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  • Books  (69)
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  • 2005-2009
  • 1965-1969  (42)
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  • 1
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    Attenuation of visible light by falling snow (1969)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Materiel Command, Terrestrial Sciences Center, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-242
    In: Research report, 242
    Description / Table of Contents: The attenuation of visible light by falling snow was studied by making simultaneous attenuation measurements and snow concentration measurements. The attenuation coefficient was calculated from photometric measurements and from visual observations. Snow concentration in the air was evaluated by two methods: from Formvar replicas collected during the snowfall, and by mass accumulation of snow in collecting pans. The snowflakes were arbitrarily classified by crystal types according to their estimated fall velocity. It was found that the correlation between extinction coefficient (attenuation) and snow concentration was generally much higher by types than when all snowflakes were considered together regardless of crystal components and degree of riming. Two types, apparently improperly classified, displayed lower correlations than the overall group. When no fog is present during the snowfall, the experimental results coincide well with attenuation theory if a reasonable correction is applied to the values obtained in the measurement of snowflake diameters. Measurements of mass flux indicate that for a given intensity the attenuation caused by snow is an order of magnitude greater than that caused by the same mass flux of rain.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 242
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5949
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS: Preface. - Abstract. - Introduction. - Initial theoretical considerations. - Light attenuation by particles. - Basis of attenuation meter measurements. - Contrast reduction and visual range. - Transmissometer theory, Pritchard photometric method. - Terminal velocity of snowflakes. - Methods of measurement: Light attenuation. - Duntley (Scripps Institution) attenuation meter. - "Meteorological range" observations. - Pritchard photometric method. - Methods of measurement: Atmospheric concentration of snowflakes. - Replication method. - Mass accumulation method. - Analysis of snow samples. - Terminal velocity of snowflakes. - Flux density and atmospheric concentration. - Mass accumulation rate. - Concurrent attenuation due to fog. - Discussion of results. - Computational methods. - Correlations: Attenuation coefficient vs area concentration. - Correlations: Attenuation coefficient vs are a flux. - Correlations: Attenuation coefficient vs mass concentration and mass flux. - Comparison of sampling methods for mass flux. - Attenuation of visible light by snow compared to rain. - Literature cited. - Appendix A.
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  • 2
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    Formation of a modern ice-push ridge by thermal expansion of lake ice in southeastern Connecticut (1969)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-259
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command, 259
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Preface. - Introduction. - Previous work. - Study area. - Field procedures. - Results and discussion. - Conclusions. - Literature cited. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: A modern ice-push ridge on the northwest shore of Gardner Lake in southeastern Connecticut is 0.6 - 1.2 m high and 1.2 - 3.1 m wide. In February and March 1967, the positions of survey stakes placed on the lake ice were measured periodically. During the same period, air and ice temperature and solar radiation intensity were also recorded. Analysis of the data supports the hypothesis that thermal expansion of the lake ice rather than wind action, was the principal cause of ice push. An ice temperature change of approximately 1°C/hr increase for 6 hr was sufficient to induce ice thrust. In a 30-day period, the average net shoreward movement of the surveyed area of the ice surface was 1.0 m. During the 1966-67 winter, approximately 14 m^3 of beach material was reworked and deposited, forming a discontinuous ice-push ridge along 260 m of shoreline.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 259
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5743
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Unsteady motion of a sphere along a circular path in a viscous fluid (1969)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Materiel Command, Terrestrial Sciences Center, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-255
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Preface. - Abstract. - Introduction. - Previous work on unsteady rectilinear motion of a sphere. - Experiments with a circular path. - Conclusion. - Literature cited. - Appendix A: Comparisons of the measured and calculated forces.
    Description / Table of Contents: Forces on a sphere moving unsteadily along a circular path in a viscous fluid are measured, and it is found that within the experimental range the formula valid for rectilinear motion has to be modified to account for the curvature of the path.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 10 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 255
    URL: https://worldcat.org/de/title/227535461
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Microspherules in snow and ice-fog crystals (1969)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Materiel Command, Terrestrial Sciences Center, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-245
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Preface. - Abstract. - Introduction. - Snow crystals in Greenland. - Microspherules. - Microspherules in snow and ice-fog crystals. - Concentration and radii of spherules. - Discussion and conclusions. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: Spherules found in snow crystals, ice-fog crystals, fallout particles, and fly ash were studied with an electron microscope using the electron diffraction method. The central part of the residues of 1004 specimens of natural snow crystals from Greenland, the United States, and Japan were examined; 14 spherules 0.1 to 1.5? in radius were found among them. The residues of 658 artificial ice-fog crystals formed from water vapor in flue gases of coal-burning electric power plants at Fairbanks, Alaska, were also examined; nine spherules were found. Spherules similar to those found in ice-fog residues were found in furnace-produced fly ash fallout at Fairbanks, Alaska. Electron and optical microscope examination of spherules found in Greenland snow reveals a size distribution of the form dN/d(log r) = Cr-ß where ß approximately 3. The properties of spherules and the mean mass of snow crystals from Greenland are described. The electron microscope study indicated that less than 0.7% of the 1004 snow crystals contained spherules of possible extraterrestrial origin, and that snow crystals are formed mainly on clay mineral particles by heterogeneous nucleation.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 10 Seite , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 245
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/tr/AD0691326
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Aerial sensing and photographic study of the El Verde rain forest, Puerto Rico (1969)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-250
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Introduction. - Methods. - Results. - Ground and aerial photography. - Hemispherical photography. - Light quality. - Discussion. - Literature cited. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: Aerial and ground photographs were taken over a 2-year period of sites in the El Verde rain forest to record the consistency of the vegetational patterns in untreated sites and the changes that occurred following gamma irradiation. Four emulsions were used: panchromatic infrared, false color transparency and color transparency. Densitometry was used to evaluate color film and the vegetation response to 3 months of radiation. The color emulsions provided the sharpest indication of damage to vegetation and the succession following treatment. Hemispherical photography of the canopy was evaluated in terms of a canopy cover index defined as percent of light passing through the negative in a 90-degree cone area. Control stations were remarkably constant in all photography, establishing the stability and slow natural changes in rain forest structure. Spectral light measurements within the forest confirmed the predominance of far red shade light. Compared to similar studies on the chronic irradiated forest at Brookhaven National Laboratory the El Verde results were less distinct.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 250
    URL: https://www.worldcat.org/de/title/3298743
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Die wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse der deutschen Spitzbergenexpedition 1964-1965; Teil 2: Die periglazialen und geomagnetischen Arbeiten (1969)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
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    Call number: ZSP-319/C-9,2(2. Ex.) ; ZSP-319/C-9,2
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde, Heft 9
    In: Die wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse der Deutschen Spitzbergenexpedition 1964-1965, Teil 2
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 128 Seiten , Illustrationen, Karten , 1 Karte
    ISSN: 0435-6187
    Series Statement: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde 9,2
    Language: German
    Note: Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Periglaziallandschaft Irgensfjellet, Kingsbay-Westspitzbergen 〈1 : 1 500〉 , Inhalt: 4. Die Arbeiten zur Periglazialforschung 4.1. Vorwort zum Ergebnisbericht der Expeditionsgruppe Periglazialforschung 4.2. Untersuchungen zur Morphologie der periglazialen Auftauschicht im Kongsfjordgebiet (K. Herz; G. Andreas) 4.3. Untersuchungen zur Ökologie der periglazialen Auftauschicht im Kongsjfordgebiet (K. Herz; G. Andreas) 4.4. Geoelektrische Sondierungen zum Nachweis der sommerlichen Auftautiefe in der Arktis (G. Andreas) 5. Die geomagnetischen Arbeiten 5.1. Geomagnetische Tiefensondierungen am Süd- bzw. Nordufer des Kongsfjordes in Spitzbergen (V. Auster, K. Legning) 5.2. Ergebnisse der geomagnetischen Messungen der Spitzbergen-Expedition im Sommer 1964 (V. Auster, K. Legning, H. Zander) 5.3. Messungen des Erdpotentialgradienten an Land und auf See in Ny-Ålesund (K. Legning) 5.4. Messung der geomagnetischen Horizontalintensität sowie der Deklination auf einem eisernen Schiff (V. Auster, K. Legning)
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  • 7
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    Über den etwa 2jährigen Zyklus der allgemeinen Zirkulation und seine Ursachen (1969)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik bei der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin
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    Call number: MOP Per 581(2/9) ; ZSP-319/B-9
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 2, Solarterrestrische Beziehungen und Physik der Atmosphäre, Heft 9
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 160 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0533-7585
    Series Statement: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 2, Solarterrestrische Beziehungen und Physik der Atmosphäre 9
    Language: German
    Note: Inhalt: Zusammenfassung. - Abstract. - 1. EINLEITUNG UND ZIELSTELLUNG. - 2. EIN KURZER ÜBERBLICK ÜBER DEN STAND DER KENNTNIS DER ETWA 2JÄHRIGEN SCHWANKUNG. - 2.1. Das Phänomen. - 2.1.1. Die Eigenschaften der etwa 2jährigen Schwankung in der tropischen Stratosphäre (vom Äquator bis etwa 30° Breite) 2.1.2. Eigenschaften der etwa 2jährigen Schwankung in den gemäßigten und höheren Breiten. - 2.2. Dynamik und hypothetische Ursachen. - 2.2.1. Zur Dynamik der etwa 26monatigen Schwankung. - 2. 2.1.1. Einige qualitative dynamische Betrachtungen (Vertikalaustausch, meridionale Zirkulationszellen, horizontaler Großaustausch). - 2.2.1.2. Turbulenzbedingter Abwärtstransport einer in größerer Höhe vorgegebenen periodischen Störung des Temperaturfeldes. - 2.2.1.3. Bilanzbetrachtungen des zonalen Impulses. - 2.2.1.4. Abwärtswandernde Zirkulationszellen 2.2.1.5. Einbeziehung des Ozonhaushaltes und der mit dem Ozon verbundenen Energieumsetzungen. - 2.2.2. Hypothetische Ursachen der 26monatigen Schwankung der allgemeinen Zirkulation. - 2.2.2.1. Einwirkung einer extraterrestrischen (solaren) 26monatigen Fluktuation. - 2.2.2.2. Die 26monatige Periode als Folge von Schwingungen mit anderen Perioden. - a) Subharmonische Schwingungen. - b) Wechselwirkung zwischen zwei Schwingungen verschiedener Periode. - 2.2.2.3. Freie Schwingungen (Eigenschwingungen) der allgemeinen Zirkulation der Erdatmosphäre. - a) Auswirkungen der Existenz der Ozonschicht. - b) Wechselwirkung mit den Ozeanen. - c) Wechselwirkung mit der Bewölkungsverteilung. - 3. EINIGE BEMERKUNGEN ZU DEN METHODEN, DIE ZUM STUDIUM VON SCHWANKUNGEN MIT VERÄNDERLICHER PERIODE IN FRAGE KOMMEN. - 3.1. Elimination kurzer Perioden, insbesondere des Jahresganges. - 3.2. Zur Anwendung der harmonischen Analyse und der Periodogrammanalyse 3.3. Autokorrelation und Powerspektrum. - 3.4. Anwendung mathematischer Filter. - 4. BEZIEHUNGEN ZWISCHEN EINER ETWA 2JÄHRIGEN SCHWANKUNG DER SONNENAKTIVITÄT UND DER SCHWANKUNG DER ALLGEMEINEN ZIRKULATION DER ERDATMOSPHÄRE. - 4.1. Das Problem. - 4.2. Zum Vergleich verwendete Daten. - 4.3. Das Powerspektrum einiger Reihen. - 4.4. Vergleich gefilterter Reihen. - 4.5. Vergleich der Perioden- und Amplitudenvariationen. - 4.6. Die Änderung der Phasendifferenz zwischen der 26monatigen Schwankung der heliographischen Breite der Sonnenflecken B und der meridionalen Zirkulationsformen über Europa M'. - 4.7. Zu prüfende Folgerungen für die Physik des Zusammenhanges. - 4.8. Weitere Diskussion der Phasendifferenz der 26monatigen Schwankung von B und M'. - 4.9. Einige weitere Beziehungen. - (1) Zusammenhang mit dem 11jährigen Sonnenfleckenzyklus. - (2) Beziehung zur Schwankung der grünen Koronalinie. - (3) Eine Beziehung zwischen der 26monatigen Schwankung der mittleren heliographischen Breite der Sonnenflecken und der 26monatigen Schwankung der Sonnenfleckenrelativzahl. - 5. VERVOLLSTÄNDIGUNG UND DISKUSSION DES BILDES DER 26MONATIGEN SCHWANKUNG DER ZIRKULATION DER ERDATMOSPHÄRE. - 5.1. Einleitung. - 5.2. Die Darstellungsweise. - 5.3. Erläuterungen zu den aufgestellten schematischen Darstellungen Abb. 5.1. bis 5.4. und Zusammenstellung neu gewonnener Aussagen über Beziehungen zwischen den an der 26monatigen Schwankung beteiligten Elementen und Vorgängen. - 5.3.1. Die Zonalwindkomponente. - 5.3.2. Anschluß des Schemas an die ca. 26monatige Schwankung der mittleren heliographischen Breite B der Sonnenflecken und der Maßzahl M' für die Häufigkeit meridionaler Zirkulationsformen. - 5.3.3. Temperatur in der Stratosphäre und Mesosphäre. - 5.3.4. Höhe der Tropopause. - 5.3.5. Ozon. - 5.3.6. Stratosphärische Erwärmungen. - 5.3.7.Weitere Zirkulationsparameter der Erdatmosphäre (Zonalzirkulationsindex, räumliche Varianz des Luftdruckes in Meeresniveau, Divergenz des durch Großaustausch bedingten horizontalen Impulstransports, Impulsaustausch in der Troposphäre der gemäßigten Breiten, blockierende Hochdruckgebiete über dem Nordatlantik und Europa, Zyklonalität in der Umgebung der Britischen Inseln, Southern oscillation). - 5.3.8. Meteorologische Elemente der bodennahen Luftschicht (Temperatur, Luftdruck, Niederschlagshäufigkeit). - 5.3.9. Weitere geophysikalische Elemente. - 5.4. Verwendung des Gesamtschemas zur Gewinnung von Aussagen über Struktur und Anregungsmechanismus der 26monatigen Schwankung der Zirkulation der Erdatmosphäre. - 6. EINIGE THEORETISCHE UND QUANTITATIVE BETEACHTUNGEN ZUM EINFLUSS VERÄNDERLICHER SOLARER STRAHLUNG AUF DIE ERDATMOSPHÄRE. - 6.1. Gegenstand und Ziel. - 6.2. Mögliche Einwirkungen hochenergetischer Partikel. - 6.3. Die Gleichung der atmosphärischen Dynamik unter Einbeziehung des Ozonhaushaltes. - 6.4. Das linearisierte Gleichungssystem. - 6.5. Die 26monatige Schwankung in der äquatorialen Stratosphäre. - 6.5.1. Anregung durch Schwankung der elektromagnetischen Strahlung der Sonne. - 6.5.2. Anregung durch Schwankung der hochenergetischen Partikelstrahlung der Sonne. - 6.6. Diskussion der Resultate einiger numerischer Berechnungen. - 7. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG UND SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN. - LITERATUR. - ABBILDUNGEN.
