMENT OF OTHER MEASURES, INDICES, AND METHODS FOR DEPICTING SNOW COVER CONDITIONS Examples of Possible Normal Indices of Snow Cover Average snow depth at end of the maximum month Average monthly snow depths by superimposed or located line graphs Time aspects Snowfall Selected Statistical Parameters of a Particular Value Extreme values Frequency values Measures of variability Conclusion III. SNOW REGIONS: AN APPROACH TO MAPPING SNOW COVER Snow Region Concept Descriptions of Snow Regions 1. Pacific Coast and Coastal Valley Region 2. The Mountain Zone 3. Great Plains Region 4. The Mackenzie-Manitoba Region 5. Upper Ontario Region 6. Northern Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Region 7. Labrador Region 8. The Northern Arctic Region 9. Ungava-Baffinland Region Conclusions IV. CURRENT SNOW DATA MAPS Introduction Ground Observer's Code Suggested code for "Ground Observer's Snow Report" Comments Symbols for a comprehensive station model Air Observation Code Comments Station Model for Aircraft Snow Observations A Simplified Snow Observation Report . Introduction Proposed code and symbols for station model based on Simplified Snow Observation Report Conclusion Chapter V. MAPPING SNOW DENSITY Introduction Limitations of Data for Mapping Available data Reliability of the data Natural variations in density Snow Density Maps of Eastern Canada Statistical Investigation of Density: Eastern Canada Test for area differences Estimating regional trends in density: Orthogonal polynomials Regional density changes during the winter Conclusions: Statistical investigations Estimating Snow Density from Meteorological Data Relation of density to wind speed and temperature Application of Dmitrieva's equation Conclusion VI. CONCLUSION Snow Cover Maps: Small Scale Compilations of Various Aspects of Their Parameters Preparation of Synoptic Current Snow Data Maps Snow Density Research Investigation of Drift and Erosional Surfaces Initiation of Systematic Collection and Recording of Snow Data Internationally Research Reports Based on Existing Literature .
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  • 41
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    White-out in Greenland (1956)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-21
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 21
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Limited studies of white-outs on the Greenland Ice Cap indicate that five major types of low visibility have been reported as white-out. They are: 1.) Overcast white-out, caused by a continuous cloud cover. 2.) Water-fog white-out, produced by supercooled water droplets in the air. 3.) Ice-fog white-out, produced by ice crystals suspended in the air. 4.) Blowing snow white-out, produced by wind-driven, wind-eroded snow. 5.) Precipitation white-out, produced by falling snow. The first three types are interrelated and appear to be produced by upslope, convective lifting of warm maritime air and the advective transport of the cooled saturated air over the cold snow field. Radiation heat losses from the snow surface may contribute to more rapid formation of the white-out. The fact that there is a shift in the prevailing wind direction prior to the development of a white-out indicates that certain changes in upper air circulation may be associated with white-out formation and duration. There is reason to believe that upper air and surface observations might make it possible to forecast white-outs on the Greenland Ice Cap with some degree of reliability.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen , 27 cm
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 21
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2758
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Results at Site 2 Discussion References
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  • 42
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    Strength studies of high-density snow (1956)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-18
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 18
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary: Various strength properties of naturally compacted high-density snows, in the density range of from 0.40 to 0.75 g/cm^3, are reported. Test results are given for: unconfined compression; unconfined and confined double shear; ring, flexural, and centrifugal tensile strength; torsional shear; and work of disaggregation. The work of disaggregation per unit volume was related to crushing, tensile, and shear strength at various lateral pressures, using the same empirical relationship. The results of the various tests measuring the tensile strength of the snow compare favorably with each other. An attempt was made to use the direct shear strength results in Coulomb’s equation for the determination of Mohr’s envelope of rupture for snow. These tests yield higher values than those obtained in unconfined compression tests. However, angles of internal friction obtained considering Mohr’s envelope to be straight line seem to agree with measurements taken on an unconfined compression specimen.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 18
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2713
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Page Preface Summary Introduction Temperature correction factors Crushing strength Tensile strength · Shear strength Torsional shear strength Work of disaggregation of snow Angle of internal friction and apparent unit cohesion Discussion of results References
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  • 43
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    Strength studies of sea ice (1956)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-20
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 20
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary: Investigations on sea ice at Hopedale, Labrador, March 1956, included: small beam tests and in-place cantilever beam tests for flexural strength; ring tensile-strength tests; unconfined compression tests, with stress-strain studies to determine "Young's modulus"; and double shear tests. The results exhibit a great deal of scatter, primarily due to the inhomogeneity of sea ice. Ring tensile strength values range between 3.3 kg/cm^2 and 22.3 kg/cm2 between -2.5°C and -19.1°C. The small beam tests give flexural strength values from 0.5 to 17.3 kg/cm^2 in a similar temperature range. The in-place pull-up cantilever beam tests give flexural strength values of 2.2 to 4.0 kg/cm^2, with much less scatter. Crushing strength values range from 26.3 to more than 107 kg/cm^2 in the range -4.9°C to -18.3°C. Values for Young's modulus obtained from the slope of the straight line portion of the stress-strain curves in compression ranged between 4520 and 10,225 kg/cm^2. There is a temperature dependence, explained by the effect of change in brine content, on sea-ice structure. The double shear tests give values of 7.8 to 34.2 kg/cm^2 in the range -5.5°C to -12.8°C. These are higher than the tensile-strength values. These failures occurred normal to the direction of growth, while the tensile strength was obtained with failure parallel to it.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 20