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  • 8
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    Die wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse der deutschen Spitzbergenexpedition 1964-1965 : Die meteorologischen und hydrologischen Untersuchungen am Mittleren Lovéngletscher; Teil 3 (1969)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik bei der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin
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    Call number: MOP Per 581(2/12) ; ZSP-319/B-12 ; ZSP-319/B-12(2. Ex.)
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 2, Solarterrestrische Beziehungen und Physik der Atmosphäre, Heft 12
    In: Die wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse der Deutschen Spitzbergenexpedition 1964-1965, Teil 3
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 93 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0533-7585
    Series Statement: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 2, Solarterrestrische Beziehungen und Physik der Atmosphäre 12
    Language: German
    Note: INHALT: 1. EINLEITUNG / (H. Karbaum). - 1.1 VERZEICHNIS DER BEIM METEOROLOGISCHEN DIENST DER DEUTSCHEN DEMOKRATISCHEN REPUBLIK - FORSCHUNGSINSTITUT FÜR HYDROMETEOROLOGIE BERLIN - ARCHIVIERTEN GRUNDAUSWERTUNGEN DES BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIALS. - 2. UNTERSUCHUNGEN ZUM EISHAUSHALT. - 2.1 WITTERUNG UND VERLAUF EINIGER METEOROLOGISCHER ELEMENTE / (K. Lojek, W. Schöne). - 2.1.1 Lage, Ausrüstung und Meßprogramm der Stationen. - 2.1.2 Witterungsverlauf. - 2.1.3 Verlauf einiger meteorologischer Elemente. - 2.2 ZUM WÄRMEHAUSHALT DER GLETSCHEROBERFLÄCHE / (W. Schöne). - 2.2.1 Meßgeräte, Meßmethodik und Auswerteverfahren. - 2.2.2 Meßergebnisse. - 2.2.3 Abschätzung der Höhenabhängigkeit der Wärmemenge Q. - 2.3 ABLATION / (R. Wiedrich). - 2.3.1 Meßnetz und Meßverfahren. - 2.3.2 Meßergebnisse. - 2.3.3 Gebietsablation / (H. Schmidt). - 2.4 ABFLUSS / (U. Schumacher). - 2.4.1 Wasserstände. - 2.4.2 Abflüsse. - 2. 5 ZUM EISHAUSHALT / (H. Karbaum, H. Schmidt, W. Schöne). - 2.5.1 Wärmehaushalt und Ablation. - 2.5.2 Abfluß und Ablation. - 2.5.3 Bilanzierung. - 2.6 VERGLEICH DER MESSERGEBNISSE VON 1962 UND 1964 / (H. Schmidt u. W. Schöne). - 3. HYDROLOGISCHE SONDERUNTERSUCHUNGEN. - 3.1 WASSERSTÄNDE DES KONGSFJORD / (U. Schumacher). - 3.2 FESTSTOFFÜHRUNG DER GLETSCHERBÄCHE / (D. Fügner). - 3.2.1 Hydraulische Kennziffern. - 3.2.2 Schwebstoff. - 3.2.2.1 Messung. - 3.2.2.2 Auswertung. - 3.2.3 Geschiebe. - 3.2.3.1 Meßmethode und Meßgerät. - 3.2.3.2 Primärauswertung. - 3.2.3.3 Ermittlung des Geschiebetriebes. - 3.2.3.4 Versuch einer Aussage für die Geschiebefracht 1962. - 3.3 WASSERTEMPERATUREN / (U. Schumacher). - 3.4 HYDROCHEMISCHE FAKTOREN / (R. Wiedrich). - 3.5 BOTANISCHE UND ZOOLOGISCHE UNTERSUCHUNGEN. - 3.5.1 Untersuchungen über die Testaceen-Fauna im Bereich des Mittleren Lovéngletschers / (W. Schönborn). - 3.5.2 Roter Schnee vom Mittleren Lovéngletscher / (G. Busse). - 4. METEOROLOGISCHE SONDERUNTERSUCHUNGEN. - 4.1 DAS LOKALE WINDFELD / (W. Schöne, K. Lojek). - 4.2 TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE IN NY ÅLESUND WÄHREND DER ÜBERWINTERUNG 1964/1965 / (W. Schöne, R. Thoss). - 5. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG UND SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN / (R. Wiedrich).
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  • 9
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    Arbeiten zum Proton Flare Projekt der Beobachtungsperiode 1966 (1969)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik bei der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin
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    Call number: MOP Per 581(2/10) ; ZSP-319/B-10
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 2, Solarterrestrische Beziehungen und Physik der Atmosphäre, Heft 10
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 86 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0533-7585
    Series Statement: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 2, Solarterrestrische Beziehungen und Physik der Atmosphäre 10
    Language: German , English
    Note: Inhalt: I. PFP-Periode Juli 1966. - 1. The variation of the geomagnetic field in middle and high latitude during the period from June, 28th to July, 13th, 1966 / A. Best, G. Fanselau, A. Grafe, H.-R. Lehmann, Chr.-Ulr. Wagner. - 2. Some characteristics of the disturbances of the ionospheric F2 region, following the proton flares of July and September 1966, and May 1967 / H. Lange, J. Taubenheim. - 3. Remarks on the storage of energy leading to impulsive bursts and proton flares / A. Krüger. - II. PFP-Periode August-September 1966. - 4. The radio bursts associated with the active region of the second PFP-period 1966 / A. Böhme, A. Krüger. - 5. On the type IV events of 1966, August 28th and September 2nd / A. Böhme, A. Krüger. - 6. The variations of the geomagnetic field in northern latitudes and of the ring-current field during the proton flare events from 27th August to 7th September, 1966. - 7. Effects in the lower ionosphere during the September 1966 PFP-Event / R. Knuth, E. A. Lauter, W. Lippert. - Autorenverzeichnis. , Mit Text in englischer Sprache
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  • 10
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    Nonsteady one dimensional compressible fluid flow through anisotropic porous media (1968)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Materiel Command, Terrestrial Sciences Center, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-256
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command, 256
    Description / Table of Contents: The flow of a compressible fluid through a deep layer of a porous medium with non-uniform permeability was analyzed. The volumetric behavior of the fluid was described first by the perfect gas law, then by the van der Waal's equation of state. Darcy's law was assumed to be valid. For illustration, the model of air flowing through a deep bed of naturally compacted snow was used to carry out numerical computation. The permeability of snow was considered as a function of depth. The nonlinear partial differential equation obtained by combining the continuity equation with Darcy's law was solved by finite difference technique. A time dependent exponential decay boundary condition was used which included the step-rise constant boundary condition as a limiting case. Pressure distributions in the porous medium calculated from the assumption of ideal gas and van der Waal's gas were compared. The data were presented in dimensionless variables.
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    Pages: iv, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 256
    URL: http://acwc.sdp.sirsi.net/client/en_US/search/asset/1013563
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5771
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS: Preface. - Abstract. - Introduction. - Theory. - Computation and results. - Conclusions. - Literature cited.
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  • 11
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    Diffusion law for the dispersion of hard particles in an ice matrix that undergoes simple shear deformation (1968)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Materiel Command, Terrestrial Sciences Center, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-252
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Preface. - Abstract. - Introduction. - Theory. - Discussion. - Conclusion. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: A diffusion equation is obtained that describes the mechanical dispersion of a dilute mixture of solid particles within an ice matrix that is undergoing deformation. It is shown that within the limits of time intervals and strain rates appropriate to the movement of glaciers and ice sheets the dispersal distance usually is no larger than a distance about one order of magnitude greater than the size of the particles themselves.
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    Pages: iv, 6 Seiten , Illistrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 252
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000030963
    Language: English
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  • 12
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    Evaluation of forest canopies by photography (1968)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Materiel Command, Terrestrial Sciences Center, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-253
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Preface. - Abstract. - Introduction. - Theoretical considerations. - Method of canopy evaluation. - Application to forest problems. - Forest blowdown. - Radioactivity gradient. - Phenology. - Forest types and structure. - Distribution of leaves and canopy gaps. - Light quality. - Discussion and summary. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: A technique for evaluating forest canopies was developed based on the use of a divergent lens system to obtain hemispherical photographs of tree crowns. The photography was processed from 35 mm film and enlarged as a silhouette, and the light transmission was measured with a specially fabricated macrodensitometer. It is concluded that the amount of forest canopy can be expressed as canopy closure index (CCI) at a precision of approximately 5%. It is shown by application to a variety of problems in diverse geographical areas that this technique can be used for measuring both temporal and spatial changes in the canopy, for estimating the shade light climate, and for specifying the probability of target detection through a canopy. Data are presented to analyze changes caused by explosions, radioactivity, growing season, and vegetation types. The geometry of gaps in tree crowns is discussed and the nature of shade light quality under forests is illustrated.
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    Pages: v, 20 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 253
    URL: https://www.worldcat.org/de/title/6071924
    Language: English
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  • 13
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    Hydrology of a drainage basin on the Alaskan coastal plain (1968)
    Hanover, NH : US Army Materiel Command, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-240
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command, 240
    Description / Table of Contents: A 4-summer hydrologic record from a 1.6 km^2 drainage basin at Barrow, Alaska is analyzed. The watershed, a drained lake basin, is underlain by continuous permafrost within 0.3m of the tundra surface and is covered by ice-wedge polygons and numerous small shallow ponds. Considerable variations from the 20-yr means of summer climate (thaw period 88 days, precipitation 67 mm) are represented in the data: 1963 - cold, extremely wet; 1964 - cold, extremely dry; 1965 - cool, dry; 1966 - cool, wet. Runoff varied greatly from storm to storm, occurring primarily through and over the tundra mat and through an intricate system of polygonal troughs and ponds. As a result of the subdued coastal topography, varying areas (0.3 km^2 to 1.6 km^2) contribute to runoff from different storms. Analyses of hydrographs revealed: 1) lag times generally from 3 to 10 hr; 2) recession constants of about 50 hr, but occasionally as much as 160 hr; and 3) runoff from individual storms between 1 and 70%. About 5% of the thaw season precipitation normally runs off. Comparison of total thaw season precipitation between the U.S. Weather Bureau and a shielded gage located on the watershed indicated no major differences. If "trace" precipitation is considered, only 90% of the actual precipitation may be recorded. Pan evaporation for an average thaw season is about 160 mm and evapotranspiration which is essentially in balance with precipitation is about 60 mm. Conductivity of runoff water varied from 250 [My]mhos during sustained discharge to more than 500 [My]mhos during low flows in dry years. Precipitation chemistry showed no correlation with storm direction. Assuming all winter precipitation runs off, and the data are spatially and temporally representative, about 50% of the measured annual precipitation in this region runs off into the Arctic Ocean.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: IV, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 240
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5946
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS: Preface. - Summary. - Introduction. - Regional setting. - Description of watershed. - Climatic record. - Methods. - Precipitation. - Water and air temperatures. - Discharge. - Evaporation and pond levels. - Water chemistry. - Soil thaw. - Results and discussion. - Precipitation. - Runoff. - Evaporation and transpiration. - Water chemistry. - Conclusions. - Literature cited.
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  • 14
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    Bubbles and bubble pressures in Antarctic glacier ice (1968)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Materiel Command, Terrestrial Sciences Center, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-249
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Preface. - Abstract. - Introduction. - Analytical procedures. - Results and discussion. - Bubbles in ice. - Conclusions. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: Application of the gas law to fourth-place density measurements of ice samples from two deep drill holes at Byrd Station and Little America V, Antarctica, shows that virtually all density increase beyond the pore close-off density (0.830 g/cm^3) can be attributed to compression of the entrapped bubbles of air. Data from Byrd Station also indicate that the lag between overburden pressure and bubble pressure, initially 4-5 kg/cm^2 at pore close-off, diminishes to less than 1.0 kg/cm^2 at about 200-m depth. By substituting the overburden pressure for the bubble pressure in the pressure-density relationship based on the gas law, ice densities below 200 m can be calculated more accurately than they can be measured per se on cores because of the relaxation that occurs in samples recovered from high confining pressures. This relaxation, resulting in a progressive increase in the bulk volume of the ice with time, is generally attributed to decompression of the entrapped air bubbles following removal of the ice from high confining pressures. However, calculations of the stress in ice due to bubble pressure, together with measurements of bubble sizes in cores from various depths at Byrd Station, both tend to indicate that there has'been negligible decompression of the inclosed bubbles. It is suggested that most of this relaxation may be due to the formation of microcracks in the ice. Anomalous bubble pressure-density relations at Little America V tend to confirm abundant stratigraphic evidence of the existence of considerable deformation in the upper part of the Ross Ice Shelf. Studies of crystal-bubble relations at Byrd Station revealed that the concentration of bubbles in ice remains remarkably constant at approximately 220 bubbles per cm^3. Bubbles and crystals were found to be present in approximately equal numbers at pore close-off at 64-m depth, at which level the average bubble diameter was 0.95 mm, decreasing to 0.49 mm at 116 m and to 0.33 mm at 279 m. Despite a tenfold increase in the size of crystals between 64 and 279 m, the bubbles showed no tendency to migrate to grain boundaries during recrystallization of the ice. The observation that most of the bubbles had assumed substantially spherical shapes by 120-m depth points to essentially hydrostatic conditions in the upper layers of the ice sheet at Byrd Station.
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    Pages: iv, 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 249
    URL: https://www.worldcat.org/de/title/6023806
    Language: English
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  • 15
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    The equation of state of ice and composite frozen soil material (1968)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Materiel Command, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-257
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: PREFACE. - NOMENCLATURE. - SUMMARY. - INTRODUCTION. - TECHNICAL BACKGROUND. - Rankine-Hugoniot Shock Equations. - The Rayleigh Line. - Release Cross Curves. - Impedance Match Technique for Measuring Hugoniots and Release Isentropes. - EXPERIMENTS. - Sample Materials. - Ottawa Sand. - West Lebanon Glacial Till. - Ice . - Sample Preparation. - Experimental Procedures. - EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND RESULTS. - Ottawa Sand. - West Lebanon Glacial Till. - Ice. - Release Cross Curves. - Dry Ottawa Sand. - Saturated Ottawa Sand. - Ice. - SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK. - REFERENCES.
    Description / Table of Contents: To compute shock wave propagation in frozen soil-water mixtures it is necessary to know a constitutive relation or an equation of state of the medium under consideration. Shock wave techniques provide a powerful tool for the investigation of equations of state at very high stress levels. The stress-volume behavior of frozen soil-water mixtures in the range from 60 to 500 kbar was investigated. Hugoniot data were obtained for Ottawa banding sand (pure quartz sand) and West Lebanon (New Hampshire) glacial till of varying degrees of saturation and for polycrystalline and monocrystalline ice (c-axis oriented in the direction of shock propagation). Release cross curve data were obtained for dry and saturated Ottawa banding sand and for polycrystalline ice. All materials were at an initial temperature of -10°C. In all experiments plane one-dimensional shock waves were used. The Hugoniots and release curves for the soil materials show evidence of a quartz-stishovite phase transition at about 300 kbar. The Hugoniots of single and polycrystalline ice do not differ significantly over the stress range studied - 30 kbar to 300 kbar.
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    Pages: vii, 50 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 257
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/227500834
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    On plates sealing an incompressible liquid (1968)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Materiel Command, Terrestrial Sciences Center, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-260
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Preface. - Abstract. - Introduction and statermnt of problem. - Solution of problem shown in Figure 3. - Solution of problem shown in Figure 4. - The negligibility of the effects of buoyancy and incompressibility of the sealed liquid. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: After a brief description of the circumstances which led to the investigation of the title problem and discussion of some related previous investigations, exact solutions are derived for a circular plate which seals an incompressible liquid, is clamped along the boundary and is subjected at an arbitrary point to a lateral concentrated force P. For the case when the plate is covered by a thin liquid layer the solution is obtained in closed form. When this liquid layer is absent, the solution is obtained as an infinite series. The paper concludes with a study of the range of the parameter ([Lambda] a) for which the effort of buoyancy is negligible upon the deflections and stresses in the plate.
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    Pages: iv, 11 Seiten , Illustartionen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 260
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5325791
    Language: English
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  • 17
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    Electrolytic conductivity of snow and glacier ice from Antarctica and Greenland (1968)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Materiel Command, Terrestrial Sciences Center, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-248
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Preface. - Abstract. - Introduction. - Analytical procedures. - Results and discussion. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: Conductivity measurements have been made on snow and ice samples from pits and deep drillholes at a number of localities in Antarctica and Greenland. Conductivities of the order 1-2 [My]mho/cm only were recorded at the inland sites. Data from deep cores representing more than 1900 years of continuous snow accumulation at Byrd Station, Antarctica, and more than 400 years deposition at Inge Lehmann, Greenland, showed no significant variations of conductivity with time. Measurements of freshly precipitated snow from a single coastal location in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, also yielded relatively low conductivities of the order 3-4 [My]mho/cm. The substantial increase observed in the conductivity of core samples from near the surface of the Ross Ice Shelf at Little America V can be attributed most probably to windborne salts of marine origin that had accumulated on the surface after the snow was deposited. A peak conductivity of 49 [My]mho/cm was recorded in snow estimated to have been deposited within 20 km of the seaward edge of the Ross Ice Shelf and the maritime effect could still be detected in samples deposited more than 40 km from the ice front. For samples deposited at distances of greater than 200 km from the edge of the Ross Ice Shelf conductivities never exceeded 2 [My]mho/cm. The very low conductivities observed in ice cores from near the bottom of the Ross Ice Shelf confirm earlier conclusions based on detailed petrographic studies oi the cores that the 258-m-thick ice shelf at Little America V is composed entirely of glacial ice.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 8 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 248
    URL: https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB073i012p03643
    Language: English
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  • 18
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    Bubble coalescence in ice as a tool for the study of its deformation history (1968)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Materiel Command Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-251
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Preface. - Abstract. - Introduction. - Theory. - Application to ice sheets and ice shelves. - Summary. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: An analysis is made of the rate of bubble coalescence in a deforming ice mass. A total strain of at least 8 is required before appreciable coalescence occurs, The analysis has.been applied to deforming ice shelves and ice sheets. No appreciable coalescence is expected in ice shelves but coalescence should occur in ice sheets (or glaciers) if the shear strain rate at the bottom surface is of the order of 0.075/yr or larger. Measurements of bubble concentration are capable of setting limits on paleo-strain rates of the present ice sheets. Bubble migration down temperature gradients presents complications to the study of bubble coalescence.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 5 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 251
    URL: https://dx.doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000030951
    Language: English
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  • 19
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    Weltraumforschung : Bibliographie der Zeitschriften und Sammelwerke (1968)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik bei der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin
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    Call number: MOP Per 581(2/5) ; ZSP-319/B-5
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 2, Solarterrestrische Beziehungen und Physik der Atmosphäre, Heft 5
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 75 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0533-7585
    Series Statement: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 2, Solarterrestrische Beziehungen und Physik der Atmosphäre 5
    Language: German
    Note: Inhalt: Vorbemerkung. - Inhalt. - Abkürzungen. - Verzeichnis der Zeitschriften und Sammelwerke. - lateinisches Alphabet. - kyrillisches Alphabet. - Verzeichnis der Verlage. - Ortsverzeichnis. - Autorenverzeichnis.
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  • 20
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    Stress and wave patterns in soils subjected to dynamic loads (1967)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-120
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 120
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: The report is divided into four parts: Parts I and II cover investigations of the reliability of shear stress measurements in soils subjected to vibratory loads for biaxial and triaxial systems, respectively. Part I is a summary only (see USA CRREL Technical Report 90 for detailed treatment). Part III is a study of three-dimensional "principal" stress patterns produced in soil subjected to vibratory loads. Part IV is a theoretical analysis of some aspects of soil wave propagation in stratified soil. From the measurements of five shear stresses and one normal stress, the stress distribution of a triaxial system can be determined. In noncohesive soils triaxial stress fields due to vibratory loads can be determined by recording six independent stress components. Sinusoidal force excitation and impact excitation yield time-distance graphs which can be used to determine reflection and refraction techniques in stratified soils.
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    Pages: v, 52 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 120
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5953
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Part I. Two-dimensional shear stress measurements Part II. Three-dimensional shear stress measurements Introduction Measurements Experimental results Evaluation Compatibility checks Comparison between shear stresses under static and dynamic loads Conclusions Part III. Three-dimensional normal stress measurements Introduction Experimental setup Results Analysis Conclusions Part IV. Soil wave propagation in stratified soil Introduttion Distance-time graphs Results Sinusoidal force excitation Refraction Impact force excitation Selected bibliography Appendix A. Equations for computing stress components in Part II Appendix B. Equations for computer program in Part III
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  • 21
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    Stratigraphic analysis of a deep ice core from Greenland (1967)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-77
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 77
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: A deep rotary core drilling project in 1957 at Site 2 on the Greenland ice sheet (76°59'N, 56°04'W provided ice core to a depth of 411 m. The vertical variation in bulk density, macroscopic structure, oxygen isotope ratios, ionic constituents, and extraterrestrial dust (black spherules) were analyzed using both field and laboratory techniques . These data permit the direct estimate of annual accumulation layers in the core. Continuous stratigraphic measurements and observations were made over the upper 110 m of the profile and detailed physical and chemical analyses were made on continuous lo 3 to 3.9-m core increments at 100, 200, 300 and 411-m depths. The average total ionic concentration in the ice sheet ranges between 0.65 and 1.35 mg/liter. The annual global mass deposit of black spherules as calculated from these studies varies from 2.10 x 10^5 metric tons in 700 year old ice to 6.57 x 10^5 metric tons in 12 year old firn. The oxygen isotope ratio variation provides the best means of estimating accumulation at depth. Results of the investigations indicate rates of net snow accumulation of 42.3, 34.2, 37.4, 41.1 and 41.6 g/cm^2 -yr at the surface, A.D. c. 1773, c. 1513, c. 1233 and c. 934 respectively. Accumulation data and other physical and chemical evidence allow climatological inferences to be made over the 10-century profile. The ice core record shows that snow accumulation and temperature in A. D. 934 were similar to today, followed by a gradual decrease in accumulation to a minimum around the late 18th century and an increase in both accumulation and temperature from A. D. 1773 to 1957 and following.
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    Pages: vi, 130 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 77
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5934
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary 1. lntroduction General background Previous work The Greenland Ice sheet Present work Ice core studies ll. Field procedures General background Subsurface snow laboratory Core reference datum Core handling and processing Ill. Macroscopic stratigraphy General background Polar stratigraphy General observations and results Discussion of results and conclusions above 100 m IV. Detailed stratigraphic studies General background Macroscopic stratigraphy at 100 m Results of analysis and discussion Summary and conclusions V. Oxygen isotope studies General background Previous work Deep ice core 0-isotope stratigraphy Results of analyses Summary and conclusions Vl. Chemical composition studies General background Previous work Factors influencing the chemistry of glaciers Deep core stratigraphy using chemical variations Results of analyses and discussion Summary and interpretation of the 300 m results Geochemistry of the ice sheet Results of analyses and discussion Summary and conclusions Vll. Cosmic dust studies General background Previous work Origin of extraterrestrial dust Deep ice core and near surface studies Results of analyses Discussion of results Summary and conclusions VIII. Climatological implications General background Recent history of the inland ice Past history from the deep core Summary and conclusions- IX. Summary and conclusions Discussion Post Site l deep drilling programs Selected bibliography Appendix A. Sorge's law Appendix B. Thinning of layers Appendix C. Statistical terms Appendix D. Average density determinations for meter increments from the surface to 411.21 meters , Site 2, Greenland
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  • 22
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    Pendulum steering for thermal probes in glaciers (1967)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-203-116
    In: Special report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Corps of Engineers, US Army, 116
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: Pendulum steering, a new concept of attitude stabilization for thermal probes or coring drills in ice, eliminates instability. The center of support is placed above the center of gravity. A lower and upper hot point produce melt penetration. The ratio of their power levels is the basis for stabilization, which is provided by the automatic control of the heater in the upper hot point. This feature makes possible a single thermal probe design that is suitable for all ice cap temperatures and a wide range of penetration rates (i.e., applied power levels). The simplicity of a thermal probe with pendulum steering suggests availability at modest cost and versatility as a widely applicable tool.
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    Pages: iv, 4 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Special report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Corps of Engineers, US Army 116
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/11903
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction The principle of pendulum steering Analysis of the power requirements The upper heater control Laboratory tests Summary
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  • 23
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    Internationales Ozonseminar Potsdam : 26.9.-1.10.1966 (1967)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik bei der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin
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    Call number: MOP Per 581(2/7) ; ZSP-319/B-7
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 2, Solarterrestrische Beziehungen und Physik der Atmosphäre, Heft 7
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 152 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0533-7585
    Series Statement: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 2, Solarterrestrische Beziehungen und Physik der Atmosphäre 7
    Language: German , Russian , English
    Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: Einführungsvortrag zum Internationalen Ozonseminar / K. H. Grasnick. - On the accuracy of spectroscopic measurements of atmospheric ozone / G. M. B. Dobson. - Atmospheric ozone in Central and Southeast Europe during the IQSY / Rumen D. Bojkov. - Über Ozongehalt und stratosphärische Zirkulation im europäischen Raum bei spezieller Wetterlage / C. Busch. - Infra-red emission and atmospheric ozone / C. D. Walshaw. - Nekotorye rezul'taty issledovanij atmosfernogo ozona v SSSR v period MGSS = Некоторые результаты исследований атмосферного озона в СССР в период МГСС = Einige Ergebnisse der Untersuchung des atmosphärischen Ozons während des IQSY in der UdSSR / G. P. Guščin = Г. П. Гущин = G. P. Guschtschin. - Die stratosphärische Erwärmung über Mitteleuropa vom 8.-12- März 1965 / W. Hoebbel, K. H. Grasnick. - Einige Erscheinungen der unteren Ionosphäre und mögliche Kopplungen zu tieferen Atmosphärenschichten / G. Entzian. - Comparison between the vertical ozone distribution profiles obtained from Umkehr and ozonesonde data / Rumen D. Bojkov. - Entwicklungsstand der Ozonsondentechnik / D. Sonntag. - Opyty po usoveršenstvovaniju apparatury spektrofotometra dobsona i nekotorye techničeskie uslovija graduirovki optičeskich klinov = Опыты по усовершенствованию аппаратуры спектрофотометра добсона и некоторые технические условия градуировки оптических клинов = Versuche zur Vervollkommnung der Apparatur des Dobson-Spektrophotometers und einige technische Bedingungen der Eichung der optischen Keile / M. Gorski = М. Горски. - The analysis of the accuracy of measurements of the total ozone amount performed at Belsk - Poland / A. Dziewulska-Łosiowa. - Einige Verbesserungen zur Temperaturkonstanz innerhalb des Dobson-Spektrophotometers / K. H. Grasnick. - On isotopic mass transport from stratosphere to troposphere by baroclinic disturbances / M. Łękawska-Degórska. - Anschriften der Verfasser. , Beiträge teilweise in deutscher, teilweise in englischer, teilweise in russischer Sprache , Beiträge teilweise in kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 24
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    Die Tätigkeit des Nationalkomitees für Geodäsie und Geophysik : 1963 - 1966 (1967)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der DDR bei der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften
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    Call number: MOP Per 581(1/4) ; ZSP-319/A-4 ; ZSP-319/A-4(2. Ex.)