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2736
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Page Preface Summary Introduction Ring tensile strength Flexural strength of small beams Flexural strength of inplace beams Crushing strength Shear strength Discussion of results References
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  • 44
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    Radiation measurements on the Greenland ice cap (1956)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Signatur: ZSP-202-19
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 19
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Abstract: Measurements were made of global and net radiation between 6 July and 7 August 1955 at a site on the Greenland Ice Cap located near 78°N latitude and at an elevation of 6800 ft. Snow-surface temperatures during this period were below 0°C and mean cloudiness was 0.7. Total incident global radiation measured during the 33-day period amounted to 20,628 ?? of which only 3059 ??, or about 15%, were absorbed by the snow cover. Most of the absorbed global radiation was re-emitted as long-wave radiation, so the net gain during the observation period amounted to not more than 7.6 ??/day. Diffuse sky radiation amounted to only 19% of all incoming global radiation measured at the ice-cap research site. In the temperate zone, diffuse sky radiation amounts to 30% or more of the incoming radiation. The small amount of diffuse sky radiation indicates low atmospheric turbidity in this polar climatic zone. Incident global radiation was reduced by 6% in the presence of a 0.5 cloud cover. Under full overcast conditions the snow surface received 65% of the global radiation measured on clear days. In the temperate zone as little as 30% of global radiation reaches the earth under full cloud cover. The large amount of global radiation received in the Arctic under full cloud cover is the primary cause of one form of arctic white-out. Accompanying the small decrease in global radiation caused by cloudiness is a large decrease in effective outgoing long-wave radiation, with an increase in the net radiation balance. This condition contributes to a greater potential ablation of the snow and ice cover during cloudy seasons. The long-wave radiation balance at this site on the ice cap was always negative during the period covered by this study. Errors associated with the measurement of solar radiation at the low sun angles which prevailed at the research site were found to be about -3%. No correction was applied to the basic data, however, since there were insufficient data to establish the consistency of this error over the period of observation. During periods of blowing and drifting snow, 6% more global radiation was measured at 1.25 m above the snow surface than at 5.7 m elevation. The increase may be due to multiple reflection within the layer of blowing snow. The atmospheric transmission coefficient at the ice-cap site was found to be 0.968. This high value was associated with the low atmospheric turbidity. The heat balance of the snow cover as computed from the radiation measurements and a temperature profile in the snow was found to be 7.6 ??/day at the ice-cap site. This is a negligible heat gain when compared with the 400 ??/day gain by a spring snow pack in the Sierra Nevada of California. For the entire season when the sun is above the horizon, the estimated net gain by the ice cap is 1000 ??, no more than a 2-1/2-day heat supply used in melting the snow of the High Sierra. Some measurements made with a silicon solar battery similar to those developed by the Bell Telephone Laboratories indicate that it may have a significantly higher efficiency on the ice cap than in the more temperate zone. Verification of this apparent increase in efficiency and the causes for it require further study of the performance of the p-n junction cells in the Arctic.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: iv, 20, [2] Seiten , Illustrationen , 27 cm
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 19
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2745
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS I. Introduction II. Instrumentation Recording of data III. Results Global radiation Albedo of snow Diffuse sky radiation Effect of clouds on radiation Atmospheric and terrestrial radiation Effect of low sun angle on measured radiation Global radiation gradient Atmospheric transmission coefficient Heat balance of snow cover Applied use of solar energy References. Appendix
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  • 45
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    Excavations and installations at SIPRE test site, site 2, Greenland (1955)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment
    Dazugehörige Bände
    Details Verfügbarkeit
    Signatur: ZSP-201-20
    In: SIPRE report, 20
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Work carried out at the SIPRE Test Site, Site 2, on the Greenland Ice Cap,during the summer 1954, included: (1) Excavation of trenches, a circular tunnel and a deep pit; (2) Instrumentation of excavations for pressure and deformation measurements; (3) Tests on the properties of snow from the deep pit; (4) Construction of a snow house as an experimental structure and to provide a heated shelter for an observer stationed at the site for the winter. Observations and measurements over a period of five years are expected to provide sufficient information for the establishment of satisfactory design criteria for all kinds of surface and subsurface military installations on high polar ice caps.
    Materialart: Schriftenreihen ausleihbar
    Seiten: 31 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: SIPRE report 20
    URL: https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/101740913
    Sprache: Englisch
    Anmerkung: Contents I. Introduction, by H. Bader II. Excavation of trenches and tunnels, by R.W. Waterhouse III. Excavation of deep pit, by J.K. Landauer IV. Trench covering, framing, and instrumentation, by R.W. Waterhouse V. The snow house, by R.W. Waterhouse VI. Load measurements in the N-S trench, by R.W. Waterhouse VII. Deformation measurements, by J.K. Landauer VIII. Distance changes on the ice cap, by B.L. Hansen and H. Bader IX. Annual accumulation, by H. Bader X. Snow density and snow load in deep pit, by J.K. Landauer XI. Air permeability of snow from deep pit, by J.A. Bender XII. Viscosity of snow from deep pit, by J.K. Landauer XIII. Crushing strength of snow from deep pit, by T.R. Butkovich XIV. Shear strength of snow from deep pit, by T.R. Butkovich XV. Tensiel strength of snow from deep pit, by T.R. Butkovich XVI. Angle of internal friction of snow from deep pit, by T.R. Butkovich XVII. Snow temperatures, by J.K. Landauer
    Standort: AWI Archiv
    Zweigbibliothek: AWI Bibliothek
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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