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1, Nr. 4
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 20 Seiten
    Series Statement: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1 4
    Language: English
    Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik (NKGG). - 1.1. Zusammensetzung. - 1.2. Mitgliedschaften in internationalen wissenschaftlichen Vereinigungen. - 2. Die Tätigkeit des NKGG erfolgt in den drei grossen Komplexen. - 2.1. Lithosphäre. - 2.1.1. Upper-Mantle-Project und Studium rezenter Erdkrustenbewegungen. - 2.1.2. Geodäsie. - 2.1.3. Gravimetrie. - 2.1.4. Erdgezeiten. - 2.1.5. Geodätische Astronomie und Arbeitsgruppe Optische Satellitenbeobachtungen. - 2.1.6. Seismologie und Physik des Erdinneren. - 2.1.7. Magentische Weltvermessung und Geomagnetismus. - 2.2. Atmosphäre. - 2.2.1. Internationale Jahre der ruhigen Sonne 1964/65 (IQSY). - 2.2.2. Mitgliedschaft der DDR im COSPAR, Bericht zu den Arbeiten der COSPAR-Kommission des NKGG. - 2.2.3. Meteorologie und Physik der Atmosphäre. - 2.2.4. Ionosphäre und Kosmische Strahlung. - 2.3. Hydrosphäre. - 2.3.1. Ozeanographie. - 2.3.2. Hydrologisches Dezennium und Fachgruppe Wissenschaftliche Hydrologie. - 3. Expeditionen. - 3.1. Polargebiete. - 3.1.1. Antarktis. - 3.1.2. Arktis. - 3.2. Mittlere und niedere Breiten. - 3.3. Ozeanographische Unternehmungen. - 4. Technisches Büro. - 5. Referat Publikationen. - 5.1. Schriftenreihe des NKGG. - 5.2. Internationale geodätische Dokumentation, IGD. - 5.3. Hydrologische Bibliographie. - In Memorian Otto Meisser. - In Memorian Gertraud Richter.
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    Die wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse der deutschen Spitzbergenexpedition 1964-1965; Teil 1: Die geodätischen und glaziologischen Arbeiten (1967)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
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    Call number: MOP Per 581(3/9,Textbd.) ; ZSP-319/C-9,1
    In: Die wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse der deutschen Spitzbergenexpedition 1964-1965, Teil 1
    In: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde, 9,1
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 138 Seiten , Illustrationen, Karten , 1 Karte
    ISSN: 0435-6187
    Series Statement: Die wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse der Deutschen Spitzbergenexpedition 1
    Language: German
    Note: Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Kongsvegen-Kronebreen (Vestspitsbergen) 〈1 : 50 000〉 , INHALT 1. EINLEITUNG (W. Pillewizer) 1.1. Teilnehmer an der deutschen Spitzbergenexpedition 1964/1965 1.2. Wissenschaftliches Schrüttum über die deutschen Spitzbergenexpeditionen 1962 und 1964-1965 2. DIE GEODÄTISCHEN ARBEITEN ZUR KARTENAUFNAHME (L. Stange) 2.1. Triangulation (L. Stange) 2.2. Die photogrammetrische Geländeaufnahme (K. Dreßler) 2.3. Die photogrammetrische Auswertung der topographischen Geländeaufnahme (I. Militzer) 2.4. Die Bearbeitung der Karten (W. Pillewizer) 2.5. Die terrestrische Refraktion im Kongsfjord - Westspitzbergen - (S. Meier) 3. DIE GLAZIOLOGISCHEN ARBEITEN 3.1. Einleitung (W. Pillewizer) 3.2. Bewegungsmessungen an den Gletschern des Kongsfjordgebietes (S. Meier, G. Lorenz, I. Militzer) 3.3. Ergebnisse der Bewegungsmessungen an Kongsvegen und Kronehre (U. Voigt, G. Lorenz) 3.4. Ein Geschwindigkeitsvektorenfeld auf dem Blomstrandgletscher (I. Militzer) 3.5. Ergebnisse photogrammetrischer Messungen auf dem mittleren Lovéngletscher in den Jahren 1962 und 1964/65 (U. Voigt) 3.6. Ein Oberflächen-Querprofil auf dem mittleren Lovéngletscher (G. Lorenz) 3.7. Ergebnisse von Gravimetermessungen im Kongsfjordgebiet (C. Oelsner) 3.8. Seismoakustische Untersuchungen auf dem mittleren Lovénbreen (C. Oelsner) 3.9. Eisdickenbestimmung durch Lotungen vor der Gletscherfront des Kongsvegen (U. Voigt) 3.10. Direkte Beobachtungen der Unterseite des Kongsvegen (U. Voigt) 3.11. Ergebnisse von Ablationsmessungen auf dem Kongsvegen (U. Voigt) 3.12. Zusammenfassung (U. Voigt)
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  • 26
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    Die wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse der deutschen Spitzbergenexpedition 1964-1965; Ergänzungen zu Teil 1, 1967 (1967)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
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    Call number: MOP Per 581(3/9,1,Erg.-Bd.) ; ZSP-319/C-9,1(Erg.-Bd.)
    In: Die wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse der deutschen Spitzbergenexpedition 1964-1965, 1, [Ergänzungsband]
    In: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde, 9,1 [Ergänzungsband]
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 138 Seiten , Illustrationen , 2 Karten
    ISSN: 0435-6187
    Series Statement: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde 9,1 [Ergänzungsband]
    Language: German , English
    Note: Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Indre Kongsfjorden (Vestspitsbergen) : Nordblatt 〈1 : 25 000〉 , Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Indre Kongsfjorden (Vestspitsbergen) : Südblatt 〈1 : 25 000〉 , Inhalt: Zur Karte "Indre Kongsfjorden (Vestspitsbergen) 1: 25 000" (W. Pillewizer) Zur Karte des Kongsvegen-Kronebre 1 : 50 000, (Westspitzbergen) (W. Pillewizer) Die Bewegung der Zunge des Blomstrandbre (Kongsfjord, Vestspitzbergen) (I. Militzer, U. Voigt) Block Movement of Glaciers (W. Pillewizer, U. Voigt) Errata zu Teil I
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  • 27
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    Some physical and mechanical properties of polar snow (1966)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-116
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 116
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: Specimens of snow from the South Pole were tested to investigate air permeability K (cm/sec), ultimate compressive strength σc (g/cm^2 ) and dynamic Young's modulus E (g/cm^2 ) as a function of density. Anisotropy in a single layer of snow (snow between two summer crusts) was found in all three properties. Comparison with data for snow from Site II, Greenland, showed an empirical relation for both areas: σc = 10.42 x 10^-4 E for 0.43 g/cm^3 〈 ρ 〈 0.51 g/cm^3. σc = 5.68 x 10^-4 E for 8.63 x 10^3 g/cm^2 for 0.51 g/cm^3 〈 ρ 〈 0.90 g/cm^3. Air permeabilities are different for the two sites because of time and meteorological effects.
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    Pages: iv, 22 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 116
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5865
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Preparing the snow specimens Air permeability Experimental procedure Results and discussion Viscoelastic properties Principle Experimental method Results and discussion Creep tests Unconfined compressive strength Experimental procedure Results and discussion General discussion Literature cited Appendix A: Test result
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  • 28
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    Plane plastic deformation of soils (1966)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-87
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 87
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: A consistent theory of plane plastic deformation of soil is formulated by assuming soil as an ideal material that has constant cohesion and friction angle. Such an ideal soil is an extension of the ideal metal that has, in the terminology of soil mechanics, cohesion only. After a review of the existing theories from which the present theory has emerged, the mathematical expression referred to as the "compression characteristic" is developed. Then the system of differential equations is shown by the theory of characteristic lines. Many mathematical and physical problems remain to be solved before the perfect explanation of the plasticity of ideal soil will be attained.
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    Pages: iv, 42 Seiten
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 87
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5896
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Review of existing theories The compression characteristic Characteristic directions Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Proof of Yamaguchi's principle Appendix B. Strain-rate tensor in the strain-rate characteristic line coordinates Appendix C. Stress, strain-rate relationship Appendix D. Bearing on the. Drucker and Prager three -dimensional deformation Appendix E. Notation
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  • 29
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    Die geodätischen Arbeiten der deutschen Gruppe während der 7. Sowjetischen Antarktis-Expedition 1962 : Bericht der Teilnehmergruppe der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik (1966)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, Fachgruppe Geodäsie
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    Call number: MOP Per 581(3/5) ; ZSP-319/C-5
    In: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde, Nr. 5
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 112 Seiten , Illustrationen, Karten , 2 Beilagen
    ISSN: 0435-6187
    Series Statement: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde 5
    Language: German
    Note: Beilage unter dem Titel: Eisbewegung Mirny - 100.km , Beilage unter dem Titel: Trigonometrisches Netz Mirny 1962 〈1 : 100 000〉 , Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort Einführung 1. Aufgabenstellung 2. Beschreibung des Arbeitsgebietes 3· Frühere geodätische Arbeiten im Expeditionsgebiet 4. Expeditionsverlauf 5· Messungen zur Bestimmung der Eisbewegung 5.1. Die trigonometrischen Arbeiten Mirny - 100. km 5.1.1. Technische Ausrüstung und Teilnehmer 5.1.2. Geodätische Instrumente 5.1.3. Erste Beobachtung der trigonometrischen Kette 5.1.4. Zweite Beobachtung der trigonometrischen Kette 5.1.5. Genauigkeiten 5.1.5.1. Richtungen und Zenitwinkel 5.1.5.2. Azimute 5.1.5.3. Streckenmessung 5.1.6. Berechnung der Koordinaten und Höhen 5.1.6.1. Lagemessung 5.1.6.1.1. 1. Beobachtung (2.4.1962) 5.1.6.1.2. 2. Beobachtung (10.11.1962) 5.1.6.2. Höhenmessung 5.1.6.2.1. 1. Beobachtung (2.4.1962) 5.1.6.2.2. 2. Beobachtung (10.11.1962) 5.1.7. Auswertung der Ergebnisse (Horizontale und vertikale Eisbewegung) 5.2. Eisbewegung im Stationsgebiet Mirny 6. Untersuchung der trigonometrischen und nivellitischen Refraktion 6.1. Aufgabenstellung 6.2. Trigonometrische Messungen 6.2.1. Maßanordnung 6.2.2. Durchführung der Beobachtungen 6.2.3. Ergebnisse der trigonometrischen Messungen 6.3. Nivellitische Messungen 6.3.1. Maßanordnung 6.3.2. Durchführung der Beobachtungen 6.3.3. Ergebnisse der nivellitischen Messungen 6.4. Zusammenfassung 7. Versuch zur Durchführung eines motorisierten Nivellements 7.1. Technische Ausrüstung 7 .2. Durchführung der Messungen 7.3. Ergebnisse 8. Literatur
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    Final report on IQSY activities in the German Democratic Republic : 1964 - 1965 (1966)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der DDR bei der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften
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    Call number: MOP 34587 ; MOP Per 581(1/3) ; ZSP-319/A-3
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1, Nr. 3
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 48 Seiten
    Series Statement: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1 3
    Language: English
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  • 31
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    Ergebnisse geophysikalischer und geodätischer Forschungsarbeiten im Polargebiet : Vorträge der Arbeitstagung des Referats Expeditionen im Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der DDR am 1. und 2. Juni 1965 in Berlin (1966)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der DDR bei der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften
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    Call number: MOP 34344 ; ZSP-319/A-2 ; ZSP-319/A-2(2. Ex.)
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1, Nr. 2
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 64 Seiten , Illustrationen , 1 Karte
    Series Statement: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1 2
    Language: German
    Note: Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Das Zungenende des Kongsvegen-Gletschers in der Kingsbay / Spitzbergen 〈1 : 25 000〉 , Inhaltsverzeichnis: Eröffnungsvortrag des Leiters des Referats Expeditionen / G. SKEIB. - Der Kongsvegen in der Kingsbay, ein blockbewegter arktischer Gletscher / W. PILLEWIZER. - Probleme der photogrammetrischen Gletschergeschwindigkeitsmessung / I. RUDOLPH. - Gravimetrische Eismächtigkeitsbestimmungen / CHR. OELSNER. - Studien an der periglazialen Auftauschicht in Spitzbergen / K. HERZ. - Ablationsbestimmungen am mittleren Lovéngletscher mittels hydrologisch-meteorologischer Methoden / H. SCHMIDT. - Neue Geräte für Ablations- und Abflußmessungen / H. KARBAUM. - Zur Untersuchung der regelmäßigen Variationen des geomagnetischen Feldes / G. FANSELAU. - Erdstrommessungen in Spitzbergen / K. LENGNING. - Schiffsmagnetische Messungen im hohen Norden / V. AUSTER. - Einige Besonderheiten in der thermischen Struktur des Windfeldes von Mirny / G. SKEIB. - Untersuchungen über den Ozongehalt der bodennahen Luft in Mirny/Antarktika / J. KOLBIG. - Messungen der langwelligen Strahlungsströme auf dem antarktischen Inlandeis und dem Meereis vom Flugzeug aus / ST. KLEMM. - Die Eisverhältnisse an der Prawda-Küste während der 6. Sowjetischen Antarktisexpedition 1961/62 / O. SCHULZE. - Die geodätischen Arbeiten der deutschen Gruppe während der 1. Sowjetischen Antarktisexpedition 1962 / G. SCHNARZ. - Maßmethodik und Ergebnisse astronomischer Ortsbestimmungen in der Antarktis / G. LEONHARDT. - Maßmethodik und Ergebnisse astronomisch-geodätischer Ortsbestimmungen in Antarktika / J. LIEBERT. - Winterliche Temperaturänderungen in der freien Atmosphäre über Mirny / M. BUTTENBERG. - Zur Bearbeitung von Luftdruckmessungen an ostantarktischen Inlandstationen und zum Problem der glazialen Antizyklone / P. NITZSCHKE. - Messungen des CO2-Gehaltes der bodennahen Luft im Jahre 1960 in Mirny/Antarktika / J. KOLBIG. - Messungen der atmosphärischen Radioaktivität im Jahre 1960 in Mirny/Antarktika / J. KOLBIG.
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    Vorträge der Sommerschule Untere Ionosphäre : Kühlungsborn/Heiligendamm, 28.9. - 9.10.1964; 3 (1966)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin
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    Call number: MOP Per 581(2/3) ; ZSP-319/B-3
    In: Vorträge der Sommerschule Untere Ionosphäre, Heft 3
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 2, Solarterrestrische Beziehungen und Physik der Atmosphäre, Heft 3
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 168 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0533-7585
    Series Statement: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 2, Solarterrestrische Beziehungen und Physik der Atmosphäre 3
    Language: German , Russian
    Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: Svojstva koėfficientov prelomlenija, zatuchania i koėfficienta propuskanija ionosfery na nizkich i sverchnizkich častotach = Свойства коэффициентов преломления, затухания и коэффициента пропускания ионосферы на низких и сверхнизких частотах = Die Eigenschaften des Brechungs- und Dämpfungskoeffizienten sowie des Durchlässigkeitskoeffizienten der Ionosphäre bei niedrigen und extrem niedrigen Frequenzen / D. S. Fligel' = Д. С. Флигель. - Scatter an Meteorspuren / L. Třiskova. - Radio-Echos von Meteorspuren und ihre Bedeutung für die Physik der Hochatmosphäre / P. Glöde. - Die Windsysteme in der unteren Ionosphäre nach Radiobeobachtungen im Langwellenbereich und nach Radarbeobachtungen an Meteoriten / K. Sprenger. - Ergebnisse und Aspekte von Messungen des atmosphärischen Funkstörpegels im Längstwellenbereich in verschiedenen Breiten / E. A. Lauter, B. Schäning. - Molnievye razrjady i rasprostranenie ėlektromagnitnych voln nizkoj i sverchnizkoj častoty nad zemnoj poverchnost'ju = Молниевые разряды и распространение электромагнитных волн низкой и сверхнизкой частоты над земной поверхностью = Blitzentladungen und die Ausbreitung elektromagnetischer Wellen niedriger und extrem niedriger Frequenzen über die Erdoberfläche / D. S. Fligel' = Д. С. Флигель. - Funkcija rasprostranenija i srednjaja fazovaja skorost' ėlektromagnitnych voln na sverchnizkich častotach = Функция распространения и средняя фазовая скорость электромагнитных волн на сверхнизких частотах = Die Ausbreitungsfunktion und die mittlere Phasengeschwindigkeit der elektromagnetischen Wellen extrem niedriger Frequenzen / G. A. Michailova = Г. А. Михайлова. - Weitere Untersuchungen über Sq und L / G. Fanselau.
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  • 33
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    Vorträge der Sommerschule Untere Ionosphäre : Kühlungsborn/Heiligendamm, 28.9. - 9.10.1964; 2 (1966)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin
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    Call number: MOP Per 581(2/2) ; ZSP-319/B-2
    In: Vorträge der Sommerschule Untere Ionosphäre, Heft 2
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 2, Solarterrestrische Beziehungen und Physik der Atmosphäre, Heft 2
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 200 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0533-7585
    Series Statement: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 2, Solarterrestrische Beziehungen und Physik der Atmosphäre 2
    Language: German
    Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: Die Ausbreitung langer Wellen / H. Volland. - Abbildungen. - Die Entstehung der niederen Ionosphäre im Lichte der Aeronomie / Chr.-U. Wagner. - Abbildungen.
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  • 34
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    Bestimmungen von Eisbewegungen am Rand des antarktischen Inlandeises (1966)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
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    Call number: MOP Per 581(3/4) ; ZSP-319/C-4(2. Ex.) ; ZSP-319/C-4
    In: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde, Nr. 4
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 32 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0435-6187
    Series Statement: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde 4
    Language: German
    Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Aufgabenstellung 2. Expeditionsverlauf 2.1. Vorbereitung der Expedition 2.2. Schiffsreise und Arbeiten im Expeditionsgebiet 3. Die trigonometrischen Messungen 3.1. Vorbereitung 3.2. Signalisierung 3.3.Beobachtung 3.4. Genauigkeit der Beobachtungen 4. Die Auswertung 4.1. Aufbereitung der Maßergebnisse 4.2. Berechnung der Basen und Azimute 4.3. Lagebestimmung 4.3.1. Ermittlung der Näherungskoordinaten 4.3.2. Ausgleichung der Richtungsmessungen 4.3.3. Zusammenschluß der vier Teilnetze 4.3.4. Einfluß der Eisbewegung während der Messung 4.3.5. Genauigkeit der Lagebestimmung und der Eisbewegungsvektoren 4.4. Höhenbestimmung 4.4.1. Ermittlung der einzelnen Höhenunterschiede 4.4.2. Ausgleichung des Höhennetzes 4.4.3. Genauigkeit der Höhenbestimmung 5. Die Angabe der Eisbewegung und kurzer Vergleich mit den Meßergebnissen 1962 6. Ausblick 7. Zusammenfassung Schrifttum Schlußbemerkungen Anlagenverzeichnis
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  • 35
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    Relative Schweremessungen zwischen Potsdam und Antarktika (1966)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, Fachgruppe Geodäsie
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    Call number: MOP Per 581(3/7) ; ZSP-319/C-7(2. Ex.) ; ZSP-319/C-7
    In: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde, 7
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 66 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0435-6187
    Series Statement: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde 7
    Language: German
    Note: Enthält auch: Bericht der DDR-Teilnehmergruppe an der 10. sowjetischen Antarktisexpedition : Überwinterung 1965 / K. Lindner ; H. Wirth
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    Visual resolution and optical scintillation over snow, ice, and frozen ground; Part II (1965)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-111,2
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 111,2
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    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 111,2
    Language: English
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    Quantitative data from a patterned ground site over permafrost (1965)
    Hanover, NH : Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-96
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 96
    Description / Table of Contents: Techniques were established by which quantitative data can be obtained from patterned ground features. The field work was carried out during the summers of 1954 and 1955 near Camp Tuto, Greenland. The investigation site is described, and extensive data are presented. The soil materials composing the patterned ground features were found to be of common mineralogy, grain size distribution, and plasticity. The chemical nature of the soils does not contribute to feature formation; it is the mechanical processes acting on these materials that are important. A sharp rise in the soil water content in the form of ice was consistently noted when passing through the base of the active layer into the present permafrost. A net heave occurred at both feature center and border locations, The magnitude of the heave is about 0.05 ft for the centers and 0.03 ft for the borders. Feature age was estimated to be about 150 yr. Vertical sorting occurs over the entire depth of the active layer but radial sorting is confined to the upper 2 ft. Groundwater flow occurs mostly through the feature borders, and incoming radiation has an important effect on the progression of the frost line. The progression of thaw is very rapid and, by the end of summer, the thaw penetration is greatest under the feature centers.
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    Pages: VI, 76 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 96
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/22899
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Site of investigation Selection of study area General information about site and vicinity Accumulation and initial evaluation of data Feature 1 - preliminary study (raised center feature) Feature 2 - bench mark excavation - preliminary soils study (depressed center feature) Feature 3 - cobble orientation study Feature 4 - precise movement survey Feature 5 - radial comparison studies Feature 6 - moisture content survey Feature 7 - temperature and heat flow study (depressed center feature) Feature 8 - temperature and heat flow study (raised center feature) Feature 9 - ground water table studies Features 10 and 11 - permafrost table survey (depressed and raised center features) Combined analysis of data Sharp rise in water content at frost table Estimate of heave since deposition Study of heave measurements Consideration of feature formation time Soil grain size distribution within features Conclusions Recommendations for future work in this or similar patterned ground study areas Heave and ground-ice accumulation Solifluction ground flow Incoming radiation and soil albedo References Appendix A: General. study of heat budget of the active layer
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    Heat transfer characteristics of ventilated snow (1965)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-106
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 106
    Description / Table of Contents: From the Preface: This paper presents a method for determining the extent of heat transfer due to vapor transfer in snow with air flowing through it, which could be useful in connection with studies concerning the changes of physical and mechanical properties of a snow cover caused by temperature gradients and wind currents.
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    Pages: iv, 8, A2, B2, C4 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 106
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5851
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Summary Introduction Theory Experimental apparatus apd procedures Results and discussion References Appendix A: Evaluation of d^2Ps/dx^2, dps/dx Appendix B: Sample calculations of β0, β, and De Appendix C: Experimental results and calculated data
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    Continuity in foundation models and related problems (1965)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-109
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 109
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The present paper contains a critical study of a number of foundation models suggested by various investigators, as well as a further development of some of the ideas involved. It is found that the model by Pasternak is the most natural extension of the Winkler foundation. It is also shown that the "non-solvability" of the problem of a finite bean or plate resting on a continuous foundation as posed by Wieghardt and further elaborated by Pflanz is not correct, and that problems of this type are solvable for any load distribution permissible in classical plate theory. The paper concludes with derivations of differential equations for plates resting on viscous and viscoelastic foundations, which may be used for solving problems involving compacted snow and permafrost bases.
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    Pages: iv, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 109
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5834
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction The Hetényi foundation The Filonenko-Borodich foundation The Pasternak foundation Plates on a Pasternak foundation Visco-elastic Pasternak foundation Plates on visco-elastic foundations References Appendix A: Notation
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    Bericht über Arbeiten zum Internationalen Upper-Mantle-Project im Zeitraum 1962 bis 1965 in der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik (1965)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
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    Call number: 91.0851 ; MOP Per 581(3/3) ; ZSP-319/C-3
    In: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde, Nr. 3
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 77 Seiten
    ISSN: 0435-6187
    Series Statement: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde 3
    Language: English , English
    Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis = Contents Inhalt = Contents Vorwort = Foreword A. Seismologie = A. Seismology B. Physik des oberen Erdmantels = B. Physics of the Upper Mantle of the Earth C. Gravimetrie, Geodäsie, Erdgezeiten und rezente Erdkrustenbewegungen = C. Gravimetry, Geodesy, Tides of the Earth and Recent Movements of the Earth' s Crust. D. Magnetismus = D. Magnetism E. Theorie und Berechnungsanlagen = E. Theory and· Computers F. Tiefbohrungen für wissenschaftliche Zwecke = F. Deep Drilling for Scientific Purposes G. Petrologie = G. Petrology H. Tektonik = H. Tectonics J. Geochemie = J. Geochemistry , Text deutsch und englisch
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    Kolloquium über Aufgaben und Ziele der Arbeit des NKGG nach den Generalversammlungen des CIG/IQSY-Komitees, des COSPAR, der IUGG und der URSI am 3. Dezember 1963 (1965)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der DDR bei der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin
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    Call number: MOP Per 581(1/1) ; ZSP-319/A-1 ; ZSP-319/A-1(2. Ex.)
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1, Nr. 1
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 108 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1 1
    Language: German
    Note: Inhalt: Einleitung / H. PESCHEL. - Die COSPAR-Tagung in Warschau im Juni 1963 und die Aufgaben der DDR in der Raumforschung / O. LUCKE. - Die XIII. Generalversammlung der IUGG, Berkeley, 18 August 1963 und Symposium IGJ in Los Angeles, Gesamtübersicht / D. ROTTER. - Bericht über eine Teilnahme am Internationalen Symposium über das Internationale Geophysikalische Jahr (IGY und IGC) an der Universität Kalifornien in Los Angeles und an der XIII. Generalversammlung der Internationalen Union für Geodäsie und Geophysik (IUGG) in Berkeley 1963 / O. MEISSER. - Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse aus dem Gebiet "Geomagnetismus und Aeronomie" und die nächsten Aufgaben der DDR, speziell zur geomagnetischen Weltvermessung / G. FANSELAU. - Die Aufgaben im IQSY nach den Tagungen in Rom, Los Angeles, Berkeley und Tokio / E. A. LAUTER. - Die Aufgaben auf dem Gebiet der Geodäsie nach Los Angeles und Berkeley / H.-U.SANDIG. - Die Expeditionsvorhaben der DDR 1964 (mit Rückblick auf durchgeführte Expeditionen) / G. SKEIB. - Die Ergebnisse der Deutschen Spitzbergen-Expedition 1962 und die Aufgabenstellung der nächsten Spitzbergen-Expedition / W. PILLEWIZER. - Vorbereitungen für die Teilnahme an der 10. sowjetischen Antarktis-Expedition / Cl. ELSTNER. - Internationale Vorhaben auf dem Gebiet der Meereskunde im Jahre 1964 / E. BRUNS. - Die Forschungsvorhaben der Hydrologie / H. SCHUBERT. - Meteorologische Vorhaben in den Internationalen Jahren der Ruhigen Sonne / W. BÖHME. - Zusammenfassung des Vortrages: Die Forschungsarbeiten der Fachgruppe "Sonnenaktivität" in den Internationalen Jahren der Ruhigen Sonne / J. WEMPE. - Bericht über den gegenwärtigen Stand und die zukünftigen Aufgaben auf dem Gebiet der Erdgezeitenforschung / W. BUCHHEIM. - Die wissenschaftlichen Aufgaben auf dem Gebiet der Gravimetrie / K. REICHENEDER. - Die Aufgaben des Referats Publikationen und Weltsammelzentren / R. HAAKE.
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    Deutsche Spitzbergen Expedition 1962 : hydrometeorologische Arbeiten am mittleren Lovéngletscher in der Kingsbay (1965)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
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    Call number: MOP Per 581(3/2) ; Q 2435(3,2) ; MOP 34346 ; MOP 34516 ; ZSP-319/C-2
    In: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde, Nr. 2
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    Pages: 101 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0435-6187
    Series Statement: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde 2
    Language: German
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    Visco-elastic properties of snow and ice in the Greenland ice cap (1959)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-46
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 46
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The results of studies in the summer of 1957 on ice samples taken from the ice tunnel at TUTO, core samples obtained by drilling in the ice cap at Site 2, and snow samples, using the transverse vibration method and a new portable meter, are reported. Young's modulus was determined from the resonance frequency of flexural vibrations of samples cut in the form of rectangular bars; the loss factor was measured from damping; and the coefficient of viscosity calculated using the Maxwell model. The modulus of elasticity of samples of a density from 0.917 - 0.90 g/cm^3 (tunnel ice) decreased sharply with slight deviations of the density from that of pure ice. At densities from 0.90 - 0.50 g/cm^3 (deep-pit and drill-core samples) the relation between the modulus of elasticity and density was linear, while in the density range from 0.50-0.25 g/cm^3 (surface snow) the modulus of elasticity decreased exponentially. The viscosity-density relation of the samples was similar to that of elasticity vs density. Young's modulus increased slightly with decreasing temperature, while viscosity increased exponentially. The activation energy was calculated as 18.7 kcal/mol for old ice-cap ice, 13.9 kcal/mol for tunnel ice with elongated bubbles, and 13.5 kcal/mol for super-imposed ice.
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    Pages: v, 29, A4 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 46
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2726
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Principle of measuring the visco-elastic nature of snow and ice by the vibration method Experimental method for determination of visco-elastic properties of snow and ice Visco-elastic properties of tunnel ice Elastic properties of snow samples from the deep pit Elastic properties of core samples obtained by drilling Elastic properties of snow near the ice-cap surface Vertical variation of Young's modulus near the surface Wind-packed snow Peter snow Relation between Young's modulus and density of snow Relation between Young's modulus and density over the range from surface snow to ice Supplementary experiments on the elastic nature of snow and ice at Site 2 Anisotropy of Peter snow Age hardening Temperature dependence of Young's modulus of core ice Viscosity measurement of snow and ice in Greenland Further experiments on the elastic nature of tunnel ice Temperature dependence of Young's modulus Frequency dependence of Young's modulus Further experiments on the viscous nature of tunnel ice Temperature dependence of loss factor Activation energy Frequency dependence of loss factor and viscosity Relation between viscosity and density Conclusions References Appendix: Experimental data
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    Experimental formation of sorted patterns in gravel overlying a melting ice surface (1959)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-55
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 55
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Experiments were performed to investigate the processes involved in the formation of sorted patterns which occur naturally in unconsolidated sandy gravel deposits covering the edge of the ice cap southeast of Thule, northwest Greenland. Four different glacier ice surfaces were covered with various thicknesses of sandy gravel in order to observe the effect of differential melting on the formation of sorted patterns. The different stages of pattern formation were recorded by photographs taken at 7-day intervals. A thin gravel cover of 2 in. allowed more rapid melting than did a cover of 6 in., with the result that depressions and mounds were formed. Coarse particles were segregated in the depressions by natural sorting of the various particle sizes when set in motion by differential melting and resulting uneven collapse of the gravel cover. The sorting produced well-developed stone rings in three of the areas, caused directly by the differential insulation provided by the gravel cover. In the fourth area a uniform gravel cover over a smooth ice surface produced no sorted nets, although a poorly developed stone stripe was formed in a melt-stream channel. A stone stripe was also formed in a stream channel cut into the ice along the edge of the test area. This stripe was composed of coarse particles which rolled down from the better insulated heights of the test area. It is therefore possible that sorted nets and stripes occurring naturally in the moraine deposits on the edge of the ice cap could have been formed by mechanical sorting induced by differential melting of the ice under a non-uniform layer of sandy gravel.
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    Pages: iv, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 55
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2702
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Procedure Preparation of test plots Measurements of ice and gravel surfaces Composition of the gravel covering Results Sorting in a smooth layer of sandy gravel over an uneven ice surface Sorting in a uniform layer of sandy gravel over depressions in the ice surface Sorting in a uniform layer of sandy gravel over a uniform ice surface Sorting in a non-uniform layer of sandy gravel over a uniform ice surface Discussion and recommendations Conclusions References
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    The flow law for ice (1959)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-56
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 56
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The results of laboratory creep tests in a shear apparatus at -5°C on 2 x2 x 3/8 in. samples of commercial ice, artificial single crystals, and 6 types of ice from the Greenland Ice Cap, at shear stresses of about 0.5-3 kg/cm^2 are reported. Some uniaxial tests were made at stresses from 6-28 kg/cm^2 to supplement the shear tests. Creep data could usually be represented approximately by one or more linear sections on a log-deformation vs log-time plot. The linear sections of the double logarithmic curve imply a creep curve of the form ε=ct^m where ε is the strain. For all samples tested, except single crystals sheared in easy glide, m averaged 0. 5 for shear deformations up to about 1%, and approached unity for more deformation. For single ice crystals oriented for easy glide, m averaged 1.7, implying a strain softening. Single crystals oriented for hard glide behaved similarly to polycrystals, indicating a rate-controlling process such as dislocation climb. For all but single easy-glide crystals, the minimum creep rate was tangent to the deformation curve at the end of the experiment. Creep rates for single easy-glide crystals were several hundred times larger than for the other crystals, the flow laws being similar.
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    Pages: iv, 7 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 56
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2729
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Types of ice Experiments Results Creep curves Flow law References
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  • 46
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    Some structural properties of Greenland snow (1959)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-42
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 42
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The results of petrofabric studies in the laboratory on five samples of high-density snow collected in 1954 and 1955 at depths of 8.0, 15.5, 23.0, 34.2, and 46.3 m in a pit at Site 2 are reported. The porosity of the samples, the number of grains/cm^2, the mean number of adjacent grains per grain, the mean grain cross section, the size distribution of grain cross sections, and the orientation of c-axes were determined from enlarged photomicrographs of thin sections, using reflected light and transmitted polarized light. The number of adjacent grains per grain, the ratio of free to occupied grain surface, and the sphericity clearly depended on porosity and on each other. There was no strong relation between these data and the number of grains/cm^2. Hence, the structure of high density snow can be satisfactorily described by the porosity and the number of grains/cm^2 . Conclusions from a two-dimensional thin section can be applied to a spatial sample only if the sample is isotropic by strata.
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    Pages: iv, 24 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 42
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2719
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Summary Introduction Methods of preparation Measurements of structural properties Measurements on homogeneity and isotropy Results Structure data Orientation of c-axes Analysis of the distribution of the orientation of c-axes Preferred directions of the fabric Distribution of grain cross sections Size and shape of the counting areas Interrelations of the structure, data Conclusions Recommendations for further studies References
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    Plastic deformation of hollow ice cylinders under hydrostatic pressure (1959)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-51
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 51
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The study was made in order to simulate the deformation of a tunnel in glacier ice and compare the results with the theoretical value derived from compression or tension tests. The plastic deformation of commercial polycrystalline ice and manufactured snow-ice was determined by measuring the discharge of oil from the cavity of closed hollow ice cylinders subjected to high external pressure in an oil-filled pressure chamber. The deformation vs time curves were similar to those obtained in compression or tension tests. The relationships between minimum strain rate and applied pressure, or between minimum strain rate and the circumferential stress at the surface of the inner cavity, were found to differ from the power law ϵ ̇= ασⁿ, the value of n being an increasing function of stress. Analysis of time deformation curves indicates that viscoelastic models proposed by former investigators do not apply to the mechanism of the plastic deformation of ice.
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    Pages: iv, 10 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 51
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2746
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Apparatus Specimens Experimental procedures and results Analysis of the data Discussion References
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    Physical investigations on the snow and firn of northwest Greenland 1952, 1953, and 1954 (1959)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-26
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 26
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The results of temperature, density, ram-hardness and grain-size measurements at 118 test sites along a 300-mi. traverse, ranging in elevation from 2000 to 8000 ft, are reported in detail, and their meteorological and climatic implications are discussed. Four types of diagenetically produced facies were recognized: ablation facies, extending from the snout of the glacier to the firn line; soaked facies, extending from the firn line to the saturation line; percolation facies, extending from the saturation line to the dry-snow line; and dry-snow facies, extending across the glacier above the dry-snow line. The well defined saturation line shows marked discontinuities in temperature, density, and ram hardness, while the dry-snow line is a transition 1 zone 10-20 mi. wide. The recognition of facies allows greater resolution of glacier characteristics than Ahlmann's classification, permitting quantitative subdivision of all types of large glaciers. Regional precipitation (entirely from cyclonic storms) is about 5 times greater than at Thule; and the prevailing katabatic winds control the vertical component of the temperature gradient in the snow and firn. The depth density curve of the firn at elevations where melt is negligible is invariant with time, as in Sorge's law, so that the densification can be treated as a steady-state situation with load as the only significant variable.
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    Pages: vii, 62, A4, B2, C2 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 26
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2724
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Chapter I. Introduction Greenland Glaciers and stratigraphy The Greenland ice sheet - a rock formation Region of investigation Chapter II. Methods of investigation Stratigraphy Accumulation measurements Work program at pit stations General description of pits Temperature Hardness Density, stratigraphy, and grain size Accuracy of density measurements Photography Core drilling Air permeability and mechanical tests Elevation measurements Barometric altimetry Transit leveling Chapter III. Basic concepts and definitions Summer melt Soaking Complete soaking Localized percolation Stability Diagenetic facies Chapter IV. Presentation and discussion of results Grain size and morphology Grain size Morphology Temperature Seasonal variation and mean annual temperature Thermal effect of an open pit Constancy of climate Facies in terms of temperature data Hardness Continuity of strata Effect of wind Increase in R with depth below snow surface Facies in terms of hardness data Density Depth vs density data Depth vs load data Attempts to formulate depth vs density Facies in terms of density data Glacier facies - a classification of glaciers Chapter V. Stratigraphy and accumulation Stratigraphy Stratigraphic interpretation at station 1-0 Correlation between stratigraphic and meteorological records Accumulation Integrated qepth-density curves Measurement of accumulation on surface marker plates Pole-marker measurements Stratigraphic correlation Selection of a reference datum in the annual stratigraphic sequence Correlation across the traverse Effects of topography Chapter VI. Meteorological and climatological implications Winds Precipitation Annual heat exchange References Appendix A: Stratigraphy, meteorology and glaciology Appendix B: Logistics and development of the research program Appendix C: Tables
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    Determination of the modulus of elasticity of artificial snow-ice in flexure (1959)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-31
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 31
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Studies were conducted on 58 snow-ice beams (7.5 cm wide, 10.0 cm high, and 56.0 cm long) ranging in density from 0.621 - 0.719 g/cm^3 under varying loads, at uniform loading rates (except for 23 beams which were tested with repeated loading), and at a constant temperature of -5 ± 0.5°C. All beams were tested to failure. The modulus of elasticity of the beams increased with density and loading rate. The modulus of elasticity ranged from 1.35 x 10^4 to 2.22x 10^4 kg/cm^2 for densities of 0.621 - 719 g/cm^3 respectively. A variation in the relative time of deflection from 42 - 23 sec/0.0200 cm gave a variation in the modulus of elasticity from 1.22 x 10^4 to 1.42 x 10^4 kg/cm^2. The modulus of rupture was roughly a linear function of density, increasing from 7.79 - 11.54 kg/cm^2 with density. Failure of the beams was sudden, with a conchoidal fracture occurring in the middle third of the span, and appeared to be a combination of shear and flexure.
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    Pages: iv, 9, A4, B10 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 31
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2704
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Method Procedure Test results Tests conducted Data and calculations Discussion of results References Appendix A. Drawings of apparatus Appendix B. Load-deflection and time-deflection curves for snow beams of various densities
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    Investigations of fog whiteout (1959)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-52
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 52
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The results of studies on the physical properties of fog whiteout, as it occurred at Site 2 on the Greenland Ice Cap in the summers of 1956 and 1957, are reported and compared with the results of other studies; the instruments, methods of measurement, and data-reduction techniques used are described; and attempts at dissipating whiteout by AgI (silver iodide) seeding are discussed briefly. Emphasis was given to measurements of fog-particle size distribution, liquid-water content, relative humidity, visibility, and atmospheric nuclei. The data are tabulated. The synoptic situations for 2 selected cases of fog whiteout at relative humidities of less than 100% (possibly because of the presence of salt solutions) are described; and the balance between the rate at which water is made available in the air as it is lifted over the Ice Cap and the rate of water flux to the snow surface is computed using various equations. Efforts at fog dispersal by AgI seeding from the ground were inconclusive.
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    Pages: iv, 18, A1 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 52
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2728
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Definition of whiteout Scope of this study Instrumentation and observations Location of project: Fog particle measurements Atmospheric humidity measurements Visibility measurements Air temperature measurements Radiation measurements Atmospheric nuclei Observations of fog whiteout Conditions prior to onset of whiteout Conditions at time of arrival and during whiteout Micro-structure of fog whiteout Analysis of moisture balance during two selected cases Synoptic situation for case 1 Synoptic situation for case 2 Computations Attempts at fog whiteout dispersal References Appendix A - Freezing nuclei observations Appendix B - Absolute humidity gradient data
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  • 51
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    Elastic plates with simply supported straight boundaries, resting on a liquid foundation (1959)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-59
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 59
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The deflection expression of an infinite plate subjected to a concentrated force is used with the "method of images" to obtain solutions for 6 plates with simply supported edges. The semi-infinite plate, the wedge-shaped plate, and its special case, the rectangular corner plate, are solved in closed form; and the infinite strip, the semi-infinite strip, and the rectangular plate are solved as rapidly convergent series. Behavior under a concentrated force is studied in more detail for the semi-infinite plate and the rectangular corner plate. Relationships for obtaining bending moments, shear forces and reaction distributions as well as derivatives of the kei-function with respect to ? and ? are given in the appendices.
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    Pages: iv, 12, [2] Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 59
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2738
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction and statement of the problem Solution of the boundary value problems for simply supported boundaries Semi-infinite plate Wedge-shaped plate Rectangular corner plate Infinite strip Semi-infinite strip Rectangular plate Remarks on the problem of arbitrary load distribution References Appendix A Appendix B
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  • 52
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    Air temperature and precipitation on the Greenland Ice Cap (1958)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-43
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 43
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Charts of mean annual air temperature and precipitation over the ice cap are constructed on the basis of snow-profile studies at 8 locations, data collected for several years after 1953 at two U.S. Air Force weather stations, and records from expeditions since 1930. The warming trend in the Arctic appears to have occurred to a lesser degree on the ice cap, possibly because of the effect of the snow cover. The lowest mean annual temperature in South Greenland is estimated to occur within the area bounded by the 2500 m contour and the -18°C isotherm; mean annual temperature at 2700 is estimated as -20.9°C. In North Greenland, the mean annual temperature at 1700 m is estimated at -22°C. The presence of ice glands in the snow and daily max summer temperatures, estimated from records of coastal stations, indicate a potentially high incidence of melting at about 1300 m elevation and some melting at 1700 m in North Greenland, and melting up to 2700 m in the South. Annual accumulation is 2-3 times as great at 2500 m on the west side of the ice cap as at the crest. South of 66°N, precipitation may be about twice as great on the east side of the crest as in the west.
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    Pages: iv, 9 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 43
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2762
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Derivation of mean annual air temperature data Annual accumulation References
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  • 53
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    Particle-size distribution of pulverized snow (1957)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-29
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 29
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: A microscopic method for the determination of particle-size distributions of pulverized snow was worked out. The method gives satisfactory distribution curves, presenting the number of particles as a function of their cross-sectional "areas". The measurements were made by means of a filar micrometer eyepiece, the snow particles being placed on a ruled glass slide, which was submerged in silicone oil to prevent evaporation. The time for the determination of a distribution can be appreciably shortened by estimating the size of the particles instead of measuring them, though the accuracy is not so high in this case.
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    Pages: iv, 8 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 29
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2761
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimental Snow samples Procedure Experimental results Fraction 150-300 µ Fraction 0-150 µ Mixture of fractions Conclusions
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  • 54
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    Shear moraines in the Thule area, Northwest Greenland (1957)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-17
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 17
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The ice-cored moraine which occurs on the margin of the Greenland Ice Cap, east of Thule Air Base, was investigated during the summers of 1954 and 1955. A synthesis of the field data gathered leads to the following conclusions: 1.) The outer zone of the ice margin is composed of stagnant ice which acts as a barrier to movement of mobile ice from the interior. 2.) The mobile ice overrides the barrier zone in a series of high angle imbricate shears. 3.) These shears carry old ground moraine from the subglacial floor toward the surface. 4.) Differential ablation on the surface results in the formation of ice-cored moraine ridges, parallel to the strike of the shear. 5.) Recent stagnation and recession of the ice margin in the Thule area has resulted in the formation of a belt of successive shear moraines. 6.) Geomorphic processes in addition to ablation (particularly wind action) control the surface expression of the shear moraines. 7.) Subglacial topography is the primary control on the trend of both ice edge and moraine ridges. 8.) The complex Thule Ramp shear moraine has resulted from a faster-moving ice mass to the north overriding the Thule Ramp ice. 9.) The prominent ice cliffs are manifestations of erosion by wind and water. 10.) The tunnel in the Thule Ramp ice cliff indicates a former development of shear moraine in the area. 11.) Structural and geomorphic features indicate glacial cycles in the area of both long and short duration. 12.) The shear moraines in the Thule area offer a possible explanation for the mode of ground moraine deposition in some areas of continental glaciation during the late Pleistocene. The work done in 1954 and 1955 was in the nature of a glacial geomorphologic reconnaissance. Intensive study remains to be done, particularly in the Thule Ramp area, on ice structure, movement, and ablation before a complete understanding of both present and past glacial regimes can be reached.
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    Pages: vi, 46, [2] Seiten , Illustrationen , 27 cm
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 17
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2743
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Introduction I. Physiographic description of study area II. Structure of the marginal zone of the ice cap III. Geomorphologic processes IV. Recent glacial history of the ice margin
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    On the deformation of excavations in the Greenland névé (1957)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-30
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 30
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Deformations occurring in a tunnel, two trenches, and a 30 m deep pit excavated in the Greenland névé in the summer of 1954 have been measured over a period of 2 years. The experimental results indicate that closure rates increase with lateral distance from a restraining boundary up to distances of about 1 m. At larger distances, the effect of the boundary is not appreciable. Closure rates for deep excavations are not found to be strongly depth-dependent. This is due to a roughly parallel increase of viscosity and pressure with depth. Vertical compaction results from the pit agree well with those calculated from the depth-density relation using Sorge's Law. A theoretical calculation for the tunnel and pit closure, which is a modification of existing theories for the deformation of an elastic, compressible, thick-walled cylinder, is in fair agreement with the observed deformations. From this agreement it appears that the flow behavior of the névé can be described on the basis of a Newtonian viscosity. The trench closure is described as the-squeezing out of horizontal layers, fixed at some distance from the trench, and modified only slightly by the drag of neighboring layers. Measurements will be continued during future summers.
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    Pages: iv, 14 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 30
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2693
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Measurements and results Tunnel North-south trench East-west trench Deep pit Theoretical development Sorge's Law Deformation of acylindrical tunnel in a viscous compressible medium Discussion Tunnel Trenches Deep pit References Appendix
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  • 56
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    Compressive strength properties of snow (1957)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-34
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 34
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The compressive strength of snow cylinders was investigated as a function of age of snow, snow-particle size, and age of the cylinders. The effect of gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and ammonia on the strength of snow cylinders has also been studied. The experimental results show that the older the snow from which snow cylinders are made, the smaller the compressive strength. The compressive strength of cylinders decreases with the snow particle size. An equation describing the aging curves for snow cylinders is presented. Whereas carbon dioxide and methane in small quantities have no effect on the compressive strength, ammonia appreciably lowers the compressive strength of snow cylinders. All strength measurements were carried out at -10°C.
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    Pages: iv, 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 34
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2748
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Summary Introduction Experimental Materials Apparatus and technique Preparation of snow fractions Experimental results Aging of snow cylinders Compressive strength as a function of particle size Mixture of fractions Influence of gases on the compressive strength of snow Discussion References
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  • 57
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    Air permeability of snow (1957)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-37
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 37
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Laboratory experiments on the air permeability of various screened and natural snows are described, and, results are analyzed to determine whether the parameters obtained from the measurements could be used to define a snow type. The permeability of a snow sample of known porosity (calculated from density) was determined over a wide range of air velocities; the sample was then compacted artificially a few mm, its density was determined, and its permeability measured again. The procedure was used to obtain curves for several densities of the same sample. Air flow appeared laminar for velocities less than 5 cm/sec in fine-grained snow (less than 0.8 mm in diam.), 2 cm/sec in medium-grained snow (0.8-1.2 mm diam.), and 1 cm/sec in larger-grained snow. A formula is presented expressing all of the results obtained under laminar-flow conditions in a single relationship, and an equation for estimating grain size from initial permeability and initial porosity is suggested. Snow conversion tables and a discussion of the effect of varying sample porosity on its permeability are appended.
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    Pages: iv, 19, A2, B6 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 37
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2710
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Summary Introduction Apparatus and method Experimental results and discussion Historical background Range of Darcy's law Effect of porosity on the permeability of snow Bader's equation Conclusion References Appendix I. Snow conversion table: Density to absolute porosity Appendix II. Effect on permeability of varying porosity in the sample Porosity varies with length Porosity varies with cross section
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  • 58
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    Contact angles between water and some polymeric materials (1957)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-36
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 36
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Measurements were made with 22 more or less hydrophobic polymers and lacquers at intervals of 5 or 10 min for periods up to 1 hr. All surfaces were carefully cleaned, and some surfaces were baked. Highest initial (time 0) average contact angles ( 106° - 106.6°) were measured for Foster Snell rain repellant wax, Barrett 25-218 water repellant varnish (air-dried), and Cardolite NRL-7241. After 40 min, contact angles for these substances were 95.6°, 90.9°, and 91.0°. The measurement apparatus is illustrated, and data are tabulated.
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    Pages: ii, 11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 36
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2712
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimental Apparatus Materials Procedure Experimental results References
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  • 59
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    Some preliminary observations on the plasticity of Greenland glaciers (1957)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-33
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 33
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: A series of deformation measurements have been selected for preliminary studies on the plasticity of Greenland glacier ice. The measurements to be reported on were obtained in the Red Rock and TUTO tunnels in Northwest Greenland. Both tunnels were excavated during the summer of 1955 with some additional work done during the summer of 1956. Deformation measurements made up to the end of the 1956 summer season, therefore, are of limited reliability, but certain trends appearing in these data seem worth reporting. The topics discussed are (1) the shearing of an initially vertical peg system at Red Rock, (2) the deformation of core holes at TUTO, and (3) tunnel closure at both sites. These data are analyzed on the basis of laminar flow of the Nye type and certain conclusions are derived.
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    Pages: 6 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 33
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2752
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Introduction Experimental Analysis The shear of glaciers Tunnel closure Conclusions References
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    A survey of Arctic snow-cover properties as related to climatic conditions (1957)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-39
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 39
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: An analysis of snow-cover density, temperature, and hardness data, measured over a period of several years at five stations in Alaska and six stations in the Canadian Arctic, shows the snow cover in the Canadian Archipelago to be colder, denser, and harder than in the interior of Alaska. A series of nomographs were developed to estimate average monthly snow-cover density from mean monthly air temperature and wind velocity. The nomographs are applicable for the months November through March, for the Alaskan and Canadian area north of 62°N latitude, and for elevations below 1500 ft. A comparison of observed snow-cover densities with those derived from the nomographs indicates that the method will provide a reliable regional estimate of snow-cover density. Studies of the relation between snow-cover temperature and air temperature from November through March disclosed the snow to be on the average from 4°C to 9°C warmer than the air at the Alaskan stations and 4.5°C warmer at the Canadian Archipelago stations. An investigation of snow-cover hardness revealed regional variations similar to that for density. Measured snow hardness during the period of no melting was found to be related to densities between 0.15 and 0.36 g/cm^3.
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    Pages: iv, 9 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 39
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2754
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Climatic parameters which may affect arctic snow-cover density Results of study Regional variations in snow-cover density Prediction of average monthly snow-cover density in the arctic from air temperature and wind velocity Comparison of observed snow-cover density with density computed from the nomographs Relation between snow-cover temperature and air temperature Relation between hardness and density of the snow cover References
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  • 61
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    Effect of hydrostatic pressure on velocity of shear deformation of single crystals of ice (1957)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-32
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 32
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Apparatus was built for deforming ice crystals under hydrostatic pressures up to 350 atmospheres. Single crystals were placed in the mounts in such a way that the deformation occurred by gliding on the basal glide plane. It was found that the shear strain rate increased as the pressure was increased at constant temperature, but that the rate is practically independent of hydrostatic pressure when the difference between the ice temperature and the melting point is kept constant.
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    Pages: iv, 7 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 32
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2725
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Test apparatus and experimental procedures Experimental results Conclusions References
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  • 62
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    Creep of snow under combined stress (1957)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-41
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 41
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Laboratory experiments on the creep of sifted snow under uniaxial, hydrostatic, and confined-side compressive stresses are described, and the results are discussed on the basis of an additive theory for combined stresses. Stress (4-40 psi) and temperature (-3.6°C to -13.6°C) dependence was investigated for 35 samples (initial density = 0.4 g/cm^3) subjected to uniaxial and hydrostatic stress for 200-sec time increments. Another series of 104 samples (initial densities 0.36-0.63) was subjected to uniaxial, hydrostatic, and confined-side compressive stresses until an arbitrary change in density was reached. In all cases the applied stress ultimately became a shear stress acting between grains, the open structure reacting differently to combined stresses and separate uniaxial stresses. An activation energy of 13,400 cal/mol was obtained from the first group of tests.
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    Pages: iv, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 41
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2733
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimental General Apparatus Procedure Theoretical relations Additive theory Relationship between tests run for constant change in density and tests for constant time Results and discussion Group I experiments Group II experiments Stress dependence for group II tests Variability Time dependence Activation energy Relations between creep rates under different stress conditions Density dependence Lateral stress for confined-side tests Conclusions References
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  • 63
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    Excavations in frozen ground; Part I. Explosion tests in Keweenaw Silt (1956)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment
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    Call number: ZSP-201-30
    In: SIPRE report, 30
    Description / Table of Contents: Mining Research Corporation, Inc., under contract with Snow Ice, and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, conducted explosion tests in frozen Keweenaw silt, to determine; (1) the most efficient type of explosive for blasts in frozen ground, (2) the fundamental relation between weight of explosive and depth of charge, (3) the proper position of the charge relative to the frozen-ground interface, (4) the feasibility of fracturing the frozen layer by placing a charge in the underlying unfrozen material, and (5) the effect of the diameter of the borehole and of the shape of the charge upon the resultsof blasting. Information obtained from the tests applies to the specific problem of excavating in frozen ground and to fundamental explosives research. Conclusions and recommendations based on this information are presented here concerning the feasibility of using explosives for fox-holes in frozen ground; methods of placing the charge; mechanics of crater formation; the crater equation; future instrumentation; classification of explosives; and correlation of blast data.
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    Pages: 97 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: SIPRE report 30
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD0115156
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Abstract Chapter I. Introduction to problem 1. Previous attempts at blasting frozen ground 2. Necessity for fundamental approach 3. Terminology 4. Description, objectives, and scope of the Keweenaw Tests 5. Selection of explosives 6. Classification and properties of commercial explosives 7. Characteristics of explosives in the Keweenaw Tests 8. Comparison of Atlas, Hercules, and Du Pont nitroglycerine-base explosives Chapter II. Test program Section I. Field tests 1. General 2. Test site 3. Field test procedure a. Site preparation b. Instrumentation c. Snow removal d. Determining depth of frozen ground e. Soil sampling and coring f. Layout of the test site g. Spacing of blast holes h. Blast-hole drilling i. Blasting procedure j. Field analysis and crater surveys k. Data-sheet computations l. Photography Section II. Laboratory tests 1. Soil handling and storage 2. Soil classification tests a. Specimen preparation b. Test procedure c. Test results 3. Tests to determine stress-strain relationship a. General b. Specimen preparation for unconfined compression tests c. Test procedure d. Results e. Observations Chapter III. Analysis of blast tests Section I. Mechanics of crater formation in frozen Keweenaw silt 1. Introduction 2. Shock phenomena 3. Expansion of the gas bubble 4. Rupture of surface and conversion of pressure head to velocity head Section II. Blast Test A - Relationships of explosive, radius of crater, volume of crater, and depth of crater 1. Introduction 2. Description 3. Results and analysis 4. Summary of observations Section Ill. Blast Test B - Energy utilization in blasting 1. Introduction 2. Description 3. Results and analysis 4. Summary of observation Section IV. Blast Test C - The frozen-ground interface 1. Introduction 2. Relation of frozen-ground interface to scaling laws 3. Relation between the ratio of chamber volume to crater volume and the volume-utilization factor 4. Increase in volum.e-utilization factor for charges placed below the frozen layer 5. Position of the gas bubble relative to the frozen-ground interface 6. Igloo-type foxhole construction Section V. Blast Test D - Foxhole construction 1. Introduction 2. Application of shaped charges to foxhole construction 3. Application of hand-auget drilling to foxhole construction 4. Conclusions Section VI. Blast Test E - Temperature effect 1. Introduction 2. Description 3. Results and analysis 4. Summary of observations Section VII. Blast Test F - Effect of charge shape 1. Introduction 2. Description 3. Conclusions Chapter IV. Summary of objectives; conclusions and recommendations Section I. Summary of objectives 1. Introduction 2. Objective 1: Most efficientt type of explosive for blasts in frozen ground 3. Objective 2: Fundamental relation between weight of explosive and depth of charge 4. Objective 3: Proper position of charge relative to the frozen-ground interface 5. Objective 4: Feasibility of fracturing the frozen layer by placing a charge in the underlying unfrozen material 6. Objective 5: Effect of diameter of the borehole and shape of charge on results of blasting Section II. Conclusions and recommendations 1. Feasibility of using explosives for constructing foxholes in frozen ground 2. Methods of placing the charge 3. Mechanics of crater formation 4. The crater equation 5. Future instrumentation 6. Classification of explosives 7. Correlation of blast data Appendix: Data sheets, Experiments 1-13
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  • 64
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    Problems in mapping snow cover (1956)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-27
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 27
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The results of a study on the feasibility of mapping selected snow-cover characteristics for military purposes, taking into account both current synoptic and average conditions, are reported in detail. Problems associated with the construction of isolines for depicting individual or combination of snow-cover conditions are discussed; the need for other statistical parameters in addition to the means is stressed; and the adaptation of frequency and variability indices is suggested. The use of a regional technique, which identified areas somewhat homogenous or substantially different from adjacent areas, is investigated. Problems in mapping snow density are also considered as well as the possibility of estimating snow density from meteorological data. Three sets of codes for the systematic recording and transmission of data are proposed, including a code for ground observers, a simplified code for use where no instruments or trained personnel are available, and a code for aerial observations.
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    Pages: vi, 92 Seiten , Illustrationen , 27 cm
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 27
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2732
    Language: English
    Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS INTRODUCTION Chapter I. APPLICATION OF ISOLINES FOR DEPICTING ASPECTS OF THE SNOW COVER Visual Problems Use of a simplified base map Other solutions Substantive Problems Observational errors Sampling errors Bias error Effect of reliability of data on isolines Conclusion The ''reasoned distribution'' Effects of substantive problems Conclusion II. DEVELOPMENT OF OTHER MEASURES, INDICES, AND METHODS FOR DEPICTING SNOW COVER CONDITIONS Examples of Possible Normal Indices of Snow Cover Average snow depth at end of the maximum month Average monthly snow depths by superimposed or located line graphs Time aspects Snowfall Selected Statistical Parameters of a Particular Value Extreme values Frequency values Measures of variability Conclusion III. SNOW REGIONS: AN APPROACH TO MAPPING SNOW COVER Snow Region Concept Descriptions of Snow Regions 1. Pacific Coast and Coastal Valley Region 2. The Mountain Zone 3. Great Plains Region 4. The Mackenzie-Manitoba Region 5. Upper Ontario Region 6. Northern Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Region 7. Labrador Region 8. The Northern Arctic Region 9. Ungava-Baffinland Region Conclusions IV. CURRENT SNOW DATA MAPS Introduction Ground Observer's Code Suggested code for "Ground Observer's Snow Report" Comments Symbols for a comprehensive station model Air Observation Code Comments Station Model for Aircraft Snow Observations A Simplified Snow Observation Report . Introduction Proposed code and symbols for station model based on Simplified Snow Observation Report Conclusion Chapter V. MAPPING SNOW DENSITY Introduction Limitations of Data for Mapping Available data Reliability of the data Natural variations in density Snow Density Maps of Eastern Canada Statistical Investigation of Density: Eastern Canada Test for area differences Estimating regional trends in density: Orthogonal polynomials Regional density changes during the winter Conclusions: Statistical investigations Estimating Snow Density from Meteorological Data Relation of density to wind speed and temperature Application of Dmitrieva's equation Conclusion VI. CONCLUSION Snow Cover Maps: Small Scale Compilations of Various Aspects of Their Parameters Preparation of Synoptic Current Snow Data Maps Snow Density Research Investigation of Drift and Erosional Surfaces Initiation of Systematic Collection and Recording of Snow Data Internationally Research Reports Based on Existing Literature .
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  • 65
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    Strength studies of sea ice (1956)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-20
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 20
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Investigations on sea ice at Hopedale, Labrador, March 1956, included: small beam tests and in-place cantilever beam tests for flexural strength; ring tensile-strength tests; unconfined compression tests, with stress-strain studies to determine "Young's modulus"; and double shear tests. The results exhibit a great deal of scatter, primarily due to the inhomogeneity of sea ice. Ring tensile strength values range between 3.3 kg/cm^2 and 22.3 kg/cm2 between -2.5°C and -19.1°C. The small beam tests give flexural strength values from 0.5 to 17.3 kg/cm^2 in a similar temperature range. The in-place pull-up cantilever beam tests give flexural strength values of 2.2 to 4.0 kg/cm^2, with much less scatter. Crushing strength values range from 26.3 to more than 107 kg/cm^2 in the range -4.9°C to -18.3°C. Values for Young's modulus obtained from the slope of the straight line portion of the stress-strain curves in compression ranged between 4520 and 10,225 kg/cm^2. There is a temperature dependence, explained by the effect of change in brine content, on sea-ice structure. The double shear tests give values of 7.8 to 34.2 kg/cm^2 in the range -5.5°C to -12.8°C. These are higher than the tensile-strength values. These failures occurred normal to the direction of growth, while the tensile strength was obtained with failure parallel to it.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 20
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2736
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Summary Introduction Ring tensile strength Flexural strength of small beams Flexural strength of inplace beams Crushing strength Shear strength Discussion of results References
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    White-out in Greenland (1956)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-21
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 21
    Description / Table of Contents: Limited studies of white-outs on the Greenland Ice Cap indicate that five major types of low visibility have been reported as white-out. They are: 1.) Overcast white-out, caused by a continuous cloud cover. 2.) Water-fog white-out, produced by supercooled water droplets in the air. 3.) Ice-fog white-out, produced by ice crystals suspended in the air. 4.) Blowing snow white-out, produced by wind-driven, wind-eroded snow. 5.) Precipitation white-out, produced by falling snow. The first three types are interrelated and appear to be produced by upslope, convective lifting of warm maritime air and the advective transport of the cooled saturated air over the cold snow field. Radiation heat losses from the snow surface may contribute to more rapid formation of the white-out. The fact that there is a shift in the prevailing wind direction prior to the development of a white-out indicates that certain changes in upper air circulation may be associated with white-out formation and duration. There is reason to believe that upper air and surface observations might make it possible to forecast white-outs on the Greenland Ice Cap with some degree of reliability.
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    Pages: iv, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen , 27 cm
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 21
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2758
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Results at Site 2 Discussion References
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  • 67
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    Strength studies of high-density snow (1956)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-18
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 18
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Various strength properties of naturally compacted high-density snows, in the density range of from 0.40 to 0.75 g/cm^3, are reported. Test results are given for: unconfined compression; unconfined and confined double shear; ring, flexural, and centrifugal tensile strength; torsional shear; and work of disaggregation. The work of disaggregation per unit volume was related to crushing, tensile, and shear strength at various lateral pressures, using the same empirical relationship. The results of the various tests measuring the tensile strength of the snow compare favorably with each other. An attempt was made to use the direct shear strength results in Coulomb’s equation for the determination of Mohr’s envelope of rupture for snow. These tests yield higher values than those obtained in unconfined compression tests. However, angles of internal friction obtained considering Mohr’s envelope to be straight line seem to agree with measurements taken on an unconfined compression specimen.
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    Pages: 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 18
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2713
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Summary Introduction Temperature correction factors Crushing strength Tensile strength · Shear strength Torsional shear strength Work of disaggregation of snow Angle of internal friction and apparent unit cohesion Discussion of results References
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  • 68
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    Radiation measurements on the Greenland ice cap (1956)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    Call number: ZSP-202-19
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 19
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: Measurements were made of global and net radiation between 6 July and 7 August 1955 at a site on the Greenland Ice Cap located near 78°N latitude and at an elevation of 6800 ft. Snow-surface temperatures during this period were below 0°C and mean cloudiness was 0.7. Total incident global radiation measured during the 33-day period amounted to 20,628 ?? of which only 3059 ??, or about 15%, were absorbed by the snow cover. Most of the absorbed global radiation was re-emitted as long-wave radiation, so the net gain during the observation period amounted to not more than 7.6 ??/day. Diffuse sky radiation amounted to only 19% of all incoming global radiation measured at the ice-cap research site. In the temperate zone, diffuse sky radiation amounts to 30% or more of the incoming radiation. The small amount of diffuse sky radiation indicates low atmospheric turbidity in this polar climatic zone. Incident global radiation was reduced by 6% in the presence of a 0.5 cloud cover. Under full overcast conditions the snow surface received 65% of the global radiation measured on clear days. In the temperate zone as little as 30% of global radiation reaches the earth under full cloud cover. The large amount of global radiation received in the Arctic under full cloud cover is the primary cause of one form of arctic white-out. Accompanying the small decrease in global radiation caused by cloudiness is a large decrease in effective outgoing long-wave radiation, with an increase in the net radiation balance. This condition contributes to a greater potential ablation of the snow and ice cover during cloudy seasons. The long-wave radiation balance at this site on the ice cap was always negative during the period covered by this study. Errors associated with the measurement of solar radiation at the low sun angles which prevailed at the research site were found to be about -3%. No correction was applied to the basic data, however, since there were insufficient data to establish the consistency of this error over the period of observation. During periods of blowing and drifting snow, 6% more global radiation was measured at 1.25 m above the snow surface than at 5.7 m elevation. The increase may be due to multiple reflection within the layer of blowing snow. The atmospheric transmission coefficient at the ice-cap site was found to be 0.968. This high value was associated with the low atmospheric turbidity. The heat balance of the snow cover as computed from the radiation measurements and a temperature profile in the snow was found to be 7.6 ??/day at the ice-cap site. This is a negligible heat gain when compared with the 400 ??/day gain by a spring snow pack in the Sierra Nevada of California. For the entire season when the sun is above the horizon, the estimated net gain by the ice cap is 1000 ??, no more than a 2-1/2-day heat supply used in melting the snow of the High Sierra. Some measurements made with a silicon solar battery similar to those developed by the Bell Telephone Laboratories indicate that it may have a significantly higher efficiency on the ice cap than in the more temperate zone. Verification of this apparent increase in efficiency and the causes for it require further study of the performance of the p-n junction cells in the Arctic.
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    Pages: iv, 20, [2] Seiten , Illustrationen , 27 cm
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 19
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2745
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS I. Introduction II. Instrumentation Recording of data III. Results Global radiation Albedo of snow Diffuse sky radiation Effect of clouds on radiation Atmospheric and terrestrial radiation Effect of low sun angle on measured radiation Global radiation gradient Atmospheric transmission coefficient Heat balance of snow cover Applied use of solar energy References. Appendix
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    Excavations and installations at SIPRE test site, site 2, Greenland (1955)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment
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    Call number: ZSP-201-20
    In: SIPRE report, 20
    Description / Table of Contents: Work carried out at the SIPRE Test Site, Site 2, on the Greenland Ice Cap,during the summer 1954, included: (1) Excavation of trenches, a circular tunnel and a deep pit; (2) Instrumentation of excavations for pressure and deformation measurements; (3) Tests on the properties of snow from the deep pit; (4) Construction of a snow house as an experimental structure and to provide a heated shelter for an observer stationed at the site for the winter. Observations and measurements over a period of five years are expected to provide sufficient information for the establishment of satisfactory design criteria for all kinds of surface and subsurface military installations on high polar ice caps.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 31 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: SIPRE report 20
    URL: https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/101740913
    Language: English
    Note: Contents I. Introduction, by H. Bader II. Excavation of trenches and tunnels, by R.W. Waterhouse III. Excavation of deep pit, by J.K. Landauer IV. Trench covering, framing, and instrumentation, by R.W. Waterhouse V. The snow house, by R.W. Waterhouse VI. Load measurements in the N-S trench, by R.W. Waterhouse VII. Deformation measurements, by J.K. Landauer VIII. Distance changes on the ice cap, by B.L. Hansen and H. Bader IX. Annual accumulation, by H. Bader X. Snow density and snow load in deep pit, by J.K. Landauer XI. Air permeability of snow from deep pit, by J.A. Bender XII. Viscosity of snow from deep pit, by J.K. Landauer XIII. Crushing strength of snow from deep pit, by T.R. Butkovich XIV. Shear strength of snow from deep pit, by T.R. Butkovich XV. Tensiel strength of snow from deep pit, by T.R. Butkovich XVI. Angle of internal friction of snow from deep pit, by T.R. Butkovich XVII. Snow temperatures, by J.K. Landauer
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